17:
112:
the strengths of synaptic connections that occur while an individual is awake. Further, the recovery from the down-state they induce allows that "cortical firing 'reboots' in a systematic order" so that memory engrams encoded during neuronal firing can be "repeatedly practiced and thus consolidated".
99:
K-complexes have been suggested both to protect sleep and also to engage in information processing, as they are both an essential part of the synchronization of NREM sleep, while they also respond to both internal and external stimuli in a reactive manner. This would be consistent with a function in
111:
and memory consolidation. The activation thresholds of cortical synapses become lowered during wakefulness as they process information, making them more responsive, and so need to be adjusted back to preserve their signal-to-noise ratio. The down-state provided by K-complexes does this by reducing
221:
syndrome is associated with inspiratory occlusions evoking fewer K-complexes during NREM sleep even though K-complexes are evoked normally to auditory stimuli and such individuals react normally to respiratory interruptions when awake. This suggests a link between such sleep apnea and a sleep
197:
that reduce leg movements do not reduce the K-complex suggesting that they are primary and the leg movements secondary to them. Failure of such drugs to reduce K-complexes in spite of reducing the leg movements has been suggested to be why patients after such treatment continue to complain of
62:. They occur spontaneously but also occur in response to external stimuli such as sounds, and touches on the skin and internal ones such as inspiratory interruptions. They are generated in widespread cortical locations though they tend to predominate over the frontal parts of the brain.
57:
K-complex consists of a brief negative high-voltage peak, usually greater than 100 μV, followed by a slower positive complex around 350 and 550 ms and at 900 ms a final negative peak. K-complexes occur roughly every 1.0–1.7 minutes and are often followed by bursts of
210:. This inhibition of REM sleep significantly decreases K-complex count, and unlike L-DOPA treatment, clonazepam studies report improvement in sleep restoration. Therefore, drugs that inhibit REM sleep also decrease K-complex count.
69:
activity in stage 2 sleep create slow-wave (0.8 Hz) and delta (1.6–4.0 Hz) oscillations. However, their topographical distribution is different, and the delta power of K-complexes is higher.
696:
El Helou J.; Navarro V.; Depienne C.; Fedirko E.; LeGuern E.; Baulac M.; An-Gourfinkel I.; Adam C. (2008). "K-complex-induced seizures in autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy".
38:
K-complexes have two proposed functions: first, suppressing cortical arousal in response to stimuli that the sleeping brain evaluates not to signal danger, and second, aiding sleep-based
450:
Happe S.; Anderer P.; Gruber G.; Klösch G.; Saletu B.; Zeitlhofer J. (2002). "Scalp topography of the spontaneous K-complex and of delta-waves in human sleep".
780:
Saletu M (2001). "Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam".
84:
activity. This produces "down-states" of neuronal silence in which neural network activity is reduced. The activity of K-complexes is transferred to the
174:
1675:
374:
Webster K.E.; Colrain I.M. (1998). "Multichannel EEG analysis of respiratory evoked-potential components during wakefulness and NREM sleep".
100:
suppressing cortical arousal in response to stimuli that the brain needs to initially process in regard to whether it is dangerous or not.
1698:
911:
Afifi L.; Guilleminault C.; Colrain I.M. (2003). "Sleep and respiratory stimulus specific dampening of cortical responsiveness in OSAS".
1286:
823:
Huang J.; Colrain I.M.; Melendres M.C.; Karamessinis L.R.; Pepe M.E.; Samuel J.M.; Abi-Raad R.F.; Trescher W.H.; Marcus C.L. (2008).
140:
particularly those over 50 years of age. This parallels the decrease in other components of sleep such as sleep spindle density and
92:. It has been observed that they are indeed identical in the "laminar distributions of transmembrane currents" to the slow waves of
1929:
1668:
874:"Evidence of a sleep-specific blunted cortical response to inspiratory occlusions in mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome"
1723:
1248:
124:, and develop with age. Between 3 and 5 years of age a faster negative component appears and continues to increase until
825:"Cortical processing of respiratory afferent stimuli during sleep in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome"
339:
Roth M.; Shaw J.; Green J. (1956). "The form, voltage distribution and physiological significance of the K-complex".
