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685:. Some Caribs worship their ancestors and believe them to have magical power over their crops. One strong religious belief Caribs possess is that Creoles practice a style of indigenous spirituality that has witchcraft-like elements. Creole people are Caribs mixed with those who settled the island. An example of said people are Dominican Creoles, who speak a mix of French and the native Carib language.
650:. Unable to recover from the damage caused by the eruption, 120 of the Yellow Caribs, under Captain Baptiste, emigrated to Trinidad. In 1830, the Carib population numbered less than 100. The population made a remarkable recovery after that, although almost the entire tribe would die out during the 1902 eruption of
853:
the Caribs. On Saint
Vincent they became mixed with runaway slaves, forming the ‘black Caribs’ or Garifuna who were expelled to Honduras in 1797. On Dominica the runaways formed distinct Maroon communities while the Caribs remained distinct. A remnant of these Caribs lives on in the Kalinago Territory.
844:
Once the
Cariban languages family was recognized, the “Caribs” came to be called "Island Caribs" or Kalinago, which is what they called themselves. The Island Caribs spoke a mixture of Carib and Arawak called the Kalinago language. (The Carib language proper is spoken in South America.) The original
860:
Keegan and Hofman note that two models for the origin of the "Caribs" have been proposed. One model describes the Caribs as invaders entering the
Antilles from South America shortly before the arrival of Europeans. The second model proposes that the Caribs developed out of the indigenous peoples of
800:
tree is not only functional but spiritual and believed to house spirits that would become angered if disturbed. Canoes have been used throughout the history of the
Kalinago and have become a renewed interest within the manufacturing of traditional dugout canoes used for inter-island transportation
761:
The
Kalinago are somewhat known for their extensive use of herbs for medicinal practices. Today, a combination of bush medicine and modern medicine is used by the Kalinago of Dominica. For example, various fruits and leaves are used to heal common ailments. For a sprain, oils from coconuts, snakes,
852:
The fact that they were warlike is supported by
European accounts and by the fact that they held out beyond 1700 while the Arawaks of the Greater Antilles collapsed within a few decades of European arrival. In 1660 the French and English agreed to leave the islands of Dominica and Saint Vincent to
450:
In the 17th century, the
Kalinago regularly attacked the plantations of the English and the French in the Leeward Islands. In the 1630s, planters from the Leewards conducted campaigns against the Kalinago, but with limited success. The Kalinago took advantage of divisions between the Europeans, to
773:
are a significant aspect of the
Kalinago's material culture and economy. They are used for transport from the Southern continent and islands of the Caribbean, as well as providing them with the ability to fish more efficiently and to grow their fishing industry. Canoes, constructed from the
865:
pottery tradition is descended). Cayo pottery was once thought to have preceded
Suazoid pottery in the Lesser Antilles, but more recent scholarship suggests that Cayo pottery gradually replaced Suazoid pottery in the islands. Cayo-style pottery has been found in the Lesser Antilles from
861:
the
Antilles. Archaeological evidence in support of either proposal is sparse, with "no confirmed Carib sites prior to the 1990s." Cayo-style pottery (dated to 1000 to 1500) found in the Lesser Antilles, is similar to the Koriabo complex (from which the mainland Carib or
856:
They seem to have had the custom of attacking an enemy village, killing the men and keeping the women. This is supported by the fact that the Garifuna language is a mixture of Carib and Arawak, has different male and female forms and the male version has more Carib words.
373:
by warfare, extermination, and assimilation. The Taíno had settled the island chains earlier in history, migrating from the mainland. The Taínos told Columbus that Caribs were fierce warriors and cannibals, who made frequent raids on the Taínos, often capturing women.
426:
in Taíno communities. None of the insular Amerindians mined for gold but obtained it by trade from the mainland. The Kalinago were skilled boat builders and sailors. They appear to have owed their dominance in the Caribbean basin to their mastery of warfare.
