Joseph Schumpeter - Knowledge

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attention of English-speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of the long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today. In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuations in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium" when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.

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involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths, and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of the long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical and pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on the actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.

6892: 2041:"Intellectuals" are a social class in a position to critique societal matters for which they are not directly responsible and to stand up for the interests of other classes. Intellectuals tend to have a negative outlook on capitalism, even relying on it for prestige because their professions rely on antagonism toward it. The growing number of people with higher education is a great advantage of capitalism, according to Schumpeter. Yet, unemployment and a lack of fulfilling work will lead to intellectual critique, discontent, and protests. 33: 6998: 2099:

unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy. This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead, he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by

7010: 6986: 6950: 1924: 1287: 6974: 1299: 6962: 2034:, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about. While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which occurred in the least capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken itself and eventually collapse. Specifically, the success of capitalism would lead to 2103:, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role of individuals is usually severely limited. 2123:", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions. Democracy is therefore in a sense a means to ensure circulation among elites. However, studies by Natasha Piano (of the University of Chicago) emphasize that Schumpeter had substantial disdain for elites as well. 2107:

characteristics. This minimalist definition stands in contrast to broader definitions of democracy, which may emphasize aspects such as "representation, accountability, equality, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, security, freedom". Within such a minimalist definition, states which other scholars say have experienced

1786:. A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower-degree Kuznets waves. Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be made up of two Juglar waves. Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in phase; more importantly, if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the 2143:. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies that have the capital to invest in 2168:

Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation and are an incident of it. His treatise on how business cycles developed was based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently. Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the

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At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite, and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars

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and which lack civil liberties, a free press, the rule of law and a constrained executive, would still be considered democracies. For Schumpeter, the formation of a government is the endpoint of the democratic process, which means that for the purposes of his democratic theory, he has no comment on

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economy. It links every nation's money rates and price levels with the money rates and price levels of all the other nations that are 'on gold.' However, gold is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, in

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to marry. They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. Five years after arriving in the US, in 1937, at the age of 54, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Dr. Elizabeth Boody

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Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change. He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power. He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and

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The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation govern changes in the rate of new investments and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation

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price competition. He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.

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The field of entrepreneurship theory owed much to Schumpeter's contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to as Mark I and Mark II. In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from entrepreneurs or wild spirits. He coined the word

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In the same book, Schumpeter expounded on a theory of democracy that sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was

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of each was coincident, it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions. As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model. He saw these cycles varying in time – although in a tight time frame by coincidence – and for each to serve a

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As soon as we go into details and inquire into the individual items in which progress was most conspicuous, the trail leads not to the doors of those firms that work under conditions of comparatively free competition but precisely to the door of the large concerns – which, as in the case of

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Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will. This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these

1910:. One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized "real" analysis and regarded money as merely a "veil" and (2) those who thought monetary institutions were important and money could be a separate driving force. Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter. 4474: 1754:

The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds cyclically along with several time scales. In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian

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plant. In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.

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inaugurated a column on business and management named "Schumpeter". The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor

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agricultural machinery, also account for much of the progress in the competitive sector – and a shocking suspicion dawns upon us that big business may have had more to do with creating that standard of life than with keeping it down.

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Schumpeter was married three times. His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist

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for the "Ricardian vice". According to Schumpeter, both Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all but a few variables. Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple

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in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker". Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists

2358:. The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a "champion of innovation and entrepreneurship" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved to be far ahead of its time. 1901:

is not adequate to capture the key mechanisms of economic development. Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to buy the resources needed to realize his vision was a well-developed

8828: 2231:. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two, although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations. 6836: 2136:, German for "entrepreneur-spirit", and asserted that "... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way" stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs. 7960: 1682:

to be the "greatest of all economists", beside whom other economists' theories were "like inadequate attempts to catch some particular aspects of Walrasian truth". Schumpeter criticized

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Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria, and the greatest lover in all of

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Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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from the University of Vienna's faculty of law, with a specialisation in economics. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the

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theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and

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The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period)

2340:, "Schumpeter will not only be the name of the Faculty of Management and Economics, but this is also a research and teaching programme related to Joseph A. Schumpeter." 9149: 7946: 9084: 7690: 2309:

Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of

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Piano, Natasha (January 16, 2019). "Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy".

7847: 5237: 1630:'s concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state. A 2012 paper showed that Schumpeter's writings displayed the influence of 1735:

Schumpeter's relationships with the ideas of other economists were quite complex in his most important contributions to economic analysis – the theory of

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what kinds of decisions that the government can take to be a democracy. Schumpeter faced pushback on his theory from other democratic theorists, such as

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which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by

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of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works,

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies", in Conference, Papers (ed.),

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foreign policy, certain policies of taxation, and, in general, precisely all those policies that violate the principles of liberalism.

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fashion. This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model.

1619:. Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the 9104: 3910:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Boody Schumpeter, Elizabeth (September 1988). "Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family".

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Dahms, Harry (1995). "From Creative Action to the Social Rationalization of the Economy: Joseph A. Schumpeter's Social Theory".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "The nature and necessity of a price system", in Harris, Seymour E.; Bernstein, Edward M. (eds.),

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Piano, Natasha (October 2, 2017). ""Schumpeterianism" Revised: The Critique of Elites in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy".

5463: 1960: 1572:, which was fashionable; others resented his criticisms, particularly of their failure to offer an assistant professorship to 9094: 9039: 9034: 7028: 5737:"Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" 5641: 4786: 4752: 4718: 3816:

The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1940). "The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States".

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replacement of old ways of doing things by new ways), which will ultimately undermine and destroy the capitalist structure.

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The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association

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Przeworski, Adam (1999). "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense". In Shapiro, Ian; Hacker-Cordón, Casiano (eds.).

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Freeman, Christopher, ed. Long Wave Theory, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics: Edward Elgar, 1996

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The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle

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The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle

1956: 7969: 7206: 6978: 6837:"Schumpeter's Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, And Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process" 1359: 1088: 746: 3835:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1951). "Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis)".

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The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers)

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "Depressions: Can we learn from past experience?", in Schumpeter, Joseph A.;

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Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term "

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Classics and Moderns in Economics Volume II: Essays on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Economic Thought

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Entrepreneurship, competitiveness and local development: frontiers in European entrepreneurship research

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) , "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.),

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) , "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.),

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Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2020). "Joseph A. Schumpeter and Innovation". In Carayannis, Elias G. (ed.).

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However, Schumpeter persevered, and in 1942 published what became the most popular of all his works,

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "Economic theory and entrepreneurial history", in Wohl, R. R. (ed.),

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can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the historical school, especially the work of

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Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political

1509:. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the 1448: 212: 8710: 8549: 8394: 7989: 7130: 5417: 2333: 1934: 1865: 1526: 1083: 729: 724: 714: 409: 236: 7457: 5013: 4845: 8454: 8370: 8227: 8090: 7186: 7181: 4984: 4516:

The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1947). "Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles", in

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investigated him and his wife, Elizabeth Boody (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1943), "Capitalism in the postwar world", in Harris, Seymour E. (ed.),

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Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process

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parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship. Increasing

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1984). "The meaning of rationality in the social sciences".

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The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the

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School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1931). "The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (October 1949). "English economists and the state-managed economy".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1935). "A theorist's comment on the current business cycle".

8: 8722: 8615: 8472: 8430: 8281: 8173: 8132: 8096: 7727: 7398: 7348: 7171: 3643:. 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947). Economic History Association: 1–9. 2252: 1710:, Schumpeter stated the following: "An 'automatic' gold currency is part and parcel of a 1683: 1649: 1479: 980: 902: 857: 852: 719: 709: 609: 419: 384: 342: 288: 173: 7368: 7313: 6049:"Romaine Elizabeth (Boody) Schumpeter, 1898-1953 - Social Networks and Archival Context" 4975:

Michaelides, Panayotis G. (2009). "Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School".