1126:
1121:
1093:
312:
Loomis A.L.; Harvey E.N.; Hobart G.A. (1937). "Cerebral states during sleep as studies by human brain potentials".
88:
where it synchronizes the thalamocortical network during sleep, producing sleep oscillations such as spindles and
1950:
1661:
1281:
1238:
1212:
971:
158:
1749:
1718:
1784:
1553:
1361:
1223:
1233:
1161:
1006:
1366:
536:
Halász P (2005). "K-complex, a reactive EEG graphoelement of NREM sleep: an old chap in a new garment".
1228:
169:
discharges. This tends to happen most between the shift between waking and NREM, and between NREM and
1955:
1444:
1253:
1201:
1176:
189:
have increased numbers of K-complexes, which are associated with (and often precede) leg movements.
35:. It is the "largest event in healthy human EEG". They are more frequent in the first sleep cycles.
32:
1914:
1799:
1001:
1835:
1703:
1541:
1322:
1131:
218:
741:"Persistence of repetitive EEG arousals (K-alpha complexes) in RLS patients treated with L-DOPA"
1744:
1713:
1684:
1637:
1186:
1021:
186:
28:
1459:
1191:
493:
Amzica F.; Steriade M. (1998). "Cellular substrates and laminar profile of sleep K-complex".
1708:
1613:
268:
39:
8:
1888:
1829:
1814:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1608:
1598:
1064:
964:
162:
272:
1909:
1845:
1804:
1618:
1371:
1271:
1136:
936:
873:
849:
824:
805:
721:
637:
518:
475:
289:
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793:
506:
1628:
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591:
553:
510:
467:
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294:
46:
940:
809:
725:
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479:
1919:
1733:
1623:
1563:
920:
885:
844:
836:
822:
789:
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705:
668:
641:
621:
583:
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502:
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422:
383:
348:
321:
284:
276:
1494:
1421:
1399:
1346:
1106:
1011:
709:
673:
657:"Slow sleep oscillation, rhythmic K-complexes, and their paroxysmal developments"
656:
387:
203:
137:
93:
77:
1653:
1568:
1439:
1381:
1084:
984:
957:
587:
549:
166:
612:
Wauquier A (October 1993). "Aging and changes in phasic events during sleep".
463:
427:
410:
1944:
1883:
1546:
1394:
1351:
1301:
1296:
1069:
840:
757:
740:
738:
59:
949:
280:
1873:
1514:
1291:
1276:
932:
897:
858:
801:
717:
595:
557:
471:
411:"Topographical distribution of spindles and K-complexes in normal subjects"
360:
298:
72:
They are created by the occurrence in widespread cortical areas of outward
766:
695:
682:
633:
514:
436:
395:
1573:
1449:
1389:
1341:
1336:
1327:
1166:
1116:
1111:
993:
889:
574:
Tononi G.; Cirelli C. (2006). "Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis".
125:
104:
739:
Montplaisir J.; Boucher S.; Gosselin A.; Poirier G.; Lavigne G. (1996).
1868:
1863:
1853:
1632:
1578:
1558:
1356:
1332:
1263:
1181:
1074:
1044:
1039:
1029:
199:
141:
89:
81:
66:
177:, K-complexes are almost invariably present at the start of seizures.
1858:
1759:
1642:
1593:
1588:
1454:
1416:
1153:
1059:
1034:
325:
170:
133:
129:
80:. This is accompanied by a decrease in broadband EEG power including
910:
449:
45:
The K-complex was discovered in 1937 in the private laboratories of
1509:
1484:
1404:
1196:
1171:
190:
85:
73:
409:
McCormick L, Nielsen T, Nicolas A, Ptito M, Montplaisir J (1997).
16:
1893:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1504:
1409:
1243:
1143:
1101:
1054:
311:
108:
128:. Another change occurs in adults: before 30 years of age their
1924:
1603:
1489:
194:
121:
254:
76:
currents from the middle (III) to the upper (I) layers of the
1499:
1317:
980:
408:
257:"Human K-Complex Represents an Isolated Cortical Down-State"
222:
specific blunted cortical response to respiratory problems.
1809:
1774:
1764:
1754:
207:
1824:
1819:
1583:
1479:
872:
Gora J, Trinder J, Pierce R, Colrain IM (November 2002).
