Slow-wave sleep - Knowledge

153:. This is sometimes referred to as "sleep-dependent memory processing". Impaired memory consolidation has been seen in individuals with primary insomnia, who thus do not perform as well as those who are healthy in memory tasks following a period of sleep. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep improves declarative memory (which includes semantic and episodic memory). A central model has been hypothesized that the long-term memory storage is facilitated by an interaction between the hippocampal and neocortical networks. In several studies, after the subjects have had training to learn a declarative memory task, the density of human 331:. Neocortical neurons fire spontaneously during slow-wave sleep, thus they seem to play a role during this period of sleep. Also, these neurons appear to have some sort of internal dialogue, which accounts for the mental activity during this state where there is no information from external signals (because of the synaptic inhibition at the thalamic level). The rate of recall of dreams during this state of sleep is relatively high compared to the other levels of the sleep cycle. This indicates that mental activity is closer to real life events. 296:, and is also partially observable in human beings. Indeed, a study reported a unilateral activation of the somatosensorial cortex when a vibrating stimulus was put on the hand of human subjects. The recordings show an important inter-hemispheric change during the first hour of non-REM sleep and consequently the presence of a local and use-dependent aspect of sleep. Another experiment detected a greater number of delta waves in the frontal and central regions of the right hemisphere. 35: 458:. These structural anomalies are linked to disruptions in the sleep-wake cycle, particularly in non-rapid eye movement (NREM), slow wave sleep (SWS). Thus, individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's often experience disturbances in sleep, resulting in diminished levels of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and reduced slow wave activity (SWA), that is a prominent brain rhythm during NREM sleep. Similarly, even cognitively healthy individuals with detectable amyloid beta exhibit 475:

with age. Moreover, recent findings indicate that older individuals exhibit a decreased inclination for daytime sleep compared to younger counterparts, and this decline persists even when accounting for variations in habitual sleep duration. This age-related decrease in daytime sleep propensity is evident in middle-aged individuals and coincides with statistically significant reductions in total sleep time, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and slow-wave activity (SWA).

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wake–promoting nodes beyond the wake–promoting PB. ... The intensity of cortical slow–wave–activity (SWA: 0.5–4Hz) during SWS is also widely accepted as a reliable indicator of sleep need ... In conclusion, in the present study we demonstrated that all polygraphic and neurobehavioral manifestation of SWS, including SWA, can be initiated in behaving animals by the selective activation of a delimited node of GABAergic medullary neurons.

223: 516: 414:. The activity falls to about 75 percent of the normal wakefulness level. The regions of the brain that are most active when awake have the highest level of delta waves during slow-wave sleep. This indicates that rest is geographical. The "shutting down" of the brain accounts for the grogginess and confusion if someone is awakened during deep sleep, since it takes the cerebral cortex time to resume its normal functions. 570:. The notable increase in SWA following sleep deprivation in the frontal areas, coupled with the prevailing presence of SWA in the frontal regions even during baseline sleep, has been construed as evidence supporting the involvement of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in functions typically linked to the frontal cortices. Thus, the prevalence of slow-wave sleep (SWS) in the frontal regions, particularly those linked to advanced 356:; SWS is associated with the regulation of synapses thus potentiated. SWS has been found to be involved in the downscaling of synapses, in which strongly stimulated or potentiated synapses are kept while weakly potentiated synapses either diminish or are removed. This may be helpful for recalibrating synapses for the next potentiation during wakefulness and for maintaining 479:

regular and recuperative sleep, along with higher occurrences of stage 3 and 4 which are considered as NREM sleep. There have also been studies that have shown differences between races. The results showed that there was a lower percentage of SWS in African Americans compared to Caucasians, but since there are many influencing factors (e.g.,

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thereby promoting NREM sleep at the expense of wakefulness and REM sleep. ... Sleep is regulated by GABAergic populations in both the preoptic area and the brainstem; increasing evidence suggests a role for the melanin-concentrating hormone cells of the lateral hypothalamus and the parafacial zone of the brainstem

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Neurons containing the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are mainly located in the lateral hypothalamus and the incerto-hypothalamic area, and have widespread projections throughout the brain. ... Intraventricular microinjection of MCH increases both slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM

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in the brain. Free radicals are oxidizing agents that have one unpaired electron, making them highly reactive. These free radicals interact with electrons of biomolecules and damage cells. In slow-wave sleep, the decreased rate of metabolism reduces the creation of oxygen byproducts, thereby allowing

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are all common behaviors that can occur during stage three of sleep. These occur most frequently amongst children, who then generally outgrow them. Another problem that may arise is sleep-related eating disorder. An individual will sleep-walk leaving his or her bed in the middle of the night seeking

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Furthermore, a faster behavioral reactivity is detected in the left hemisphere during SWS of the first night. The rapid awakening is correlated to the regional asymmetry in the activities of SWS. These findings show that the hemispheric asymmetry in SWS plays a role as a protective mechanism. SWS is

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The nucleus accumbens comprises a contingent of neurons specifically expressing the post-synaptic A2A-receptor (A2AR) subtype making them excitable by adenosine, its natural agonist endowed with powerful sleep-promoting properties. ... In both cases, large activation of A2AR-expressing neurons

