Josephus - Knowledge

51: 1189:, Josephus shifts to rhetorical historiography, which was the norm of his time. Feldman notes further that it is significant that Josephus called his later work "Antiquities" (literally, archaeology) rather than history; in the Hellenistic period, archaeology meant either "history from the origins or archaic history." Thus, his title implies a Jewish peoples' history from their origins until the time he wrote. This distinction is significant to Feldman, because "in ancient times, historians were expected to write in chronological order," while "antiquarians wrote in a systematic order, proceeding topically and logically" and included all relevant material for their subject. Antiquarians moved beyond political history to include institutions and religious and private life. Josephus does offer this wider perspective in 1418: 1166:, writing that "they have a mind to demonstrate the greatness of the Romans, while they still diminish and lessen the actions of the Jews." Josephus states that his intention is to correct this method but that he "will not go to the other extreme ... will prosecute the actions of both parties with accuracy." Josephus confesses he will be unable to contain his sadness in transcribing these events; to illustrate this will have little effect on his historiography, Josephus suggests, "But if any one be inflexible in his censures of me, let him attribute the facts themselves to the historical part, and the lamentations to the writer himself only." 682:(Jotapata), Josephus claimed to have experienced a divine revelation that later led to his speech predicting Vespasian would become emperor. After the prediction came true, he was released by Vespasian, who considered his gift of prophecy to be divine. Josephus wrote that his revelation had taught him three things: that God, the creator of the Jewish people, had decided to "punish" them; that "fortune" had been given to the Romans; and that God had chosen him "to announce the things that are to come". To many Jews, such claims were simply self-serving. 4373: 1202: 797:

Jewish scholar, as an officer of Galilee, as a military man, and a person of great experience in everything belonging to his own nation, he attained to that remarkable familiarity with his country in every part, which his antiquarian researches so abundantly evince. But he was controlled by political motives: his great purpose was to bring his people, the despised Jewish race, into honour with the Greeks and Romans; and this purpose underlay every sentence, and filled his history with distortions and exaggerations.

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accurately describe what is contained in our records, in the order of time that belongs to them ... without adding any thing to what is therein contained, or taking away any thing therefrom." He notes the difference between history and philosophy by saying, "hose that read my book may wonder how it comes to pass, that my discourse, which promises an account of laws and historical facts, contains so much of philosophy."

4071: 4927: 928:, 12 km south of Jerusalem—as described in Josephus's writings. In October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas challenged the identification of the tomb as that of Herod. According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb is too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely features. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after the latter's death, stood by the identification. 667:) asked the group to surrender, but they refused. According to Josephus's account, he suggested a method of collective suicide; they drew lots and killed each other, one by one, and Josephus happened to be one of two men that were left who surrendered to the Roman forces and became prisoners. In 69 AD, Josephus was released. According to his account, he acted as a negotiator with the defenders during the 511: 771:. Some portrayed him as a member of the sect and as a traitor to the Jewish nation—a view which became known as the classical concept of Josephus. In the mid-20th century, a new generation of scholars challenged this view and formulated the modern concept of Josephus. They consider him a Pharisee but describe him in part as patriot and a historian of some standing. In his 1991 book, 1173:

offers his opinion early on, saying, "Upon the whole, a man that will peruse this history, may principally learn from it, that all events succeed well, even to an incredible degree, and the reward of felicity is proposed by God." After inserting this attitude, Josephus contradicts Berossus: "I shall

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finally created a Hebrew translation of the Greek text of Josephus in 1863, although many rabbis continued to prefer the Yosippon version. By the 20th century, Jewish attitudes toward Josephus had softened, as he gave the Jews a respectable place in classical history. Various parts of his work were

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was conceited, not only about his own learning, but also about the opinions held of him as commander both by the Galileans and by the Romans; he was guilty of shocking duplicity at Jotapata, saving himself by sacrifice of his companions; he was too naive to see how he stood condemned out of his own

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that he needed to demonstrate … his loyalty to Jewish history, law and culture." However, Josephus's "countless incidental remarks explaining basic Judean language, customs and laws … assume a Gentile audience. He does not expect his first hearers to know anything about the laws or Judean origins."

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for the antiquity and universal significance of the Jewish people. Josephus claims to be writing this history because he "saw that others perverted the truth of those actions in their writings", those writings being the history of the Jews. In terms of some of his sources for the project, Josephus

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Outside of the Scriptures, Josephus holds the first and the only place among the native authors of Judaea; for Philo of Alexandria, the later Talmud, and other authorities, are of little service in understanding the geography of the country. Josephus is, however, to be used with great care. As a

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After the Jewish garrison of Yodfat fell under siege, the Romans invaded, killing thousands; the survivors committed suicide. According to Josephus, he was trapped in a cave with 40 of his companions in July 67 AD. The Romans (commanded by Flavius Vespasian and his son Titus, both subsequently

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An autobiographical text written by Josephus in approximately 94–99 CE – possibly as an appendix to his Antiquities of the Jews (cf. Life 430) – where the author for the most part re-visits the events of the War and his tenure in Galilee as governor and commander, apparently in response to

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could be written for Jews—"a few scholars from Laqueur onward have suggested that Josephus must have written primarily for fellow Jews (if also secondarily for Gentiles). The most common motive suggested is repentance: in later life he felt so bad about the traitorous

1539:"in the order of time that belongs to them," Feldman argues that Josephus "aimed to organize material systematically rather than chronologically" and had a scope that "ranged far beyond mere political history to political institutions, religious and private life." 1135:

mouth for his conduct, and yet no words were too harsh when he was blackening his opponents; and after landing, however involuntarily, in the Roman camp, he turned his captivity to his own advantage, and benefited for the rest of his days from his change of side.

