345:
318:
309:
267:
214:
203:
192:
173:
162:
145:
134:
92:
81:
355:
328:
279:
235:
104:
290:
248:
115:
598:. The Committee issued strict guidelines to their Kachaks, urging them to refrain from targeting, harming or mistreating unarmed Slavs, and to refrain from burning houses or churches. Instead, the Kachaks targeted the Yugoslav army and administrative buildings. The Serbian authorities regarded them as mere bandits and, in response to their rebellion, retaliated by conducting indiscriminate operations against the Kachaks as well as the civilian population.
639:
682:, the frequent military intrusion from the Yugoslav side since 1918 into the Albanian side as well as continuous skirmishes between the Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslavian army. Most of the Kachak bands based themselves in the Neutral Zone, and some of the other political figures involved in the Kosovo Committee, such as Hasan Prishtina, also relocated to Junik.
736:, promising to destroy the Kachak bands among other things. Azem Galica and his main force of around 1,000 Kachaks were betrayed to the Yugoslavs by Zogu's regime. In January 1923, Zog's forces, in coordination with the Yugoslavs, invaded the Neutral Zone of Junik; the Kachaks left the zone and moved further into Kosovo, and the area was ceded to the Yugoslavs.
689:- a set of traditional Albanian customary law codes - prevailed as the legislative basis of the Neutral Zone of Junik, which was a deeply traditional area and consisted of multiple clan leaders. The Kosova Committee functioned more as a link to the state of Albania, whilst everyday life in the Neutral Zone followed more traditional customs.
784:
The Kachak
Movement was finally defeated in 1927. The leaders of the Albanian resistance either fell in battle, such as Azem Galica in 1924, or were murdered and assassinated by the Zogist regime of Albania, such as Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri. The Kosova Committee was broken apart by the Zogist
625:
was made an official administrative language, and that the families of the
Albanian rebels were no longer interned by the authorities. The Yugoslavs responded to the attempts at communication with increased violence, and an increasing number of Serbian militias and Chetnik bands were deployed. The
876:
Kosovo remained
Ottoman territory until it was conquered by Serbian forces in 1912. Serbs would say "liberated"; but even their own estimates put the Orthodox Serb population at less than 25%. The majority population was Albanian, and did not welcome Serb rule, so "conquered" seems the right
803:, approximately 12,000 Albanians were killed in Kosovo between 1918 and 1921. Some accounts state that between the years 1912-1920, 150,000 Albanians were driven out of Kosovo by the Serbs. In July of 1921, the Kosovo Committee recorded that the Serbs had killed 12,371
1367:
Si shumica e çetave kaçake, edhe Çeta e Azemit kaloi atje. Me veti i kishte edhe dy gratë: Shotën e Zojën dhe u vendos në shtëpinë e Tafë Hoxhës. Nuk kaloi shumë kohë e në Zonën
Neutrale të Junikut erdhi edhe Hasan Prishtina që u vendos te Salih
964:
of the state to the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (meaning South Slavs) in 1929 brought no respite for the persecuted Albanians. The retribution to which they were subjected (including massacres) continued the now familiar cycle of
538:
organization formed on 1 May 1918. Among their demands were the re-opening of
Albanian language schools, recognition of Albanian as a co-official language and autonomy, with the goal of uniting Kosovo with Albania.
1339:
The intervention of the League of
Nations brought about the formation of a "neutral zone" of Junik in November 1921. Within the creating of the "neutral zone" of Junik, the military reduced the intensity of its
731:
or drove them into exile. In
January of 1923, Curri and Prishtina led another unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing Zog; in between these two unsuccessful attempts, Zogu entered into a secret agreement with the
662:
in which they reported
Serbian atrocities against Albanians and identified the victims. They recorded that Serbian forces killed 12,371 people in Kosovo, imprisoned 22,110 and burnt down roughly 6,000 houses.