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More recently, the medullary parafacial zone (PZ) adjacent to the facial nerve was identified as a sleep-promoting center on the basis of anatomical, electrophysiological and chemo- and optogenetic studies. GABAergic PZ neurons inhibit glutamatergic parabrachial (PB) neurons that project to the BF,

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Slow-wave sleep is the constructive phase of sleep for recuperation of the mind-body system in which it rebuilds itself after each day. Substances that have been ingested into the body while an organism is awake are synthesized into complex proteins of living tissue. Growth hormone is also secreted

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The left hemisphere is shown to be more sensitive to deviant stimuli during the first night—compared to the following nights of an experiment. This asymmetry explains further the reduced sleep of half the brain during SWS. Indeed, in comparison to the right one, the left hemisphere plays a vigilant

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The slow-wave seen in the cortical EEG is generated through recurrent connections within the cerebral cortex, where cortical pyramidal cells excite one another in a positive feedback loop. This recurrent excitation is balanced by inhibition, resulting in the active state of the slow oscillation of

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lasting at least 0.5 seconds, consisting of a distinct negative sharp wave followed by a positive component, and slow waves or delta waves characterized by slow frequency (< 2 Hz) and high amplitude (> 75 μV) are key indicators. The presence and distribution of sleep spindle activity and

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When sleep-deprived humans sleep normally again, the recovery percentage for each stage of sleep is not the same. Only seven percent of stages one and two are regained, but 68 percent of stage-four slow-wave sleep and 53 percent of REM sleep are regained. This suggests that stage-four sleep (known

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performance, such as route retrieval, on the following day. Additionally, studies have found that when odour cues are given to subjects during sleep, this stage of sleep excluslvely allows contextual cues to be reactivated after sleep, favoring their consolidation. A separate study found that when

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Here, we show that chemogenetic or optogenetic activation of excitatory adenosine A2A receptor-expressing indirect pathway neurons in the core region of the NAc strongly induces slow-wave sleep. Chemogenetic inhibition of the NAc indirect pathway neurons prevents the sleep induction, but does not

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Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and slow-wave activity (SWA) undergo significant transformations throughout one's lifespan, with aging serving as a particularly influential factor in predicting individual variations. Aging is inversely proportional to the amount of SWS beginning by midlife, so SWS declines

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Results from a number of research have shown how sleep affects Aβ dynamics. A good candidate for slow wave activity (SWA), which occurs during deep non-REM sleep, is amyloid-b modulation. The researchers also highlighted a strong relationship between amyloid-b and SWA, pointing out that increased

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J. A. Horne (1978) reviewed several experiments with humans and concluded that sleep deprivation has no effects on people's physiological stress response or ability to perform physical exercise. It did, however, have an effect on cognitive functions. Some people reported distorted perceptions or

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Sex differences have also been found, such that females tend to have higher levels of SWS compared to males, at least up until menopause. Older individuals exhibit gender-based variations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, where women demonstrate increased slow-wave sleep (SWS) during both

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show a lower amplitude of slow-wave activity (SWA) compared to healthy participants. Sex differences also persist in the former group: depressed men present significantly lower SWA amplitude. This sex divergence is twice as large as the one observed in healthy subjects. However, no age-related

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In the present study we show, for the first time, that activation of a delimited node of GABAergic neurons located in the medullary PZ can potently initiate SWS and cortical SWA in behaving animals. ... For now however it remains unclear if the PZ is interconnected with other sleep– and

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MCHergic neurons are silent during wakefulness (W), increase their firing during slow wave sleep (SWS) and still more during REM sleep (REMS). Studies in knockout mice for MCH (MCH(-/-)) have shown a reduction in SWS and an increase of W during the light and the dark phase of the light-dark

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are silent. This is the period when the neocortical neurons are able to rest. The second section of the wave signifies an "up state", an excitation or depolarizing phase in which the neurons fire briefly at a high rate. The principal characteristics during slow-wave sleep that contrast with

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Varga, Andrew W.; Wohlleber, Margaret E.; Giménez, Sandra; Romero, Sergio; Alonso, Joan F.; Ducca, Emma L.; Kam, Korey; Lewis, Clifton; Tanzi, Emily B.; Tweardy, Samuel; Kishi, Akifumi; Parekh, Ankit; Fischer, Esther; Gumb, Tyler; Alcolea, Daniel; Fortea, Juan; Lleó, Alberto; Blennow, Kaj;

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Affective representations are generally better remembered during sleep compared to neutral ones. Emotions with negative salience presented as a cue during SWS show better reactivation, and therefore an enhanced consolidation in comparison to neutral memories. The former was predicted by

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Though SWS is fairly consistent within the individual, it can vary across individuals. To some degree, individual variations seem to be influenced by demographic factors such as gender and age. Age and sex have been noted as two of the biggest factors that affect this period of sleep.

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The sleep-promoting action of GABAergic neurons located in the preoptic hypothalamus (6–8) is now well-known and accepted (9). More recently, other groups of sleep-promoting GABAergic neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (melanin-concentrating hormone neurons) and brainstem have been

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in NAc promotes slow wave sleep (SWS) by increasing the number and duration of episodes. ... After optogenetic activation of the core, a similar promotion of SWS was observed, whereas no significant effects were induced when activating A2AR-expressing neurons within the shell.