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The converts themselves were banned from society as outcasts and so was their historiographic work or, in the more popular historical novels, their literary counterparts. Josephus Flavius, formerly Yosef Ben Matityahu (34–95), had been shunned, then banned as a

1446:. He blames the Jewish War on what he calls "unrepresentative and over-zealous fanatics" among the Jews, who led the masses away from their traditional aristocratic leaders (like himself), with disastrous results. For example, Josephus writes that " 1046:) almost never call out Josephus by name, although they sometimes tell parallel tales of the same events that Josephus narrated. An Italian Jew writing in the 10th century indirectly brought Josephus back to prominence among Jews: he authored the 697:

and a pension. While in Rome and under Flavian patronage, Josephus wrote all of his known works. Although he only ever calls himself "Josephus" in his writings, later historians refer to him as "Flavius Josephus", confirming that he adopted the

1004:) led to his works receiving a number of new translations into the vernacular languages of Europe, generally based on the Latin versions. Only in 1544 did a version of the standard Greek text become available in French, edited by the Dutch 4052: 529:. Josephus's paternal grandparents were a man also named Joseph(us) and his wife—an unnamed Hebrew noblewoman—distant relatives of each other. Josephus's family was wealthy. He descended through his father from the priestly order of the 635:, among other places. Josephus, with the Galileans under his command, managed to bring both Sepphoris and Tiberias into subjection, but was eventually forced to relinquish his hold on Sepphoris by the arrival of Roman forces under 1705:

A large village in Galilee during the 1st century AD, located to the north of Nazareth. In antiquity, the town was called "Garaba", but in Josephus's historical works of antiquity, the town is mentioned by its Greek corruption,

2521:: After describing the curtain that hung in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, Josephus adds: "Whence that custom of ours is derived, of having a fine linen veil, after the temple has been built, to be drawn over the entrances." 1402:, and the subsequent fall of the fortresses of Herodion, Macharont and Masada and the Roman victory celebrations in Rome, the mopping-up operations, Roman military operations elsewhere in the empire and the uprising in 1019:, which achieved enormous popularity in the English-speaking world. It was often the book—after the Bible—that Christians most frequently owned. Whiston claimed that certain works by Josephus had a similar style to the 783:

The works of Josephus include useful material for historians about individuals, groups, customs, and geographical places. However, modern historians have been cautious of taking his writings at face value. For example,

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could be to dispel the misrepresentation of Jewish origins or as an apologetic to Greek cities of the Diaspora in order to protect Jews and to Roman authorities to garner their support for the Jews facing persecution.

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argued that Josephus was not a Pharisee but an orthodox Aristocrat-Priest who became associated with the philosophical school of the Pharisees as a matter of deference, and not by willing association.

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woman as his third wife. They had three sons, of whom only Flavius Hyrcanus survived childhood. Josephus later divorced his third wife. Around 75, he married his fourth wife, a Greek Jewish woman from

2709: 1145: 748:, the Hebrew version of Josephus, contains changes. His critics were never satisfied as to why he failed to commit suicide in Galilee, and after his capture, accepted the patronage of Romans. 474:

recounts the history of the world from a Jewish perspective for an ostensibly Greek and Roman audience. These works provide valuable insight into first-century Judaism and the background of

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of some of the same events, it also provides the reader with an overview of Josephus's own part in the events since his return to Jerusalem from a brief visit to Rome in the early 60s (

810: 2689:, Chapter 14: "Hagar, Ishmael, Josephus, and the origins of Islam": "Josephus is thus alluding to a proposition, not yet established in his narrative, that Ishmael was the founder ( 2726:

The only source we have for the story of Masada, and numerous other reported events from the time, is the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, author of the book 'The Jewish War'.

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says that he drew from and "interpreted out of the Hebrew Scriptures" and that he was an eyewitness to the wars between the Jews and the Romans, which were earlier recounted in

1678:, which was "Yosef ben Mattityahu", “Yoseph bar Mattityahu" or "Yosef ben Matityahu", literally meaning "Joseph son of Matthias". That is what he calls himself at the start of 756:

The works of Josephus provide crucial information about the First Jewish–Roman War and also represent important literary source material for understanding the context of the

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Josephus's writings provide the first-known source for many stories considered as Biblical history, despite not being found in the Bible or related material. These include

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are presented as ideal philosopher-leaders. He includes an autobiographical appendix defending his conduct at the end of the war when he cooperated with the Roman forces.

525:. His older full-blooded brother was also, like his father, called Matthias. Their mother was an aristocratic woman who was descended from the royal and formerly ruling 2563: 2339: 2335: 1071:

reinterpreted as more inspiring and favorable to the Jews than the Renaissance translations by Christians had been. Notably, the last stand at Masada (described in

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opted to maintain peace with the Romans; the people of Sepphoris enlisted the help of the Roman army to protect their city, while the people of Tiberias appealed to

1484:, around 93 or 94 AD. In expounding Jewish history, law and custom, he is entering into many philosophical debates current in Rome at that time. Again he offers an 1060:, as well as other works. The epitomist also adds in his own snippets of history at times. Jews generally distrusted Christian translations of Josephus until the 5023: 4135: 1616: 1015:, appeared in 1602, with subsequent editions appearing throughout the 17th century. The 1544 Greek edition formed the basis of the 1732 English translation by 974:

Josephus was a very popular writer with Christians in the 4th century and beyond as an independent source to the events before, during, and after the life of

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will provide a new critical apparatus. Late Old Slavonic translations of the Greek also exist, but these contain a large number of Christian interpolations.

4312: 3499: 978:. Josephus was always accessible in the Greek-reading Eastern Mediterranean. His works were translated into Latin, but often in abbreviated form such as 3198:

The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist according to Flavius Josephus' recently rediscovered 'Capture of Jerusalem' and other Jewish and Christian sources

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On the Jewish side, Josephus was far more obscure, as he was perceived as a traitor. Rabbinical writings for a millennium after his death (e.g. the

1075:), which past generations had deemed insane and fanatical, received a more positive reinterpretation as an inspiring call to action in this period. 3175: 3681: 1361:

His first work in Rome was an account of the Jewish War, addressed to certain "upper barbarians"—usually thought to be the Jewish community in

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In the sixteenth century the authenticity of the text was publicly challenged, launching a controversy that has still not been resolved today

413:. After Vespasian became emperor in AD 69, he granted Josephus his freedom, at which time Josephus assumed the Emperor's family name of 3802: 5043: 2657: 50: 2537: 2503: 886: 2093: 4570: 4305: 4273: 4138:

The Jewish History Resource Center – Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

3709: 3601: 3086: 3067: 2955: 2934: 647:, where he launched an attack against Sepphoris a second time, before being repulsed. At length, he resisted the Roman army in its 583:

who had also set his sight over the control of Galilee. Like Josephus, John had amassed to himself a large band of supporters from

4930: 4759: 4019: 2212: 1733: 342: 3564:[Ancient Judaism from the 6th century BCE to the 3rd century CE: from priests to rabbis] (Report) (in French). Paris: 4988: 3904: 3881: 3649: 3609: 3586: 3510: 3423: 3378: 3315: 3284: 3239: 3185: 2849: 2592: 1845: 1813: 1593:, stressing its antiquity, as opposed to what Josephus claimed was the relatively more recent tradition of the Greeks. Some 5013: 3833: 4993: 4983: 4920: 4298: 4080: 767:

Josephan scholarship in the 19th and early 20th centuries took an interest in Josephus's relationship to the sect of the

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arranged for Josephus to marry a captured Jewish woman, whom he later divorced. Around the year 71, Josephus married an

4174: 3624:יוחנן מגוש חלב : מהרי הגליל אל חומות ירושלים (Yoḥanan mi-Gush ḥalav : me-hare ha-Galil el ḥomot Yerushalayim) 685:

In 71 AD, he went to Rome as part of the entourage of Titus. There, he became a Roman citizen and client of the ruling

1066:("Jewish Enlightenment") in the 19th century, when sufficiently "neutral" vernacular language translations were made. 4141: 3994: 3976: 3855: 3717: 3547: 3464: 3354: 3262: 3161: 3138: 1987: 718: 5028: 3565: 17: 1213:

The works of Josephus are major sources of our understanding of Jewish life and history during the first century.

