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argument over whether the Bund should be recognised as an autonomous branch of the RSDLP, representing Jewish workers. Martov was one of the Jewish
Marxist leaders (alongside Trotsky), who rejected the demands for Jewish national autonomy, with the Iskra group favouring class interests over nationalism; he was therefore deeply opposed to the Bundists' Jewish nationalism. After the Bund was defeated by 41 votes to 5, its five delegates walked out. The two 'economist' delegates, Alexander Martynov and Vladimir Makhnovets also walked out, depriving Martov of seven votes, and giving Lenin's supporters a majority. They referred to themselves as Bolsheviks throughout the Congress, hence their adoption of the name Bolshevik which literally means 'person of the majority'. The minority or 'Menshevik' faction adopted the corresponding title. At the end of the Congress, there was a highly emotive dispute over the future composition of the editorial board of Iskra on which Lenin proposed to exclude the three least active editors, Zasulich, Pavel Axelrod, and Alexander Potresov. Martov was shocked by his treatment of the two older Marxists, Axelrod and Zasulich, and refused to serve on the truncated board.
669:
civil war. Martov's faction as a whole was however isolated. His view was denounced by
Trotsky. This is best exemplified by Trotsky's comment to him and other party members as they left the first meeting of the council of Soviets after 25 October 1917 in disgust at the way in which the Bolsheviks had seized political power: "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into the dustbin of history!" To this Martov replied in a moment of rage, "Then we'll leave!", and then walked in silence away without looking back. He paused at the exit, seeing a young Bolshevik worker wearing a black shirt with a broad leather belt, standing in the shadow of the portico. The young man turned on Martov with unconcealed bitterness: "And we amongst ourselves had thought, Martov would at least remain with us". Martov stopped, and with a characteristic movement, tossed up his head to emphasize his reply: "One day you will understand the crime in which you are taking part". Waving his hand wearily, he left the hall.
525:, Martov produced a draft party programme, with which Lenin disagreed. Martov believed that RSDLP sympathizers who were willing to obey the party's leadership and recognize the party's program should be admitted as party members, as well as those people who were fully paid up party members who participated in one of party's organizations; while Lenin wanted clear dividing lines between party members and party sympathizers, with party membership being limited to those people who were fully paid up party members who participated in one of the party's organisations.
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557:"practicality" or "timeliness". His "high minded approach" would later win rounds of applause among the socialist intelligentsia. Nonetheless, Martov's noble principles allegedly made him too "soft" and "indecisive", at a time when the opposite were politically required of him. He has been described as a "brilliant intellectual and party theoretician".
392:, in which Lenin was a dominant figure. At this stage, "their friendship was so close that they agreed on the foundations of their world view", despite or because of the contrasts in their personalities. Lenin was neat and restrained; Martov lively and chaotic. Martov took on the task of contacting workers at the
411:, where together they planned to go abroad and launch a newspaper as a way of organising the scattered Marxist movement into a centrally run political party. In June 1900, before they left Russia, they returned together to St Petersburg, where they were followed and arrested but released after a few days.
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was unfit to hold a high position in the communist party, alleging that he had been expelled from the RSDLP for involvement in the 1907 'expropriations'. Stalin accused him of slander, and demanded that a tribunal be formed to hear the accusations, at which Martov said he would produce witnesses, but
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who, as members of the
Russian government, supported the war effort. However, at a conference held on 18 June 1917, he failed to gain the support of the delegates for a policy of immediate peace negotiations with the Central Powers. He was unable to enter into an alliance with his rival Lenin to form
291:
In his early childhood he was dropped by his governess and broke his leg. The governess did not tell anyone about the incident and it was only noticed by his family after he started walking. His leg never healed properly and he suffered from a permanent limp. This disability played a significant role
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Martov was always to be found on the left wing of the
Menshevik faction and supported reunifying with the Bolsheviks in 1905. That unity was short lived, however, and by 1907 the two factions split once again. In 1911 Martov notably wrote the pamphlet "Saviours or destroyers? Who destroyed the RSDLP
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Martov is the most intelligent man I've known ... an incomparable thinker and a remarkable analyst because of his exceptional intellect. But this intellect dominates his whole personality to such an extent that an unexpected conclusion begins to thrust itself upon you: Martov owes not only his good
567:
Martov resembled a poor
Russian intellectual. His face was pale, he had sunken cheeks; his scant beard was untidy. His suit hung on him as on a clothes hanger. Manuscripts and pamphlets protruded from all his pockets. He was stooped; one of his shoulders was higher than the other. He had a stutter.