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Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism

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Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism

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in Germany. In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the

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Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Cole, A. H.; Mason, E. S. (May 1941). "Frank William Taussig".

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For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various

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Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro; Shimitzu, Hiroshi; Vezzulli, Andrea (2012).

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1947). "The creative response in economic history".

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Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history

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of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to

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In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialisation Commission established by the

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1983). "American institutions and economic progress".

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was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1927). "The explanation of the business cycle".

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Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig

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and socialism, which he thought would lead to dictatorship, and even criticized

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Recent research suggests that the Kuznets swing could be regarded as the third

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is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a

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Seidl, Christian (1994). "The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation".

3999: 3648: 3615: 1679: 995: 268: 9003: 8969: 8933: 8921: 8909: 8897: 8891: 8752: 8698: 8668: 8656: 8597: 8567: 8466: 8460: 8418: 8352: 8346: 8138: 8108: 8036: 7860: 7829: 7774: 7703: 7678: 7648: 7589: 7475: 7469: 7422: 7410: 7362: 7263: 7258: 7135: 6776: 6539: 6497: 6332: 5751: 5710: 5615: 5081: 4434: 3173: 3031: 3007: 2802: 2691: 2662: 2595: 2389: 2345: 1837: 1811: 1779: 1771: 1744: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1687: 1491: 1363: 1246: 1118: 1078: 950: 614: 514: 494: 4106:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1950). "Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948)".

2862: 2550: 2533: 2516: 2499: 1402: 53: 8987: 8951: 8867: 8794: 8770: 8764: 8704: 8627: 8609: 8555: 8513: 8334: 8311: 8239: 8078: 8072: 8048: 7920: 7636: 7630: 7583: 7571: 7523: 7211: 7176: 7100: 6887: 5352:

Medearis, John (December 1997). "Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy".

4556: 3126: 3054: 3002:, Montreal: Association Professionnelle des Industriels, pp. 401–405, 2920:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1936), "Professor Taussig on wages and capital", in

2887: 2559: 2463: 2417: 2303: 2291: 2120: 1826: 1775: 1739:

and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in

1569: 1561: 1553: 1168: 1108: 1035: 819: 594: 504: 254: 143: 6508:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 452–455. 6323: 6090:

Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw,

5532: 3986:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 2003). "How does one study social science?".

3465:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (January 1933). "The common sense of econometrics".

3155: 2991: 2913: 2819: 2511:. Germany: Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. 1568:

and discussion groups. Some colleagues thought his views were outdated by

8927: 8788: 8603: 8561: 8448: 8245: 7878: 7793: 7745: 7654: 7535: 7505: 7487: 6571: 4998: 4262:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Nichol, A. J. (April 1934). "Review of Robinson's

4056:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1946). "John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946".

3415:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1928). "The instability of capitalism".

3357:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1909). "On the concept of social value".

3263: 2829: 2735: 2355: 2278: 2216: 2211:. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the 2208: 2113: 2080: 2035: 1472: 1440: 1251: 1153: 1073: 829: 524: 479: 449: 404: 292: 250: 232: 8836: 7009: 6632:

Robbins, Lionel C. (1955). "Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis".

6418: 5848:

Mansfield, Edwin (May 1983). "Long Waves and Technological Innovation".

5305: 4822: 4592:

Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1)

4188: 3977: 3952: 3902: 2255:, especially Europeans, who were interested in industrial organization, 8981: 8776: 7890: 7577: 7547: 7191: 7085: 6653: 6156: 5861: 5397:

Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 years

5373: 4599: 4370: 4287: 4254: 4221: 4156: 4127: 4069: 4048: 3931: 3881: 3856: 3827: 3798: 3761: 3728: 3656: 3623: 3594: 3573: 3544: 3515: 3486: 3457: 3436: 3407: 3378: 2777:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 220–229, 2616:. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Whitefish Montana: Literary Licensing. 2310: 2191: 2088:

Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 Years

1948: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1906:

financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting

1903: 1815: 1715: 1675: 1231: 940: 761: 692: 350: 280: 6695:. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008. 6397: 5905:

Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship

5780:

Schumpeter, J.A. (1947). "The Creative Response in Economic History".

4415:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press. Archived from 4098: 2708:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 99–140, 2313:. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about 2160:

As of 2017 Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.

1370:, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained 7289: 7201: 7140: 6985: 6737:"Reading Guide 10: Schumpeter, "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy"" 5073: 3523:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1935). "The analysis of economic change".

2256: 2212: 2100: 2038:

and to values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals.

2031: 2027: 1724: 1692: 1456: 1271: 1261: 1206: 1030: 965: 809: 557: 364: 296: 284: 139: 6797:"Creative Destruction's Reconstruction: Joseph Schumpeter Revisited" 6645: 5365: 5231:"Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" 4778:

Opening Doors: Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Volume 2, America

4246: 4213: 4148: 4119: 4090: 4040: 3923: 3848: 3565: 3536: 3507: 3478: 3428: 3399: 3370: 2306:

was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.

1923: 1576:, but recanted when they thought him likely to accept a position at 7968: 6389: 5607: 5275: 5057: 4345: 4279: 4135:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (July 1948). "Irving Fisher's Econometrics".

3790: 3753: 2857:. Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt. Berlin, Germany: Dt. Volkswirt. 2590:. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. New York: Oxford University Press. 2065: 1783: 1545: 1525:

in 1927–1928 and 1930. In 1931, he was a visiting professor at the

1098: 1005: 459: 369: 6531: 4650:

Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study

1670:, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th-century economist was 6551:

Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction

5565: 5163:

Drechsler, Wolfgang; Reinert, Erik; Kattel, Rainer, eds. (2009).

4077:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1949). "Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)".

3106:. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35, 88–91. Archived from 2140: 2060:". Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving 1623:

without major qualifications while others maintain the opposite.

1538: 1522: 1464: 1425: 1394: 1286: 399: 264: 6471:(2000) . "Chapter 10: The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter". 3581:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1946). "The decade of the twenties".

2700:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "The crisis of the tax state", in

2409:

Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie

1698:

In this book, Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a

6973: 6259:"Opening ceremony: Schumpeter School of Business and Economics" 6025:

Joseph A. Schumpeter: a theory of social and economic evolution

5734: 5265:

translated from the German by Redvers Opie (1961) New York: OUP

2228: 2056:

and regulatory institutions would evolve non-politically into "

1907: 1534: 1429: 1421: 1298: 5567:

Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics

3814:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1950). "The march into socialism".

3309:. Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2198:. The creation of the report is credited in part to his work. 1482:

as an invited professor. This invitation marked, according to

6868: 1787: 484: 6817:"Can Capitalism Survive? 80 Years After Schumpeter's Answer" 6405:

Davis, Horace B (Winter 1960). "Schumpeter as Sociologist".

6357:

Carayannis, Elias G.; Ziemnowicz, Christopher, eds. (2007).

5643:

Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods

5517:"Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes" 5496:

Bidner, Chris; Francois, Patrick; Trebbi, Francesco (2014).

5165:

Techno-economic paradigms: essays in honour of Carlota Perez

5140:

Revue Interventions économiques. Papers in Political Economy

3715:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1949). "Science and Ideology".

2814:. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 1766:

Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles,

6305:

Jacobson, Arthur J.; McCormick, John P. (October 1, 2005).

6220:

I've watched the process at work through my entire career,

4897:

Iandoli, Luca; Landström, Hans; Raffa, Mario, eds. (2007).

4303:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1936). "Review of Keynes's

3223:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1969) . Clemence, Richard V. (ed.).