5033: 4958: 4720: 3742: 1417: 4785: 4027: 3474: 3440: 3231: 2451: 2317: 772: 725:, who was a member of a distinguished family. They had two sons, Flavius Justus and Flavius Simonides Agrippa. 4120: 4605: 2302: 1903: 936: 1496:

He outlines Jewish history beginning with the creation, as passed down through Jewish historical tradition.

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has a Greek text also mainly dependent on P. André Pelletier edited a new Greek text for his translation of

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was largely out of interest in the downfall of the Jews and the Second Temple, which was widely considered

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Josephus: text and resources in the Project on Ancient Cultural Engagement at York University, edited by

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Le judaïsme ancien du VIe siècle avant notre ère au IIIe siècle de notre ère: des prêtres aux rabbins

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The issue of who would read this multi-volume work is unresolved. Other possible motives for writing

364: 31: 3766: 1094:, Niese follows mainly manuscript P, but refers also to AMW and R. Henry St. John Thackeray for the 521:

Josephus was born into one of Jerusalem's elite families. He was the second-born son of Matthias, a

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In the wake of the suppression of the Jewish revolt, Josephus would have witnessed the marches of

1027:, who made a detailed examination of all the available manuscripts, mainly from France and Spain. 917: 4872: 4820: 4531: 4454: 4416: 4210: 4037: 3346: 2900: 2834:

Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire

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was a greater terror to the people than the Romans themselves." Josephus also blames some of the

1260: 668: 495: 458: 356: 227: 3756: 2390:, p. 9: "Later generations of Jews have been inclined to treat such claims as self-serving" 1926: 829:

of the day (at noon). He notes also that it was permissible for Jewish men to marry many wives (

5018: 4585: 4521: 4357: 4167: 3411: 2235: 1438:'s triumphant legions leading their Jewish captives, and carrying treasures from the despoiled 1095: 1036: 833:). His writings provide a significant, extra-Biblical account of the post-Exilic period of the 80: 1913: 1833: 4858: 4800: 4446: 4395: 4332: 3831:

Hillar, Marian (2005). "Flavius Josephus and His Testimony Concerning the Historical Jesus".

2697:) of the 'Arabes' and offers this as his explanation of a custom currently observed by them." 2584: 2455: 1163: 652: 576:'s forces to protect them from the insurgents. Josephus trained 65,000 troops in the region. 556:

for the release of some Jewish priests. Upon his return to Jerusalem, at the outbreak of the

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Josephus on Jesus: The Testimonium Flavianum Controversy from Late Antiquity to Modern Times

1803: 1103: 4795: 4700: 4590: 4400: 3557: 3032: 1379: 478:. Josephus's works are the chief source next to the Bible for the history and antiquity of 564:. His arrival in Galilee, however, was fraught with internal division: the inhabitants of 8: 4886: 4628: 4500: 4484: 4469: 4436: 1583: 1439: 1150: 830: 741: 534: 170: 142: 2890: 4978: 4725: 4695: 4526: 4421: 4118:

The AHRC Reception of Josephus in Jewish Culture Project and Josephus Reception Archive

3675: 3329: 3321: 2049:(Fourth ed.). Sonoma, California: L P Publishing. December 2012. pp. 349–350. 1621: 898: 792:

in the 1840s, wrote in a review of authorities on the ancient geography of the region:

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Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 3: The Greek World, the Jews, and the East

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Dreams & Dream Reports in the Writings of Josephus: A Traditio-Historical Analysis

482:, and provide a significant and independent extra-biblical account of such figures as 4953: 4754: 4677: 4618: 4613: 4256: 4160: 4047: 3990: 3972: 3971:; Peabody, A. M. (Hardcover ed.). M. A. Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. 1987. 3910: 3900: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3851: 3778:

Flavius Josephus between Jerusalem and Rome: his life, his works and their importance

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Josephus mentions that in his day there were 240 towns and villages scattered across

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Prophetic Figures in Late Second Temple Jewish Palestine: The Evidence from Josephus

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period. A few of the Jewish customs named by him include the practice of hanging a

809:, some of which he names. Josephus's works are the primary source for the chain of 757: 580: 491: 434:

in AD 70, resulted in the near-total razing of the city and the destruction of the

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Dr. Henry Abramson (historian): Josephus: First-Person Accounts of Jewish History

4023: 3968: 3800:. "Flavius Josephus revisited: the man, his writings, and his significance". In: 3706:

The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. – A.D. 135)

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Josephus's life story remains ambiguous. He was described by Harris in 1985 as a

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Discoveries From Bible Times: Archaeological Treasures Throw Light on The Bible

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In both works, Josephus emphasizes that accuracy is crucial to historiography.

1024: 997: 893:. Josephus represents an important source for studies of immediate post-Temple 866: 588: 483: 405:

that initiated the First Jewish–Roman War made reference to Vespasian becoming

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curtain at the entrance to one's house, and the Jewish custom to partake of a

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set up a senatorial priestly aristocracy, which, like that of Rome, resisted

1505: 1403: 1303: 1178: 909: 826: 814: 806: 802: 729: 664: 628: 616: 596: 435: 406: 4557: 3535: 3325: 2173: 1650: 1206: 1032: 1012: 937:"Semites", "Hamites" and "Japhetites" to the classical nations of the world 737: 371: 3727: 3206: 1620:(spurious; adaptation of "Against Plato, on the Cause of the Universe" by 595:

in Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Josephus fortified several towns and villages in

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John of Gischala, from the mountains of Galilee to the walls of Jerusalem

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A careful reading of Josephus's writings and years of excavation allowed

785: 704: 410: 3794:. (Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition; 8). Leiden: Brill, 1979. 3307: 1696:). "Flavius" was not part of his birth name, and was only adopted later. 4092: 3825:

Josephus, the Emperors, and the City of Rome: From Hostage to Historian

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Josephus, the Emperors, and the City of Rome: From Hostage to Historian

1675: 1590: 878: 573: 526: 409:. In response, Vespasian decided to keep him as a slave and presumably 387: 4790: 4747: 4737: 4575: 3818:

Flavius Josephus Eyewitness to Rome's first-century conquest of Judea

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Josephus in Galilee and Rome: his vita and development as a historian

1480:, completed during the last year of the reign of the Emperor Flavius 1399: 1395: 874: 858: 850: 838: 834: 768: 714: 640: 612: 592: 565: 530: 391: 352: 313: 147: 76: 2417: 1162:, Josephus criticizes historians who misrepresent the events of the 517:, site of Josephus's governorship, before the First Jewish–Roman War 441:

Josephus recorded the Great Jewish Revolt (AD 66–70), including the

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Introduction by E. Mary Smallwood. New York: Penguin. p.