528:
When the Second
Congress opened in London in August 1903, Lenin and Martov voted together on every division until the 22nd session, when a vote was taken on their respective programmes, and Lenin was outvoted by 28 to 23. At the 27th session, Lenin and Martov were again on the same side during an
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At the onset of the 1917 Revolution, Martov was in Zurich with Lenin. He was the instigator of the idea of exchanging
Russian Marxist exiles for German citizens interned in Russia. This way, the Russian Marxist revolutionary leaders, including Lenin, would manage to return to Russia following the
668:
in 1917, Martov became politically marginalised. At the
Congress of Soviets immediately after the Bolsheviks seized power, he called for a 'united democratic government' based on the parties of the soviet. His proposal was met with 'torrents of applause' in the Soviet, as the only way to avoid a
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Trotsky, who initially supported Martov against Lenin, later described him as "one of the most talented men I have ever come across" but added: "The man's misfortune was that fate made him a politician in a time of revolution without endowing him with the necessary resources of will power."
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Martov was described as being "too good an intellectual to be a successful politician", as he often was held back by his integrity, and "philosophical approach" to matters of politics. He tended to select political allies primarily by the "coherence of their general worldview", instead of
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supporters. Trotsky believed that the rift between Martov and Lenin began in London, where Martov came under the influence of
Zasulich "who was drawing him away from Lenin." He also observed that the Bohemian lifestyle at their Sidmouth Street lodgings was "utterly alien" to Lenin. After
376:(1895). The plan detailed that workers were to see a need for broader political campaigning through participating in strikes, led by the Social Democrats as trade unions were banned under the Tsarist regime. This led to the formulation of the ideology that led to the formation of the
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1180:(Shukman in fact states:) While Martov's contribution to the campaign against the Bund before Congress was publicly smaller than Lenin's as it consisted of only one article, in private and at the Congress he may in the long run have been the dominant figure.
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His outward appearance was far from attractive, but as soon as he began a fervent speech all these outer faults seemed to vanish, and what remained was his colossal knowledge, his sharp mind, and his fanatical devotion to the cause of the working class.
240:, in which the Bolsheviks came to power, Martov advocated an "all-socialist" coalition government, but found himself politically marginalised. He continued to lead the Mensheviks and denounced the Soviet government's repressive measures during the
315:: "It suddenly became clear to me how superficial and groundless the whole of my revolutionism had been until then, and how my subjective political romanticism was dwarfed before the philosophical and sociological heights of Marxism".
327:. Arrested in February 1892 for anti-tsarist activities, he was held in prison until May, when his grandfather paid bail of 300 rubles. That Autumn he enrolled at St Petersburg University, joined a Marxist group organized by
436:, close to where Lenin and his wife, Krupskaya had lodgings. While Lenin was working in the British Museum, Martov and Krupskaya together handled "a large proportion of routine wearying work", such as dealing with mail from
302:
The
Tsederbaum family was Jewish, but the children were given a secular education. Raised in a materialist environment, Martov later credited his upbringing for his adherence to socialism. In his teens, he admired the
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in 1897 in Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. However, Martov would eventually have a critical parallel role with Lenin in the opposition to the Bund as they would not recognize them as an autonomous section within the
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war. This was in line with the views of Lenin and Trotsky. The 'internationalist' minority in the Menshevik party favored a campaign for 'democratic peace'. He became the central leader of the Menshevik
281:
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and how" (Russian: "Спасители или упразднители? Кто и как разрушал"), which denounced the Bolsheviks for raising money by expropriations, among other critiques. This pamphlet was denounced by both
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until the Bolsheviks abolished it. Later, when a factory section chose Martov as their delegate ahead of Lenin in a Soviet election, it found its supplies reduced soon afterwards.
696:; however, he continued to denounce the persecution of non-violent political opponents of the Bolsheviks, whether Social Democrats, trade unionists, anarchists, or newspapers.
