1908:
660:, Assistant Special Counsel to the President, who had direct contacts with the rebel alliance, argued for intervention against Trujillo. Quoting Bowles directly: "The next morning I learned that in spite of the clear decision against having the dissident group request our assistance Dick Goodwin following the meeting sent a cable to CIA people in the Dominican Republic without checking with State or CIA; indeed, with the protest of the Department of State. The cable directed the CIA people in the Dominican Republic to get this request at any cost. When
154:
824:
678:
378:
27:
793:. Bosch immediately launched a deep restructuring of the country. On 29 April, he promulgated a new social democratic constitution. The new document changed the laws in various ways. Among other things, it declared specific labour regulations, and mentioned unions, pregnant women, homeless people, the family, rights for the child and the young, for the farmers, and for illegitimate children.
360:, where he worked in several commercial stores. Later in 1929 he traveled to Spain, Venezuela and some Caribbean islands. In 1934, he married Isabel GarcĂa and had two children with her: Leon and Carolina. During Trujillo's dictatorship, Bosch was jailed for his political ideas, being released after several months. In 1938, Bosch managed to leave the country, settling in
922:
An interim government was formed, and elections were fixed for 1 July 1966. Bosch returned to the country and ran as his party's presidential candidate. However, he ran a somewhat muted campaign, fearing for his safety and believing he would be thrown out of office by the military again if he won. He
765:
presidential candidate, was a fresh change for the
Dominicans. His manner of speaking, direct and simple, especially when addressing the lowest classes, appealed to farmers as much as people from the cities. Immediately he was accused by the Church but he threatened to pull out of the election which
934:
By 1970, Bosch had the intention of reorganizing the PRD and turning its members into active, studious militants of the historical and social reality of the country. His project was not accepted by most of the PRD, most of whose members were turning in a more mainstream social democratic direction.
930:
During the last half of the 1960s, Bosch remained a very prolific writer of essays, both political and historical. He published some of his most important works during this time: "Dominican Social
Composition", "Brief History of the Oligarchy in Santo Domingo", "From Christopher Columbus to Fidel
508:
in 1941. The couple married in 1943 and had two children, Patricio and
Barbara. At the same time, his literary career was ascending, gaining important acknowledgments like the Hernandez Catá Prize in Havana for short stories written by a Latin American author. His works had a deep social content,
355:
from Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. He lived the first years of his childhood in a rural community called RĂo Verde, where he began his primary studies. He did his secondary studies at the San
Sebastián de La Vega school, only reaching the third level of high school. In 1924 he moved to
950:(PLD) on 15 December of that same year. The PLD originally was considerably to the left of Bosch's original party, the Dominican Revolutionary Party which continued to advocate for social democracy within the Socialist International organization.
946:". The differences and contradictions between Bosch and an important sector of the PRD on ideology, as well as the corruption that had started to grow within the party, made him leave the organization in 1973, and thus he founded the
644:
Bosch accurately perceived the process that had begun from those events and wrote a letter to
Trujillo, dated 27 February 1961. He told Trujillo that his political role, in historical terms, had concluded in the Dominican Republic.
619:, a CIA-sponsored group for promoting democracy in international groups. He used the contacts with Bosch, Volman, and Figueres for a new purpose – as the United States moved to rally the hemisphere against
578:
953:
Later he ran unsuccessfully for president as the PLD candidate in 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, and 1994. He came closest to winning in 1990, but there were serious allegations of fraud against
Balaguer.
1569:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume XII, American Republics 310. Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State (Bowles) Notes on Crisis Involving the Dominican Republic"
1427:
804:
the country. Industrialists did not like the new
Constitution's guarantees for the working class. The military, who previously enjoyed free rein, felt Bosch put them on too short a leash.
2125:
964:
Juan Bosch died on 1 November 2001, in Santo
Domingo. As a former president, he received the corresponding honors at the National Palace, and was buried in his hometown of La Vega. A
1787:
600:
and to found a left-wing school for Latin
American opposition leaders. Funds passed from a shell foundation to the Kaplan Fund, next to the IILR, and finally to Figueres and Bosch.
648:
For over a year, the CIA had been in contact with dissidents inside the
Dominican Republic who argued that assassination was the only certain way to remove Trujillo. According to
907:
Less than two years later, growing dissatisfaction generated another military rebellion on 24 April 1965, that demanded Bosch's restoration. The insurgents, commanded by Colonel
1829:
509:
among them "La Noche Buena de Encarnación Mendoza", "Luis Pié", "The Masters" and "The Indian Manuel Sicuri", all of them described by critics as masterpieces of their sort.