2617: 2106: 2005:, p. 8: "Josephus was born into the ruling elite of Jerusalem" 1645: 1586: 1556:

allegations made against him by Justus of Tiberias (cf. Life 336).

1535:. Although Josephus says that he describes the events contained in 1527:

Louis H. Feldman outlines the difference between calling this work

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himself. Josephus first engaged the Roman army at a village called

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The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged New Updated Edition

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The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged New Updated Edition

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Prophecy In Early Christianity and the Ancient Mediterranean World

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The Comparative Geographie of Palestine and the Sinaitic Peninsula

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and pools, at a flattened desert site, halfway up the hill to the

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Flavius Josephus fully defected to the Roman side and was granted

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Scholars debate about Josephus's intended audience. For example,

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in 70 AD, during which time his parents were held as hostages by

651:(Jotapata) until it fell to the Roman army in the lunar month of 620: 604: 600: 561: 549:. He was raised in Jerusalem and educated alongside his brother. 514: 383: 379: 3923:

Flavius Josephus on the Pharisees: a composition-critical study

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A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah

2824:(2016). "Josephus, Jewish Resistance, and the Masada Myth". In 1521: 1509: 1458:, representing them as corrupt and incompetent administrators. 679: 3939:. 2nd ed. London: 2002. (Oxford D.Phil. thesis, 2 vols. 1974.) 1185:, Josephus commits himself to critical historiography, but in 426:. He became an advisor and close associate of Vespasian's son 285: 4580: 1598: 1513: 1435: 1384: 818: 722: 624: 522: 427: 360: 307: 2613:"Archaeologist Says Remnants of King Herod's Tomb Are Found" 1978:

Josephus, Flavius; Whiston, William; Maier, Paul L. (1999).

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This method as a mathematical problem is referred to as the

1118:" for betraying his own troops at Jotapata, while historian 537:. Josephus calls himself a fourth-generation descendant of " 4152: 4129: 3944:

A Jew Among Romans: The Life and Legacy of Flavius Josephus

3813:, edited by (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1988). 2058: 2056: 1278: 656: 553: 552:

In his mid twenties, he traveled to negotiate with Emperor

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Roman–Jewish historian and military leader (c. 37 – c. 100)

2556:, A. M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley: 1895, s.v. 273: 3013: 1442:. It was against this background that Josephus wrote his 1313:

Against the Greeks, on the antiquity of the Jewish people

1052:, which paraphrases Pseudo-Hegesippus's Latin version of 533:, which was the first of the 24 orders of priests in the 4142:

Flavius Josephus, Judaea and Rome: A Question of Context

3841:. Washington, DC: American Humanist Association: 66–103. 3003: 3001: 2988: 2986: 2710:"The Myth of Masada: How Reliable Was Josephus, Anyway?" 2369: 2053: 3891:

Pastor, Jack; Stern, Pnina; Mor, Menahem, eds. (2011).

3868:(1993). "The 2000 Year Old Middle East Policy Expert". 3072: 3070: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2185: 916:, to discover what he considered to be the location of 345:

historian and military leader. Best known for writing

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Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilisations

3102: 2870: 2432: 2008: 1982:. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. p. 7-8. 1939: 969: 430:, serving as his translator during Titus's protracted 3642:

Herodian Messiah: Case For Jesus As Grandson of Herod

3389: 2998: 2983: 2858: 2805:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xxix–xxxv. 2779: 2658:"Archaeological stunner: Not Herod's Tomb after all?" 2345: 2163:

Journal of the Jewish Palestinian Exploration Society

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allegations ascribed by Josephus to the Greek writer

1109: 470:

recounts the Jewish revolt against Roman occupation.

294: 288: 282: 2971: 2632: 2020: 1977: 1778: 1023:. Later editions of the Greek text include that of 778: 751: 4040:– Greek (Niese) and English (Whiston) 1895 editions 3443:, ed. (1998). "Should Any Wish to Enquire Further ( 3195:Eisler, Robert; Krappe, Alexander Haggerty (1931). 3148:Bowman, Steven (1987). "Josephus in Byzantium". In 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2357: 2068: 1768: 1766: 1691: 1674:Some modern authors give his birth name, including 1617:

Josephus's Discourse to the Greeks concerning Hades

279: 3869: 3574: 3498: 3295: 2708: 1951: 560:, Josephus was appointed the military governor of 1373:. In AD 78 he finished a seven-volume account in 1114:Author Joseph Raymond calls Josephus "the Jewish 4945: 3668:The Galilee in the time of the Mishna and Talmud 3177:Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium 2796: 2794: 1973: 1971: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1763: 998:divine punishment for the crime of killing Jesus 693:, he was granted accommodation in the conquered 5024:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire 3960:, by (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1967). 946: 3989:(Paperback ed.). Hendrickson Publishers. 3951:Making History: Josephus and Historical Method 3930:Josephus and the New Testament: Second Edition 3890: 2651: 2649: 2647: 1827: 1825: 1139: 1102:. The ongoing Münsteraner Josephus-Ausgabe of 920:, after searching for 35 years. It was above 55:Imaginary portrait by Thomas Addis Emmet, 1880 4306: 4168: 3845: 2924: 2922: 2791: 1968: 1831: 1790: 1642:– a mathematical problem named after Josephus 4768: 3893:Flavius Josephus: Interpretation and History 3864: 3670:] (in Hebrew) (2nd ed.). Jerusalem. 3479:Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary 3302:. Vol. 33. Princeton University Press. 3194: 3180:(Kindle ed.). Oxford University Press. 3118: 2807:. Information is from the Introduction, by 1832:Collins, John J.; Harlow, Daniel C. (2012). 1122:, in the introduction to the translation of 1082:of the various Greek manuscripts is that of 1000:. Improvements in printing technology (the 707:from his patrons, as was the custom amongst 2644: 1854: 1822: 1685: 1542: 1474:The next work by Josephus is his 21-volume 1398:and concludes with accounts of the fall of 987: 615:, in anticipation of a Roman onslaught. In 4320: 4313: 4299: 4175: 4161: 3820:, Macmillan 1993, Simon and Schuster 2001 3803:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt 3680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3505:. The University of North Carolina Press. 3453:Understanding Josephus: Seven Perspectives 3447:1.25): The Aim and Audience of Josephus's 3133:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2919: 2248: 2246: 2126: 2124: 386:, until surrendering in AD 67 to the 49: 3618: 3201:. New York: L. MacVeagh, The Dial Press. 2179: 1801: 1270:Antiquities of the Jews/Jewish Archeology 4274:Discourse to the Greeks concerning Hades 3984: 3710:Continuum International Publishing Group 3602:Continuum International Publishing Group 3387: 3092: 3076: 3033:"Josephus: The Life of Flavius Josephus" 2961: 2945: 2888: 2800: 2514: 2210: 2160: 1739: 1416: 1200: 1143: 509: 4760:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 3937:Josephus: the Historian and His Society 3688: 3639: 3556: 3534: 3412:"Appendix: Dissertation 6 (by Whiston)" 3293: 3271: 3220: 3108: 3007: 2992: 2977: 2876: 2575: 2438: 2387: 2243: 2121: 2062: 2002: 1945: 1909: 1860: 1838:Early Judaism: A Comprehensive Overview 1784: 1656: 14: 4946: 3846:Kókai-Nagy, Viktor; Vér, Ádám (2023). 3830: 3658: 3572: 3489: 3363: 3298:Josephus's The Jewish War: A Biography 3227:Josephus's Interpretation of the Bible 3170: 3147: 3019: 2864: 2686: 2655: 2638: 2479: 2399: 2191: 1962: 1421:1581 German translation of Josephus's 4294: 4156: 3783:Chapman, Honora and Zuleika Rodgers: 3664:פרקי גליל בתקופת המשנה והתלמוד, מעלות 3595: 3473: 3439: 3409: 3248: 2820: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2706: 2610: 2450: 2375: 2074: 2026: 2014: 1867:: a case of manipulative translation" 1772: 1461: 732:who believed in the compatibility of 5039:People of the First Jewish–Roman War 4926: 3834:Essays in the Philosophy of Humanism 3340: 3125: 3056: 2836:. Brill. pp. 221–223, 230–233. 2456:"Flavius Josephus and the Pharisees" 2363: 2351: 2104: 1661: 1394:). It starts with the period of the 1205:The works of Josephus translated by 1011:. The first English translation, by 4081:Christian Classics Ethereal Library 3958:Josephus: The Man and the Historian 3481:(10 vols. in 12 ed.). Leiden: 3294:Goodman, Martin (15 October 2019). 1406:. Together with the account in his 970:Literary influence and translations 933:Ishmael as the founder of the Arabs 338: 24: 3809:Feldman, Louis H. and Gohei Hata: 3736: 3416:The New Complete Works of Josephus 3154:Josephus, Judaism and Christianity 1980:The New Complete Works of Josephus 1110:Evaluation as a military commander 1090:is damaged in some places. In the 25: 5055: 5044:Military personnel from Jerusalem 4005: 3946:(New York: Pantheon Books, 2013). 3418:. Kregel Academic. p. 1070. 1608: 1348: 1086:, published 1885–95. The text of 779:Impact on history and archaeology 752:Scholarship and impact on history 740:thought, commonly referred to as 4925: 4916: 4915: 4371: 4069: 3811:Josephus, the Bible, and History 3634:https://www.academia.edu/2383453 3577:The Historical Jesus For Dummies 3566:Presses Universitaires de France 3156:. Wayne State University Press. 1559: 982:'s 4th century Latin version of 445:. His most important works were 370:He initially fought against the 269: 3932:, Hendrickson Publishers, 2003. 3050: 3025: 2907: 2882: 2814: 2700: 2680: 2656:Hasson, Nir (11 October 2013). 2604: 2569: 2542: 2524: 2508: 2490: 2473: 2444: 2393: 2381: 2322: 2311: 2289: 2276: 2261: 2223:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-life.1926 2197: 2161:Klausner, J. (1934). "Qobetz". 2154: 2139: 2098: 2080: 2032: 1996: 1919: 1802:Hollander, William den (2014). 1709: 1699: 591:, including the support of the 541:Jonathan", referring to either 3850:. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter. 3232:University of California Press 2236:digital Loeb Classical Library 2107:"The Life of Flavius Josephus" 1840:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1749: 1668: 1299:Flavius Josephus Against Apion 13: 1: 4721:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism 4239: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4083:(Whiston, lacks Loeb numbers) 4077:The Works of Flavius Josephus 3573:Murphy, Catherine M. (2008). 2550:The Works of Flavius Josephus 1323: 1294: 1255: 1218: 1035:used Niese's version for the 599:, among which were Tiberias, 579:Josephus also contended with 463: 450: 319: 91: 68: 4989:Greco-Roman military writers 4235:The Life of Flavius Josephus 4182: 3787:, edited by (Oxford, 2016). 3767:Resources in other libraries 3636:for unofficial translation ) 3410:Maier, Paul L., ed. (1999). 2707:Gilad, Elon (17 June 2019). 2460:The Bible and Interpretation 2402:"Josippon and the Apocrypha" 1726: 1551:The Life of Flavius Josephus 1429:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 947:Josephus's original audience 788:, in his highly influential 655:, in the thirteenth year of 619:, he fortified the towns of 505: 314: 7: 5014:Jewish Roman (city) history 4841:First Jewish Revolt coinage 4348:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE) 4068:(public domain audiobooks) 3644:. Tower Grover Publishing. 3392:The Antiquities of the Jews 3249:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1996). 2801:Josephus, Flavius (2017) . 