871:
373:
255:
Cash S.S.; Halgren E.; Dehghani N.; et al. (2009).
338:
654:
492:
103:
Another suggested function is aiding the activation
573:
1699:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
175:autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
1942:
1683:
206:, it inhibits REM sleep by enhancing levels of
1669:
979:
965:
120:They are present in the sleep of 5-month-old
607:
605:
1930:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
1676:
1662:
1287:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
972:
958:
611:
213:
848:
756:
672:
426:
288:
202:is another treatment for RLS; like other
180:
779:
602:
569:
567:
535:
15:
1943:
250:
248:
246:
244:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
1657:
953:
564:
27:is a waveform that may be seen on an
1785:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
1724:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
231:
13:
52:
14:
1967:
1127:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1122:Central hypoventilation syndrome
782:European Neuropsychopharmacology
1282:Periodic limb movement disorder
1249:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
904:
865:
816:
773:
732:
689:
655:Steriade M.; Amzica F. (1998).
648:
341:Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol
159:idiopathic generalized epilepsy
1719:Somatosensory evoked potential
529:
486:
443:
402:
367:
332:
305:
115:
1:
1915:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1554:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1362:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1224:Advanced sleep phase disorder
925:10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00084-3
878:Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med
794:10.1016/s0924-977x(01)00080-3
507:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00319-9
1714:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
1685:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1234:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1162:Excessive daytime sleepiness
710:10.1016/j.clinph.2008.07.212
674:10.1046/j.1365-2869.7.s1.4.x
626:10.1016/0031-9384(93)90095-w
388:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.5.1727
353:10.1016/0013-4694(56)90004-9
7:
1709:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1367:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1239:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
152:
147:
10:
1972:
1229:Cyclic alternating pattern
588:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002
550:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.04.003
29:electroencephalogram (EEG)
1902:
1844:
1732:
1691:
1472:
1445:Behavioral sleep medicine
1432:
1380:
1310:
1262:
1254:Shift work sleep disorder
1210:
1202:Sleep state misperception
1152:
1092:
1083:
1020:
991:
1002:Rapid eye movement (REM)
913:Respir Physiol Neurobiol
225:
193:enhancing drugs such as
1836:Late positive component
1704:Event-related potential
1323:Exploding head syndrome
1132:Obstructive sleep apnea
464:10.1023/A:1019992523246
428:10.1093/sleep/20.11.939
281:10.1126/science.1169626
219:Obstructive sleep apnea
214:Obstructive sleep apnea
198:non-restorative sleep.
1951:Electroencephalography
1745:Bereitschaftspotential
1638:Sleeping while on duty
1187:Idiopathic hypersomnia
841:10.1093/sleep/31.3.403
758:10.1093/sleep/19.3.196
187:restless legs syndrome
181:Restless legs syndrome
20:
1460:Neuroscience of sleep
1192:Night eating syndrome
1177:Kleine–Levin syndrome
19:
1614:Sleep and creativity
890:10.1164/rccm.2106005
161:, K-complex induced
157:In individuals with
40:memory consolidation
1889:Sensorimotor rhythm
1846:Neural oscillations
1790:Mismatch negativity
1609:Sleep and breathing
1065:Sensorimotor rhythm
273:2009Sci...324.1084C
136:are higher than in
65:Both K-complex and
31:. It occurs during
1619:Sleep and learning
1372:Nocturnal emission
1272:Nightmare disorder
1137:Periodic breathing
33:stage 2 NREM sleep
21:
1938:
1937:
1832:(late positivity)
1734:Evoked potentials
1651:
1650:
1629:Sleep deprivation
1468:
1467:
698:Clin Neurophysiol
267:(5930): 1084–87.