590:. On 6 May 1919, the Committee called for a general uprising in Kosovo to oppose the incorporation of Kosovo into Yugoslavia, resulting in the Kachak Movement. The best known of the Kachak leaders were
488:
Many
Albanians in Kosovo and Albania resisted being incorporated in the often changing Yugoslav regimes, knowing that the new Yugoslav forces were the same Serbo-Montengrin troops who had committed
704:. Zogu also gave orders to the relevant administrative bodies of the state to attack the Neutral Zone and to liquidate the Kachaks wherever they found them, but particularly in Junik.
822:
or forced to flee by the Albanian authorities. Albanian authorities also targeted Yugoslav colonists while simultaneously bringing 72,000 Albanian colonists to Kosovo from Albania.
650:
returned to Kosovo to revive the Kachak Movement. As a calculated act of provocation, the Yugoslav government had interned the families of suspected Kachaks to camps in central
814:
Following the Kachak revolts, the colonization of Kosovo would be intensified by the Yugoslav authorities and some 58,263 Serbian colonists would settle in Kosovo. In the
507:
which kept Kosovo as part of Serbia. The conditions for Kosovar Albanians deteriorated as Serbian authorities implemented assimilation tactics such as closing down
411:
In response to the rebellions, Yugoslav authorities retaliated by conducting operations against the rebels and the civilian population. During this period, many
719:
led an unsuccessful attempt at overthrowing Zog, who eventually became the Prime Minister of Albania on 2 December 1922. His quarrels with the leaders of the
811:
in 1919 alone, accompanied by the destruction of 3,873 homes and the expulsion of 30,000-40,000 Albanians from Kosovo who were forced to flee to Albania.
727:
in particular. Zog's ascension to power resulted in the end of Albanian governmental support for Kosova, and he gradually assassinated the leaders of the
547:
In direct response to the military repression and Serbian efforts to disarm Albanians and install Serbian mayors and local officials, Albanian Kachaks in
481:. Despite having an approximately 75% majority Albanian population, it had a less than 25% Non-Albanian (mostly Serb) minority, who wished to join the
518:
Parts of the Albanian population that resisted Serbian rule in Kosovo organised a military resistance against the Yugoslav authorities and formed the
621:
of Kosovo and the military actions of Yugoslav forces on the pretext of disarmament. They also requested that Albanian schools were opened, that the
473:
was formed, a political-military organization of Albanian leaders which tried to defend Albanian inhabited lands. It was also the center of the
1353:
922:
1489:(more than 12,000 Kosovar Albanians were killed by Serbian forces between 1918 and 1921, when pacification was more ... ed.). Routledge.
1432:
Nga Kosova për Kosovën: profile biografike personalitetesh dhe luftëtarësh të shquar : studime, skica, publicistikë, dokumente, ilustrime
511:
schools while encouraging Albanians to emigrate. The Kingdom promoted the settlement of Serb and Slav settlers to Kosovo, thus beginning the
728:
697:
655:
575:
535:
405:
96:
794:
412:
551:
began to overthrow Serbian offices, attack courts and trains, and rustle cattle; in late 1918, some 10,000 animals were stolen in the
423:
were killed from 1918 to 1921 alone. The Kachak Movement was finally suppressed by 1927 due to the combined efforts of Yugoslavia and
489:
444:
1211:
1107:
397:
108:
51:
1578:
940:
1613:
1555:
1545:
1494:
1484:
1144:
988:
978:
950:
898:
504:
448:
692:
Despite the Kachak Movement's popularity amongst Albanians, it was not only opposed by the Yugoslav government, but also by
499:, Serbia suffered greatly from Austro-Hungarian occupation and Kosovo saw clashes between Albanians and Serbs. In 1918, the
840:
408:
and conducted military operations and guerrilla-style attacks against Yugoslav soldiers and administrative establishments.
