154:, although more recent classifications put the boundaries at between 0.5 and 2 Hz. They are the slowest and highest amplitude classically described brainwaves, although recent studies have described slower (<0.1 Hz) oscillations Delta waves begin to appear in stage 3 sleep, but by stage 4 nearly all spectral activity is dominated by delta waves. Stage 3 sleep is defined as having less than 50% delta wave activity, while stage 4 sleep has more than 50% delta wave activity. These stages have recently been combined and are now collectively referred to as
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activity, although delta waves have also been shown to be increased during waking hours in more severe forms of schizophrenia. A recent study has shown that the right frontal and central delta wave dominance, seen in healthy individuals, is absent in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, the negative correlation between delta wave activity and age is also not observed in those with schizophrenia.
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decrease across the lifespan, with most of the decline seen in the mid-forties. By the age of about 75, stage four sleep and delta waves may be entirely absent. In addition to a decrease in the incidence of delta waves during slow-wave sleep in the elderly, the incidence of temporal delta wave activity is commonly seen in older adults, and incidences also increase with age.
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Initially, dreaming was thought to only occur in rapid eye movement sleep, though it is now known that dreaming may also occur during slow-wave sleep. Delta waves and delta wave activity are marked, in most people, by an apparently unconscious state, and the loss of physical awareness as well as the
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tumors. Disruptions in delta wave activity and slow wave sleep are seen in a wide array of disorders. In some cases there may be increases or decreases in delta wave activity, while others may manifest as disruptions in delta wave activity, such as alpha waves presenting in the EEG spectrum. Delta
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Alcoholism has been shown to produce sleep with less slow wave sleep and less delta power, while increasing stage 1 and REM incidence in both men and women. In long-term alcohol abuse, the influences of alcohol on sleep architecture and reductions in delta activity have been shown to persist even
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Disruptions in slow wave (delta) sleep have been shown to increase risk for development of Type II diabetes, potentially due to disruptions in the growth hormone secreted by the pituitary. In addition, hypoglycemia occurring during sleep may also disrupt delta-wave activity. Low-voltage irregular
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People with schizophrenia have shown disrupted EEG patterns, and there is a close association of reduced delta waves during deep sleep and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia. During slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4), people with schizophrenia have been shown to have reduced delta wave
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infant indicates that delta wave activity is predominant in that age, and still appears in a waking EEG of five-year-olds. Delta wave activity during slow-wave sleep declines during adolescence, with a drop of around 25% reported between the ages of 11 and 14 years. Delta waves have been shown to
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EEG-defined subtypes of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adam R Clarke, Robert J Barry, Rory McCarthy, Mark
Selikowitz. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 1 November 2001 (volume 112 issue 11 Pages
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Alfimova, M. V., & Uvarova, L. G. (2007). Changes in the EEG spectral power during perception of neutral and emotionally salient words in schizophrenic patients, their relatives and healthy individuals from general population. . Zhurnal
Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti Imeni I P Pavlova, 57(4),
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and sleep talking most often occur during periods of high delta wave activity. Sleep walkers have also been shown to have more hypersynchronous delta activity (HSD) compared to total time spent in stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep relative to healthy controls. HSD refers to the presence of continuous,
757:"Glossary. A resource from the Division of Sleep Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Produced in partnership with WGBH Educational Foundation". Harvard University. 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-11. "The 1968 categorization of the combined Sleep Stages 3–4 was reclassified in 2007 as Stage N3."
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Females have been shown to have more delta wave activity, and this is true across most mammal species . This discrepancy does not become apparent until early adulthood (in the 30s or 40s in humans), with males showing greater age-related reductions in delta wave activity than females.
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have been shown to regulate delta waves, as lesions to this area have been shown to cause disruptions in delta wave activity. In addition, delta waves show a lateralization, with right hemisphere dominance during sleep. Delta waves have been shown to be mediated in part by
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Inui, Koji, Eishi
Motomura, Hiroyuki Kaige, and Sen Nomura. "Temporal Slow Waves and Cerebrovascular Diseases - Inui - 2008 - Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 55.5 (2001): 525–31. Wiley Online Library. Web. 29 November
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Mistlberger, R. E., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1987). RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WAKE EPISODE LENGTHS, CONTIGUOUS SLEEP EPISODE LENGTHS, AND ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC DELTA WAVES IN RATS WITH SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI LESIONS. . Sleep, 10(1),
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Hiltunen T1, Kantola J, Abou
Elseoud A, Lepola P, Suominen K, Starck T, Nikkinen J, Remes J, Tervonen O, Palva S, Kiviniemi V, Palva JM. (2014). "Infra-slow EEG fluctuations are correlated with resting-state network dynamics in fMRI". .