185:Individuals with
47:Alfred Lee Loomis
1963:
1956:Sleep physiology
1920:Oddball paradigm
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1624:Sleep and memory
1564:Circadian rhythm
1311:Benign phenomena
1213:Circadian rhythm
1090:
1089:
974:
967:
960:
951:
950:
945:
944:
908:
902:
901:
869:
863:
862:
852:
820:
814:
813:
777:
771:
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760:
736:
730:
729:
693:
687:
686:
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652:
646:
645:
609:
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571:
562:
561:
533:
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371:
365:
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326:10.1037/h0057431
309:
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292:
252:
1971:
1970:
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1961:
1960:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1898:
1840:
1728:
1687:
1682:
1652:
1647:
1542:Procrastination
1495:Four-poster bed
1464:
1428:
1422:Polysomnography
1400:Sleep induction
1376:
1347:Sleep paralysis
1306:
1258:
1217:
1214:
1206:
1148:
1107:Mouth breathing
1085:Sleep disorders
1079:
1016:
1007:Quiescent sleep
987:
985:sleep disorders
978:
948:
919:(2–3): 221–34.
909:
905:
870:
866:
821:
817:
778:
774:
737:
733:
694:
690:
653:
649:
610:
603:
572:
565:
534:
530:
491:
487:
448:
444:
407:
403:
372:
368:
337:
333:
310:
306:
253:
232:
228:
216:
204:benzodiazepines
183:
163:synchronization
155:
150:
118:
94:slow-wave sleep
78:cerebral cortex
55:
53:Neurophysiology
12:
11:
5:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
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1822:
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1807:
1802:
1797:
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1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
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1730:
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1727:
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1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1695:
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1673:
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1658:
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1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Comfort object
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1487:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Sleep medicine
1436:
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1407:
1397:
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1199:
1194:
1189:
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1156:
1150:
1149:
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1146:
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1139:
1134:
1129:
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1119:
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1098:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
989:
988:
977:
976:
969:
962:
954:
947:
946:
903:
884:(9): 1225–34.
864:
815:
788:(2): 153–161.
772:
731:
704:(10): 2201–4.
688:
647:
614:Physiol. Behav
601:
576:Sleep Med. Rev
563:
544:(5): 391–412.
538:Sleep Med. Rev
528:
485:
442:
421:(11): 939–41.
401:
382:(5): 1727–35.
376:J Appl Physiol
366:
347:(3): 385–402.
331:
304:
229:
227:
224:
215:
212:
182:
179:
167:spike-and-wave
154:
151:
149:
146:
117:
114:
60:sleep spindles
54:
51:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
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1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Sleep spindle
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
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1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:Related tests
1690:
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1679:
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1607:
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1528:
1525:
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1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
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1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:Sleep hygiene
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Sleep inertia
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1302:Sleep-talking
1300:
1298:
1297:Sleep driving
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
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1219:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Sleep spindle
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
990:
986:
982:
975:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:
952:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
860:
856:
851:
846:
842:
838:
835:(3): 403–10.
834:
830:
826:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
768:
764:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
692:
684:
680:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
608:
606:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
532:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:(3): 671–86.
500:
496:
489:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
438:
434:
429:
424:
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405:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
335:
327:
323:
320:(2): 127–44.
319:
315:
314:J Exp Psychol
308:
300:
296:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
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196:
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160:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
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113:
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101:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
63:
61:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
34:
30:
26:
18:
1910:10-20 system
1878:
1874:Theta rhythm
1515:Sleeping bag
1292:Sleepwalking
1277:Night terror
1049:
994:sleep cycles
916:
912:
906:
881:
877:
867:
832:
828:
818:
785:
781:
775:
751:(3): 196–9.
748:
744:
734:
701:
697:
691:
667:(S1): 30–5.
664:
660:
650:
620:(4): 803–6.
617:
613:
582:(1): 49–62.
579:
575:
541:
537:
531:
498:
495:Neuroscience
494:
488:
455:
452:Brain Topogr
451:
445:
418:
414:
404:
379:
375:
369:
344:
340:
334:
317:
313:
307:
264:
260:
217:
184:
165:can trigger
156:
138:older people
119:
102:
98:
71:
64:
56:
44:
37:
24:
22:
1800:C1 & P1
1599:Second wind
1574:Dream diary
1450:Sleep study
1390:Sleep diary
1342:Hypnopompia
1337:Sleep onset
1328:Hypnic jerk
1167:Hypersomnia
1117:Catathrenia
1112:Sleep apnea
1022:Brain waves
992:Stages of
661:J Sleep Res
458:(1): 43–9.