2728:. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 5882:. Thomson Custom Publishing for University of Wollongong. 3909: 3684:. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35. Archived from 1782:(about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite 7343: 4710:

Joseph Alois Schumpeter: The Public Life of a Private Man

2382:Über die mathematische Methode der theoretischen Ökonomie 1557: 5880:

An introduction to economics with emphasis on innovation

5058:"Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of Economics" 4012:

Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter,

3045:

Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians

6261:. University of Wuppertal. July 8, 2011. Archived from 4177:

Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics)

3258:

Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter.

3135:

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Conference

2812:

Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment

2655:

Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks

2336:, Germany. According to University President Professor 1666:

Schumpeter's scholarship is apparent in his posthumous

6615:

The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought

5937:

Business Review – Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia

5162: 4328:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1941). "Alfred Marshall's

3285:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014). Mann, Fritz Karl (ed.).

2676:. Germany: München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 2361:

Schumpeter's thoughts inspired the economic theory of

2277:, John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder 2119:

Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as "

2020:

Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably

1354:; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian 6938: 5559: 5557: 4896: 4840:

Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter

3335:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3041:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Crum, William Leonard (1946).

2946:. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Publishing. 2769:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "Max Weber's work", in

2434:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 2243:, at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950. 1537:. Schumpeter also became known for his opposition to 1517:

From 1925 until 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the

1486:, the "high point of his worldly success". He taught 6356: 5495: 5462:

Barany, Zoltan; Moser, Robert G. (August 27, 2001).

5152:– via journals-openedition-org.translate.goog. 4196:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1930). "Mitchell's:

1564:

sympathies, but found no evidence of such leanings.