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present was significantly higher than the signals observed during the control tasks, which involved similar visual stimulation and cognitively-demanding tasks but did not require learning. This associated with the spontaneously occurring wave oscillations that account for the

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slow waves vary across NREM sleep, leading to its subdivision into stages 1–4. While slow waves and sleep spindles are present in stages 2, 3, and 4, stage 2 sleep is characterized by a higher prevalence of spindles, while slow waves dominate the EEG during stages 3 and 4.

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Longer periods of SWS occur in the first part of the night, primarily in the first two sleep cycles (roughly three hours). Children and young adults will have more total SWS in a night than older adults. The elderly may not go into SWS at all during many nights of sleep.

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Isotalus, Hanna K.; Carr, Will J.; Blackman, Jonathan; Averill, George G.; Radtke, Oliver; Selwood, James; Williams, Rachel; Ford, Elizabeth; McCullagh, Liz; McErlane, James; O'Donnell, Cian; Durant, Claire; Bartsch, Ullrich; Jones, Matt W.; Muñoz-Neira, Carlos (2023).

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slow wave sleep. Failure of this mechanism results in a silencing of activity for a brief period of time. The recurrence of active and silent periods occurs at a rate of 0.5–4 Hz, giving rise to the slow waves of the EEG seen during slow wave sleep.

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Slow-wave sleep usually lasts between 70 and 90 minutes, taking place during the first hours of the night. SWS is characterised by moderate muscle tone, slow or absent eye movement, and lack of genital activity. Slow-wave sleep is considered important for

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Iber, C; Ancoli-Israel, S; Chesson, A; Quan, SF. for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. Westchester: American Academy of Sleep Medicine;

141:(AASM) divided slow-wave sleep into stages 3 and 4. The two stages are now combined as Stage three or N3. An epoch (30 seconds of sleep) which consists of 20% or more slow-wave (delta) sleep is now considered to be in slow-wave sleep. 190:

plays an essential role in hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. An increased level of cholinergic activity during SWS is known to be disruptive for memory processing. Considering that acetylcholine is a

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Some drugs influence sleep architecture by encroaching upon or prolonging deep sleep. Many drugs known to increase deep sleep in humans are of the GABAergic, dopaminergic, and anti-serotonergic classes.

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Ju, Yo-El; Ooms, Sharon J.; Sutphen, Courtney; Macauley, Shannon L.; Zangrilli, Margaret A.; Jerome, Gina; Fagan, Anne M.; Mignot, Emmanuel; Zempel, John M.; Claassen, Jurgen A.; Holtzman, David (2017).

662:(CNS) from gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Oral administration of GHB has been shown to enhance SWS without suppressing REM sleep. In the United States, GHB is a prescription drug under the brand name 178:

subjects hear sounds associated with previously shown pictures of locations, the reactivation of individual memory representations was significantly higher during SWS as compared to other sleep stages.

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that modulates the direction of information flow between the hippocampus and neocortex during sleep, its suppression is necessary during SWS in order to consolidate sleep-related declarative memory.

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and a relatively high amplitude power with peak-to-peak amplitude greater than 75 μV. The first section of the wave signifies a "down state", an inhibition or hyperpolarizing phase in which the

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out food, and will eat not having any memory of the event in the morning. Over half of individuals with this disorder become overweight. Sleep-related eating disorder can usually be treated with

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and birds, have the ability to sleep with only one hemisphere of the brain, leaving the other hemisphere awake to carry out normal functions and to remain alert. This kind of sleep is called

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Considering that SWS is the only sleep stage that reports human deep sleep as well as being used in studies with mammals and birds, it is also adopted in experiments revealing the role of

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sleep; however, the increment in REM sleep is more pronounced. ... Although both SWS and REM sleep are facilitated by MCH, REM sleep seems to be more sensitive to MCH modulation.

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Zetterberg, Henrik; Mosconi, Lisa; Glodzik, Lidia; Pirraglia, Elizabeth; Burschtin, Omar; Leon, Mony J.; Rapoport, David M.; Lu, Shou-en Lu; Ayappa, Indu; Osorio, Ricardo S. (2016).

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during this stage, which leads some scientists to hypothesize that a function of slow wave sleep is to facilitate the healing of muscles as well as repair damage to tissues. Lastly,

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Peigneux P, Laureys S, Fuchs S, Collette F, Perrin F, Reggers J, et al. (October 2004). "Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep?".

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during SWS is detected after the spatial learning task. In addition, a correlation can be observed between the amplitude of hippocampal activity during SWS and the improvement in

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Prior to 2007, the term SWS referred to both the third and fourth stages of NREM. However, after both stages were combined into stage three, SWS refers only to the third stage.

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Oishi Y, Xu Q, Wang L, Zhang BJ, Takahashi K, Takata Y, Luo YJ, Cherasse Y, Schiffmann SN, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Urade Y, Qu WM, Huang ZL, Lazarus M (September 2017).

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during sleep. A predominance of the left hemisphere in the neural activity can be observed in the default-mode network during SWS. This asymmetry is correlated with the

738:) have also been demonstrated to enhance SWS sleep, although they do not consistently bring about improvements in overall sleep duration or symptoms associated with 435:

disruption in SWA is correlated with elevated levels of amyloid-b. Hence, Slow waves of non-rapid eye movement sleep, or NREM sleep, are disrupted or decrease when

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Sleep deprivation studies with humans suggest that the primary function of slow-wave sleep may be to allow the brain to recover from its daily activities.