142:delta power
126:adolescence
116:Development
105:homeostasis
90:delta waves
1945:Categories
1869:Delta wave
1864:Gamma wave
1854:Alpha wave
1796:Positivity
1741:Negativity
1633:Sleep debt
1579:Microsleep
1559:Chronotype
1473:Daily life
1357:Somnolence
1333:Hypnagogia
1264:Parasomnia
1182:Narcolepsy
1094:Anatomical
1075:Theta wave
1045:Gamma wave
1040:Delta wave
1030:Alpha wave
200:Clonazepam
82:gamma wave
67:delta wave
1879:K-complex
1859:Beta wave
1760:Visual N1
1643:Sleepover
1594:Power nap
1589:Nightwear
1455:Melatonin
1417:Somnology
1382:Treatment
1215:disorders
1154:Dyssomnia
1060:PGO waves
1055:Mu rhythm
1050:K-complex
1035:Beta wave
1012:Slow-wave
171:REM sleep
134:amplitude
130:frequency
74:dendritic
25:K-complex
1510:Mattress
1485:Bunk bed
1405:Hypnosis
1197:Nocturia
1172:Insomnia
941:34199792
933:12853013
898:12403692
859:18363317
810:24658410
802:11313161
726:26640365
718:18762450
596:16376591
558:16122950
523:26975545
480:21921834
472:12371676
361:13330651
299:19461004
191:Dopamine
153:Epilepsy
148:Clinical
109:synapses
86:thalamus
1894:Mu wave
1537:Bedtime
1532:Bedroom
1527:Bedding
1522:Bed bug
1505:Hammock
1410:Lullaby
1244:Jet lag
1144:Snoring
1102:Bruxism
850:2276751
767:8723375
683:9682191
642:7736698
634:8248360
515:9483527
437:9456457
396:9804575
290:3715654
269:Bibcode
261:Science
122:infants
1925:EEGLAB
1903:Topics
1604:Siesta
1490:Daybed
1318:Dreams
939:
931:
896:
857:
847:
808:
800:
765:
724:
716:
681:
640:
632:
594:
556:
521:
513:
478:
470:
435:
394:
359:
297:
287:
195:L-DOPA
1547:Story
1500:Futon
1433:Other
981:Sleep
937:S2CID
829:Sleep
806:S2CID
745:Sleep
722:S2CID
638:S2CID
519:S2CID
476:S2CID
415:Sleep
226:Notes
173:. In
1830:P600
1815:P300
1810:P200
1780:N400
1775:N2pc
1770:N200
1765:N170
1755:N100
1750:ELAN
983:and
929:PMID
894:PMID
855:PMID
798:PMID
763:PMID
714:PMID
679:PMID
630:PMID
592:PMID
554:PMID
511:PMID
468:PMID
433:PMID
392:PMID
357:PMID
295:PMID
208:GABA
132:and
1825:P3b
1820:P3a
1805:P50
1584:Nap
1480:Bed
921:doi
917:136
886:doi
882:166
845:PMC
837:doi
790:doi
753:doi
706:doi
702:119
669:doi
622:doi
584:doi
546:doi
503:doi
460:doi
423:doi
384:doi
349:doi
322:doi
285:PMC
277:doi
265:324
107:of
1947::
1631:/
1335:/
935:.
927:.
915:.
892:.
880:.
876:.
853:.
843:.
833:31
831:.
827:.
804:.
796:.
786:11
784:.
761:.
749:19
747:.
743:.
720:.
712:.
700:.
677:.
663:.
659:.
636:.
628:.
618:54
616:.
604:^
590:.
580:10
578:.
566:^
552:.
540:.
517:.
509:.
499:82
497:.
474:.
466:.
456:15
454:.
431:.
419:20
417:.
413:.
390:.
380:85
378:.
355:.
343:.
318:21
316:.
293:.
283:.
275:.
263:.
259:.
233:^
144:.
96:.
49:.
42:.
23:A
1677:e
1670:t
1663:v
973:e
966:t
959:v
943:.
923::
900:.
888::
861:.
839::
812:.
792::
769:.
755::
728:.
708::
685:.
671::
665:7
644:.
624::
598:.
586::
560:.
548::
542:9
525:.
505::
482:.
462::
439:.
425::
398:.
386::
363:.
351::
345:8
328:.
324::
301:.
279::
271::
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