4026: 7050: 6548: 6446: 6197: 5819:. New York: Harper and Roe Publishers. p. 82. 5554: 5457: 5455: 4837: 4619:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 4. 4513: 3959: 3042: 2634:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2614:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2588:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2139:Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at 6853:"Papers of Joseph Alois Schumpeter: an inventory" 6569: 6304: 6143:Giersch, H. (May 1984). "The Age of Schumpeter". 2030:that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by 9001: 6200:The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World 4261: 2928:, New York City: McGraw-Hill, pp. 213–222, 2673:Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft 2566:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. 9150:Presidents of the American Economic Association 7970:Presidents of the American Economic Association 6274: 6272: 5465:Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization 5452: 5283: 4409:. In Breit, William; Spencer, Roger W. (eds.). 4365:(1.1). American Economic Association: 161–164. 4309:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3876:(3). American Economic Association: 1049–1059. 3554:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 3496:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3062:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "Capitalism", in 2967:(2nd ed.). Floyd, Virginia: Impact Books. 2678:Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library 1659: 9085:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism 5014:"The Austrian Tradition: Schumpeter and Mises" 4412:Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists 3941:Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 3891:Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 3864:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1982). "The " 3040: 3014: 2557: 2163: 1498:. Columbia awarded him an honorary doctorate. 8822: 7954: 7329: 7036: 6570:Michaelides, Panayotis; Milios, John (2005). 6151:(2). American Economic Association: 103–109. 5678:. Harvard University Press. pp. 183–184. 5429: 5427: 5416:(1st ed.). Harper and Brothers. p. 4616:Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution 4340:(2). American Economic Association: 236–248. 4064:(4). American Economic Association: 495–518. 3822:(2). American Economic Association: 446–456. 3723:(2). American Economic Association: 346–359. 3452:(1). American Economic Association: 179–282. 3270:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 3227:. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. 2836:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 2742:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 1873: 1751:. The hero of his story is the entrepreneur. 1323: 6269: 3994:(3). Translated by Muller, Jerry Z.: 57–63. 3225:Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter 3168:. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3150:. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2298:and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, 6477:(seventh ed.). London: Penguin Books. 6425: 6311:International Journal of Constitutional Law 5746:. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers: 2–37. 5461: 4974: 4930:McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 210–217. 4878:McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 231–232. 4683:"Joseph A. Schumpeter, Outsider Looking In" 3982:The first 2 chapters of A Treatise on Money 2602:Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte 2412:. Germany: Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 1388: 9165:American people of Moravian-German descent 9080:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent 8829: 8815: 7961: 7947: 7336: 7322: 7043: 7029: 6890: 6467: 6070:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishers. 6068:Economic systems in historical perspective 5902: 5877: 5823: 5814: 5779: 5730: 5728: 5433: 5424: 5409: 5228: 5187: 5113:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5018:Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930 4653:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 4554: 4543:popularized the term creative destruction. 4352: 4327: 4302: 4228: 4195: 4170: 4134: 4105: 4076: 4055: 3985: 3938: 3888: 3863: 3834: 3813: 3776: 3735: 3714: 3694: 3671: 3638: 3601: 3589:(2). American Economic Association: 1–10. 3580: 3551: 3522: 3493: 3464: 3443: 3414: 3385: 3356: 3326: 3304: 3284: 3261: 3241: 3222: 3201: 3181: 3163: 3145: 3139:NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research 3132: 3116: 3093: 3074: 3061: 2997: 2981: 2960: 2941: 2919: 2893: 2869: 2852: 2827: 2809: 2792: 2768: 2758: 2733: 2723: 2699: 2681: 2669: 2652: 2631: 2611: 2600:Translated from the 1912 original German, 2585: 2578:Translated from the 1911 original German, 2540: 2523: 2506: 2489: 2476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2453: 2429: 2405: 2396: 2379: 2323:International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society 1880: 1866: 1330: 1316: 31: 9190:Naturalized citizens of the United States 6865:"Web Joseph Alois Schumpeter in Memoriam" 6781:"Modern Prophets: Schumpeter and Keynes?" 6322: 6195: 5847: 5841: 5399:. New York City: Praeger. pp. 50–54. 5304: 5147: 5133: 5111:The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism 4988: 4775:Allen, Robert Loring (December 2, 2017). 4707:Stolper, Wolfgang F. (January 15, 2019). 4585: 4583: 4581: 4355:Reflections on the revolution of our time 3333:The economics and sociology of capitalism 3204:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3184:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3166:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3148:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 2775:The economics and sociology of capitalism 2763:. Germany: Der österreichische Volkswirt. 2706:The economics and sociology of capitalism 2432:The nature and essence of economic theory 2399:Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre 2008:Learn how and when to remove this message 1637: 1443:and began his career studying law at the 9130:Academic staff of the University of Bonn 7279:Three-component theory of stratification 6821:American Institute for Economic Research 6660: 6491: 6307:"The business of democracy is democracy" 6065: 6022: 5988: 5958:Hawthorn, Geoffrey (February 27, 1992). 5957: 5927: 5635: 5633: 5589: 5587: 5351: 5101: 4740: 4687:American Institute for Economic Research 4681:Ebeling, Richard M. (January 13, 2020). 4646: 4479:. Macmillan International. p. 192. 4472: 4229:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1933). " 3736:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The 2580:Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung 16:Austrian political economist (1883–1950) 9090:Academic staff of Chernivtsi University 9070:Austrian emigrants to the United States 6814: 6631: 6142: 5995:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1894. 5992:Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work 5725: 5514: 5394: 5287:; Tsirel, Sergey V. (January 7, 2010). 5243:from the original on September 10, 2005 5134:Dannequin, Fabrice (November 1, 2012). 5011: 4744:Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work 4706: 4680: 4612: 3674:"There is still time to stop inflation" 3096:"There is still time to stop inflation" 2492:Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem 2234: 1913: 1420:parents. Both of his grandmothers were 9002: 7284:Tripartite classification of authority 6834: 6739:. Macquarie University. Archived from 6612: 6572:"Did Hilferding Influence Schumpeter?" 6546: 6444: 6169: 5873: 5871: 5204:"Phases of the Marginalist Revolution" 4578: 4561:"$ 200 Laptops Break a Business Model" 3525:The Review of Economics and Statistics 3141:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2354:and its European affairs column after 1432:. Schumpeter was a loyal supporter of 1362:in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the 9145:Presidents of the Econometric Society 8810: 7942: 7317: 7024: 6734: 6693:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 6689:"Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1893–1950)" 6426:Groenewegen, Peter, ed. (2002). "2". 6404: 6375: 6231: 5878:Pol, Eduardo; Carroll, Peter (2006). 5688: 5639: 5630: 5593: 5584: 5563: 5167:. London: Anthem Press. p. 126. 5149:10.4000/interventionseconomiques.1753 5055: 4835: 4808: 4774: 4589: 4511: 4429: 4404: 4353:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1944). " 3049:. New York City London: McGraw-Hill. 2986:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2898:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2882:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2880:The economics of the recovery program 1349: 6699: 6116: 6103:P. A. Samuelson and W. D. Nordhaus, 5413:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 5107:"Introduction: The Man and His Work" 2526:Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen 2321:, are influenced by Schumpeter. The 2093: 2044:Parliaments will increasingly elect 1946:adding citations to reliable sources 1917: 6815:Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1, 2022). 6775: 6234:"Robert Solow on Joseph Schumpeter" 5868: 5817:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 5229:Timberlake, Richard (August 2005). 4449:"Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1883–1950" 4014:Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft 3964:(Fall 1991). "Money and currency". 3868:" in economics – fifty years ago". 3672:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). 3350: 3094:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). 2964:Capitalism, socialism and democracy 2543:Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft 2149:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 2126: 2023:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1587:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1478:In 1913–1914, Schumpeter taught at 13: 9140:Fellows of the Econometric Society 8839:International Economic Association 6794: 6506:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 6349: 6124:. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 5928:Nakamura, Leonard I. (July 2000). 