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Sekimoto M, Kato M, Kajimura N, Watanabe T, Takahashi K, Okuma T (May 2000). "Asymmetric interhemispheric delta waves during all-night sleep in humans".

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hallucinations and lack of concentration on mental tasks. Thus, the major role of sleep does not appear to be rest for the body, but rest for the brain.

3069:"Glucose Induces Slow-Wave Sleep by Exciting the Sleep-Promoting Neurons in the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus: A New Link between Sleep and Metabolism" 1045:

Although the sequence of non-REM (NREM) sleep stages one to four (R&K classification) or N1 to N3 (AASM classification) fulfills the criteria...

3469:"Tiagabine increases slow-wave sleep in a dose-dependent fashion without affecting traditional efficacy measures in adults with primary insomnia" 3697:

Massimini M, Ferrarelli F, Huber R, Esser SK, Singh H, Tononi G (September 2005). "Breakdown of cortical effective connectivity during sleep".

991: 307:, which is a sensitive parameter of the so-called first night effect—the reduced quality of sleep during the first session in the laboratory. 202:

in the brain increases as a result of tasks that demand mental activity. Another function affected by slow-wave sleep is the secretion of

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Sharpley, AL; Elliott, JM; Attenburrow, MJ; Cowen, PJ (March 1994). "Slow wave sleep in humans: role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors".

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Yuan XS, Wang L, Dong H, Qu WM, Yang SR, Cherasse Y, Lazarus M, Schiffmann SN, d'Exaerde AK, Li RX, Huang ZL (October 2017).

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Rasch B, Büchel C, Gais S, Born J (March 2007). "Odor cues during slow-wave sleep prompt declarative memory consolidation".

4544: 523: 4119: 3407: 3018:"Striatal adenosine A2A receptor neurons control active-period sleep via parvalbumin neurons in external globus pallidus" 1861:

Sanchez-Vives, MV; McCormick, DA (2000). "Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex".

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medication. This nocturnal eating throughout a family suggests that heredity may be a potential cause of this disorder.

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over SWS, which discriminates the memory processes during sleep as well as facilitating emotional memory consolidation.

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therefore sensitive to danger and non-familiar environment, creating a need for vigilance and reactivity during sleep.

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Dijk, DJ (June 2010). "Slow-wave sleep deficiency and enhancement: implications for insomnia and its management".

3568:"Effects of trazodone and imipramine on the biological rhythm: an analysis of sleep EEG and body core temperature" 4539: 4152: 4109: 4083: 3842: 1291: 798: 251:

NREM sleep, as observed on the electroencephalogram (EEG), is distinguished by certain characteristic features.

2264:"Reduced Slow-Wave Sleep Is Associated with High Cerebrospinal Fluid Aβ42 Levels in Cognitively Normal Elderly" 2245: 1772:"Dynamics of electroencephalographic sleep spindles and slow wave activity in men: effect of sleep deprivation" 818: 293: 211: 2715: 2058: 4424: 4232: 4094: 636: 4104: 4032: 3877: 838:

Lesku JA, Meyer LC, Fuller A, Maloney SK, Dell'Omo G, Vyssotski AL, Rattenborg NC (2011). Balaban E (ed.).

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Mental disorders play a role in individual differences in the quality and quantity of SWS: subjects with

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Walsh, James K.; Perlis, Michael; Rosenthal, Murray; Krystal, Andrew; Jiang, John; Roth, Thomas (2006).

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Monti JM, Torterolo P, Lagos P (2013). "Melanin-concentrating hormone control of sleep-wake behavior".

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or cognitive regions highly active during wakefulness, underscores the considerable importance of SWS.

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A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects

4534: 4315: 4124: 4072: 4047: 2948: 2616:"Slow-wave activity in NREM sleep: sex and age effects in depressed outpatients and healthy controls" 2413:

Lee, Lee Fun; Gerashchenko, Dmitry; Timofeev, Igor; Bacskai, Brian J.; Kastanenka, Ksenia V. (2020).

360:. Notably, new evidence is showing that reactivation and rescaling may be co-occurring during sleep. 206:, which is always greatest during this stage. It is also thought to be responsible for a decrease in 2849:"Turning a Negative into a Positive: Ascending GABAergic Control of Cortical Activation and Arousal" 2101: 323:

Several neurotransmitters are involved in sleep and waking patterns: acetylcholine, norepinephrine,

3872: 2003:"Night Watch in One Brain Hemisphere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans" 782: 123: 47: 691:, a selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) reuptake inhibitor, demonstrated to shown to improve 546:

During sleep, the distribution of slow-wave activity (SWA) typically exhibits a prevalence in the

4412: 4193: 4002: 2366:"β-amyloid disrupts human NREM slow waves and related hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation" 750:, increases the duration of SWS; it is suspected that trazodone's antagonistic action at the 5-HT 747: 455: 439:(Aβ) builds up in the prefrontal cortex. As a result, this may hinder older people' capacity for 397: 300: 159: 2904:"Nucleus Accumbens, a new sleep-regulating area through the integration of motivational stimuli" 1516:"Targeted memory reactivation during slow wave sleep facilitates emotional memory consolidation" 1073:

The 1968 categorization of the combined Sleep Stages 3 – 4 was reclassified in 2007 as Stage N3.

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Vogel G, Foulkes D, Trosman H (March 1966). "Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset".

