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33:
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1965:, instead proposing that the executive power should be vested on a "President of the Council of Ministers", who would be appointed and dismissed by the directly elected National Assembly. The "Grévy Amendment", as it became known, was rejected, and in December 1848 Bonaparte was elected president of France.
1768:
president of France. During Grévy's presidency from 1879 to 1887, according to David Bell, there was a disunity among his cabinets. Only one survived more than a year. Grévy paid attention chiefly to defense, internal order, and foreign relations. Critics argue that Grévyy's confusing approach to
2067:
Throughout his presidency, Grévy sought to minimize his powers and instead favored a strong legislature. On 6 February 1879, shortly after taking office, he made a speech before the
Chambers where he explained his vision of the role of President: “Subject with sincerity to the great law of the
2035:, in 1871. He served as president of the Assembly from February 1871 to April 1873, when he resigned on account of the opposition from the Right, which blamed him for having called one of its members to order in the session of the previous day. On 8 March 1876 Grévy was named president of the
1819:. He was reelected in 1885, but two years later was compelled to resign due to a political scandal involving his son-in-law, although Grévy himself was not implicated. His nearly nine years as president of France are seen as the consolidation of the
2068:
parliamentary regime, I will never enter into battle against national wishes expressed by its institutional bodies”. This interpretation of the office's limited power influenced most of the later presidents of the Third
Republic.
2134:, Grévy resigned on 2 December and addressed a last message to the two chambers, in which he stated "my duty and my right would be to resist, wisdom and patriotism command me to yield". This political matter was the first to feed
1769:
appointments set a bad precedent for handling crises. Grévy's son-in-law was implicated in a corruption scandal in 1887, and Grévy had to resign after exhausting the pool of willing politicians to form a fresh government.
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1968:
Grévy was elected vice-president of the
National Assembly in April 1849. The same month he protested against the president's decision to launch an expedition against the revolutionary
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1945:. On the signed declaration for his candidacy, Grévy demanded a "strong and liberal Republic, that makes itself loved for its wisdom and moderation". Foreseeing the rise of
2118:
On 28 December 1885, Grévy was elected for another seven years as president of the
Republic. Two years later however, in December 1887, he was compelled to resign due to a
3204:
3139:
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1811:, he was elected president of France in 1879. During his presidency Grévy confirmed his longtime stance by diminishing his own executive authority in favor of the
1807:
and the reestablishment of the
Republic in 1870, Grévy returned to prominence in national politics. After occupying high offices in the National Assembly and the
3436:
2767:
2734:
1776:
department, Grévy moved to Paris where he initially followed a career in law before becoming a republican activist. He began his political career after the
1980:
rule. In 1851, his fear that Louis-Napoléon intended to perpetuate himself in power was proven true, when the president seized dictatorial power with a
3411:
3283:
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3431:
2047:
he seemed to step naturally into the
Presidency of the Republic, and on 30 January 1879 was elected without opposition by the republican parties.
1719:
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2126:. Although Grévy himself was not implicated in the scheme, he was indirectly responsible for the misuse Wilson had made of the access to the
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3300:
1935:
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2555:
1859:. Grévy's parents were François Hyacinthe Grevy (1773–1857) and Jeanne Gabrielle Planet (1782–1855). His father, who had joined the
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1973:
1950:
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927:
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1902:, he started his political activity as a defense attorney in the trial of Philippet and Quignot, two accomplies of
1545:
1216:
1457:
3235:
3209:
2570:
Dictionnaire universel de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)
3144:
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1934:, and with it Grévy was appointed Commissioner of the Republic for the department of Jura. In April 1848 he was
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551:
185:
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Long Live the
Revolutions: Fighting for France's Political Future in the Long Wake of the Commune, 1871–1880
1981:
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1808:
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1958:
1843:, into a republican family. His paternal grandfather, Nicolas Grévy (1736–1812), the son of farmers from
1402:
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2289:
1942:
1919:
1781:
1505:
1206:
877:
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2020:. Upon the death of Thiers years later, in 1877, Grévy would become the head of the Republican Party.