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against Odessa Jews in 1881 forced the family to move to St. Petersburg. The Tsederbaum family, like many others at the time, held the government responsible for the pogroms.
596:"I am sorry, deeply sorry, that Martov is not with us. What a splendid comrade he is." When he was ill, Lenin remarked to Krupskaya "And Martov, too, they say, is dying."
389:
272:. Martov's grandfather, Alexander Osipovich Tsederbaum, was a prominent social activist. In the 1870s, his grandfather founded the first newspapers in Russia published in
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not to align with Lenin in 1917. In 1915, he sided with Lenin at an international conference in Switzerland, where he settled, but he later repudiated the Bolsheviks.
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which traveled across Germany. After Lenin had arrived in St Petersburg, the remaining members of the Russian colony appealed to the German government, through the
1918:
215:, and after three years of Siberian exile moved to Western Europe with Lenin, where they became active members of the RSDLP and co-founded the party newspaper
727:. In 1922, learning Martov was ill, Lenin asked Stalin to transfer funds to Berlin to contribute to Martov's medical care, but Stalin refused. Martov died in
719:
later that month. Martov had not intended to stay in Germany indefinitely, and only did so after the Mensheviks were outlawed in March 1921, following the
540:, which proved to be irreconcilable and it became permanent in 1912. Martov became one of the outstanding Menshevik leaders along with Axelrod, Martynov,
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in his life and how others perceived him. He suffered constant taunting throughout his childhood for his inability to keep up with other kids his age.
647:
Martov reached Russia too late to prevent some Mensheviks from joining the Provisional Government. He strongly criticized those Mensheviks such as
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and first their first declaration, which was delivered on 18 May 1906. Rearrested in July, he was deported to Finland. Later, he settled in Paris.
471:
He returned to Russia in October 1905, and was arrested in February, but released in April 1906. He helped organise the RSDLP group in the First
716:
372:
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a coalition in 1917, despite this being the "logical outcome" according to the majority of his left wing supporters in the Menshevik faction.
621:, for permission to cross, with their families. Martov was one of a party of 280 that included his Menshevik comrades, Axelrod, Martynov, and
331:, and was expelled, rearrested , and held until May 1893. In this brief spell of liberty, he had tried to organize a Petersburg branch of the
468:, to harass the bourgeois government until the economic and social conditions made it possible for a socialist revolution to take place.
737:, which remained the publication of the Mensheviks in exile in Berlin, Paris, and eventually New York until the last of them had died.
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in 1903, a schism developed between their supporters; Martov became the leader of the Menshevik faction against Lenin's Bolsheviks.
1908:
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358:, Martov and others decided to shift from a strictly educational approach to a focus on agitation. The mass of Jewish workers in
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prior to 1903, Martov broke with him following the RSDLP's ideological schism, after which Lenin led the opposing faction, the
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207:, where he developed influential ideas on worker agitation. Returning to Saint Petersburg in 1895, Martov collaborated with
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operation was transferred to London, in April 1902, Martov shared lodgings in Sidmouth Street with the veteran Marxist,
1903:
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Forced to leave Russia and with other radical political figures living in exile, Martov settled in Munich, joined the
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government. He advocated the joining of a network of organisations, trade unions, cooperatives, village councils and
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was unwilling to agree to the exchange, and Martov agreed to wait. He declined to join Lenin's party on the famous
196:
1734:
Mayakovsky, Vladimir (1 May 1979). "A Little Play About Priests Who Cannot Understand That This Is a Holiday".
610:
233:
866:"Resolution to the Second All-Russia Congress of Soviets Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies." First published in
849:"Short Constitution of the All-Russian Social Democratic Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies." First published in
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side to this intellect, but also his bad side, not only his highly cultivated thinking apparatus but also his
1807:
Savel'ev, P. Iu.; Tiutiukin, S. V. (2006). "Iulii Osipovich Martov (1873–1923): The Man and the Politician".
460:. From abroad, he argued that it was the role of revolutionaries to provide a militant opposition to the new
308:
22:
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863:"The Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 20th century," 4 vols., 1909–14. ed. Julius Martov.
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1864:
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Riches, Christopher; Palmowski, Jan (2016). "Martov, Julius (pseudonym of Yulii Osipovich Tserderbaum)".