1603:
696:
and his supporters. In 1922, Zog - who was at this time Minister of the Interior in Albania and a known opponent of the
1253:
626:
uprising was eventually suppressed by the Yugoslav army by November of 1920, however, and many of the Kachaks fled to
1690:
1645:
1528:
1467:
1391:
1307:
1297:
1280:
1221:
1178:
1117:
1083:
1056:
1031:
850:
1457:
1695:
1381:
618:
512:
456:
773:
During the course of the Kachak Movement, the Yugoslavs attempted to pacify the Albanians of Kosovo using armed
582:, with their main demand being the unification of Kosovo with Albania. The Committee predominantly consisted of
1440:
1243:
1168:
1486:
Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic, Fourth Edition
1324:
685:
The Kachaks were primarily concerned with self-government and preserving their traditional way of life. The
1710:
1705:
1700:
492:. Albanians viewed peaceful co-existence as unattainable given the terror and violence they experienced.
1675:
1407:
587:
440:
1213:
Hegemoniebildung und Elitentransformation im Kosovo: Von der spätosmanischen Herrschaft bis zur Republik
777:
bands and colonists, but ultimately, it was the international pressure and the lack of support from the
1685:
819:
294:
700:, began to disarm Albanian Highlander tribes in the north of the country as well as those within the
400:(also known as Yugoslavia). Parts of the Albanian population which resisted Yugoslav rule formed the
240:
609:. Azem and the other Kachak leaders presented a set of demands to Serbian officials: they asked the
1322:
1608:(Serbian troops cracked down, killing more than 6,000 Albanians ed.). MIT Press. p. 5.
478:
474:
119:
818:, Kosovo was made part of Albania, and during the occupation of Kosovo, 70,000-100,000 Serbians
283:
1073:
1023:
Politics of Ethnic Accommodation: Decentralization, Local Governance, and Minorities in Kosovo
867:
1248:, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 79 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 64,
1134:
1021:
807:
and imprisoned over 22,000 more. More than 6,000 Albanians (mainly civilians) were killed by
733:
701:
679:
667:
610:
500:
354:
327:
278:
234:
103:
466:
8:
808:
747:
462:
916:
1651:
1641:
1609:
1551:
1524:
1490:
1463:
1436:
1387:
1330:
1303:
1276:
1249:
1217:
1174:
1140:
1113:
1079:
1052:
1027:
984:
946:
904:
894:
846:
804:
720:
671:
659:
622:
567:
508:
482:
470:
739:
1680:
815:
800:
778:
614:
583:
428:
424:
420:
252:
222:
181:
1518:
1430:
712:
686:
571:
548:
523:
419:, destruction of villages and looting. It is estimated that approximately 12,000
393:
385:
138:
47:
43:
552:
767:
654:
during the spring of 1921, which intensified the resistance. In July 1921, the
1383:
Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
842:
Borders, Boundaries and Belonging in Post-Ottoman Space in the Interwar Period
1669:
908:
153:
1655:
1334:
1323:
Kristaq Prifti (Instituti i Historisë - Akademia e Shkencave e RSH) (1993).
1075:
Paramilitarism in the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924
708:
591:
527:
503:
rewarded Serbia for its effort with the formation of a Serbian-centralized
196:
149:
891:
History and popular memory : the power of story in moments of crisis
647:
606:
595:
496:
177:
166:
751:
716:
218:
207:
763:
579:
531:
377:
755:
364:
Approximately 12,000 Albanian civilians killed between 1918 and 1921
693:
416:
1355:
Hasan Prishtina, truri i levizjes kombetare shqiptare (1908- 1933)
1638:
The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005
774:
759:
743:
675:
627:
602:
519:
452:
401:
389:
289:
271:
247:
114:
85:
638:
724:
651:
560:
381:
795:
Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo § Massacres of Albanians
556:
1605:
Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention
1275:(2. ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. xxxvi.
781:
regime of Albania that finally sapped the Kachak Movement.
392:
from 1919 to 1927. The uprisings began after the end of the
785:
regime, and Kosovo remained in the hands of the Yugoslavs.
723:
made him a fierce opponent of the Kachak Movement, and of
670:
was established in November 1921 by the authority of the
605:, involving around 10,000 fighters under the command of
431:
and quelled the resistance of most of the Kachak bands.