5673: 5570:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5498:"A Theory of Minimalist Democracy" 4817:(2). Accademia Editoriale: 54–67. 4734: 4264:Economics of imperfect competition 4202:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4108:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4079:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4029:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3837:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3359:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3013:See also the English translation: 2072:" (a borrowed phrase to denote an 2064:will be replaced by some form of " 1741:The Theory of Economic Development 1730: 14: 9201: 6801:The Chronicle of Higher Education 6681: 6170:Foster, John Bellamy (May 2008). 5354:American Political Science Review 5192:. London: George Allen and Unwin. 4964:. Bremen, Germany. November 2005. 4741:Swedberg, Richard (May 2, 2013). 4473:Westland, J. Christopher (2016). 3912:Population and Development Review 3206:. San Diego: Simon Publications. 2185: 9170:20th-century American economists 9075:Austrian people of Czech descent 9045:20th-century Austrian economists 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6494:"Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950)" 6445:Harris, Seymour E., ed. (1951). 4332:: a semi-centennial appraisal". 3962:Swedberg, Richard (introduction) 3070:, Chicago: University of Chicago 2446:Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel 2330:School of Business and Economics 2201: 1922: 1503:Council of the People's Deputies 1297: 1285: 9155:Austrian expatriates in Germany 9115:American development economists 9100:Government ministers of Austria 6298: 6251: 6225: 6189: 6163: 6136: 6110: 6097: 6084: 6059: 6041: 6016: 5982: 5951: 5921: 5896: 5832: 5808: 5773: 5682: 5667: 5508: 5489: 5403: 5388: 5345: 5320: 5268: 5255: 5222: 5196: 5181: 5156: 5127: 5095: 5049: 5005: 4968: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4924: 4915: 4890: 4881: 4872: 4829: 4802: 4768: 4700: 4674: 4171:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). " 3641:The Journal of Economic History 3604:The Journal of Economic History 3262:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2961:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014) . 2942:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2006) . 2828:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2734:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2239:Schumpeter died in his home in 1933:needs additional citations for 1892: 1548:. In 1939, Schumpeter became a 1439:Schumpeter was educated at the 1393:Schumpeter was born in 1883 in 9105:Historians of economic thought 7052:Historical school of economics 6713:Journal of Economic Literature 6665:. Princeton University Press. 6634:Quarterly Journal of Economics 6591:10.1080/18386318.2005.11681205 6502:Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) 5676:Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy 5468:. Cambridge University Press. 5438:. Cambridge University Press. 5020:. Springer. pp. 201–249. 4977:Cambridge Journal of Economics 4939:McCraw, pp. 273–278, 306–3311. 4713:. Princeton University Press. 4640: 4606: 4548: 4505: 4466: 4441: 4423: 4398: 4321:10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311 3972:(3). The New School: 499–543. 3870:Journal of Economic Literature 3327:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991). 3268:Imperialism and social classes 3242:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). 3202:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2003). 3182:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1997). 3164:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1965). 3146:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1951). 2853:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1928). 2834:Imperialism and social classes 2810:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). 2793:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1921). 2759:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1920). 2740:Imperialism and social classes 2724:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1919). 2682:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1918). 2670:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). 2653:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1914). 2632:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2012). 2612:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2011). 2586:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). 2541:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). 2524:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). 2507:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). 2490:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1909). 2454:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). 2430:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2010). 2406:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). 2397:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1907). 2380:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1906). 2368: 2332:opened in October 2008 at the 1605:historical school of economics 1451:, an economic theorist of the 1: 9160:Austrian expatriates in Japan 9050:20th-century Austrian writers 5907:(Second ed.). Springer. 5703:10.1080/08913811.2017.1458501 5515:Diamond, Larry (April 2002). 4836:Allen, Robert Loring (1991). 4590:Allen, Robert Loring (1991). 4392: 3740:in sociology and economics". 3690:Continued on pp. 88–91. 3246:. London: Allen & Unwin. 2726:The sociology of imperialisms 2325:awards the Schumpeter Prize. 2176: 2086:William Fellner, in the book 1598: 1089:Critique of political economy 747:Critique of political economy 9095:Finance ministers of Austria 9040:20th-century Austrian people 9035:19th-century Austrian people 7224:Methodological individualism 6915:Finance Minister of Austria 6617:(Reprint ed.). Anchor. 6492:Humphrey, Thomas M. (2008). 6453:. Harvard University Press. 6449:Schumpeter: Social Scientist 6232:Thoma, Mark (May 17, 2007). 6145:The American Economic Review 6066:Viksnins, George J. (1997). 5850:The American Economic Review 5640:Munck, Gerardo Luis (2007). 5190:History of Economic Analysis 4476:Global Innovation Management 4435:"Interview with Anne Carter" 4359:The American Economic Review 4334:The American Economic Review 4268:Journal of Political Economy 4058:The American Economic Review 4020: 3947:(4). Mohr Siebeck: 577–593. 3897:(2). Mohr Siebeck: 191–196. 3779:Journal of Political Economy 3742:Journal of Political Economy 3717:The American Economic Review 3244:History of economic analysis 3020:History of Political Economy 2456:Methodological Individualism 2222:History of Economic Analysis 1840:(infrastructural investment) 1759:'s ideas on 50-year cycles, 1708:History of Economic Analysis 1668:History of Economic Analysis 1661:History of Economic Analysis 1621:Austrian School of economics 1139:Periodizations of capitalism 7: 9180:Columbia University faculty 9135:University of Vienna alumni 9120:People from Austria-Hungary 7909:Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg 6857:Harvard University Archives 6579:History of Economics Review 6280:"Schumpeter: Taking flight" 6023:Andersen, Esben S. (2011). 5815:Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). 5782:Journal of Economic History 5646:. Oxford University Press. 5410:Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). 5188:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). 5062:Journal of Economic Studies 5026:10.1007/978-94-009-2181-8_6 4901:. Edward Elgar. p. 5. 4378: 3305:Schumpeter, Joseph (1970). 2684:The crisis of the tax state 2630:Reprinted in paperback as: 2164:Cycles and long wave theory 1455:. In 1906, he received his 1360:Finance Minister of Austria 835:Simple commodity production 152:History of economic thought 10: 9206: 9175:Harvard University faculty 7234:National innovation system 6835:Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. 6661:Swedberg, Richard (1992). 6547:McCraw, Thomas K. (2007). 6514:10.4135/9781412965811.n276 6430:. Routledge. p. 203. 6238:Economistsview.typepad.com 5989:Swedberg, Richard (2013). 5564:Munck, Gerardo L. (2009). 4867:Schumpeter Biedermann Bank 4613:Reisman, David A. (2004). 4164: 2855:Das deutsche finanzproblem 2610:Reprinted in hardback as: 1641: 1521:, Germany. He lectured at 1507:Republic of German-Austria 1471:, where he remained until 1144:Perspectives on capitalism 9055:20th-century male writers 8845: 8649: 8482: 8321: 8234:Oliver M. W. Sprague 8160: 8023: 7976: 7767: 7599: 7438: 7355: 7274:Theory of business cycles 7149: 7058: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6900: 6613:Muller, Jerry Z. (2003). 6204:. Penguin Press. p. 5960:"Schumpeter the Superior" 5794:10.1017/s0022050700054279 5663:– via Google Books. 5485:– via Google Books. 4811:History of Economic Ideas 4747:. John Wiley & Sons. 4647:Shionoya, Yuichi (2007). 4636:– via Google Books. 4000:10.1007/s12115-003-1039-3 3649:10.1017/S0022050700065189 3616:10.1017/s0022050700054279 2984:Postwar economic problems 2288:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 2246: 2068:". This will exacerbate " 1858: 1626:The Austrian sociologist 1593: 1527:Tokyo College of Commerce 1467:. In 1911, he joined the 1434:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1366:to become a professor at 332: 306: 260: 247:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 242: 218: 206: 190: 157: 135: 130: 126: 115: 101: 93: 74: 39: 30: 23: 9185:American anti-communists 9030:Austrian anti-communists 6474:The Worldly Philosophers 6359:Rediscovering Schumpeter 6196:Greenspan, Alan (2007). 5395:Heertje, Arnold (1981). 4844:. Transaction. pp. 4183:(1). Springer: 131–133. 3032:10.1215/00182702-7-3-293 2509:Marie Ésprit Léon Walras 2373: 2302:. Future Nobel Laureate 2269:The Worldly Philosophers 2145:research and development 2050:workers' self-management 1897:In Schumpeter's theory, 1533:economists displaced by 1461:University of Czernowitz 1389:Early life and education 415:Economic interventionism 184:University of Czernowitz 171:Biedermann Bank, 1921–24 8550:Charles P. Kindleberger 8288:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser 7131:Heinrich von Treitschke 6841:Business History Review 6704:Schumpeter: A Biography 6700:Andersen, Esben Sloth. 