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Grévy resumed his political career in the last years of the Empire. In 1868 he was elected to the
787:
2982:
2844:
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2204:, his masonic activity was inseparable from his policies, especially in the ensuing struggle for
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283:
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689:
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2079:
demands for a retribution over the disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and opposed
2032:
1969:
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1820:
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who tried without success to restore the French monarchy, Grévy is considered the first real
1620:
1442:
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1137:
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729:
639:
483:
365:
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1989:
1939:
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1804:
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1605:
1347:
1286:
649:
571:
478:
445:
88:
78:
3328:
2610:
Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie (Daniel Ligou, Presses
Universitaires de France, 2006)
2164:
1800:
by Louis-Napoléon he was briefly imprisoned, and afterwards retired from political life.
8:
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2013:
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143:
52:
32:
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2407:
Les immortels du Sénat, 1875–1918: les cent seize inamovibles de la Troisième République
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that started after his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, was found to be selling awards of the
2028:
2001:
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108:
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1962:
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2009:
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2212:
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2182:. They had one daughter, Alice (1849–1938), who married Daniel Wilson in 1881.
2107:
2005:
1863:
as a volunteer in 1792, rose to become a battalion commander and fought in the
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He died in his hometown of Mont-sous-Vaudrey on 9 September 1891, following a
2060:
123:
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3152:
2225:
2197:
2190:
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2017:
2004:, where he quickly emerged as a leader of the liberal opposition. Along with
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118:
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2208:
that marked the beginning of the Third
Republic and MacMahon's resignation.
1988:. He was released shortly after but retired from politics in the subsequent
2900:
2744:
2135:
2039:, a post which he filled with such efficiency that upon the resignation of
1985:
1977:
1946:
1844:
1789:
1132:
1112:
1097:
1057:
1042:
1002:
937:
922:
812:
714:
380:
237:
3417:
Members of the
National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
3200:
2071:
In foreign policy he strove for peaceful relations, particularly with the
3267:
3242:
3135:
2621:
2506:
2092:
1816:
1610:
1147:
1087:
1037:
982:
777:
709:
435:
430:
113:
93:
1879:
1690:
2852:
2501:
2157:
Portrait of Grévy as a billiards player from the 12 July 1879 issue of
2096:
2076:
2040:
2023:
After the collapse of the Empire in the Franco-Prussian War, Grévy was
1883:
1650:
1640:
1102:
1067:
992:
977:
912:
837:
782:
684:
629:
508:
493:
311:
2690:
Palmer, Michael. "Daniel Wilson and the decorations scandal of 1887."
2587:
1122:
802:
498:
390:
1992:, under now emperor Napoleon III, and returned to his law practice.
3447:
Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
3442:
Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
2626:. C. K. Scott-Moncrieff. New York: Modern Library. pp. 304–5.
2179:
967:
724:
488:
425:
1815:, and in foreign policy strove for peaceful relations and opposed
1874:
At age 10, Grévy started attending school at the nearby town of
3427:
Members of the 4th Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
3422:
Members of the 3rd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
2215:
player, and was featured as one in a portrait published in the
644:
2685:
Biographical dictionary of French political leaders since 1870
2322:
Biographical dictionary of French Political Leaders Since 1870
1957:, and became famous during the debates on the drafting of the
2440:
2238:
2201:
2087:
reforms, particularly under the government of prime minister
1914:
1898:. Having steadily maintained republican principles under the
2016:, in 1870, and condemned the socialist insurrection of the
1930:
abolished the July Monarchy and led to the creation of the
2702:
Sorlin, Pierre. "La société politique sous Jules Grévy."
2281:
1976:, but the invasion proceeded and succeeded in restoring
2083:. Among internal policies his presidency was marked by
2130:. Under pressure from the Chamber of Deputies and the
1324:
2465:
2224:
He is referred to as one of Swann's dinner hosts in
1906:
in a failed republican insurrection on 12 May 1839.
2566:
2564:
2579:
2531:
3363:
2561:
1984:, in which Grévy was arrested and imprisoned in
1961:for his opposition to electing the president by
1792:and as a supporter of lesser authority for the
3437:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (France)
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
1871:. He operated a tile factory on his property.