370:, Martov explained the strategy involving mass agitation and participating in Jewish strikes in the work
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1933:
377:
252:. In 1920, Martov left Russia for Germany, and the Mensheviks were outlawed a year later. He died from
424:. Initially, Lenin and Martov were allies in disputes within the six member editorial board, on which
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Candidates of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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Members of the Central Committee of the 1st Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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moved again, to Geneva, in March 1903, Martov clashed with Lenin as one of the Marxists who wanted
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in 1914, while other Mensheviks supported Russia's war effort, Martov viewed the conflict as an
332:
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in the comparatively warm "Siberian Italy". When his term of exile ended, he joined Lenin in
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1883:
563:, a metal worker who backed Lenin at the 2nd Congress, left a vivid description of Martov:
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288:. Two of his three brothers, Sergei and Vladimir were also distinguished Mensheviks.
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of 1917, Martov returned to Russia and led the faction of Mensheviks who opposed the
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1373:"Julius Martow is Dead: Russian Socialist, Enemy of Lenin, Was an Exile In Germany"
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Julius Martov in a photo taken by the police after being arrested in January 1896
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In October 1920, Martov was given permission to legally leave Russia and go to
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led them to decide to carry out their efforts in Yiddish. Together with fellow
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731:, Germany, in April 1923. Before his fatal illness, he launched the newspaper
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Lenin spoke affectionately about Martov long after the split in 1903. He told
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group. Instead of accepting his grandfather's suggestion of emigrating to the
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1838:
The Making of Three Russian Revolutionaries: Voices from the Menshevik Past
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Martov was born to a middle-class and politically active Jewish family in
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393:
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Martov returned to St Petersburg in October 1895, and helped to form the
936:"The Development of Heavy Industry and the Workers' Movement in Russia (
919:"The Roots of World Bolshevism." Originally published in Russia in 1919.
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A Little Play About Priests Who Cannot Understand That This Is a Holiday
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Martov was born to an educated and politically active Jewish family in
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177:
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26:
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by Israel Getzler. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1967.
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by Israel Getzler. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1967.
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901:"Decomposition or Conquest of the State." 1919. First published in
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922:"The World's Social Revolution and the Aims of Social Democracy."
873:"Down with the Death Penalty!" June/July 1918. First published in
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leadership. Martov also joined Trotsky in launching the newspaper
428:, the founder of Russian Marxism, had the casting vote. When the
1142:. Translated by Kellog, Paul. Alberta: AU Press. pp. 11–13.
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the hearing was never held because of the outbreak of civil war.
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164:, was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and the leader of the
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34:
1650:
Martov : a political biography of a Russian social democrat
1326:
Martov : a political biography of a Russian social democrat
1049:"Iulii Osipovich Martov (1873–1923): The Man and the Politician"
938:
Razvitie krupnoi promyshlennosti i rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii)
1175:
The Relations Between the Jewish Bund and the RSDRP, 1897–1903
1699:"Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence Chapter 4"
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For a while Martov led the Menshevik opposition group in the
628:
579:, a Menshevik who worked closely with Martov in 1917, wrote:
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League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
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League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
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1801:
Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat
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In one of his newspaper articles, in 1918, he argued that
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In 1891, Martov attended demonstrations at the funeral of
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1595:. New York: International Universities Press. p. 26.
856:"The Lesson of the Events in Russia." First published in
418:(RSDLP) and was one of the founders of the party journal
1297:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 157, 150.
318:
1836:
Haimson, Leopold H., Ziva Galili and Richard Wortman,
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Savel'ev, P. Iu.; Tiutiukin, S. V. (9 December 2014).
399:
Martov was deported for three years to the village of
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1794:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
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950:"Social and Intellectual Trends in Russia 1870–1905 (
870:, No. :163, October 26 (November 8), 1917, p. 3.
846:(1938, New York) (1977, London), Trans. Herman Jerson
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When the Bolsheviks came to power as a result of the
517:
Split with Lenin, Second Congress of the RSDLP (1903)
952:
Obshchestvennye i umstvennye techeniia v Rossii 1870
1532:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 354–55.