6663:Schumpeter: A Biography 6172:"Sweezy in Perspective" 5596:The Journal of Politics 4520:. Basic Books. p. 3960:Schumpeter, Joseph A.; 3303:Originally printed as: 3092:Originally printed as: 3068:Encyclopædia Britannica 2896:Economic reconstruction 2558:Schumpeter, Joseph A.; 2343:On September 17, 2009, 2334:University of Wuppertal 2026:. While he agrees with 1358:. He served briefly as 1343:Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1084:Criticism of capitalism 8455:John Kenneth Galbraith 7239:Philosophy of identity 7187:Fictitious commodities 7182:Enlightened absolutism 6979:Business and economics 6757:"Joseph A. Schumpeter" 6361:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6027:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5964:London Review of Books 5293:Structure and Dynamics 5236:. Econ Journal Watch. 4948:McCraw pp. 347 et seq. 2486:and first eight pages. 2296:John Kenneth Galbraith 2158: 2109:democratic backsliding 1704:fiat monetary standard 1700:gold monetary standard 1644:Evolutionary economics 1638:Evolutionary economics 1552:. At the beginning of 1114:Exploitation of labour 825:Primitive accumulation 327:Evolutionary economics 243:Other notable students 9060:Austrian male writers 9015:Innovation economists 7691:Jean-Michel Grandmont 7269:Theory of Bureaucracy 7244:Protestant work ethic 7207:Laspeyres price index 7081:Georg Friedrich Knapp 7071:Johann Gustav Droysen 6795:DeLong, J. Bradford. 6759:. HET. Archived from 5533:10.1353/jod.2002.0025 5206:. HET. Archived from 4405:Tobin, James (1986). 4357:by Harold J. Laski". 3688:on November 29, 2014. 3678:The Nation's Business 3186:. London: Routledge. 3110:on November 29, 2014. 3100:The Nation's Business 2281:, one of the leading 2153: 1899:Walrasian equilibrium 1851:(technological basis) 1749:Walrasian equilibrium 1496:Wesley Clair Mitchell 1449:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 1292:Capitalism portal 1104:Culture of capitalism 1059:Capitalist propaganda 815:Industrial Revolution 805:Commercial Revolution 213:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 8508:Tjalling C. Koopmans 8121:Herbert J. Davenport 8031:Edwin R. A. Seligman 7740:Robert E. Lucas, Jr. 7710:Jean-Jacques Laffont 7229:Monopoly on violence 7197:Innovation economics 7157:Creative destruction 7116:Gustav von Schmoller 6286:. September 17, 2009 6117:Humphrey, Thomas M. 5521:Journal of Democracy 5285:Korotayev, Andrey V. 5012:Simpson, D. (1990). 4559:(January 25, 2009). 4512:Topol, Eric (2012). 4235:The Economic Journal 4173:The economic problem 3417:The Economic Journal 3307:Das wesen des geldes 2876:Leontief, Wassily W. 2253:heterodox economists 2241:Taconic, Connecticut 2235:Later life and death 2196:creative destruction 2151:, Schumpeter wrote: 2070:creative destruction 2054:industrial democracy 1942:improve this article 1914:Demise of capitalism 1678:, and he considered 1654:creative destruction 1613:Gustav von Schmoller 1543:Franklin Roosevelt's 1445:University of Vienna 1379:creative destruction 1372:American citizenship 1267:Right-libertarianism 1197:Classical liberalism 1164:Venture philanthropy 800:Capitalism and Islam 795:Age of Enlightenment 390:Capital accumulation 319:Economic development 315:Creative destruction 225:Ferdinand A. Hermens 120:University of Vienna 8934:Anthony B. Atkinson 8723:Christopher A. Sims 8622:Arnold C. Harberger 8586:Thomas C. Schelling 8544:Charles L. Schultze 8431:Kenneth E. Boulding 8383:Theodore W. Schultz 7848:Jean-Charles Rochet 7679:Anthony B. Atkinson 7399:John Maynard Keynes 7349:Econometric Society 7172:Economistic fallacy 6847:on October 9, 2016. 6743:on October 25, 2012 6407:Science and Society 6378:Sociological Theory 6324:10.1093/icon/moi049 6265:on October 1, 2011. 6119:"Analyst of Change" 6053:snaccooperative.org 5502:NBER Working Papers 5332:thelatinlibrary.com 5328:"Joseph Schumpeter" 5306:10.5070/SD941003306 4921:McCraw, pp. 337–343 4887:McCraw, pp. 317–321 4419:on August 26, 2003. 4231:Essays in biography 4175:by R. G. Hawtrey". 3738:Communist Manifesto 3016:Henderson, David R. 1957:"Joseph Schumpeter" 1799: 1743:with a treatise of 1684:John Maynard Keynes 1650:Christopher Freeman 1480:Columbia University 1356:political economist 1351:[ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ] 1304:Business portal 420:Economic liberalism 410:Competitive markets 174:Columbia University 9065:Austrian academics 8976:Joseph E. Stiglitz 8856:Gottfried Haberler 8837:Presidents of the 8437:William J. Fellner 8413:Joseph J. Spengler 8401:Gottfried Haberler 8371:George W. Stocking 8365:Morris A. Copeland 8252:Frederick C. Mills 8192:Matthew B. Hammond 8145:Wesley C. Mitchell 8127:Jacob H. Hollander 7625:Franklin M. Fisher 7542:Hendrik Houthakker 7254:Schumpeterian rent 6901:Political offices 6585:(Winter): 98–125. 6469:Heilbroner, Robert 5761:on October 8, 2018 5056:Boehm, S. (1987). 4999:10.1093/cje/ben052 4565:The New York Times 4386:Schumpeterian rent 4233:by J. M. Keynes". 3321:Reprinted in 2008. 3287:Treatise on money 2872:Chamberlin, Edward 2482:Pdf of preface by 2283:Marxist economists 2058:liberal capitalism 1829:(fixed investment) 1794: 1791:specific purpose. 1757:Nikolai Kondratiev 1519:University of Bonn 1469:University of Graz 1368:Harvard University 1064:Capitalist realism 455:Goods and services 435:Fictitious capital 179:University of Graz 167:University of Bonn 162:Harvard University 9125:People from Třešť 9010:Joseph Schumpeter 8997: 8996: 8916:Víctor L. Urquidi 8886:Paul A. Samuelson 8880:Giuseppe Ugo Papi 8874:E. A. G. Robinson 8850:Joseph Schumpeter 8804: 8803: 8759:Olivier Blanchard 8747:Robert J. Shiller 8717:Orley Ashenfelter 8693:Thomas J. Sargent 8640:Dale W. Jorgenson 8574:Joseph A. Pechman 8526:William J. Baumol 8496:Lawrence R. Klein 8490:Franco Modigliani 8407:George J. Stigler 8389:Paul A. Samuelson 8300:Joseph Schumpeter 8210:William Z. Ripley 8204:George E. Barnett 8168:Edwin W. Kemmerer 8091:Walter F. Willcox 8043:Jeremiah W. Jenks 7990:Charles F. Dunbar 7984:Francis A. Walker 7936: 7935: 7927:Eliana La Ferrara 7818:Lars Peter Hansen 7806:Thomas J. Sargent 7716:Andreu Mas-Colell 7685:Hugo Sonnenschein 7643:James A. Mirrlees 7512:Franco Modigliani 7429:Tjalling Koopmans 7387:Joseph Schumpeter 7311: 7310: 7302:Werturteilsstreit 7121:Joseph Schumpeter 7106:Leopold von Ranke 7091:Étienne Laspeyres 6937: 6936: 6921:Succeeded by 6884:Joseph Schumpeter 6871:on March 30, 2010 6735:Kilcullen, John. 6722:on March 27, 2009 6555:. Belknap Press. 5674:Posner, Richard. 5436:Democracy's value 5261:Schumpeter, J.A. 5103:Swedberg, Richard 4788:978-1-351-50152-1 4754:978-0-7456-6870-3 4720:978-0-691-19449-3 4493:on March 10, 2021 4431:McCulloch, Rachel 3329:Swedberg, Richard 2922:Taussig, Frank W. 2771:Swedberg, Richard 2702:Swedberg, Richard 2271:. In the journal 2265:Robert Heilbroner 2094:Democratic theory 2046:social democratic 2018: 2017: 2010: 1992: 1890: 1889: 1814:(inventory, e.g. 1628:Rudolf Goldscheid 1340: 1339: 1159:Spontaneous order 1129:History of theory 772:New institutional 742:Market monetarism 677:Economic theories 510:Supply and demand 445:Free price system 336: 335: 148:Political economy 88:, Connecticut, US 25:Joseph Schumpeter 9197: 8904:Edmond Malinvaud 8831: 8824: 8817: 8808: 8807: 8735:William Nordhaus 8675:Martin Feldstein 8663:Robert Lucas Jr. 8520:Moses Abramovitz 8467:Walter W. Heller 8461:Kenneth J. Arrow 8443:Wassily Leontief 8341:Calvin B. Hoover 8329:John H. Williams 8228:Alvin S. Johnson 8198:Ernest L. Bogart 8115:Henry B. Gardner 8097:Thomas N. Carver 8008:Arthur T. Hadley 7963: 7956: 7949: 7940: 7939: 7903:Orazio Attanasio 7861:James J. Heckman 7856: 7830:Roger B. Myerson 7812:Richard Blundell 7800:Ariel Rubinstein 7789: 7752:Robert B. Wilson 7728:Christopher Sims 7699: 7530:Michio Morishima 7518:Edmond Malinvaud 7464:Wassily Leontief 7375:Harold Hotelling 7369:François Divisia 7338: 7331: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7076:Bruno Hildebrand 7045: 7038: 7031: 7022: 7021: 7013: 7012: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6988: 6977: 6976: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6932: 6909:Otto Steinwender 6906:Preceded by 6898: 6897: 6894: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6867:. Archived from 6860: 6848: 6843:. Archived from 6831: 6829: 6827: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6752: 6750: 6748: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6715:. 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Solow 8862:Howard S. Ellis 8841: 8835: 8805: 8800: 8783:Christina Romer 8681:Daniel McFadden 8645: 8634:D. Gale Johnson 8628:Robert W. Fogel 8616:Anne O. Krueger 8610:Victor R. Fuchs 8592:William Vickrey 8556:Alice M. Rivlin 8538:W. Arthur Lewis 8514:Robert M. Solow 8478: 8473:R. Aaron Gordon 8425:Milton Friedman 8395:Edward S. Mason 8377:Arthur F. Burns 8335:Harold A. Innis 8317: 8306:Howard S. Ellis 8282:I. Leo Sharfman 8276:Joseph S. Davis 8270:Albert B. Wolfe 8264:Edwin G. Nourse 8258:Sumner Slichter 8216:Harry A. Millis 8174:Thomas S. Adams 8156: 8133:Henry R. Seager 8103:John R. Commons 8073:Frank A. Fetter 8067:Henry W. Farnam 8061:Edmund J. James 8049:Simon N. Patten 8019: 7972: 7967: 7937: 7932: 7915:Guido Tabellini 7867:Manuel Arellano 7850: 7842:Bengt Holmström 7824:Torsten Persson 7783: 7763: 7758:Elhanan Helpman 7734:Roger Guesnerie 7722:Takashi Negishi 7693: 7661:Daniel McFadden 7631:J. Denis Sargan 7613:Lionel McKenzie 7595: 7482:Trygve Haavelmo 7434: 7393:Wesley Mitchell 7351: 7342: 7312: 7307: 7249:Rationalization 7167:Double movement 7145: 7111:Wilhelm Roscher 7054: 7049: 7019: 7007: 6997: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6926: 6917: 6911: 6874: 6872: 6863: 6851: 6825: 6823: 6805: 6803: 6785: 6783: 6766: 6764: 6763:on May 17, 2013 6755: 6746: 6744: 6725: 6723: 6719: 6708: 6687: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6646:10.2307/1884847 6625: 6603: 6601: 6574: 6563: 6524: 6485: 6461: 6438: 6369: 6352: 6350:Further reading 6347: 6337: 6335: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6230: 6226: 6216: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6168: 6164: 6141: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6111: 6102: 6098: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5876: 5869: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5813: 5809: 5778: 5774: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5691:Critical Review 5687: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5638: 5631: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5562: 5555: 5545: 5543: 5513: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5432: 5425: 5408: 5404: 5393: 5389: 5366:10.2307/2952166 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5280:Kondratiev wave 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5210:on May 26, 2013 5202: 5201: 5197: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5161: 5157: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5100: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5010: 5006: 4990:10.1.1.903.6952 4973: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4834: 4830: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4611: 4607: 4588: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4553: 4549: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4428: 4424: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4381: 4247:10.2307/2224509 4214:10.2307/1882530 4198:Business cycles 4167: 4149:10.2307/1907276 4120:10.2307/1881963 4091:10.2307/1883096 4041:10.2307/1885636 4023: 3966:Social Research 3924:10.2307/1972201 3849:10.2307/1879531 3707: 3566:10.2307/1172508 3537:10.2307/1927845 3508:10.2307/2278223 3479:10.2307/1912225 3429:10.2307/2224315 3400:10.2307/2548401 3394:(21): 286–311. 