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Colrain, I. M., Crowley, K. E., Nicholas, C. L., Afifi, L., Baker, F. C., Padilla, M., et al. (2010). Sleep evoked delta frequency responses show a linear decline in amplitude across the adult lifespan. . Neurobiology of Aging, 31(5),
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Inui, Koji, Hozumi
Kawamoto, Masahiko Kawakita, Kazuhisa Wako, Hiromichi Nakashima, Masanori Kamihara, and Junichi Nomura. "Temporal Delta Wave and Ischemic Lesions on MRI." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 48.4 (1994): 891–98.
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Lopes, M.C., Guilleminault, C., Rosa, A., Passarelli, C., Roizenblatt, S., Tufik, S. Delta sleep instability in children with chronic arthritis. Brazilian
Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2008;41(10):
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wave disruptions may present as a result of physiological damage, changes in nutrient metabolism, chemical alteration, or may also be idiopathic. Disruptions in delta activity is seen in adults during states of
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Bagai, Kanika; Peltier, Amanda C.; Malow, Beth A.; Diedrich, André; Shibao, Cyndya A.; Black, Bonnie K.; Paranjape, Sachin Y.; Orozco, Carlos; Biaggioni, Italo; Robertson, David; Raj, Satish R. (15 May 2016).
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Inui, K., H. Sannan, H. Ota, Y. Uji, S. Nomura, H. Kaige, I. Kitayama, and J. Nomura. "EEG Findings in
Diabetic Patients with and without Retinopathy." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 97.2 (1998): 107–09.
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has been suggested as a treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy, and theoretically acts to reduce inappropriate delta wave intrusion, although there has been limited clinical research in this area.
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Abdelkarim, T. H., Westin, T., Romaker, A., & Girish, M. (2002). Presence of delta waves in REM sleep during polysomnography as a sign of acute hypoglycemic encephalopathy. . Sleep, 25, 531.
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Lee, J., Kim, D., Shin, H. Lack of delta waves and sleep disturbances during non-rapid eye movement sleep in mice lacking a1g-subunit of T-type calcium channels. PNAS;101(52): 18195-18199.
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Maquet, P., Degueldre, C., Delfiore, G., Aerts, J., Peters, J. M., Luxen, A., et al. (1997). Functional neuroanatomy of human slow wave sleep. Journal of
Neuroscience, 17(8), 2807-2812.
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This is a screenshot of a patient during Slow Wave Sleep (stage 3). The high amplitude EEG is highlighted in red. This screenshot represents a 30-second epoch (30 seconds of data).
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Foldvary-Schaefer, N., I. De Leon
Sanchez, M. Karafa, D. Dinner, and H. H. Morris. "Gabapentin Increases Slow-wave Sleep in Normal Adults." Epilepsia 43.12 (2002): 1493–497. Print.
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Feinberg, I., T. Baker, R. Leder, and J. D. March. "Response of Delta (0-3 Hz) EEG and Eye
Movement Density to a Night with 100 Minutes of Sleep." Sleep 11.5 (1988): 473–87. Print.
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N3 slow-wave sleep. During N3 SWS, delta waves account for 20% or more of the EEG record during this stage. Delta waves occur in all mammals, and potentially all animals as well.
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While most drugs that affect sleep do so by stimulating sleep onset, or disrupting REM sleep, a number of chemicals and drugs have been shown to alter delta wave activity.
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Delta waves have also been classified according to the location of the activity into frontal (FIRDA), temporal (TIRDA), and occipital (OIRDA) intermittent delta activity.
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Colrain, I. M., S. Turlington, and F. C. Baker. "Impact of Alcoholism on Sleep Architecture and EEG Power Spectra in Men and Women." Sleep. 32.10 (2009): 1341–352. Print.