2406:The Jewish Quarterly Review 2400:Neuman, Abraham A. (1952). 2286:. Book 3, Chapter 8, par. 7 1935:. HarperCollins Publishers. 1692: 1628: 1578:is a two-volume defence of 1520:. The great figures of the 1508:, who, in turn, taught the 1369:I.3), arguably the Western 1365:—in his "paternal tongue" ( 1140:Historiography and Josephus 1039:edition widely used today. 10: 5060: 4994:Hellenistic Jewish writers 4984:Ancient Roman antiquarians 4091:digitized codex (1475) at 4053:Works by or about Josephus 4010: 3985:Josephus, Flavius (1987). 3388:Josephus, Flavius (1737). 2889:Josephus, Flavius (1981). 2611:Kraft, Dina (9 May 2007). 2318:Jewish War IV.622–629 2305:February 21, 2007, at the 2211:Josephus, Flavius (1926). 1932:Collins English Dictionary 1863:"The double conversion of 1565: 1548: 1467: 1354: 992:). Christian interest in 887:James the brother of Jesus 390:led by military commander 308: 29: 4911: 4866:Siege of Jerusalem (poem) 4813: 4713: 4686: 4663: 4647: 4604: 4556: 4549: 4514: 4494:Judea coast and highlands 4493: 4445: 4409: 4388: 4380: 4369: 4340: 4328: 4265: 4249: 4190: 4034:Works by Flavius Josephus 3848:Peace and war in Josephus 3762:Resources in your library 3581:. Wiley Publishing, Inc. 3497:; Rogers, Guy M. (eds.). 3119:General and cited sources 2842:10.1163/9789004330184_015 1886:10.1075/target.14.2.05ben 1686: 1427:in the collection of the 1334:Autobiography of Josephus 1237:History of the Jewish War 841:dynasty, and the rise of 363:and a mother who claimed 258: 237: 212: 176: 166: 161: 135: 130: 126: 119:Flavius Simonides Agrippa 101: 87: 60: 48: 41: 32:Josephus (disambiguation) 4550:Belligerents and leaders 4363:Jacob and Simon uprising 4111: 3956:St. John Thackeray, H.: 3823:den Hollander, William: 3780:. Sheffield: JSOT, 1988. 3640:Raymond, Joseph (2010). 3457:Sheffield Academic Press 2209:, § 25; § 38; 2047:History of the Daughters 1601:and myths accredited to 1544:Life of Flavius Josephus 1272:(frequently abbreviated 1196: 1029:Henry St. John Thackeray 845:. He also describes the 678:While being confined at 382:of the Jewish forces in 5029:Historians of Phoenicia 4211:Antiquities of the Jews 4038:Perseus digital library 4022:16 October 2015 at the 3816:Hadas-lebel, Mireille: 3785:A Companion to Josephus 3596:Nodet, Etienne (1997). 3449:Judean Antiquities/Life 3373:. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 3370:Understanding the Bible 3347:Oxford University Press 2239:(subscription required) 1861:Ben-Ari, Nitsa (2003). 1808:. BRILL. pp. 1–4. 1529:Antiquities of the Jews 1477:Antiquities of the Jews 1470:Antiquities of the Jews 1261:Antiquities of the Jews 1031:and successors such as 953:Antiquities of the Jews 939:, and the story of the 857:, the Herodian Temple, 496:James, brother of Jesus 472:Antiquities of the Jews 459:Antiquities of the Jews 398:. Josephus claimed the 357:Roman province of Judea 228:Antiquities of the Jews 5034:Writers from Jerusalem 4959:1st-century historians 4786:Arch at Circus Maximus 4606:Provisional government 4358:Alexandrian riots (38) 4322:First Jewish–Roman War 3953:(Boston: Brill, 2007). 3925:. Leiden: Brill, 1991. 3827:(Boston: Brill, 2014). 3341:Gray, Rebecca (1993). 3152:; Hata, Gōhei (eds.). 2897:Williamson, G. A. 2234: – via 1431: 1239:(commonly abbreviated 1210: 1155: 1137: 1096:Loeb Classical Library 1037:Loeb Classical Library 988: 865:, and such figures as 799: 558:First Jewish–Roman War 518: 376:First Jewish–Roman War 4859:Legend of Destruction 4801:Temple of Peace, Rome 4353:Judas uprising (6 CE) 3558:Mimouni, Simon Claude 3037:penelope.uchicago.edu 2585:Peter Lang Publishing 1693:Iósipos Matthíou país 1420: 1315:(usually abbreviated 1204: 1147: 1132: 1056:, a Latin version of 794: 513: 4796:Judaea Capta coinage 4381:Military engagements 3790:Cohen, Shaye J. D.: 2668:on 27 September 2015 2486:. T. & T. Clark. 2214:The Life of Josephus 1719:, or Roman roulette. 1687:Ἰώσηπος Ματθίου παῖς 1657:Notes and references 1605:are also addressed. 1021:Epistles of St. Paul 935:, the connection of 637:Placidus the tribune 331:Yosef ben Mattityahu 30:For other uses, see 4974:1st-century writers 4629:Eleazar ben Hanania 3942:Raphael, Frederic: 3542:. Lion Publishing. 3536:Millard, Alan Ralph 3459:. pp. 64–103. 3308:10.2307/j.ctvg252gj 3060:The War of the Jews 3022:, pp. 848–849. 2480:Ritter, C. (1866). 2378:, pp. 136–142. 1533:History of the Jews 1440:Temple in Jerusalem 1151:Nuremberg Chronicle 897:and the context of 825:'s meal around the 811:Jewish high priests 742:Hellenistic Judaism 535:Temple in Jerusalem 394:after the six-week 171:Hellenistic Judaism 143:Philo of Alexandria 131:Academic background 65:Yosef ben Matityahu 4969:1st-century Romans 4726:Yohanan ben Zakkai 4696:Menahem ben Yehuda 4123:2019-09-28 at the 3949:Rodgers, Zuleika: 3365:Harris, Stephen L. 3127:Aune, David Edward 2548:Flavius Josephus, 2295:Cf. this example, 2040:"Josephus Lineage" 1757:"Flavius Josephus" 1622:Hippolytus of Rome 1463:Jewish Antiquities 1432: 1266:Jewish Antiquities 1211: 1158:In the Preface to 1156: 1104:Münster University 899:early Christianity 861:'s census and the 719:Alexandrian Jewish 669:siege of Jerusalem 547:Alexander Jannaeus 519: 476:Early Christianity 432:siege of Jerusalem 355:—then part of the 245:Early Christianity 113:Flavius Hyrcanus 108:5 sons, including: 5009:Jewish historians 5004:Jewish apologists 4941: 4940: 4809: 4808: 4755:Bar Kokhba revolt 4709: 4708: 4701:Eleazar ben Ya'ir 4678:Eleazar ben Simon 4648:Peasantry faction 4619:Joseph ben Gurion 4614:Ananus ben Ananus 4545: 4544: 4389:Early engagements 4333:Jewish–Roman wars 4288: 4287: 4062:Works by Josephus 4048:Project Gutenberg 4044:Works by Josephus 3906:978-90-04-19126-6 3883:978-0-679-74201-2 3872:Give War A Chance 3743:Library resources 3651:978-0-615-35508-5 3611:978-0-615-35508-5 3588:978-0-470-16785-4 3512:978-0-8078-7665-7 3495:Cotton, Hannah M. 3425:978-0-8254-9692-9 3380:978-0-87484-696-6 3317:978-0-691-13739-1 3286:978-0-7139-9447-6 3279:. Penguin Books. 3241:978-0-520-20853-7 3222:Feldman, Louis H. 3187:978-0-19-512474-3 3150:Feldman, Louis H. 2851:978-90-04-33017-7 2594:978-0-8204-5241-8 2354:, pp. 35–38. 2194:, pp. 59–62. 2065:, pp. 45–46. 2017:, pp. 12–13. 