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Cicogna P, Natale V, Occhionero M, Bosinelli M (2000). "Slow wave and REM sleep mentation".

462:, characterized by compromised sleep quality and an increased frequency of daytime napping. 109:

activity is synchronized, and characterised by slow waves with a frequency range of 0.5–4.5

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Walsh, James K.; Zammit, Gary; Schweitzer, Paula K.; Ondrasik., John; Roth, Thomas (2005).

2968: 2014: 1662: 1576: 1565:"Low acetylcholine during slow-wave sleep is critical for declarative memory consolidation" 1416: 1383: 851: 632: 440: 244:

in any given 30-second epoch of the EEG during sleep, by the current 2007 AASM guidelines.

237: 150: 82: 1906:"Effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation prior to sleep on the sleep EEG in humans" 685:

enhances both deep sleep while also positively impacting various indicators of insomnia.

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the existing radical species to clear. This is a means of preventing damage to the brain.

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today as the deepest part of stage-three sleep) is more important than the other stages.

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Anaclet C, Ferrari L, Arrigoni E, Bass CE, Saper CB, Lu J, Fuller PM (September 2014).

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receptor may contribute to this effect. A variety of drugs that antagonise the on 5-HT

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and to significantly increase SWS in healthy elderly subjects and adult patients with

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During slow-wave sleep, there is a significant decline in cerebral metabolic rate and

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Moran, Maria; Lynch, C. A.; Walsh, C.; Coen, R.; Coakley, D.; Lawlor, B. A. (2005).

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Slow-wave sleep is an active phenomenon probably brought about by the activation of

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Some of the brain regions implicated in the induction of slow-wave sleep include:

4365: 4292: 4270: 4217: 3977: 2567:"Age-related reduction in daytime sleep propensity and nocturnal slow wave sleep" 2364:

Mander BA, Marks SM, Vogel JW, Rao V, Lu B, Saletin JM, et al. (July 2015).

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Tononi G, Cirelli C (February 2006). "Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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exhibits the most significant rise in slow-wave activity (SWA) compared to the

555: 547: 252: 203: 183: 174: 3663: 3430:"Tiagabine enhances slow wave sleep and sleep maintenance in primary insomnia" 3403: 2806: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2026: 1141: 4528: 4417: 4265: 4222: 4172: 4167: 3940: 3534: 3332: 3173: 2865: 2582: 2431: 929: 418: 372: 187: 154: 3820: 3718: 3468: 3429: 2668: 2465: 2415:"Slow Wave Sleep Is a Promising Intervention Target for Alzheimer's Disease" 1589: 1428: 913: 417:

According to J. Siegel (2005), sleep deprivation results in the build-up of

4385: 4162: 4147: 3755: 3726: 3671: 3593: 3552: 3492: 3453: 3389: 3301: 3252: 3192: 3137: 3102: 3053: 2998: 2937: 2884: 2824: 2777: 2752: 2692: 2642: 2600: 2551: 2489: 2450: 2399: 2350: 2332: 2317:"Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β levels" 2297: 2227: 2170: 2044: 1974: 1931: 1882: 1847: 1771: 1756: 1692: 1651:"Cortical source localization of sleep-stage specific oscillatory activity" 1608: 1549: 1489: 1436: 1379: 1345: 1279: 1237: 1149: 1040: 937: 901:. US Dept of Health, Education, and Welfare; National Institutes of Health. 883: 808: 793: 640: 626: 492: 436: 376: 344:

within the brain are restored with sugars to provide energy for the brain.

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Learning and memory formation occurs during wakefulness by the process of

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Dijk, Derk-Jan; Groeger, John A.; Stanley, Neil; Deacon, Stephen (2010).

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4503: 4449: 4429: 4227: 4203: 4134: 4052: 3945: 3915: 3910: 3900: 3484: 2279: 2194:"Neural reactivations during sleep determine network credit assignment" 1531: 1022: 671: 422: 368: 241: 233: 74: 20: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 2669:"Functional topography of the human nonREM sleep electroencephalogram" 2309: 2307: 2256: 2254: 2240:

Carlson, Neil R. (2012). Physiology of Behavior. Pearson. p. 299-300.

1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1480: 4513: 4464: 4459: 4325: 4287: 4024: 3930: 3920: 3905: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 777: 743: 688: 682: 667: 324: 264: 118: 2734: 2381: 2209: 450:(AD) is marked by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain. 222: 4380: 4355: 4275: 4067: 4042: 3203: 2895: 2304: 2251: 1699: 739: 710: 616: 488: 2496: 1874: 550:

of the brain. In the subsequent recovery sleep after experiencing

503:

difference concerning SWS can be observed in the depressed group.

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Walker MP (1 January 2008). "Sleep-dependent memory processing".

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Slow-wave sleep is necessary for survival. Some animals, such as

43: 3741: 1648: 4474: 4360: 3606: 1364:"Slow-wave sleep: serotonin, neuronal plasticity, and seizures" 328: 114: 3427: 2412: 4370: 4188: 3851: 3696: 3066: 2614:

Armitage R, Hoffmann R, Trivedi M, Rush AJ (September 2000).

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Brancaccio A, Tabarelli D, Bigica M, Baldauf D (April 2020).