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Appearance of Parkinsonian Syndrome after Administration of Delta Sleep-inducing Peptide into the Rat Substantia Nigra." Biull Eksp Biol Med. 109.2 (1990): 119–21. Print.
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Hobson, J., & Pace-Schott, E. (2002). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep: Neuronal Systems, Consciousness and Learning. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(9), 679-693.
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The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Fifth Edition (American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Neuropsychiatry)
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Total sleep deprivation has been shown to increase delta wave activity during sleep recovery, and has also been shown to increase hypersynchronous delta activity.
66:(SWS), and aid in characterizing the depth of sleep. Suppression of delta waves leads to inability of body rejuvenation, brain revitalization and poor sleep.
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Afaghi, A., O'Connor, H., & Chow, C. (2008). Acute Effects of the Very Low Carbohydrate Diet on Sleep Indices. Nutritional Neuroscience, 11(4), 146-154.
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Pilon M; Zadra A; Joncas S et al. Hypersynchronous delta waves and somnambulism: brain topography and effect of sleep deprivation. SLEEP 2006;29(1): 77–84.
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Delta waves can arise either in the thalamus or in the cortex. When associated with the thalamus, they are thought to arise in coordination with the
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Brandenberger, G. (2003). The Ulradien Rhythm of Sleep: Diverse Relations with Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones. Revue Neurologique, 159(11), S5-S10.
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De Gennaro, L., Ferrara, M., & Bertini, M. (2000). "The spontaneous K-complex during stage 2 sleep: is it the 'forerunner' of delta waves?" .
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Nezu, Arthur M. ., Christine Maguth. Nezu, Pamela A. . Geller, and Irving B. . Weiner. Handbook of Psychology. New York: Wiley, 2003. Print.
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delta waves, have also been found in the left temporal lobe of diabetic patients, at a rate of 56% (compared to 14% in healthy controls).
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A delta wave, recorded in a one-second sample of an EEG (electroencephalograph). This particular wave has a frequency of around 1 Hz.
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Sekimoto, M., et al., Cortical regional differences of delta waves during all-night sleep in schizophrenia, Schizophr. Res. (2010),
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increase slow wave sleep, they do not increase delta wave activity, and instead increase spindle activity during slow wave sleep.
123:. The reason given is: As of 2007, what was formerly known as Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep was reclassified as one stage of sleep (
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Davenne, D. M. "Enhancement of Quiet Sleep in Rabbit Neonates by Muramyl Dipeptide." Am J Physiol. 253.4 (1987): 646–54. Print.
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246:, and thus have more delta wave activity. In fact, delta-waves are the predominant waveforms of infants. Analysis of the
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532:(MDP, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine) has been shown to increase delta wave activity during slow wave sleep.
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brain diseases, particularly in association with small ischemic lesions and is seen to be indicative of early-stage
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high-voltage (> 150 ÎĽV) delta waves seen in sleep EEGs. Parasomnias which occur deep in NREM sleep also include
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D'haenen, H. A. H., Johan A. Den Boer, and Paul Willner. Biological Psychiatry. Chichester: Wiley, 2002. Print.
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The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications
230:. The secretion of (PRL), which is closely related to (GH), is also regulated by the pituitary. The release of
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showed that the delta wave activity of these patients in stages 3 and 4 sleep were often interrupted by
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Delta activity stimulates the release of several hormones, including growth hormone releasing hormone
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Lands, William. "Alcohol, Slow Wave Sleep, and the Somatotropic Axis." Alcohol 18.2 (1999): 109–22.
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Kara J. Pavone, Oluwaseun Akeju, Aaron L. Sampson, Kelly Ling, Patrick L. Purdon, Emery N. Brown.
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Hakim, Alan; De Wandele, Inge; O'Callaghan, Chris; Pocinki, Alan; Rowe, Peter (10 February 2017).
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Ehlers, C. L., and D. J. Kupfer. (1997). "Sleep: Do Young Adult Men and Women Age Differently?".
602: – a waveform that may be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during stage 2 of NREM sleep
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Delta wave activity has also been purported to aid in declarative and explicit memory formation.
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Slow waves, including delta waves, are associated with seizure-like activity within the brain.