1867:until retiring to Mont-sous-Vaudrey under the
1788:, where he became known for his opposition to
1735:(15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891), known as
2868:
2544:. Detroit: The Evening News Association: 465.
2403:"GRÉVY Jules Philippe Louis Albert 1823–1899"
2145:("Political and Judicial Speeches") in 1888.
1713:
2656:"Syringa vulgaris 'President Grevy' (Lilac)"
2405:. In Jean Marie Mayeur; et al. (eds.).
2423:
2106:Jules Grévy (seated) with the presidential
2875:
2861:
2457:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2409:(in French). Publications de la Sorbonne.
2368:
2366:
2288:. Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations.
1756:from 1879 to 1887. He was a leader of the
1720:
1706:
65:30 January 1879 – 2 December 1887
31:
3354:Acting presidents are denoted by italics.
2527:
2525:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2374:"Un président franc-comtois, Jules Grévy"
3412:Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
2882:
2538:The Cyclopedic Review of Current History
2444:Dictionnaire des parlementaires français
2441:Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1891).
2396:
2394:
2152:
2101:
2054:
1913:
1847:, moved to Mont-sous-Vaudrey during the
1826:
215:16 February 1871 – 2 April 1873
175:13 March 1876 – 30 January 1879
3432:Members of the National Assembly (1871)
2583:The Daniel Wilsons in France, 1819–1919
2363:
1894:in 1837, distinguishing himself at the
1760:, and given that his predecessors were
1277:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
3364:
2619:
2522:
2477:
2471:
2400:
3467:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
2856:
2760:as President of the National Assembly
2391:
2211:In private life, Grévy was an ardent
1938:by that department for a seat in the
1743:
1428:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1368:Spanish American wars of independence
16:President of France from 1879 to 1887
2768:President of the Chamber of Deputies
2704:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
2447:(in French). Paris. p. 254-257.
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2245:'President Grévy', named after him.
2031:to the National Assembly of the new
1831:Grévy was born on 15 August 1807 in
1752:lawyer and politician who served as
163:President of the Chamber of Deputies
1197:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
2735:President of the National Assembly
2677:
2143:Discours politiques et judiciaires
2012:he opposed the declaration of the
1909:
1890:. He became a lawyer at the Paris
1851:, where he bought the property of
203:President of the National Assembly
14:
3478:
3397:19th-century presidents of France
2556:The Adventures of My Life, vol. 2
2327:
2282:Bennett, Heather Marlene (2013).
1995:
1974:First Italian War of Independence
2692:Modern & Contemporary France
2532:Johnson, Alfred S., ed. (1892).
2148:
1689:
1217:Discourses Concerning Government
326:
3402:19th-century princes of Andorra
2648:
2613:
2604:
2573:
2548:
1878:, and continued his studies in
1483:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
3452:Members of Parliament for Jura
3407:Government ministers of France
2314:
2296:
2275:
2261:
2206:separation of church and state
2027:as representative of Jura and
1896:Conférence du barreau de Paris
1418:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1398:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
3387:Moderate Republicans (France)
3382:People from Jura (department)
2269:"Jules, François, Paul Grévy"
2254:
2050:
38:
2271:. Assemblée nationale. 2017.
1953:he began to advocate a weak
1772:Born in a small town in the
1668:Republic without republicans
1413:11 September 1922 Revolution
1408:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
3462:19th-century French lawyers
2580:Palmer, Michael B. (2021).
1403:Turkish War of Independence
1325:
186:Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier
10:
3483:
2290:University of Pennsylvania
2193:was held on 14 September.
1733:François Judith Paul Grévy
1458:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
1207:The Commonwealth of Oceana
3352:
3221:
3173:
2921:
2890:
2841:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2801:
2792:
2784:
2774:
2765:
2755:Gaston Audiffret-Pasquier
2751:
2741:
2732:
2717:
2712:
2683:Bell, David, et al. eds.