877:(eds. S.V. Tyutyukin, O.V. Volobuev, I.Kh. Urilov),
160:(24 November 1873 – 4 April 1923), better known as
908:"The Ideology of 'Sovietism'." First published in
1379:. 6 April 1923. Page 17. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
931:British Labour Delegation to Russia, 1920: Report
924:British Labour Delegation to Russia, 1920: Report
912:Kharkov 1919. Originally published in English in
452:Martov was in exile during the strikes following
280:. His father Joseph Alexandrovich worked for the
1875:
1502:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 78.
1530:The Russian Revolution 1917, Eyewitness Account
1430:
1919:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
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717:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
1673:. London: Hodder and Stroughton. p. 61.
1216:Simon Sebag Montefiore, Young Stalin, page 96
1178:(Thesis). University of Oxford. p. 277.
999:
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509:("Our Word"). He was the only contributor to
499:faction which organized in opposition to the
284:. His sister was the fellow Menshevik leader
1226:Krupskaya, Nadezhda (Lenin's widow) (1970).
248:, while supporting the struggle against the
1769:Fall of Eagles (TV Mini Series 1974) - IMDb
1617:
1590:
1733:
1434:A dictionary of contemporary world history
890:Geschichte der russischen Sozialdemokratie
884:"History of the Russian Social Democracy (
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449:expelled from the party on moral grounds.
282:Russian Association for Shipping and Trade
61:
1924:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
1833:Translation of the 1995 Russian original.
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1098:. Translated by Kellog, Paul. p. 22.
987:[ˈjʉlʲɪjˈosʲɪpəvʲɪtɕtsɨdʲɪrˈbaʊm]
659:
339:, he chose to be exiled for two years in
1723:. Harvard University Press. p. 156.
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1861:Newspaper clippings about Julius Martov
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1295:My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography
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886:Istoriia rossiiskoi sotsial-demokratii)
403:in the Arctic, while Lenin was sent to
203:, but was later expelled and exiled to
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1547:. London: Martin Lawrence. p. 54.
1479:
1463:
1196:. London: Pan Macmillan. p. 104.
1138:Martov, Iulii (2022). "Introduction".
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1094:Martov, Iulii (2022). "Introduction".
1093:
888:." 1919. First published in German as
844:The State and the Socialist Revolution
532:The Congress ended in a split between
416:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
170:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
132:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1625:The History of the Russian Revolution
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1406:
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295:Martov was raised in Odessa, but the
1856:Biography from Spartacus Educational
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625:, who left by train on 13 May 1917.
396:, until his arrest in January 1896.
319:Early political activities and exile
201:Saint Petersburg Imperial University
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1242:Lenin: Building the Party 1893–1914
13:
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632:Leaders of the Menshevik Party at
14:
1945:
1844:
1640:erindringer "Pages from the Past"
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1126:
1122:. New York: Continuum. p. 4.
1033:
881:, Moscow, 2000, pp. 373–383.
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636:in Stockholm, Sweden, May 1917.
456:, which marked the start of the
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795:Julius Martov was portrayed by
1909:European democratic socialists
1498:Quoted in Shub, David (1966).
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172:(RSDLP). A close associate of
16:Russian politician (1873–1923)
1:
1591:Abramovitch, Raphael (1962).
1027:
943:"Notes of a Social Democrat (
259:
199:. Martov briefly enrolled at
23:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1840:(Cambridge and Paris, 1987).
1120:Israel and the European Left
679:
7:
1865:20th Century Press Archives
1638:Boris Ivanovich Nicolaevsky
791:In the 1974 TV mini series
486:During the outbreak of the
197:Russian famine of 1891–1892
10:
1950:
1821:10.2753/RSH1061-1983450101
1809:Russian Studies in History
1669:Radzinsky, Edvard (1997).
1065:10.2753/RSH1061-1983450101
1053:Russian Studies in History
945:Zapiski sotsialdemokrata).
378:General Jewish Labour Bund
158:Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum
77:Yuliy Osipovich Tsederbaum
21:In this name that follows
20:
1904:Politicians from Istanbul
1779:– via www.imdb.com.
1000:
977:
853:, No 58, 25 January 1904.
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523:2nd Congress of the RSDLP
354:While living in exile in
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127:
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60:
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1754:10.1215/00440167-10-2-72
1719:Service, Robert (2005).