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Temporal low-voltage irregular delta wave activity has been commonly detected in patients with
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Iber C, Ancoli-Israel S, Chesson A, and Quan SF for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
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Walter WG. The location of cerebral tumors by electroencephalography. Lancet 1936;2: 305–8.
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552:(GHB) increases delta slow-wave sleep as well as sleep-related growth hormone (GH).
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Regional delta wave activity not associated with NREM sleep was first described by
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machine (EEG) to detect alpha and delta waves. Delta waves can be quantified using
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Other disorders frequently associated with disrupted delta-wave activity include:
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Alcohol reduces SWS delta wave activity, thereby restricting the release of
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American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics
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often report unrefreshing sleep. A study conducted in 1975 by Moldovsky
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is associated with transient, large amplitude slow-delta oscillations.
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Abhang, Priyanka A; Gawali, Bharti W.; Mehrotra, Suresh C. (2016).
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and in those diagnosed with various neurological disorders such as
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Delta waves are often associated with another EEG phenomenon, the
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Brigo F (2011). "Intermittent rhythmic delta activity patterns".
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203:. During delta wave sleep, neurons are globally inhibited by
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Introduction to EEG- and Speech-Based Emotion Recognition
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Infants have been shown to spend a great deal of time in
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518:, as the name suggests, induces delta wave EEG activity.
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Delta waves, like all brain waves, can be detected by
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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2220:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
2159:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
186:Brain localization and biochemistry
96:quantitative electroencephalography
50:with a frequency between 0.5 and 4
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1228:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
723:. Academic Press. pp. 51–79.
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411:after long periods of abstinence.
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218:(PRL). GHRH is released from the
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1557:Central hypoventilation syndrome
850:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1997.00041.x
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1717:Periodic limb movement disorder
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633:Delta wave – (0.1 – 4 Hz)
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621:Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome
474:(ADHD) and its three subtypes.
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2350:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1989:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1797:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1659:Advanced sleep phase disorder
673:
467:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
405:
2149:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
2120:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1669:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1597:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1113:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.003
582:Delta sleep-inducing peptide
555:Administration of high-dose
516:Delta sleep-inducing peptide
500:"iteration of information".
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2144:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1802:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1674:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
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746:The Journal of Neuroscience
575:
232:thyroid stimulating hormone
102:Classification and features
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495:Consciousness and dreaming
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328:and confusional arousals.
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2271:Late positive component
2139:Event-related potential
1758:Exploding head syndrome
1567:Obstructive sleep apnea
795:Epilepsy & Behavior
657:– (12.5 – 15.5 Hz)
205:gamma-aminobutyric acid
201:T-type calcium channels
2386:Electroencephalography
2180:Bereitschaftspotential
2073:Sleeping while on duty
1622:Idiopathic hypersomnia
686:Walker, Peter (1999).
651:– (7.5 – 12.5 Hz)
594:Electroencephalography
550:Gamma-hydroxy butyrate
525:(GH) by the pituitary.
489:Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
433:temporal lobe epilepsy
415:Temporal lobe epilepsy
196:suprachiasmatic nuclei
148:electroencephalography
78:Background and history
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56:electroencephalography
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1895:Neuroscience of sleep
1627:Night eating syndrome
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542:While hypnotics like
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194:. In the cortex, the
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781:Neuroscience Letters
669:– (32 – 100 Hz)
584: – Neuropeptide
431:and lesions causing
86:, who improved upon
2324:Sensorimotor rhythm
2281:Neural oscillations
2225:Mismatch negativity
2044:Sleep and breathing
1500:Sensorimotor rhythm
663:– (16 – 31 Hz)
609:Sensorimotor rhythm
350:Parkinson's disease
340:Parkinson's disease
269:cerebral hemisphere
192:reticular formation
48:neural oscillations
2054:Sleep and learning
1807:Nocturnal emission
1707:Nightmare disorder
1572:Periodic breathing
645:– (8 – 12 Hz)
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2267:(late positivity)
2169:Evoked potentials
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1240:10.5664/jcsm.5806
1053:978-1-58562-239-9
748:, 34(2): 356–362.