3371:10.2307/1882798 3353: 3343: 3317: 3297: 3278: 3264:Sweezy, Paul M. 3254: 3235: 3214: 3194: 3087: 2975: 2954: 2936: 2906: 2844: 2830:Sweezy, Paul M. 2785: 2750: 2736:Sweezy, Paul M. 2716: 2644: 2624: 2574: 2469: 2468: 2442: 2428:Translated as: 2376: 2371: 2363:Adam Przeworski 2338:Lambert T. Koch 2328:The Schumpeter 2319:Lisbon Strategy 2249: 2237: 2204: 2188: 2179: 2166: 2129: 2096: 2014: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1951: 1949: 1939: 1927: 1916: 1895: 1886: 1860: 1849:Kondratiev wave 1806:Period (years) 1803:Cycle/wave name 1778:(9 years), and 1737:business cycles 1733: 1731:Business cycles 1664: 1646: 1640: 1601: 1596: 1578:Yale University 1511:Alpine Mountain 1488:economic theory 1457:doctoral degree 1453:Austrian School 1415:German-speaking 1411:Austria-Hungary 1409:, then part of 1391: 1346: 1336: 1296: 1284: 1277: 1276: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1149:Post-capitalism 1054:Anti-capitalism 1049: 1041: 1040: 936: 928: 927: 848: 840: 839: 790: 782: 781: 678: 670: 669: 660:State-sponsored 538: 530: 529: 395:Capital markets 360: 325: 321: 317: 313: 311:Business cycles 253: 249: 235: 231: 227: 220: 208: 201:Lausanne School 199: 197:Austrian School 192: 182: 177: 172: 170: 165: 150: 146: 142: 131:Academic career 108: 89: 83: 79: 78:January 8, 1950 70: 64: 62:Austria-Hungary 51: 45: 43: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8802: 8801: 8799: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8744: 8741:Richard Thaler 8738: 8732: 8729:Claudia Goldin 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8687:George Akerlof 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8644: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8562:Gary S. Becker 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8532:Gardner Ackley 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8502:Jacob Marschak 8499: 8493: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8434: 8428: 8422: 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8359:Edwin E. Witte 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8325: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8273: 8267: 8261: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8180:Fred M. Taylor 8177: 8171: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8151:Allyn A. Young 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8055:Davis R. Dewey 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8014:Richard T. Ely 8011: 8005: 8002:Henry C. Adams 7999: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7897:Stephen Morris 7894: 7888: 7885:Drew Fudenberg 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7858: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7673:Dale Jorgenson 7670: 7664: 7658: 7655:Amartya K. Sen 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7607:Hirofumi Uzawa 7603: 7601: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7554:Leonid Hurwicz 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7500:Lawrence Klein 7497: 7494:Marcel Boiteux 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7452:Paul Samuelson 7449: 7446:R. G. D. Allen 7442: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7405:Jacob Marschak 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7378: 7372: 7366: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7218:Methodenstreit 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7162:Disenchantment 7159: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7126:Werner Sombart 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7096:Friedrich List 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7025: 7018: 7017: 7005: 7003:Libertarianism 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6935: 6934: 6924:Richard Reisch 6922: 6919: 6912: 6907: 6903: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6881: 6861: 6849: 6832: 6812: 6792: 6777:Drucker, Peter 6773: 6753: 6732: 6697: 6683: 6682:External links 6680: 6678: 6677: 6672:978-0691042961 6671: 6658: 6629: 6624:978-0385721660 6623: 6610: 6567: 6562:978-0674025233 6561: 6544: 6523:978-1412965804 6522: 6498:Hamowy, Ronald 6489: 6484:978-0140290066 6483: 6465: 6460:978-0836911381 6459: 6442: 6437:978-0415301671 6436: 6423: 6402: 6390:10.2307/202001 6373: 6368:978-1403942418 6367: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6317:(4): 706–722. 6297: 6268: 6250: 6224: 6215:978-1594201318 6214: 6188: 6176:Monthly Review 6162: 6135: 6109: 6107:(1998, p. 178) 6096: 6083: 6076: 6058: 6040: 6034:978-1403996275 6033: 6015: 6002:978-0745668703 6001: 5981: 5950: 5920: 5914:978-3319153469 5913: 5895: 5889:978-0170133005 5888: 5867: 5856:(2): 141–145. 5840: 5831: 5822: 5807: 5788:(2): 149–159. 5772: 5724: 5697:(4): 505–529. 5681: 5666: 5652: 5629: 5608:10.1086/701636 5602:(2): 524–538. 5583: 5576: 5553: 5507: 5488: 5474: 5451: 5444: 5423: 5402: 5387: 5360:(4): 819–832. 5344: 5319: 5267: 5254: 5221: 5195: 5180: 5173: 5155: 5126: 5120:978-0691042534 5119: 5094: 5048: 5035:978-9400921818 5034: 5004: 4983:(3): 495–516. 4967: 4950: 4941: 4932: 4923: 4914: 4907: 4889: 4880: 4871: 4854: 4828: 4801: 4787: 4767: 4753: 4733: 4719: 4699: 4673: 4660:978-0521037969 4659: 4639: 4626:978-1845420857 4625: 4605: 4577: 4547: 4531:978-0465025503 4530: 4504: 4485: 4465: 4440: 4422: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4350: 4325: 4305:General Theory 4300: 4280:10.1086/254595 4274:(2): 249–259. 4259: 4226: 4208:(1): 150–172. 4193: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4143:(3): 219–231. 4132: 4114:(1): 139–155. 4103: 4085:(2): 147–173. 4074: 4053: 4035:(3): 337–363. 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 3983: 3957: 3936: 3918:(3): 499–506. 3907: 3886: 3861: 3843:(2): 149–180. 3832: 3811: 3791:10.1086/256862 3785:(5): 371–382. 3774: 3754:10.1086/256806 3748:(3): 199–212. 3733: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3706:978-1412822749 3705: 3693:Reprinted as: 3669: 3636: 3610:(2): 149–159. 3599: 3578: 3549: 3520: 3491: 3462: 3441: 3412: 3383: 3365:(2): 213–232. 3352: 3349: 3348: 3347: 3342:978-0691003832 3341: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3316:978-3525131213 3315: 3296:978-9076660363 3295: 3282: 3277:978-0678000205 3276: 3259: 3253:978-0415108881 3252: 3239: 3234:978-0804605854 3233: 3220: 3219: 3218: 3213:978-1932512090 3212: 3200:Reprinted as: 3198: 3193:978-0415110785 3192: 3180:Reprinted as: 3178: 3162:Reprinted as: 3143: 3130: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3086:978-1412822749 3085: 3072: 3064:Bento, William 3059: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3026:(3): 293–298. 2995: 2979: 2974:978-1617208652 2973: 2958: 2953:978-1578985562 2952: 2939: 2935:978-0836904352 2934: 2917: 2905:978-1258305727 2904: 2891: 2867: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843:978-0678000205 2842: 2826:Reprinted as: 2807: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2784:978-0691003832 2783: 2767:Reprinted as: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2749:978-0678000205 2748: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2715:978-0691003832 2714: 2698:Reprinted as: 2679: 2667: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2643:978-1614273370 2642: 2628: 2623:978-1258003425 2622: 2583: 2573:978-0878556984 2572: 2555: 2538: 2521: 2504: 2487: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2441:978-1412811507 2440: 2423: 2422: 2403: 2394: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2352:Walter Bagehot 2300:Alan Greenspan 2274:Monthly Review 2248: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2203: 2200: 2187: 2186:Doing Business 2184: 2178: 2175: 2165: 2162: 2128: 2125: 2095: 2092: 2016: 2015: 1930: 1928: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1870: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1797:economic waves 1732: 1729: 1702:compared to a 1663: 1658: 1642:Main article: 1639: 1636: 1632:Francis Galton 1617:Werner Sombart 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1574:Paul Samuelson 1463:in modern-day 1407:Czech Republic 1390: 1387: 1383:Werner Sombart 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1279: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1257:Ordoliberalism 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1134:Market economy 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1050: 1048:Related topics 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 918:State monopoly 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 849: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 791: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 717: 712: 707: 702: 701: 700: 690: 685: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 475:Liberalization 472: 467: 465:Invisible hand 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 380:Businessperson 377: 375:Business cycle 372: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 347: 346: 334: 333: 330: 329: 308: 304: 303: 262: 258: 257: 244: 240: 239: 229:Paul Samuelson 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 