1244:. London, Bookmarks: 100
1192:Service, Robert (2010).
1172:Shukman, Harold (1961).
1118:Shindler, Colin (2012).
962:
898:(July 1919, Mensheviks).
802:
337:United States of America
1528:Sukhanov, N.N. (1962).
1439:Oxford University Press
978:Юлий Осипович Цедербаум
780:Martov was featured in
688:, Martov supported the
600:The February Revolution
521:In April, prior to the
1293:Trotsky, Leon (1975).
1230:. Panther. p. 47.
711:. Martov spoke at the
660:The October Revolution
644:
611:Provisional Government
609:of 1917. However, the
590:
570:
351:
333:Emancipation of Labour
234:Provisional Government
1851:Julius Martov archive
1746:Duke University Press
1593:The Soviet Revolution
1543:Gorky, Maxim (n.d.).
631:
581:
565:
349:
223:second RSDLP Congress
1001:Юлий Осипович Мартов
914:International Review
860:, December 29, 1907.
674:Constituent Assembly
640:, Julius Martov and
1721:Stalin: A Biography
1409:The Communist Party
929:"A contradiction."
896:What is to be done?
782:Vladimir Mayakovsky
623:Raphael Abramovitch
607:February Revolution
230:February Revolution
187:. He was raised in
168:, a faction of the
1929:Russian socialists
1500:Lenin: A Biography
1377:The New York Times
1240:Tony Cliff (1986)
1194:Lenin, A Biography
903:Mirovoi Bolshevism
822:. You can help by
760:. You can help by
666:October Revolution
645:
642:Alexander Martinov
586:weakness in action
352:
329:Alexander Potresov
238:October Revolution
1934:Jewish socialists
1799:Getzler, Israel.
1448:978-0-19-180299-7
1228:Memories of Lenin
1203:978-0-330-51838-3
1010:[ˈmartəf]
840:
839:
778:
777:
734:Socialist Courier
686:Russian Civil War
561:Alexander Shotman
366:Social Democrat,
325:Nikolai Shelgunov
155:
154:
117:Republic of Baden
1941:
1832:
1792:Figes, Orlando.
1781:
1780:
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1776:
1764:
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1437:(4 ed.). :
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1140:World Bolshevism
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1096:World Bolshevism
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916:, New York 1938.
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715:Congress of the
649:Irakli Tsereteli
577:Nikolai Sukhanov
546:Irakli Tsereteli
497:Internationalist
426:Georgi Plekhanov
236:. Following the
211:to co-found the
108:
87:24 November 1873
86:
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1787:Further reading
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1545:Days With Lenin
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1162:Figes, p. 147–8
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892:, Berlin, 1926.
836:
830:
827:
820:needs expansion
805:
774:
768:
765:
758:needs expansion
743:
725:Communist Party
682:
662:
634:Norra Bantorget
619:Swiss Red Cross
602:
554:
519:
501:Menshevik Party
488:First World War
458:1905 Revolution
394:Putilov factory
343:(now Vilnius).
321:
262:
128:Political party
123:
121:Weimar Republic
110:
106:
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88:
82:
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78:
68:
54:
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42:
17:
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5:
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1845:External links
1843:
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1726:
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1636:I henhold til
1629:
1623:Trotsky, Leon
1616:
1607:
1598:
1583:
1574:
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1562:. p. 418.
1550:
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1517:. p. 253.
1505:
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793:Fall of Eagles
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723:of the ruling
721:Tenth Congress
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447:Nikolay Bauman
320:
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270:Ottoman Empire
266:Constantinople
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244:, such as the
209:Vladimir Lenin
185:Constantinople
174:Vladimir Lenin
153:
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109:(aged 49)
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1611:
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1388:Figes, p. 151
1385:
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1360:
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1351:
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1342:
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1334:0-521-52602-7
1331:
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1316:Figes, p. 180
1313:
1307:Figes, p. 198
1304:
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1282:. p. 69.