2502:"Jules Grévy 1879 - 1887"
2200:"La Constante Amitié" in
2170:Grévy married in 1848 to
2141:Grévy wrote a two-volume
1982:coup d'état on 2 December
1972:, created as part of the
1918:Grévy as a deputy in the
1861:French Revolutionary Army
1803:With the downfall of the
1778:French Revolution of 1848
1631:The Emperor's New Clothes
1383:5 October 1910 revolution
1378:French Revolution of 1848
401:Liberty as non-domination
334:
322:
310:
299:
289:
279:
275:Mont-sous-Vaudrey, France
265:
252:
247:
243:
231:
219:
208:
201:
191:
179:
168:
161:
149:
137:
69:
58:
50:
46:
30:
23:
3275:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2901:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
2837:Salvador Casañas y Pagés
2320:David Bell, et al. eds.
2091:. In 1880, he passed an
1947:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
1790:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
1473:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1433:1952 Egyptian revolution
411:Political representation
84:William Henry Waddington
3392:Opportunist Republicans
2620:Proust, Marcel (1992).
2534:"Necrology - September"
2349:Encyclopædia Britannica
1888:Faculty of Law of Paris
1453:1969 Libyan coup d'état
1237:Discourse on Inequality
386:Consent of the governed
2231:In Search of Lost Time
2167:
2115:
2064:
1923:
1786:French Second Republic
2706:Vol. 24. No. 2. 1969.
2694:1.2 (1993): 139-150.
2401:Anceau, Eric (1995).
2156:
2105:
2058:
1951:presidential election
1917:
1886:, and finally at the
1827:Early life and career
1821:French Third Republic
1780:, as a member of the
1741:French pronunciation:
1621:Criticism of monarchy
1443:North Yemen civil war
1257:The Federalist Papers
552:Federal parliamentary
2884:Presidents of France
2827:Co-Prince of Andorra
2324:(1990). pp. 189–190.
2251:is named after him.
2174:, the daughter of a
2138:opinion in France.
2089:Charles de Freycinet
1928:revolution in France
1857:justice of the peace
1805:Second French Empire
1758:Moderate Republicans
1606:Classical radicalism
1348:Republic of Florence
1287:Democracy in America
446:Separation of powers
421:Public participation
284:Moderate Republicans
89:Charles de Freycinet
79:Jules Armand Dufaure
3292:François Mitterrand
3102:Alexandre Millerand
3000:Jean Casimir-Perier
2949:Patrice de MacMahon
2820:Patrice de MacMahon
2795:President of France
2788:Patrice de MacMahon
2726:as President of the
2554:Rochefort, Henri. "
2308:World Presidents DB
2237:There is a type of
2045:Marshal de MacMahon
2037:Chamber of Deputies
2014:Franco-Prussian War
1809:Chamber of Deputies
1754:President of France
1696:Politics portal
1501:Antigua and Barbuda
1448:Zanzibar Revolution
1358:American Revolution
1247:The Social Contract
416:Popular sovereignty
317:University of Paris
144:Patrice de MacMahon
53:President of France
2833:Served alongside:
2713:Political offices
2687:(1990) pp 189-190.
2510:. 15 November 2018
2221:magazine in 1879.