754:
investigation into the assassination disclosed "quite extensive Agency involvement with the plotters." The CIA described its role in "changing" the government of the
547:
led a coup d'Ă©tat against PrĂo Socarrás and took over the presidency in 1952, Bosch was jailed by Batista's forces. After being liberated, he left Cuba and headed to
528:, he played a notorious part in the political life of Havana, being recognized as a promoter of social legislation and author of the speech pronounced by President
1392:
2364:
935:
Also, given the military repression, and lack of political equality between the PRD and the official Reformist Party, Bosch abstained from the 1970 elections.
558:
2359:
1452:
1240:
2429:
781:
On 27 February 1963, Bosch was sworn in as president in a ceremony that was attended by important democratic leaders and personalities of the region, like
2404:
1907:
761:
After 23 years in exile, Juan Bosch returned to his homeland months after Trujillo was assassinated. His presence in the national political life, as the
2369:
1822:
570:
1702:
1417:
2379:
2374:
2344:
524:
after the expedition's failure, where he continued his anti-Trujillo campaign. In Cuba, where he returned by requirement of his friends in the
2339:
1815:
1897:
1842:
168:
1584:
307:(30 June 1909 – 1 November 2001) was a Dominican politician, historian, writer, essayist, educator, and the first democratically elected
1184:
641:
for 30 years had become a liability. The United States needed to demonstrate that it opposed all dictators, not just those on the left.
1363:
590:
2414:
758:"as a 'success' in that it assisted in moving the Dominican Republic from a totalitarian dictatorship to a Western-style democracy."
1676:
1649:
442:
91:
2389:
2015:
2005:
1990:
1980:
845:
767:
699:
395:
44:
2166:
414:
63:
2204:
315:
for a brief time in 1963. Previously, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of
213:
1486:"'Who Will Impose Democracy?': Sacha Volman and the Contradictions of CIA Support for the Anticommunist Left in Latin America"
319:
for over 25 years. To this day, he is remembered as an honest politician and regarded as one of the most prominent writers in
2354:
1292:
421:
70:
616:
1838:
1774:
308:
1792:
1384:
2424:
1746:
1633:
1605:
1546:
489:
Bosch heavily sympathised with leftist ideas, but he always denied any communist affiliation. He collaborated with the
428:
77:
482:, something that defined his patriotic and humanist ideals. In July, with other Dominican expatriates, he founded the
2394:
2384:
2349:
871:
725:
461:
110:
2120:
1270:
853:
707:
1459:
813:
766:
caused the Church to retract the accusation; Conservatives also accused him of being a communist. However, in the
410:
59:
2419:
1248:
849:
703:
399:
48:
664:
found this out the next morning, he withdrew the order. We later discovered it had already been carried out."
2250:
2209:
762:
525:
324:
320:
269:
1581:
2035:
2130:
2115:
2070:
751:
574:
340:
911:, removed the junta from power on 28 April. The United States dispatched 42,000 troops to the island in
2045:
1985:
947:
884:
On 25 September 1963, after only seven months in office, Bosch was overthrown in a coup led by General
586:
328:
274:
1887:
770:
of 20 December 1962, Bosch and his running mate, Armando González Tamayo, won a sweeping victory over
479:
2409:
2186:
1934:
1916:
1767:
529:
494:
490:
201:
2219:
1568:
2229:
1731:
965:
834:
688:
513:
435:
84:
2151:
885:
241:
2399:
838:
692:
486:(PRD), which stood out as the most active front against Trujillo outside the Dominican Republic.
388:
37:
1924:
786:
551:, where he dedicated his time to pedagogical tasks, and to his activities as leader of the PRD.
2224:
2100:
1970:
1955:
1950:
1485:
889:
1807:
2260:
2085:
1995:
1192:
782:
2105:
1214:
2334:
2329:
2080:
2050:
1877:
1341:
2214:
2000:
1975:
1965:
1882:
1867:
908:
8:
2307:
2275:
2199:
1453:"The Kaplans of the CIA – Approved For Release 2001/03/06 CIA-RDP84-00499R001000100003-2"
916:
653:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2245:
2181:
2030:
956:
After placing third in the 1994 election, Bosch retired from politics at the age of 83.