639:– (4 – 7 Hz)
530:muramyl dipeptide
332:Sleep deprivation
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143:
2393:
2355:Oddball paradigm
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2059:Sleep and memory
1999:Circadian rhythm
1746:Benign phenomena
1648:Circadian rhythm
1525:
1524:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
974:
964:
958:
955:
949:
946:
937:
934:
928:
924:
918:
915:
909:
908:
890:
884:
883:
877:
869:
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
783:, 291(1), 41–43.
777:
771:
764:
758:
755:
749:
741:
735:
734:
716:
710:
709:
693:
683:
605:
590:
587:
315:, a category of
139:
136:
130:
114:
113:
106:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2333:
2275:
2163:
2122:
2117:
2087:
2082:
1977:Procrastination
1930:Four-poster bed
1899:
1863:
1857:Polysomnography
1835:Sleep induction
1811:
1782:Sleep paralysis
1741:
1693:
1652:
1649:
1641:
1583:
1542:Mouth breathing
1520:Sleep disorders
1514:
1451:
1442:Quiescent sleep
1422:
1420:sleep disorders
1413:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1277:
1273:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
987:
965:
961:
956:
952:
947:
940:
935:
931:
925:
921:
916:
912:
905:
891:
887:
871:
870:
834:
830:
791:
787:
778:
774:
765:
761:
756:
752:
742:
738:
731:
717:
713:
706:
684:
680:
676:
630:
615:slow-wave sleep
603:
588:
585:
578:
566:
564:Effects of diet
509:
497:
445:
443:Other disorders
417:
408:
396:musculoskeletal
380:
371:
362:
342:
334:
317:sleep disorders
310:
302:cerebrovascular
294:
261:
244:slow-wave sleep
240:
188:
179:
177:Sex differences
174:
172:Neurophysiology
140:
134:
131:
128:
115:
111:
104:
80:
64:slow-wave sleep
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Comfort object
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:Sleep medicine
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1372:
1359:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1291:(1): 175–180.
1271:
1234:(5): 727–733.
1213:
1203:
1193:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1134:
1125:
1116:
1100:
1090:
1081:
1069:
1059:
1052:
1034:
1024:
1014:
992:
985:
959:
950:
938:
929:
919:
910:
903:
885:
828:
785:
772:
759:
750:
736:
729:
711:
704:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
629:
626:
625:
624:
618:
612:
606:
597:
591:
577:
574:
570:ketogenic diet
565:
562:
561:
560:
553:
547:
540:
533:
526:
523:growth hormone
519:
508:
505:
496:
493:
492:
491:
486:
480:
475:
469:
464:
459:
454:
444:
441:
421:W. Grey Walter
416:
413:
407:
404:
382:Patients with
379:
376:
370:
367:
361:
358:
341:
338:
333:
330:
309:
306:
293:
290:
267:, who studied
265:W. Grey Walter
260:
257:
239:
236:
226:(GH) from the
224:growth hormone
187:
184:
178:
175:
173:
170:
142:
141:
118:
116:
109:
103:
100:
84:W. Grey Walter
79:
76:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2398:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2319:Sleep spindle
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:Related tests
2125:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Sleep hygiene
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Sleep inertia
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1737:Sleep-talking
1735:
1733:
1732:Sleep driving
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:Sleep spindle
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1376:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1181:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1074:
1063:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1002:
996:
988:
986:0-632-05361-5
982:
978:
973:
972:
963:
954:
945:
943:
933:
923:
914:
906:
904:0-340-56136-X
900:
896:
889:
881:
875:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:(3): 211–15.
843:
839:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
782:
776:
769:
763:
754:
747:
740:
732:
730:9780128044902
726:
722:
715:
707:
705:0-550-14110-3
701:
697:
692:
691:
682:
678:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
601:
598:
595:
592:
583:
580:
579:
573:
571:
558:
557:nitrous oxide
554:
551:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
514:
513:
512:
504:
501:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
448:
440:
438:
437:Neurofeedback
434:
430:
426:
422:
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
366:
360:Schizophrenia
357:
355:
351:
347:
337:
329:
327:
326:sleep terrors
322:
321:Sleep walking
318:
314:
305:
303:
299:
289:
287:
286:schizophrenia
283:
279:
275:
270:
266:
256:
253:
249:
245:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
193:
183:
169:
166:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
138:
135:February 2022
126:
122:
117:
108:
107:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
71:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
42:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2345:10-20 system
2309:Theta rhythm
2303:
1950:Sleeping bag
1727:Sleepwalking
1712:Night terror
1474:
1429:sleep cycles
1375:
1362:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1184:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1103:
1093:
1084:
1062:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
995:
970:
962:
953:
932:
922:
913:
894:
888:
874:cite journal
841:
837:
831:
801:(2): 254–6.