194: 191:School or 188: 187: 159: 155: 154: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 117: 113: 112: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 82:(aged 66) 76: 72: 71: 67:Czech Republic 52: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9202: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 8989: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8974: 8971: 8970:Masahiko Aoki 8968: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8946:Jacques Drèze 8944: 8941: 8940:Michael Bruno 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8922:Kenneth Arrow 8920: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8910:Shigeto Tsuru 8908: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8898:Fritz Machlup 8896: 8893: 8892:Erik Lundberg 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8854: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8840: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8820: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8753:Alvin E. Roth 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8721: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8700: 8699:Avinash Dixit 8697: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8669:Peter Diamond 8667: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8657:Sherwin Rosen 8655: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8598:Zvi Griliches 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8580:Gérard Debreu 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568:Robert Eisner 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8542: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8419:Fritz Machlup 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8353:John D. Black 8351: 8348: 8347:Simon Kuznets 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8223: 8222:John M. Clark 8220: 8217: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8149: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8139:Carl C. Plehn 8137: 8134: 8131: 8128: 8125: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8110: 8109:Irving Fisher 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8037:F. W. Taussig 8035: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7996:John B. Clark 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7957: 7952: 7950: 7945: 7944: 7941: 7928: 7925: 7922: 7919: 7916: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7904: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7892: 7889: 7886: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7874: 7873:Robert Porter 7871: 7868: 7865: 7862: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7836:John H. Moore 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7779: 7776: 7775:Avinash Dixit 7773: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7756: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7704:Peter Diamond 7702: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7667:Michael Bruno 7665: 7662: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7649:Herbert Scarf 7647: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7591: 7590:Zvi Griliches 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7566:Gérard Debreu 7564: 7561: 7560:Jacques Drèze 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7476:Kenneth Arrow 7474: 7471: 7470:Richard Stone 7468: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7423:Ragnar Frisch 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7411:Jan Tinbergen 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7381:Arthur Bowley 7379: 7376: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7363:Irving Fisher 7361: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7334: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7316: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264:Substantivism 7262: 7260: 7259:Social action 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150:Contributions 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Adolph Wagner 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7034: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6930: 6925: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6705: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6611: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6568: 6564: 6558: 6553: 6552: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6285: 6284:The Economist 6281: 6275: 6273: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6243:September 21, 6239: 6235: 6228: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6201: 6192: 6181:September 21, 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6079: 6077:9780787233761 6073: 6069: 6062: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6004: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5938: 5931: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5677: 5670: 5655: 5653:9780199219902 5649: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5588: 5579: 5577:9780801896507 5573: 5569: 5568: 5560: 5558: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5477: 5475:9780521805124 5471: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5445:9780521643887 5441: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5406: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5264: 5258: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5174:9781843317852 5170: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4960: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4910: 4908:9781847203274 4904: 4900: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4868: 4857: 4855:9781412815611 4851: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4805: 4790: 4784: 4781:. Routledge. 4780: 4779: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4737: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4703: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4570:September 21, 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557:Vance, Ashlee 4555:Stone, Brad; 4551: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4508: 4492: 4488: 4486:9781137520197 4482: 4478: 4477: 4469: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4407:"James Tobin" 4401: 4397: 4387: 4384: 4383: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4015: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732:Reprinted as 2731: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2560:Opie, Redvers 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2346:The Economist 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2202:Personal life 2199: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2174: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2012: 2009: 2001: 1998:February 2019 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: – 1958: 1954: 1953:Find sources: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1931:This section 1929: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1838:Kuznets swing 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1812:Kitchin cycle 1810: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1745:circular flow 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1712:laissez-faire 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1688:David Ricardo 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1648:According to 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1492:Irving Fisher 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1381:", coined by 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:United States 1361: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1247:Neoliberalism 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1192:Authoritarian 1190: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1119:Globalization 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079:Crisis theory 1077: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 935:Intellectuals 932: 931: 924: 923:Technological 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 844: 843: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 786: 785: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 721: 718: 716: 715:Institutional 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 699: 696: 695: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 674: 673: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 575: 574:Laissez-faire 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 548:Authoritarian 546: 544: 541: 540: 534: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Surplus value 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 495:Privatization 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 362: 356: 355: 352: 349: 348: 344: 340: 339: 331: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 309: 307:Contributions 305: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 259: 256: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 202: 198: 195: 189: 185: 180: 175: 168: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: 110:United States 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 87: 77: 73: 68: 63: 59: 55: 42: 38: 34: 29: 22: 19: 8988:Kaushik Basu 8958:János Kornai 8868:Erik Lindahl 8849: 8795:Janet Currie 8771:Janet Yellen 8765:Ben Bernanke 8705:Angus Deaton 8650:2001–present 8312:Frank Knight 8299: 8294:Paul Douglas 8240:Alvin Hansen 8186:Edwin F. Gay 8085:John H. Gray 8079:David Kinley 7921:Rosa Matzkin 7768:2001–present 7637:Marc Nerlove 7619:János Kornai 7584:Don Patinkin 7572:W. M. Gorman 7524:Robert Solow 7417:Charles Roos 7386: 7300: 7296:Wagner's law 7288: 7216: 7212:Life chances 7177:Embeddedness 7120: 7101:Karl Polanyi 6914: 6888:Find a Grave 6873:. Retrieved 6869:the original 6856: 6845:the original 6840: 6824:. Retrieved 6820: 6804:. Retrieved 6800: 6784:. Retrieved 6765:. Retrieved 6761:the original 6745:. Retrieved 6741:the original 6724:. Retrieved 6717:the original 6712: 6703: 6692: 6662: 6637: 6633: 6614: 6602:. Retrieved 6582: 6578: 6550: 6505: 6501: 6473: 6448: 6427: 6413:(1): 13–35. 6410: 6406: 6381: 6377: 6358: 6336:. Retrieved 6314: 6310: 6300: 6290:December 19, 6288:. Retrieved 6283: 6263:the original 6253: 6241:. Retrieved 6237: 6227: 6219: 6199: 6191: 6179:. Retrieved 6175: 6165: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6126:. Retrieved 6112: 6104: 6099: 6086: 6067: 6061: 6052: 6043: 6024: 6018: 6008:December 19, 6006:. 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