1847:978-1-4674-3739-4 1815:978-90-04-26683-4 1662:Explanatory notes 1635:Josephus on Jesus 1009:Arnoldus Arlenius 980:Pseudo-Hegesippus 976:Jesus of Nazareth 914:Hebrew University 730:law-observant Jew 691:Roman citizenship 689:. In addition to 587:(Gush Halab) and 527:Hasmonean dynasty 500:Jesus of Nazareth 424:Roman citizenship 351:, he was born in 262: 261: 204:Hasmonean dynasty 194:Jewish–Roman wars 153:Greco-Roman world 16:(Redirected from 5051: 4999:Hellenistic Jews 4964:1st-century Jews 4929: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4898:Josephus problem 4831:Herodian Quarter 4766: 4765: 4673:John of Gischala 4634:Niger the Perean 4624:Joshua ben Gamla 4596:Herod Agrippa II 4554: 4553: 4515:Last strongholds 4447:Galilee campaign 4410:Gallus' campaign 4401:Alexandria riots 4386: 4385: 4375: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4280:Josephus problem 4241: 4229: 4217: 4205: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4136:Flavius Josephus 4132:, G. J. Goldberg 4101: 4088:De bello judaico 4073: 4072: 4057:Internet Archive 4000: 3982: 3969:Whiston, William 3967:. Translated by 3918: 3887: 3875: 3861: 3842: 3731: 3685: 3679: 3671: 3655: 3631: 3620:Rappaport, Uriel 3615: 3592: 3580: 3569: 3553: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3504: 3486: 3470: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3406: 3399:Whiston, William 3397:. Translated by 3396: 3384: 3360: 3337: 3301: 3290: 3268: 3245: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3191: 3167: 3144: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3090: 3084: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2959: 2953: 2943: 2932: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2895:. Translated by 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2826:Collins, John J. 2818: 2812: 2806: 2798: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2684: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664:. Archived from 2653: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2552:. Translated by 2546: 2540: 2528: 2522: 2512: 2506: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2158: 2152: 2143: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2105:Goldberg, G. J. 2102: 2096: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1923: 1917: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1871: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1799: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1747: 1737: 1720: 1717:Josephus problem 1713: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1672: 1640:Josephus problem 1392:De Bello Judaico 1371:Aramaic language 1329:Life of Josephus 1325: 1296: 1257: 1220: 1179:Louis H. Feldman 1164:Jewish–Roman War 1148:Josephus in the 1128:G. A. Williamson 1084:Benedictus Niese 991: 883:John the Baptist 758:Dead Sea Scrolls 581:John of Gischala 492:John the Baptist 465: 455: 452: 400:Jewish messianic 361:priestly descent 359:—to a father of 340: 328: 324: 321: 317: 311: 310: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 265:Flavius Josephus 250:Josephus problem 199:Herodian dynasty 189:Maccabean Revolt 116:Flavius Justus 96: 93: 73: 70: 53: 43:Flavius Josephus 39: 38: 21: 18:Josephus Flavius 5059: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5048: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4907: 4893:Flight to Pella 4873:The Dovekeepers 4846:Flavian dynasty 4805: 4764: 4743:Diaspora revolt 4733:Fiscus Judaicus 4705: 4682: 4659: 4655:Simon bar Giora 4643: 4600: 4586:Lucilius Bassus 4541: 4510: 4489: 4441: 4405: 4396:Jerusalem riots 4382: 4376: 4367: 4336: 4324: 4319: 4289: 4284: 4261: 4245: 4199:War of the Jews 4186: 4181: 4125:Wayback Machine 4114: 4099: 4070: 4024:Wayback Machine 4013: 4008: 3997: 3979: 3963: 3907: 3884: 3866:O'Rourke, P. J. 3858: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3737:Further reading 3734: 3720: 3673: 3672: 3652: 3612: 3589: 3550: 3525: 3523: 3513: 3467: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3381: 3357: 3318: 3287: 3273:Goodman, Martin 3265: 3242: 3211: 3209: 3188: 3172:Ehrman, Bart D. 3164: 3141: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3091: 3087: 3075: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2944: 2935: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2819: 2815: 2799: 2792: 2788:, p. 1070. 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2719: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2693:) of the race ( 2685: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2654: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2623: 2621: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2574: 2570: 2554:William Whiston 2547: 2543: 2529: 2525: 2513: 2509: 2495: 2491: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2418:10.2307/1452910 2398: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2307:Wayback Machine 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2266: 2262: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2227: 2225: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2144: 2140: 2129: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2103: 2099: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2054: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1904: 1890: 1888: 1869: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1800: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1631: 1614:(date unknown) 1611: 1570: 1564: 1553: 1547: 1472: 1466: 1452:Roman governors 1388:Bellum Judaicum 1359: 1353: 1223:War of the Jews 1199: 1169:His preface to 1142: 1116:Benedict Arnold 1112: 1068:Kalman Schulman 1017:William Whiston 1002:Gutenberg Press 989:Bellum Judaicum 972: 949: 941:siege of Masada 879:Agrippa II 871:Herod the Great 843:Herod the Great 781: 754: 687:Flavian dynasty 673:Simon bar Giora 649:siege of Yodfat 543:Jonathan Apphus 508: 488:Herod the Great 453: 443:siege of Masada 396:siege of Yodfat 326: 322: 272: 268: 254: 233: 208: 157: 122: 110: 109: 94: 83: 74: 71: 67: 66: 56: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5057: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4923: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4903:Temple menorah 4900: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4852:The Jewish War 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4815: 4814:Related topics 4811: 4810: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4571:Cestius Gallus 4568: 4566:Gessius Florus 4562: 4560: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4451: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4095: 4084: 4074: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4031: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4006:External links 4004: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3977: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3935:Rajak, Tessa: 3933: 3928:Mason, Steve: 3926: 3921:Mason, Steve: 3919: 3905: 3888: 3882: 3862: 3856: 3843: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3798:Feldman, Louis 3795: 3788: 3781: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3718: 3702:Black, Matthew 3698:Millar, Fergus 3686: 3656: 3650: 3637: 3616: 3610: 3593: 3587: 3570: 3554: 3548: 3532: 3511: 3493:(1 May 2011). 3491:Millar, Fergus 3487: 3477:, ed. (2000). 3471: 3465: 3437: 3424: 3407: 3385: 3379: 3361: 3355: 3338: 3316: 3291: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3246: 3240: 3218: 3192: 3186: 3168: 3162: 3145: 3139: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3111:, p. 232. 3101: 3085: 3066: 3049: 3024: 3012: 2997: 2982: 2970: 2954: 2933: 2918: 2906: 2892:The Jewish War 2881: 2879:, p. 222. 2869: 2867:, p. 373. 2857: 2850: 2830:Manning, J. G. 2813: 2809:Martin Goodman 2803:The Jewish War 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2699: 2679: 2643: 2631: 2603: 2593: 2577:Whealey, Alice 2568: 2562:1.24.2 (end) ( 2559:The Jewish War 2541: 2523: 2507: 2489: 2472: 2454:(April 2003). 2443: 2441:, p. 306. 2431: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2366:, p. 140. 2356: 2344: 2331:The Jewish War 2321: 2310: 2298:Roman Roulette 2288: 2284:The Jewish War 2275: 2260: 2242: 2196: 2184: 2180:Rappaport 2006 2172: 2153: 2138: 2120: 2109:. Josephus.org 2097: 2079: 2067: 2052: 2031: 2029:, p. 250. 