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is distinguished by the presence of amyloid-beta plaques and

283: 110: 3566:

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Cairney SA, Durrant SJ, Hulleman J, Lewis PA (April 2014).

1513: 495:), this potential difference must be investigated further. 363: 105:

This period of sleep is called slow-wave sleep because the

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attacks and excessive daytime sleepiness in patients with

217: 4454: 4350: 1723:"Regulation and Functional Correlates of Slow Wave Sleep" 2835: 2564: 2518:"Predictors of slow-wave sleep in a clinic-based sample" 2000: 3803:

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2666: 2657: 1310:"Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density" 837: 451: 89:, and the recovery of the brain from daily activities. 1860: 1253:"Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems" 1100:"Aging in Brain Found to Hurt Sleep Needed for Memory" 1083: 1081: 3315:

Mamelak, M.; Escriu, J. M.; Stokan, O. (April 1977).

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have been shown to increase SWS by 10.6% in elderly.

3157:"Melanin-concentrating hormone: a new sleep factor?" 2667:

Finelli, L.A.; Borbély, A.A.; Achermann, P. (2001).

2185: 2001:

Tamaki M, Bang JW, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y (May 2016).

347: 318: 3762: 3314: 3154: 3115: 2901: 2463: 2363: 2059:"What Happens When You Sleep: The Science of Sleep" 1406: 1357: 1355: 1078: 762:receptors exhibit SWS-enhancing effects in humans. 1903: 1620: 1618: 1307: 1204:"The role of slow wave sleep in memory processing" 1168:"The Role of Slow Wave Sleep in Memory Processing" 896: 240:(EEG). Stage N3 is defined by the presence of 20% 2707: 1904:Kattler H, Dijk DJ, Borbély AA (September 1994). 1769: 599:; specifically, the subset of these neurons that 4526: 2954: 1770:Dijk, D. J.; Hayes, B.; Czeisler, C. A. (1993). 1352: 1308:Gais S, Mölle M, Helms K, Born J (August 2002). 3404:"Xyrem - European Drugs Reference Encyclopedia" 3317:"The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep" 2788: 1615: 918:Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina 914:"[The neurobiology of slow-wave sleep]" 391: 3015: 2128:"The importance of sleep & why we need it" 961: 959: 957: 955: 953: 951: 949: 947: 911: 334: 3850: 3836: 2148: 1161: 1159: 165:Specifically, SWS presents a role in spatial 3148: 3109: 3060: 2846: 2093:INSOM: INSomnia and Its Optimized Management 226:Polysomnogram demonstrating SWS, stage four. 149:Slow-wave sleep is considered important for 2902:Valencia Garcia S, Fort P (December 2017). 2791:"The Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness" 2086: 944: 16:Period of sleep in humans and other animals 4158:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder 3843: 3829: 3652:The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 3353: 3216: 2089:"Review article: Does delta sleep matter?" 1156: 990:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 284:Hemispheric asymmetries in the human sleep 3583: 3542: 3524: 3379: 3291: 3242: 3182: 3172: 3092: 3043: 3033: 2988: 2927: 2874: 2864: 2814: 2789:Schwartz MD, Kilduff TS (December 2015). 2742: 2590: 2541: 2440: 2430: 2389: 2340: 2287: 2217: 2100: 2034: 1921: 1837: 1746: 1682: 1598: 1588: 1539: 1479: 1335: 1325: 1227: 1030: 873: 863: 465: 429: 228:High amplitude EEG is highlighted in red. 2795:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1562: 1361: 1250: 713:availability. Nocturnal single doses of 639:-releasing neurons), located within the 625:(GABAergic neurons), located within the 585:(GABAergic neurons), located within the 364:Problems associated with slow-wave sleep 221: 33: 3155:Torterolo P, Lagos P, Monti JM (2011). 1996: 1994: 1992: 1509: 1507: 965: 218:Electroencephalographic characteristics 4527: 3801:Warren, Jeff (2007). "The Slow Wave". 3800: 3217:Roehrs, Timothy; Roth, Thomas (2011). 3004:affect the homoeostatic sleep rebound. 1402: 1400: 1201: 1127: 1004: 3824: 3265: 1816: 1097: 232:Large 75-microvolt (0.5–2.0 Hz) 23:. For the therapeutic treatment, see 3791: 3777:10.1001/archpsyc.1966.01730090014003 3649: 3513:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 1989: 1720: 1504: 1177:. Supplement to Vol.5, No. 2, 2009. 709:which acts to increases the brain's 510: 162:from thalamic and cortical neurons. 2138:from the original on July 11, 2019. 1628:. Wolters Kluwer Pharma Solutions. 1397: 13: 3689: 3354:Roehrs T, Roth T (December 2010). 2847:Brown RE, McKenna JT (June 2015). 1923:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1994.tb00123.x 1327:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06830.2002 1272:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.029 1208:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 1175:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 1165: 1011:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 924:(1): 209–224, discussion 224–226. 384:, or topiramate, which is an anti- 139:American Academy of Sleep Medicine 73:activity is characterised by slow 14: 4556: 2087:Payne JD, Walker WP (June 2008). 897:Rechtschaffen A, Kales A (1968). 840:"Ostriches sleep like platypuses" 705:is a drug commonly used to treat 348:Learning and synaptic homeostasis 319:Neural control of slow-wave sleep 27:. For the underground hotel, see 3998:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 3993:Central hypoventilation syndrome 3572:Journal of Nippon Medical School 2685:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01597.x 2534:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00959.x 2512:Mokhlesi B, Pannain S, Ghods F, 1626:Slow-Wave Sleep: Beyond Insomnia 1563:Gais S, Born J (February 2004). 