798:
794:
788:
780:
775:
767:
762:
753:
745:
739:
720:
714:
689:
681:
567:
510:
507:Pharmacology
502:
498:
446:
429:brain tumors
418:
409:
387:
384:fibromyalgia
381:
378:Fibromyalgia
372:
363:
343:
335:
311:
295:
274:intoxication
262:
241:
220:hypothalamus
209:
189:
180:
167:
160:
145:
132:
120:
81:
40:
39:
29:
2235:C1 & P1
2034:Second wind
2009:Dream diary
1885:Sleep study
1825:Sleep diary
1777:Hypnopompia
1772:Sleep onset
1763:Hypnic jerk
1602:Hypersomnia
1552:Catathrenia
1547:Sleep apnea
1457:Brain waves
1427:Stages of
1186:14 February
838:J Sleep Res
628:Brain waves
392:alpha waves
313:Parasomnias
308:Parasomnias
238:Development
88:Hans Berger
41:Delta waves
2304:Delta wave
2299:Gamma wave
2289:Alpha wave
2231:Positivity
2176:Negativity
2068:Sleep debt
2014:Microsleep
1994:Chronotype
1908:Daily life
1792:Somnolence
1768:Hypnagogia
1699:Parasomnia
1617:Narcolepsy
1529:Anatomical
1510:Theta wave
1480:Gamma wave
1475:Delta wave
1465:Alpha wave
1201:2098-2105)
797:(Review).
674:References
667:Gamma wave
643:Alpha wave
637:Theta wave
537:Gabapentin
457:Depression
452:Narcolepsy
427:to locate
406:Alcoholism
354:Rotigotine
125:deep sleep
25:Delta Wave
2314:K-complex
2294:Beta wave
2195:Visual N1
2078:Sleepover
2029:Power nap
2024:Nightwear
1890:Melatonin
1852:Somnology
1817:Treatment
1650:disorders
1589:Dyssomnia
1495:PGO waves
1490:Mu rhythm
1485:K-complex
1470:Beta wave
1447:Slow-wave
1307:1552-4868
1248:1550-9389
661:Beta wave
600:K-complex
535:The drug
398:pain and
250:EEG of a
228:pituitary
216:prolactin
163:K-complex
45:amplitude
43:are high
2380:Category
1945:Mattress
1920:Bunk bed
1840:Hypnosis
1632:Nocturia
1607:Insomnia
1315:28186393
1266:26951415
1098:426-436.
1022:874-883.
1007:24 March
866:33542993
823:11689350
815:21276757
655:SMR wave
576:See also
544:zolpidem
346:dementia
304:damage.
298:ischemic
282:dementia
278:delirium
207:(GABA).
2329:Mu wave
1972:Bedtime
1967:Bedroom
1962:Bedding
1957:Bed bug
1940:Hammock
1845:Lullaby
1679:Jet lag
1579:Snoring
1537:Bruxism
1257:4865560
1211:938–43.
858:9358400
649:Mu wave
462:Anxiety
400:fatigue
252:newborn
121:updated
2360:EEGLAB
2338:Topics
2039:Siesta
1925:Daybed
1753:Dreams
1313:
1305:
1264:
1254:
1246:
1142:Print.
1067:Print.
1050:
983:
927:12-24.
901:
864:
856:
821:
813:
727:
702:
485:(PoTS)
388:et al.
248:waking
1982:Story
1935:Futon
1868:Other
1416:Sleep
1032:2010.
862:S2CID
819:S2CID
156:stage
52:hertz
2265:P600
2250:P300
2245:P200
2215:N400
2210:N2pc
2205:N200
2200:N170
2190:N100
2185:ELAN
1418:and
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1262:PMID
1244:ISSN
1188:2011
1048:ISBN
1009:2008
981:ISBN
899:ISBN
880:link
854:PMID
811:PMID
725:ISBN
700:ISBN
214:and
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