924:
2090:
2060:
1798:
755:
739:
657:
638:
566:
312:
2176:
2146:
2075:
2065:
2025:
2020:
2010:
1629:
1601:
1542:
544:
1497:
972:
611:, causing a major political, economic and social upheaval in the Caribbean island.
604:
537:
520:
unsuccessfully attempted to invade the Dominican Republic from Cuba. Bosch fled to
517:
501:
287:
1422:
1296:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2110:
2095:
2055:
2040:
1960:
743:
628:
533:
316:
778:
in what is acknowledged to be the first free election in the country's history.
2255:
1929:
1862:
1736:
893:
801:
771:
649:
927:, who garnered 57% of the vote. The last US battalion left in September 1966.
573:
was found in a 1964 congressional investigation to be a conduit for funneling
2323:
2290:
2285:
1892:
1872:
1857:
1536:
1458:. Central Intelligence Agency. 24 November 1972. pp. 3–6. Archived from
582:
357:
352:
258:
661:
624:
608:
124:
1751:
596:
Via the Fund, the CIA gave Figueres money to publish a political journal,
1752:
Juan Bosch: Una vida por la democracia, by JesĂşs Adolfo Becerril Valencia
901:
361:
1502:
800:, drawing the ire of landowners. The Church thought Bosch was trying to
897:
797:
790:
747:
612:
548:
402: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1318:
521:
348:
823:
677:
377:
153:
26:
943:
633:
554:
505:
344:
939:
128:
1837:
1344:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Dominicano de GenealogĂa
1538:
U.S. Foreign Intelligence: The Secret Side of American history
1095:
De CristĂłbal ColĂłn a Fidel Castro: el Caribe Frontera Imperial
904:
on 1 October 1963, where he spent the remainder of his exile.
1677:"Hoy se cumplen 21 años de la muerte del profesor Juan Bosch"
1135:
La pequeña burguesĂa en la historia de la RepĂşblia Dominicana
1741:
796:
However, Bosch faced powerful enemies. He moved to break up
892:, and other military leaders which established a three-man
620:
562:
475:
1418:"Doña Carmen Quidiello y su amor por las causas sociales"
478:, where he directed an edition of the completed works of
1703:"Se cumplen dos decadas del fallecimiento de Juan Bosch"
1385:"Doña Carmen Quidiello, Juan Bosch's widow, dies at 105"
1364:
Juan Bosch, 92, Freely Elected Dominican President, Dies
968:
in Santo Domingo was named in Bosch's honor in 2009.
512:
Bosch was one of the main organizers of the abortive
931:Castro", and numerous articles of different sorts.
561:earned his fortune primarily through operations in
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1477:
785:governor of the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico and
493:and had an important role in the making of Cuba's
1747:PrudHomme Dominican Homeland History (in Spanish)
516:of 1947, in which a military force backed by the
2321:
1732:International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
1100:Breve historia de la oligarquĂa en Santo Domingo
656:discussions in 1961 on the topic were vigorous.
1650:"Juan Bosch muriĂł un dĂa como hoy hace 19 años"
975:, died on 19 December 2020, at the age of 105.
135: and the second or maternal family name is
1340:Núñez Núñez, MilcĂades Alberto (15 May 2008).
577:money to Latin America, including through the
2365:Dominican Republic people of Galician descent
1823:
1582:CIA "Family Jewels" Memo, 1973 (see page 434)
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1140:Capitalismo tardĂo en la RepĂşblica Dominicana
1125:Capitalismo, democracia y liberaciĂłn nacional
1120:La guerra de la RestauraciĂłn en Santo Domingo
181:27 February 1963 – 25 September 1963
2360:Dominican Republic people of Catalan descent
667:
589:. These funds were used in Latin America by
16:20th-century Dominican politician and writer
2430:20th-century Dominican Republic politicians
1628:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 18–19.