514: 506: 134:, and lack of genital activity. 4153:Periodic limb movement disorder 4120:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder 3643: 3600: 3559: 3499: 3460: 3421: 3410:from the original on 2013-08-21 3396: 3347: 3308: 3259: 2762:from the original on 2018-11-04 2607: 2558: 2457: 2406: 2357: 2234: 2142: 2120: 2109:from the original on 2021-06-25 2080: 2069:from the original on 2021-06-21 2051: 1946: 1897: 1854: 1810: 1763: 1642: 1556: 1451: 1301: 1244: 1195: 1184:from the original on 2013-05-09 1110:from the original on 2017-03-17 1064:from the original on 2018-10-04 3765:Archives of General Psychiatry 3085:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0609-15.2015 1368:Archives Italienne de Biologie 1121: 1098:Carey, Benedict (2013-01-27). 1091: 1050: 998: 905: 890: 831: 819:Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep 677:The administration of the GABA 666:. It has been shown to reduce 483:, sleep-disordered breathing, 294:unihemispheric slow-wave sleep 100: 1: 4425:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep 4233:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence 4095:Advanced sleep phase disorder 2635:10.1016/S0165-1781(00)00178-5 1967:10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00258-3 1251:Steriade M (1 January 2006). 970:(Eleventh ed.). Boston. 825: 637:melanin-concentrating hormone 144: 4105:Delayed sleep phase disorder 4033:Excessive daytime sleepiness 3621:10.1016/0028-3908(94)90077-9 1788:10.1016/0006-8993(93)90579-c 1472:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.007 1130:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1060:. Harvard University. 2008. 865:10.1371/journal.pone.0023203 788:Non-rapid eye movement sleep 773:Delta sleep-inducing peptide 658:(GHB) is synthesized in the 392:Effects of sleep deprivation 278: 67:non-rapid eye movement sleep 7: 4545:Biology of bipolar disorder 4238:Nocturnal penile tumescence 4110:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm 3446:10.1016/j.sleep.2005.05.004 3073:The Journal of Neuroscience 2482:10.1016/j.sleep.2004.12.005 1314:The Journal of Neuroscience 1007:"Rethinking sleep analysis" 912:Reinoso Suárez, F. (1999). 799:Sharp wave–ripple complexes 765: 623:ventrolateral preoptic area 335:Physical healing and growth 95: 10: 4561: 4100:Cyclic alternating pattern 3526:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1096720 3372:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.08.002 3235:10.1016/j.jsmc.2010.08.002 3130:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.10.002 2981:10.1038/s41467-017-00781-4 2908:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2163:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002 1675:10.1038/s41598-020-63933-5 605:D2-type dopamine receptors 395: 50:and slow-wave sleep phases 18: 4343: 4316:Behavioral sleep medicine 4303: 4251: 4181: 4133: 4125:Shift work sleep disorder 4081: 4073:Sleep state misperception 4023: 3963: 3954: 3891: 3862: 3664:10.3109/15622971003637645 2807:10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.002 2522:Journal of Sleep Research 2027:10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.063 1910:Journal of Sleep Research 1142:10.1080/10673220802432517 3873:Rapid eye movement (REM) 3266:Walsh, James K. (2009). 3174:10.3389/fneur.2011.00014 2866:10.3389/fneur.2015.00135 2432:10.3389/fnins.2020.00705 1955:Clinical Neurophysiology 1202:Walker MP (April 2009). 783:Large irregular activity 646: 160:intracellular recordings 65:, is the third stage of 61:), often referred to as 4194:Exploding head syndrome 4003:Obstructive sleep apnea 3719:10.1126/science.1117256 1826:Frontiers in Bioscience 1721:Dijk, Derk-Jan (2009). 1590:10.1073/pnas.0305404101 1429:10.1126/science.1138581 1005:Schulz H (April 2008). 748:atypical antidepressant 720:Antagonists of certain 456:neurofibrillary tangles 446:Moreover, the onset of 398:Fatal familial insomnia 301:hemispheric asymmetries 4540:Electroencephalography 4509:Sleeping while on duty 4058:Idiopathic hypersomnia 3360:Sleep Medicine Clinics 3161:Frontiers in Neurology 3118:Sleep Medicine Reviews 2583:10.1093/sleep/33.2.211 2151:Sleep Medicine Reviews 2132:Human Givens Institute 2116:– via CiteSeerX. 968:Physiology of behavior 722:serotonergic receptors 660:central nervous system 615:), located within the 593:nucleus accumbens core 466:Individual differences 430:Amyloid beta pathology 354:long-term potentiation 229: 169:. Reactivation of the 71:electroencephalography 51: 4331:Neuroscience of sleep 4063:Night eating syndrome 4048:Kleine–Levin syndrome 3744:Sleep Research Online 3321:Biological Psychiatry 3284:10.5664/jcsm.5.2S.S27 2961:Nature Communications 1362:Steriade, M. (2004). 1220:10.5664/jcsm.5.2S.S20 656:Gamma-hydroxybutyrate 382:dopaminergic agonists 225: 42: 4485:Sleep and creativity 2920:10.1038/aps.2017.168 2333:10.1093/brain/awx148 1739:10.5664/jcsm.5.2S.S6 633:lateral hypothalamus 597:medium spiny neurons 528:adding missing items 441:memory consolidation 238:electroencephalogram 151:memory consolidation 83:memory consolidation 4480:Sleep and breathing 3936:Sensorimotor rhythm 3711:2005Sci...309.2228M 3585:10.1272/jnms.69.333 3035:10.7554/eLife.29055 2973:2017NatCo...8..734O 2623:Psychiatry Research 2370:Nature Neuroscience 2198:Nature Neuroscience 2019:2016CBio...26.1190T 1667:2020NatSR..10.6976B 1581:2004PNAS..101.2140G 1421:2007Sci...315.1426R 1166:Walker, Matthew P. 966:Carlson NR (2013). 