2168:
2116:
2081:colonial expansion
2065:
1963:universal suffrage
1924:
1865:Revolutionary Wars
1745:[ʒylɡʁevi]
1662:Primus inter pares
1478:Nepalese Civil War
1468:Iranian Revolution
1438:14 July Revolution
1393:Russian Revolution
1388:Chinese Revolution
1338:Republic of Venice
1187:Discourses on Livy
3457:French Freemasons
3359:
3358:
3329:François Hollande
3232:Charles de Gaulle
2851:
2850:
2842:Succeeded by
2831:1879–1887
2802:Succeeded by
2775:Succeeded by
2742:Succeeded by
2416:978-2-85944-273-6
2378:Ville de Besançon
2196:Initiated at the
2165:Théobald Chartran
2120:political scandal
1943:National Assembly
1920:National Assembly
1849:French Revolution
1833:Mont-sous-Vaudrey
1782:National Assembly
1730:
1729:
1673:Republican empire
1646:List of republics
1495:National variants
1423:Spanish Civil War
1363:French Revolution
1343:Republic of Genoa
1227:The Spirit of Law
1160:Theoretical works
504:Neo-republicanism
338:
337:
259:Mont-sous-Vaudrey
3474:
3304:
3287:
3262:
3250:Georges Pompidou
3213:
3196:
3165:
3148:
3131:
3119:Gaston Doumergue
3114:
3097:
3080:
3068:Raymond Poincaré
3063:
3051:Armand Fallières
3046:
3029:
3012:
2995:
2978:
2961:
2944:
2913:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2817:Preceded by
2799:1879–1887
2785:Preceded by
2772:1879–1887
2762:
2752:Preceded by
2739:1876–1879
2729:
2728:Corps législatif
2721:Eugène Schneider
2718:Preceded by
2710:
2709:
2671:
2670:
2668:
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2652:
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2420:
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2370:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2340:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2243:Syringa vulgaris
2124:Legion of Honour
2095:in favor of the
2029:Bouches-du-Rhône
2002:Corps législatif
1955:executive branch
1798:1851 coup d'état
1794:executive branch
1747:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1694:
1693:
1678:Republican Party
1656:Peasant republic
1616:Communitarianism
1333:Classical Athens
1328:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
406:Mixed government
340:
339:
330:
272:
269:9 September 1891
248:Personal details
234:
226:Eugène Schneider
222:
213:
194:
182:
173:
152:
140:
109:Armand Fallières
72:
63:
40:
35:
21:
20:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3348:
3339:Emmanuel Macron
3319:Nicolas Sarkozy
3298:
3281:
3256:
3217:
3207:
3190:
3175:Fourth Republic
3169:
3159:
3142:
3125:
3108:
3091:
3074:
3057:
3040:
3023:
3006:
2989:
2972:
2955:
2938:
2917:
2907:
2892:Second Republic
2886:
2881:
2847:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2807:
2798:
2790:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2680:
2678:Further reading
2675:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2634:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2590:. p. 236.
2578:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2549:
2530:
2523:
2513:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2424:
2417:
2399:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2187:pulmonary edema
2172:Coralie Frassie
2151:
2053:
1998:
1949:in that year's
1932:Second Republic
1912:
1910:Second Republic
1829:
1740:
1726:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1601:
1593:
1592:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1373:Trienio Liberal
1314:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1161:
1153:
1152:
888:Flynn (Stephen)
773:
765:
764:
605:
597:
596:
522:
514:
513:
469:
461:
460:
456:Social equality
451:Social contract
441:Self-governance
396:Democratization
371:Anti-corruption
366:Anti-monarchism
361:
345:Politics series
280:Political party
274:
270:
257:
232:
220:
214:
209:
192:
180:
174:
169:
150:
138:
133:
129:Maurice Rouvier
104:Charles Duclerc
70:
64:
59:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3326:
3316:
3309:Jacques Chirac
3306:
3289:
3272:
3264:
3247:
3239:
3228:
3226:
3225:(1958–present)
3223:Fifth Republic
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3198:
3184:Vincent Auriol
3180:
3178:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3150:
3133:
3116:
3099:
3085:Paul Deschanel
3082:
3065:
3048:
3031:
3014:
2997:
2980:
2963:
2946:
2932:Adolphe Thiers
2928:
2926:
2923:Third Republic
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2812:Regnal titles
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2764:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2647:
2632:
2612:
2603:
2596:
2572:
2560:
2547:
2521:
2476:
2474:, p. 346.
2464:
2422:
2415:
2390:
2362:
2326:
2313:
2295:
2292:. p. 263.