1585:Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency)
1370:. 2 November 2001. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
1339:
1241:"Sugiere exaltar Bosch al PanteĂłn Nacional"
1060:Trujillo: causas de una tiranĂa sin ejemplo
852:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
706:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2405:20th-century Dominican Republic historians
1830:
1816:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1517:
942:. He described himself as a "Marxist- non
585:, six-time presidential candidate for the
339:Juan Bosch Gaviño was born in the city of
152:
2370:Dominican Revolutionary Party politicians
1534:
1501:
1055:Apuntes sobre el arte de escribir cuentos
872:Learn how and when to remove this message
726:Learn how and when to remove this message
579:Institute of International Labor Research
462:Learn how and when to remove this message
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1623:
1595:
1295:. Escritores dominicanos. Archived from
1085:Pentagonismo, sustituto del imperialismo
652:, the Undersecretary of State, internal
1674:
1596:Mansbach, Richard W. (1 January 1971).
1555:
1382:
1215:"Honradez de Bosch chocĂł con intereses"
1065:SimĂłn BolĂvar: biografĂa para escolares
900:on 28 September 1963, but would fly to
2380:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
2375:Dominican Liberation Party politicians
2345:Dominican Republic short story writers
2322:
1566:
1447:
1445:
1271:"Natalicio de Juan Bosch, el escritor"
214:Dominican Provisional Government Junta
1811:
1619:
1617:
1430:from the original on 18 February 2021
1412:
1410:
1395:from the original on 27 December 2020
1383:Vicioso, Dolores (21 December 2020).
1378:
1376:
919:in support of the anti-Bosch forces.
2340:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
2126:United States occupation (1916–1924)
1839:Presidents of the Dominican Republic
1737:Overview of modern Dominican history
1571:. United States Department of State.
1483:
1160:Breve historia de los pueblos árabes
1145:El Estado, sus orĂgenes y desarrollo
850:adding citations to reliable sources
817:
704:adding citations to reliable sources
671:
617:International Organizations Division
400:adding citations to reliable sources
371:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1775:President of the Dominican Republic
1675:Herrera, Dalton (1 November 2022).
1442:
1191:. 25 September 2013. Archived from
1185:"25S: la polĂtica no es un negocio"
1155:El PLD, un nuevo partido en América
959:
169:President of the Dominican Republic
13:
1742:Juan Bosch Foundation (in Spanish)
1614:
1407:
1373:
1075:Crisis de la democracia de América
746:was assassinated. An internal CIA
591:José Figueres Ferrer, Sacha Volman
504:, a Cuban poet and playwright, in
343:on 30 June 1909. His father was a
14:
2441:
1725:
1011:Más cuentos escritos en el exilio
995:Cuentos escritos antes del exilio
484:Partido Revolucionario Dominicano
2415:20th-century short story writers
1906:
983:
822:
676:
376:
25:
2390:Dominican Republic male writers
1779:February 1963 – September 1963
1695:
1668:
1642:
1589:
1575:
1567:Bowles, Chester (3 June 1961).
1484:Iber, Patrick (24 April 2013).
978:
615:, a CIA official, was chief of
387:needs additional citations for
36:needs additional citations for
1898:Spanish occupation (1861–1865)
1535:Ameringer, Charles D. (1990).
1356:
1333:
1311:
1285:
1263:
1233:
1207:
1177:
1090:Dictadura con respaldo popular
1050:Judas Iscariote, el calumniado
807:
738:In May 1961, the ruler of the
1:
1600:. Facts on File. p. 17.
1170:
1150:PĂłker de espanto en el Caribe
1105:ComposiciĂłn social dominicana
1000:Cuentos escritos en el exilio
763:Dominican Revolutionary Party
526:Authentic Revolutionary Party
351:origin, and his mother was a
334:
325:Dominican Revolutionary Party
285:Isabel GarcĂa (m. 1934–1943?)
2355:People from La Vega Province
1624:Mansbach, Richard W (1971).
1247:. 9 May 2013. Archived from
971:His wife, former First Lady
411:"Juan Bosch" politician
127:, the first or paternal
60:"Juan Bosch" politician
7:
1917:Restoration War (1863–1865)
1342:"Juan Bosch: Sus ancestros"
752:Office of Inspector General
500:Bosch met his second wife,
10:
2446:
1080:BolĂvar y la guerra social
1070:David, biografĂa de un Rey
948:Dominican Liberation Party
814:1963 Dominican coup d'Ă©tat
811:
587:Socialist Party of America
474:By 1939 Bosch had gone to
329:Dominican Liberation Party
305:Juan Emilio Bosch y Gaviño
122:
2425:20th-century male writers
2299:
2238:
2139:
1943:
1915:
1904:
1850:
1786:(at first briefly led by
1781:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1033:
1016:
938:Bosch became studious of
668:Presidency and opposition
491:Cuban Revolutionary Party
298:
281:
265:
248:
228:
223:
219:
207:
202:Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly
195:
185:
174:
167:
163:
151:
144:
2395:Male short story writers
2385:Political party founders
2350:Leaders ousted by a coup
1045:Cuba, la isla fascinante
923:was soundly defeated by
896:. Bosch was deported to
514:Cayo Confites expedition
367:
1319:"¿Quién es Juan Bosch?"