555:
region alone. Albanian Kachaks were also active around
1544:
Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2 August 2004).
1408:"Gjurmime albanologjike: Seria e shkencave historike"
366:
30,000-40,000 Albanians forced to flee Kosovo in 1919
601:
The large-scale revolt was centred in the region of
642:Kachaks in the 1920s controlling a road in Kosovo.
1640:. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
1543:
1516:
617:' right to self-government, and to stop both the
1667:
1379:
1302:. London Sterling, Va: Pluto Press. p. 28.
415:against the Albanian population, which included
1329:. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. p. 163.
404:guerrilla movement under the leadership of the
380:uprisings in Albanian-populated territories in
542:
322:At least 1,000 in the second phase (1921-1926)
313:At least 10,000 in the first phase (1919-1920)
1139:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 92.
983:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 12.
1351:
1266:
1264:
1241:
1132:
934:
932:
750:bands in the lower Sanxhak area, including
613:to stop killing Albanians, to recognise the
576:Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
536:Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
406:Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
1166:
1126:
674:following constant border disputes between
490:massacres of defenseless Albanian civilians
1380:Kofman, Jan; Roszkowski, Wojciech (2016).
1216:. Berlin: Logos-Verlag. pp. 120–123.
938:
921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1517:Bideleux, Robert; Jefferies, Ian (2007).
1483:Ramet, Sabrina Petra (19 February 2018).
1422:
1261:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
929:
445:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1601:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1078:. Oxford University Press. p. 161.
742:, an anti-Yugoslav Albanian leader from
637:
633:
1345:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1019:
865:
1668:
1537:
1455:
1373:
1358:(in Albanian), Prishtina: Pashtriku.de
1316:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1051:. London: Hurst & Co. p. 18.
1004:
976:
868:"Is Kosovo Serbia? We ask a historian"
398:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
109:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
52:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
1635:
1523:. Taylor & Francis. p. 522.
1520:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History
1482:
1462:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 29.
1428:
1386:. Taylor & Francis. p. 272.
1295:
1270:
1230:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1071:
888:
838:
505:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
449:Massacres of Albanians in World War I
1153:
1046:
980:Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo
522:. Under the political leadership of
1602:Phillips, David L. (20 July 2012).
1209:
1194:
1109:The National Question in Yugoslavia
427:, who scattered the leaders of the
396:when Kosovo became part of the new
13:
1476:
1242:Robert Elsie (November 15, 2010),
1092:
1026:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster. p. 62.
942:Contested States in World Politics
866:Malcolm, Noel (26 February 2008).
14:
1722:
939:Geldenhuys, D. (22 April 2009).
353:
343:
326:
316:
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288:
277:
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246:
233:
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201:
190:
171:
160:
143:
132:
113:
102:
90:
79:
1629:
1595:
1571:
1547:Understanding the War in Kosovo
1510:
1449:
1400:
1289:
1273:Historical dictionary of Kosovo
1245:Historical Dictionary of Kosovo
530:, the movement based itself in
513:Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo
457:Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo
1170:The Search for Greater Albania
1065:
1049:The Search for Greater Albania
1040:
977:Bytyçi, Enver (1 April 2015).
970:
945:. Springer. pp. 108–109.
882:
859:
832:
465:, Kosovo had been a center of
1:
1459:Yugoslavia: A Concise History
825:
619:Yugoslav colonization program
434:
1112:. Cornell University Press.
788:
658:submitted a document to the
578:' in 1918 that was based in
463:Independent State of Albania
16:Series of Albanian uprisings
7:
1352:Bedri Tahiri (2008-08-02),
588:Albanian National Awakening
543:Rise of the Kachak Movement
461:Before the creation of the
441:Albanian National Awakening
10:
1727:
1636:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006).
1299:Civil resistance in Kosovo
792:
438:
295:Royal Albanian Gendarmerie
1550:. Routledge. p. 17.
1429:Verli, Marenglen (2006).