856:2011PLoSO...623203L 707:Parkinson's disease 572:cognitive functions 448:Alzheimer's disease 412:cerebral blood flow 358:synaptic plasticity 305:sleep onset latency 137:Prior to 2007, the 126:sleep are moderate 4490:Sleep and learning 4243:Nocturnal emission 4143:Nightmare disorder 4008:Periodic breathing 3485:10.5664/jcsm.26433 3278:(2 Suppl): 27–32. 2280:10.5665/sleep.6240 1655:Scientific Reports 1532:10.5665/sleep.3572 1526:(4): 701–7, 707A. 1214:(2 Suppl): S20-6. 1104:The New York Times 1023:10.5664/jcsm.27124 804:Sleep and learning 526:; you can help by 460:sleep disturbances 230: 200:Glucose metabolism 167:declarative memory 87:declarative memory 52: 29:Deep Sleep (hotel) 25:Deep sleep therapy 4522: 4521: 4500:Sleep deprivation 4339: 4338: 3812:978-0-679-31408-0 3794:The Mind at Night 3705:(5744): 2228–32. 3658:(Suppl 1): 22–8. 3609:Neuropharmacology 2274:(11): 2041–2048. 1869:(10): 1027–1034. 1822:"Arousal systems" 1733:(2 Suppl): 6–15. 1635:978-0-9561387-1-2 1297:on 18 April 2017. 977:978-0-205-23939-9 693:sleep maintenance 587:medulla oblongata 552:sleep deprivation 544: 543: 327:, histamine, and 311:role during SWS. 214:neural activity. 130:, slow or absent 40: 4552: 4535:Sleep physiology 4495:Sleep and memory 4435:Circadian rhythm 4182:Benign phenomena 4084:Circadian rhythm 3961: 3960: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3805:. Random House. 3797: 3788: 3759: 3738: 3684: 3683: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3587: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3528: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3473:J Clin Sleep Med 3464: 3458: 3457: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3272:J Clin Sleep Med 3263: 3257: 3256: 3246: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3186: 3176: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3096: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3047: 3037: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2992: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2931: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2878: 2868: 2844: 2833: 2832: 2818: 2786: 2775: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2746: 2729:(9): 1217–1224. 2720: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2509: 2494: 2493: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2444: 2434: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2344: 2327:(8): 2104–2111. 2311: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2258: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2221: 2204:(9): 1277–1284. 2189: 2183: 2182: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2063:Sleep Foundation 2055: 2049: 2048: 2038: 1998: 1987: 1986: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1925: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1863:Nat Neuroscience 1858: 1852: 1851: 1841: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1727:J Clin Sleep Med 1718: 1697: 1696: 1686: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1543: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1483: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1415:(5817): 1426–9. 1404: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1382:. 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Neurosci 2411: 2407: 2382:10.1038/nn.4035 2362: 2358: 2312: 2305: 2259: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2210:10.1038/nn.4601 2190: 2186: 2147: 2143: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2102:10.1.1.723.1235 2085: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2007:Current Biology 1999: 1990: 1951: 1947: 1902: 1898: 1859: 1855: 1815: 1811: 1768: 1764: 1719: 1700: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1624: 1623: 1616: 1561: 1557: 1512: 1505: 1456: 1452: 1405: 1398: 1389: 1387: 1360: 1353: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1266:(4): 1087–106. 1255: 1249: 1245: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1170: 1164: 1157: 1126: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1079: 1067: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1003: 999: 983: 982: 978: 964: 945: 910: 906: 895: 891: 836: 832: 828: 823: 768: 761: 757: 753: 736: 729: 680: 649: 612: 583:parafacial zone 564:parietal region 540: 534: 531: 515: 509: 481:body mass index 468: 432: 400: 394: 366: 350: 337: 321: 286: 281: 267:neurons of the 227: 220: 212:parasympathetic 147: 103: 98: 55:Slow-wave sleep 46:sleeping, with 34: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Comfort object 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4311:Sleep medicine 4307: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4091: 4089: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3897: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 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548:frontal region 542: 541: 521: 519: 508: 505: 467: 464: 431: 428: 393: 390: 365: 362: 349: 346: 336: 333: 320: 317: 285: 282: 280: 277: 253:Sleep spindles 219: 216: 204:growth hormone 184:sleep spindles 175:spatial memory 155:sleep spindles 146: 143: 102: 99: 97: 94: 69:(NREM), where 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4557: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4266:Sleep hygiene 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4250: 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