890:Antonio Imbert Barreras
480:Eugenio MarĂa de Hostos
191:Armando González Tamayo
2420:20th-century essayists
1130:La fortuna de Trujillo
1110:La revoluciĂłn haitiana
327:(PRD) in 1939 and the
323:. He founded both the
1626:Dominican Crisis 1965
1598:Dominican Crisis 1965
1165:Viaje a los Antipodas
1115:De MĂ©xico a Kampuchea
886:Elias Wessin y Wessin
1788:Emilio de los Santos
1426:. 20 December 2020.
1040:Hostos, el sembrador
913:Operation Power Pack
846:improve this section
776:National Civic Union
700:improve this section
559:Jacob Merrill Kaplan
530:Carlos PrĂo Socarrás
396:improve this article
321:Dominican literature
261:, Dominican Republic
244:, Dominican Republic
45:improve this article
2308:Dominican Civil War
1541:. Lexington Books.
1299:on 26 December 2013
1293:"Juan Bosch Gaviño"
1251:on 27 December 2013
1195:on 26 December 2013
915:during the ensuing
750:states that a 1973
654:Department of State
607:took place, led by
536:was transferred to
2306:Served during the
2205:Second Triumvirate
1799:Donald Reid Cabral
1760:Political offices
1490:Diplomatic History
1465:on 23 January 2017
1368:The New York Times
1221:. 25 December 2013
756:Dominican Republic
740:Dominican Republic
658:Richard N. Goodwin
639:Dominican Republic
593:, and Juan Bosch.
567:Dominican Republic
313:Dominican Republic
158:Juan Bosch in 1963
2317:
2316:
2200:First Triumvirate
2196:Provisional Junta
1806:
1805:
1797:and later led by
1782:Succeeded by
1656:. 1 November 2020
1503:10.1093/dh/dht041
1004:Dos pesos de agua
909:Francisco Caamaño
882:
881:
874:
736:
735:
728:
581:(IILR) headed by
545:Fulgencio Batista
532:when the body of
495:1940 Constitution
472:
471:
464:
446:
302:
301:
121:
120:
113:
95:
2437:
2410:White Dominicans
2305:
1910:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1765:Preceded by
1757:
1756:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1707:listindiario.com
1699:
1693:
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1640:
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1621:
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1611:
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1587:
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1573:
1572:
1564:
1553:
1552:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1437:
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1414:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1380:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1181:
973:Carmen Quidiello
960:Death and legacy
940:Marxist ideology
925:JoaquĂn Balaguer
877:
870:
866:
863:
857:
826:
818:
731:
724:
720:
717:
711:
680:
672:
631:, the strongman
605:Cuban Revolution
571:J.M. Kaplan Fund
538:Santiago de Cuba
518:Caribbean Legion
502:Carmen Quidiello
467:
460:
456:
453:
447:
445:
404:
380:
372:
288:Carmen Quidiello
255:
238:
236:
224:Personal details
210:
198:
188:
179:
156:
142:
141:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2295:
2234:
2135:
1939:
1911:
1902:
1846:
1836:
1802:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1768:Rafael Bonnelly
1728:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1709:. November 2021
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1556:
1549:
1533:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:(5): 995–1028.