570:, who had rallied around
363:
336:
300:
258:
125:
72:
26:
21:
1691:Rebellions in Yugoslavia
1136:Who are the Macedonians?
413:atrocities were reported
1696:20th-century rebellions
1456:Benson, Leslie (2003).
1020:Lenhard, Hamza (2022).
893:. New York. p. 8.
889:Cohen, Paul A. (2014).
586:representatives of the
475:Albanian revolt of 1910
120:Principality of Albania
63:Yugoslav-Zogist victory
1412:Gjurmime Albanologjike
1296:Clark, Howard (2000).
1271:Elsie, Robert (2011).
1072:Tasić, Dmitar (2020).
845:. Brill. p. 247.
643:
594:, Hasan Prishtina and
284:Royal Yugoslavian Army
126:Commanders and leaders
1133:Hugh Poulton (1995).
1047:Kola, Paulin (2003).
702:Neutral Zone of Junik
680:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
668:Neutral Zone of Junik
641:
634:Neutral Zone of Junik
611:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
501:Allies of World War I
337:Casualties and losses
1167:Paulin Kola (2003).
839:Boyar, Ebru (2022).
467:Albanian Nationalism
1711:Massacres in Kosovo
1706:1920s in Yugoslavia
1701:1910s in Yugoslavia
1326:The truth on Kosova
1210:Ott, Raoul (2023).
1106:Banac, Ivo (2015).
770:from 1924 onwards.
534:and was led by the
97:Committee of Kosovo
1676:History of Albania
707:In March of 1922,
644:
1686:History of Kosovo
1615:978-0-262-30512-9
1557:978-1-135-76155-4
1496:978-0-429-97503-5
1146:978-1-85065-238-0
990:978-1-4438-7668-1
952:978-0-230-23418-5
900:978-0-231-53729-2
805:Kosovar Albanians
721:Kosovar Albanians
672:League of Nations
660:League of Nations
623:Albanian language
568:Kosovar Albanians
509:Albanian language
483:Kingdom of Serbia
471:League of Prizren
370:
369:
68:
67:
34:6 May 1919 – 1927
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1368:Bajrami-Berisha.
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816:Second World War
801:Sabrina P. Ramet
729:Kosova Committee
698:Kosova Committee
656:Kosova Committee
615:Kosovo Albanians
584:Kosovar Albanian
429:Kosovo Committee
421:Kosovo Albanians
376:was a series of
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1240:
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1208:
1195:
1185:
1183:
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1154:
1147:
1131:
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1120:
1104:
1093:
1086:
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1005:
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991:
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864:
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853:
837:
833:
828:
809:Yugoslav forces
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713:Hasan Prishtina
646:In April 1921,
636:
572:Hasan Prishtina
545:
524:Hasan Prishtina
459:
439:Main articles:
437:
394:First World War
374:Kachak Movement
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139:Hasan Prishtina
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22:Kachak Movement
17:
12:
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648:Azem Galica
607:Azem Galica
596:Azem Galica
497:World War I
241:Alexander I
178:Azem Galica
167:Hoxha Kadri
1670:Categories
1442:9994380117
1362:2014-02-18
1340:actions...
826:References
793:See also:
752:Novi Pazar
717:Elez Isufi
435:Background
425:Ahmet Zogu
253:Ahmet Zogu
219:Elez Isufi
208:Sadik Rama
1621:19 August
1587:19 August
1563:19 August
1502:19 August
996:19 August
958:19 August
917:cite book
909:875095737
789:Aftermath
734:Yugoslavs
549:Macedonia
417:massacres
386:Macedonia
48:Macedonia
1656:61687845
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965:grievous
678:and the
561:Manastir
378:Albanian
301:Strength
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1681:Drenica
775:Chetnik
764:Kolašin
760:Sjenica
744:Sanxhak
676:Albania
628:Shkodra
603:Drenica
580:Shkodër
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453:Kachaks
390:Sanxhak
359:Unknown
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272:Kachaks
225:†
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