2274:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2150:
2147:
2108:military staff
2052:
2049:
2033:Third Republic
2006:Adolphe Thiers
1997:
1996:Third Republic
1994:
1970:Roman Republic
1911:
1908:
1828:
1825:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:Egalitarianism
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:Related topics
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1571:United Kingdom
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1353:Dutch Republic
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:Roman Republic
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
760:Wollstonecraft
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
348:
347:
336:
335:
332:
331:
324:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
273:(aged 84)
267:
263:
262:
256:15 August 1807
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
206:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
166:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
73:
71:Prime Minister
67:
66:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3153:Albert Lebrun
3151:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:Léon Gambetta
2770:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2633:0-679-60005-1
2629:
2625:
2624:
2616:
2607:
2599:
2597:9781000225921
2593:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2445:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2344:"Jules Grévy"
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2304:"Jules Grevy"
2299:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2250:
2249:Grévy's zebra
2246:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:masonic lodge
2194:
2192:
2191:state funeral
2188:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2149:Personal life
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2112:Élysée Palace
2109:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:anti-clerical
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:German Empire
2069:
2062:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2018:Paris Commune
2015:
2011:
2010:Léon Gambetta
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1990:French Empire
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1904:Armand Barbès
1901:
1900:July Monarchy
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1796:. During the
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1588:United States
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Metapolitefsi
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:On Revolution
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:Rights of Man
1264:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:De re publica
1174:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
983:Jones (Lynne)
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
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894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
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876:
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871:
869:
866:
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861:
859:
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854:
851:
849:
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844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
778:Adams (Gerry)
776:
775:
769:
768:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
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3266:
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2965:
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2793:
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2745:Louis Buffet
2733:
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2663:. Retrieved
2660:Gardenia.net
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2136:anti-Masonic
2117:
2075:, resisting
2070:
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1999:
1986:Mazas Prison
1967:
1959:Constitution
1925:
1873:
1853:la Grangerie
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978:Jones (Elin)
917:
883:Flynn (Paul)
843:Clarke (Tom)
838:Clark (Katy)
783:Adams (John)
604:Philosophers
381:Civic virtue
343:Part of the
304:Albert Grévy
271:(1891-09-09)
238:Louis Buffet
233:Succeeded by
210:
193:Succeeded by
170:
151:Succeeded by
60:
18:
3377:1891 deaths
3372:1807 births
3299: [
3282: [
3268:Alain Poher
3257: [
3243:Alain Poher
3208: [
3191: [
3177:(1947–1958)
3160: [
3143: [
3136:Paul Doumer
3126: [
3109: [
3092: [
3075: [
3058: [
3041: [
3024: [
3017:Félix Faure