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1455:
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787:José Figueres
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413: –
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401:
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385:This section
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50:
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40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2261:Jorge Blanco
2230:GarcĂa Godoy
2191:
1784:triumvirate
1773:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1683:(in Spanish)
1680:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1644:
1625:
1597:
1591:
1577:
1537:
1507:. Retrieved
1493:
1489:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1460:the original
1432:. Retrieved
1421:
1397:. Retrieved
1388:
1367:
1362:Lewis Paul,
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1313:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:the original
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1249:the original
1244:
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
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979:Bibliography
970:
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906:
883:
868:
859:
844:Please help
832:
795:
780:
775:
760:
737:
722:
713:
698:Please help
686:
662:Allen Dulles
647:
643:
632:
625:Fidel Castro
609:Fidel Castro
603:In 1959 the
602:
597:
595:
553:
542:
511:
499:
488:
483:
473:
458:
449:
439:
432:
425:
418:
406:
394:Please help
389:verification
386:
353:Puerto Rican
338:
304:
303:
291:
254:(2001-11-01)
239:30 June 1909
209:Succeeded by
176:
136:
132:
125:Spanish name
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2335:2001 deaths
2330:1909 births
2177:H. Trujillo
2172:R. Trujillo
2157:R. Trujillo
1791: [
1713:16 November
1687:16 November
1660:16 November
1325:25 December
1303:25 December
1277:25 December
1255:25 December
1225:25 December
1199:25 December
990:Camino real
902:Puerto Rico
808:Coup d'Ă©tat
362:Puerto Rico
277:(1973–2001)
197:Preceded by
2324:Categories
2239:After 1966
2081:Woss y Gil
2051:Woss y Gil
1878:Regla Mota
1509:17 January
1469:17 January
1273:. Educando
1245:Al Momento
1171:References
1007:El Funeral
898:Guadeloupe
888:, General
798:latifundia
791:Costa Rica
783:Luis Muñoz
748:memorandum
613:Cord Meyer
549:Costa Rica
534:JosĂ© MartĂ
452:April 2019
422:newspapers
335:Early life
275:Liberation
235:1909-06-30
146:Juan Bosch
71:newspapers
2281:Fernández
2271:Fernández
2140:1924–1966
2121:HenrĂquez
2026:Guillermo
2011:Guillermo
1986:Espaillat
1961:Guillermo
1944:1865–1924
1851:1844–1865
1189:El Caribe
1023:La mañosa
917:civil war
833:does not
768:elections
687:does not
522:Venezuela
309:president
292:his death
282:Spouse(s)
272:(1939–73)
177:In office
2291:Abinader
2266:Balaguer
2246:Balaguer
2187:Bonnelly
2182:Balaguer
2167:Troncoso
2152:Estrella
2096:Victoria
2061:Figuereo
2056:Heureaux
2041:Heureaux
2016:González
2006:González
1991:González
1981:González
1951:Pimentel
1888:Valverde
1428:Archived
1393:Archived
1348:20 April
944:Leninist
634:caudillo
598:Combate,
565:and the
555:Molasses
506:Matanzas
345:Spaniard
123:In this
2304:‡
2256:Majluta
2215:Caamaño
2162:Peynado
2147:Vásquez
2116:Jimenes
2091:Cáceres
2086:Morales
2076:Vásquez
2071:Jimenes
2066:Vásquez
2046:Billini
2031:LuperĂłn
1930:Polanco
1925:Salcedo
1893:Santana
1873:Santana
1863:Jimenes
1858:Santana
1434:2 March
1399:2 March
854:removed
839:sources
774:of the
708:removed
693:sources
557:tycoon
436:scholar
349:Catalan
341:La Vega
311:of the
242:La Vega
129:surname
85:scholar
2286:Medina
2251:Guzmán
2225:Imbert
2220:Benoit
2210:Molina
2131:Vicini
2106:Bordas
2036:Meriño
2021:Castro
1996:Cabral
1971:Cabral
1956:Cabral
1654:El DĂa
1632:
1604:
1545:
1034:Essays
1017:Novels
569:. The
438:
431:
424:
417:
409:
137:Gaviño
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2276:MejĂa
2192:Bosch
2101:Nouel
1935:Rojas
1795:]
1463:(PDF)
1456:(PDF)
543:When
443:JSTOR
429:books
368:Exile
347:from
133:Bosch
92:JSTOR
78:books
2111:Báez
2001:Báez
1976:Báez
1966:Báez
1883:Báez
1868:Báez
1843:list
1715:2023
1689:2023
1662:2023
1630:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1511:2019
1471:2019
1436:2021
1401:2021
1350:2015
1327:2013
1305:2013
1279:2013
1257:2013
1227:2013
1201:2013
837:any
835:cite
691:any
689:cite
621:Cuba
563:Cuba
476:Cuba
415:news
249:Died
229:Born
64:news
1498:doi
1389:DR1
848:by
789:of
702:by
623:'s
575:CIA
398:by
131:is
47:by
2326::
1793:es
1705:.
1679:.
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