1281:
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1259:
1253:Figes, p. 149
1250:
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858:Le Socialisme
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818:This section
816:
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808:
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797:Edward Wilson
794:
789:
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783:
772:
763:
759:
756:This section
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454:Bloody Sunday
450:
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434:Vera Zasulich
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368:Arkady Kremer
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162:Julius Martov
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45:
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33: and the
32:
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19:
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1812:
1808:
1800:
1793:
1773:. Retrieved
1768:
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1702:. Retrieved
1689:
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1433:
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1397:Figes, p. 82
1393:
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1350:
1341:
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1089:
1056:
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994:
971:
955:
951:
944:
937:
933:, July 1920.
930:
926:, July 1920.
923:
913:
909:
902:
895:
889:
885:
878:
875:Yu.O. Martov
874:
868:Novaya Zhizn
867:
857:
850:
843:
828:
824:adding to it
819:
790:
785:
779:
766:
762:adding to it
757:
732:
706:
698:
692:against the
683:
671:
663:
646:
615:sealed train
603:
591:
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531:
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504:
485:
477:
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429:
419:
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405:Shushenskoye
398:
387:
373:On Agitation
371:
353:
322:
301:
294:
290:
263:
254:tuberculosis
227:
216:
182:
161:
157:
156:
107:(1923-04-04)
105:4 April 1923
38:
30:
18:
1889:1923 deaths
1884:1873 births
1815:(1): 6–92.
1775:4 September
1704:29 December
1278:Krupskaya.
1059:(1): 6–92.
684:During the
594:Maxim Gorky
552:Personality
511:Nashe Slovo
506:Nashe Slovo
492:imperialist
483:and Lenin.
311:made him a
55:Юлий Мартов
35:family name
1914:Mensheviks
1878:Categories
1457:1003235536
1407:Shapiro .
1028:References
831:April 2023
694:White Army
538:Mensheviks
534:Bolsheviks
401:Turukhansk
307:, but the
260:Early life
246:Red Terror
228:After the
195:after the
178:Bolsheviks
166:Mensheviks
136:Mensheviks
83:1873-11-24
39:Tsederbaum
27:patronymic
1829:153626069
1748:: 72–75.
1513:Trotsky.
1336:pp117,128
1263:Service.
1081:153626069
1073:1061-1983
879:Izbrannoe
729:Schömberg
680:Civil war
653:Fedor Dan
542:Fedor Dan
462:bourgeois
305:Narodniks
286:Lydia Dan
256:in 1923.
242:civil war
221:. At the
146:Socialism
113:Schömberg
31:Osipovich
1697:(1940).
1280:Memories
958:." 1924.
940:." 1923.
784:'s 1921
690:Red Army
142:Movement
1867:of the
1863:in the
1803:(2003).
1796:(2017).
1737:Theater
1627:p. 1156
1515:My Life
947:" 1923.
709:Germany
481:Kautsky
466:soviets
313:Marxist
278:Yiddish
193:Marxism
150:Marxism
1827:
1677:
1671:Stalin
1656:
1558:Shub.
1455:
1445:
1332:
1200:
1146:
1079:
1071:
741:Legacy
701:Stalin
297:pogrom
274:Hebrew
250:Whites
189:Odessa
25:, the
1825:S2CID
1744:(2).
1560:Lenin
1265:Lenin
1077:S2CID
963:Notes
956:1905)
910:Mysl,
851:Iskra
803:Works
713:Halle
443:Iskra
438:Iskra
430:Iskra
421:Iskra
409:Pskov
383:RSDLP
364:Vilno
360:Vilna
356:Vilna
341:Vilna
218:Iskra
205:Vilna
1777:2024
1706:2023
1675:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1453:OCLC
1443:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1069:ISSN
1006:IPA:
983:IPA:
651:and
544:and
536:and
473:Duma
276:and
102:Died
73:Born
1869:ZBW
1817:doi
1750:doi
1061:doi
826:.
764:.
119:,
37:is
29:is
1880::
1823:.
1813:45
1811:.
1742:10
1740:.
1481:^
1465:^
1451:.
1441:.
1375:,
1128:^
1075:.
1067:.
1057:45
1055:.
1051:.
1035:^
1004:,
981:,
799:.
788:.
548:.
385:.
268:,
180:.
148:,
134:,
115:,
93:,
1831:.
1819::
1756:.
1752::
1708:.
1683:.
1459:.
1206:.
1152:.
1083:.
1063::
954:–
833:)
829:(
771:)
767:(
588:.
85:)
81:(
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