3007: [
2990: [
2983:Sadi Carnot
2973: [
2966:Jules Grévy
2956: [
2939: [
2925:(1870–1940)
2908: [
2894:(1848–1852)
2845:Sadi Carnot
2805:Sadi Carnot
2623:Swann's way
2558:" pp315-318
2472:Anceau 1995
2218:Vanity Fair
2160:Vanity Fair
2114:, June 1886
2093:amnesty law
2061:Léon Bonnat
1940:constituent
1926:In 1848, a
1855:. He was a
1817:colonialism
1762:monarchists
1737:Jules Grévy
1611:Common good
1551:New Zealand
1546:Netherlands
1291:(1835–1840)
1261:(1787–1788)
1171:(c. 375 BC)
1093:Robespierre
868:Etherington
803:Benn (Tony)
772:Politicians
750:Tocqueville
710:Montesquieu
690:Machiavelli
436:Rule of law
431:Res publica
221:Preceded by
181:Preceded by
156:Sadi Carnot
139:Preceded by
124:René Goblet
114:Jules Ferry
94:Jules Ferry
25:Jules Grévy
3366:Categories
2255:References
2097:communards
2077:revanchist
2051:Presidency
2043:president
2041:Legitimist
1837:department
1813:Parliament
1766:republican
1651:Monarchism
1641:Liberalism
1636:Jacobinism
1326:Gaṇasaṅgha
1181:(54–51 BC)
665:Harrington
542:Democratic
532:Capitalist
527:Autonomous
509:Venizelism
494:Khomeinism
312:Alma mater
3333:2012–2017
3323:2007–2012
3313:1995–2007
3296:1981–1995
3279:1974–1981
3271:(interim)
3254:1969–1974
3246:(interim)
3236:1959–1969
3205:1954–1959
3201:René Coty
3188:1947–1954
3157:1932–1940
3140:1931–1932
3123:1924–1931
3106:1920–1924
3072:1913–1920
3055:1906–1913
3038:1899–1906
3021:1895–1899
3004:1894–1895
2987:1887–1894
2970:1879–1887
2953:1873–1879
2936:1871–1873
2905:1848–1851
2665:5 January
2588:Routledge
2453:cite book
2213:billiards
2059:Grévy by
1869:Consulate
1835:, in the
1748:), was a
1506:Australia
1138:Venizelos
1128:Spadolini
1118:Slaughter
1063:McDonnell
1028:Mackenzie
973:Jefferson
928:Griffiths
908:de Gaulle
903:Garibaldi
863:Drakeford
755:Warburton
675:Jefferson
670:Honderich
650:Condorcet
537:Christian
499:Nasserism
474:Classical
391:Democracy
323:Signature
306:(brother)
300:Relatives
211:In office
171:In office
61:In office
2642:26211992
2180:Narbonne
1880:Besançon
1576:Scotland
1516:Barbados
1167:Republic
1083:Prescott
1053:Naysmith
1043:McKechin
1003:La Malfa
998:Khomeini
958:Iorwerth
923:Griffith
898:Gambetta
893:Galloway
878:Ferguson
858:Davidson
853:Cromwell
848:Connolly
828:Campbell
745:Sunstein
730:Rousseau
725:Polybius
660:Franklin
640:Chappell
635:Cattaneo
572:People's
557:Imperial
489:Kemalism
426:Republic
360:Concepts
261:, France
2310:. 2017.
2110:at the
2025:elected
1936:elected
1876:Poligny
1784:of the
1541:Morocco
1531:Jamaica
1526:Ireland
1511:Bahamas
1313:History
1133:Taverne
1108:Skinner
1088:Ritchie
1033:Madison
1013:Lincoln
963:Jackson
953:Huppert
948:Hopkins
873:Fabiani
833:Chapman
818:Bolívar
808:Bennett
798:Bartley
788:Atatürk
700:Mazzini
695:Madison
625:Bentham
615:Baggini
582:Secular
562:Islamic
547:Federal
484:Federal
468:Schools
2696:online
2640:
2630:
2594:
2514:26 May
2507:Élysée
2413:
2383:28 May
2355:26 May
2226:Proust
2189:. His
2176:tanner
2132:Senate
2128:Élysée
2063:, 1880
1922:, 1848
1845:Aumont
1750:French
1566:Sweden
1556:Norway
1521:Canada
1301:(1963)
1281:(1794)
1271:(1791)
1251:(1762)
1241:(1755)
1231:(1748)
1221:(1698)
1211:(1656)
1201:(1649)
1191:(1531)
1143:Wilson
1113:Slater
1103:Skates
1058:Mannin
1048:Mullin
1023:Mackay
988:Juárez
943:Hébert
938:Hatton
933:Harvie
823:Burgon
740:Sidney
735:Sandel
720:Pettit
645:Cicero
610:Arendt
592:Soviet
587:Sister
479:Modern
290:Spouse
37:Grévy
3303:]
3286:]
3261:]
3212:]
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3164:]
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3028:]
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2960:]
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2239:lilac
2202:Arras
2178:from
2163:, by
1978:Papal
1581:Wales
1561:Spain
1536:Japan
1123:Smith
1098:Sayed
1078:Pound
1073:Nehru
1068:Nandy
1038:Magid
1018:Lucas
1008:Lewis
918:Grévy
913:Greer
813:Black
793:Azaña
715:Paine
685:Locke
655:Crick
630:Bodin
620:Bello
521:Types
3089:1920
2667:2022
2638:OCLC
2628:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2516:2021
2459:link
2411:ISBN
2385:2021
2357:2021
2008:and
1884:Dole
1841:Jura
1774:Jura
1148:Wood
993:Kane
705:Mill
680:Kant
266:Died
253:Born
51:4th
41:1880
2228:'s
1892:bar
1839:of
968:Jay
3368::
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3284:fr
3259:fr
3210:fr
3193:fr
3162:fr
3145:fr
3128:fr
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2658:.
2636:.
2586:.
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2451:{{
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