2019: 2007: 1995: 1988: 1967: 1950: 1948:, p. 133. 1938: 1918: 1902: 1880:(2): 263–301. 1853: 1846: 1821: 1814: 1789: 1777: 1762: 1748: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1708: 1698: 1681:The Jewish War 1666: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1610: 1609:Spurious works 1607: 1566:Main article: 1563: 1558: 1549:Main article: 1546: 1541: 1468:Main article: 1465: 1460: 1424:The Jewish War 1357:The Jewish War 1355:Main article: 1352: 1350:The Jewish War 1347: 1346: 1345: 1320: 1309:Contra Apionem 1291: 1252: 1228:The Jewish War 1198: 1195: 1181:notes that in 1141: 1138: 1124:The Jewish War 1120:Mary Smallwood 1111: 1108: 1073:The Jewish War 1054:The Jewish War 1025:Benedikt Niese 994:The Jewish War 984:The Jewish War 971: 968: 948: 945: 875:Agrippa I 867:Pontius Pilate 780: 777: 753: 750: 665:Roman emperors 507: 504: 484:Pontius Pilate 480:ancient Israel 468:The Jewish War 447:The Jewish War 365:royal ancestry 348:The Jewish War 339:יוסף בן מתתיהו 260: 259: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 241: 239: 235: 234: 232: 231: 224: 221:The Jewish War 216: 214: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 184:Jewish history 180: 178: 177:Main interests 174: 173: 168: 164: 163: 159: 158: 156: 155: 150: 145: 139: 137: 133: 132: 128: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 117: 114: 107: 106: 105: 103: 99: 98: 89: 85: 84: 75: 64: 62: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5056: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Judean people 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4934: 4933: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879:TV adaptation 4877: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Corinth Canal 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781:Arch of Titus 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769:Commemoration 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4591:Flavius Silva 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:Zealot Temple 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455:2nd Sepphoris 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4417:1st Sepphoris 4415: 4414: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4224: 4223:Against Apion 4220: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4149:at livius.org 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 3998: 3996:1-56563-167-6 3992: 3988: 3980: 3978:0-913573-86-8 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3857:9783111146034 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3719:9780567022424 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:Schürer, Emil 3687: 3683: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:Safrai, Ze'ev 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3549:0-7459-3740-3 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3466:1-85075-878-6 3462: 3458: 3455:. Sheffield: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3356:0-19-507615-X 3352: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3264:90-04-10616-2 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3163:90-04-08554-8 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3140:0-8028-0635-X 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3093:Josephus 1737 3089: 3082: 3078: 3077:Josephus 1737 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 13. 3009: 3004: 3002: 2995:, p. 10. 2994: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2962:Josephus 1737 2958: 2951: 2947: 2946:Josephus 1737 2942: 2940: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2923: 2915: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2776:, p. 70. 2775: 2770: 2764:, p. 68. 2763: 2758: 2752:, p. 67. 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 66. 2739: 2734: 2727: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2641:, p. 99. 2640: 2635: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2515:Josephus 1737 2511: 2505: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2476: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2237: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2168: 2165:(in Hebrew). 2164: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2083: 2077:, p. 13. 2076: 2071: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2016: 2011: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1989:9780825429484 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1787:, p. 46. 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1758: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1740:Josephus 1737 1736: 1732: 1718: 1712: 1702: 1694: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1575:Against Apion 1569: 1568:Against Apion 1562: 1561:Against Apion 1557: 1552: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1377:known as the 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1339: 1336:(abbreviated 1335: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305: 1304:Against Apion 1300: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1208: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078:The standard 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 985: 981: 977: 967: 964: 959: 954: 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:archaeologist 907: 902: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:Second Temple 812: 808: 807:Lower Galilee 804: 798: 793: 791: 787: 776: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 716: 712: 710: 706: 703: 702: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 676: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 639:and later by 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617:Upper Galilee 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597:Lower Galilee 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 523:Jewish priest 516: 512: 503: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 461: 460: 448: 444: 439: 437: 436:Second Temple 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 417: 412: 408: 407:Roman emperor 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 349: 344: 336: 332: 316: 305: 299: 266: 257: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 240: 236: 230: 229: 225: 223: 222: 218: 217: 215: 213:Notable works 211: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 179: 175: 172: 169: 165: 162:Academic work 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 138: 134: 129: 125: 118: 115: 112: 111: 104: 100: 95: AD 100 90: 86: 82: 78: 63: 59: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4931: 4885: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4638: 4558:Roman Empire 4331:Part of the 4330: 4272: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4183: 4130:Josephus.org 4107:, June 2020. 4087: 3986: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3892: 3871: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3806:21.2 (1984). 3801: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3776:Bilde, Per. 3757:Online books 3747: 3705: 3694:Vermes, Géza 3667: 3663: 3641: 3627: 3623: 3597: 3576: 3539: 3526:28 September 3524:. 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