486:, that were recognised as reserves. However, the English would later ignore the treaty, and pursue a campaign against the Kalinago in succeeding decades. Between the 1660s and 1700, the English waged an intermittent campaign against the Kalinago.
840:
The traditional account, which is almost as old as Columbus, says that the Caribs were a warlike people who were moving up the Lesser Antilles and displacing the original inhabitants. Modern research has modified this in various ways.
248:
who regularly ate roasted human flesh, although this is considered by the community to be an offensive myth. There is no hard evidence of Caribs eating human flesh, though one historian points out it might be useful to frighten enemy
705:
was apparently associated with ritual eating of war enemies. Early European contact accounts the taking of human trophies and the ritual cannibalism of war captives among both Arawak and other Amerindian groups such as the Carib and
236:
and others suggest that a smaller group of mainland peoples migrated to the islands without displacing their inhabitants, eventually adopting the local language but retaining their traditions of a South American origin.
543:
The Kalinago of Dominica maintained their independence for many years by taking advantage of the island's rugged terrain. The island's east coast includes a 3,700-acre (15 km) territory formerly known as the
725:
would always look after the bones and protect their descendants. The Caribs have been described by their various enemies as vicious and violent raiders. Rochefort stated they did not practice cannibalism.
848:
They were accused of cannibalism. Despite rather lurid European accounts, this seems to have been mainly the ritual consumption of captured enemy warriors, a custom also found along the Brazilian coast.
200:, the Kalinago were one of the dominant groups in the Caribbean (the name of which is derived from "Carib", as the Kalinago were once called). They lived throughout north-eastern South America,
1264:
642:(whose population consisted of 4,338 people) to Roatan island, while the Island Caribs (whose population consisted of 80 people) were allowed to stay on St. Vincent. The 1812 eruption of
556:. They elect their own chief. In July 2003, the Kalinago observed 100 Years of Territory, and in July 2014, Charles Williams was elected Kalinago Chief, succeeding Chief Garnette Joseph.
451:
provide support to the French and the Dutch during wars in the 1650s, consolidating their independence as a result. Such wars have led to a geopolitical boundary drawn separating the
1114:
2137:
1596:
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to meet up with the local Kalinago tribes, re-establishing cultural connections with the remaining Kalinago communities along the island chain, documented by the
496:
jumped off of the "Leapers Hill" rather than face slavery under the French invaders, serving as an iconic representation of the Carib spirit of resistance.
2350:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
2062:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
1936:
Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos
224:. However, linguistic and archaeological evidence contradicts the notion of a mass emigration and conquest; the Kalinago language appears not to have been
2470:
2521:
878:. Cayo pottery also shows similarities to the Meillacoid and Chicoid styles of the Greater Antilles, as well as to the South American Koriabo style.
1256:
2237:
646:
destroyed the Carib territory, killing a majority of the Yellow Caribs. After the eruption, 130 Yellow Caribs and 59 Black Caribs survived on
845:
Arawakan inhabitants were the Igneri. They spoke an Arawakian language different from the Arawakian Taino language of the Greater Antillies.
2526:
1597:"La historia de Puerto Rico a través de sus barrios: Daguao de Naguabo (The history of Puerto Rico through its barrios: Daguao in Naguabo)"
2511:
1442:
1238:
220:. Historically, it was thought their ancestors were mainland peoples who had conquered the islands from their previous inhabitants, the
2531:
1106:
2045:
1519:
Sweeney, James L. (2007). "Caribs, Maroons, Jacobins, Brigands, and Sugar Barons: The Last Stand of the Black Caribs on St. Vincent"
681:
Currently, the remaining Kalinago in Dominica practice parts of Catholicism through baptism of children. However, not all practice
994:
1521:
240:
In the early colonial period, the Kalinago had a reputation as warriors who raided neighboring islands. According to the tales of
2516:
2496:
2506:
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and bay leaves are used to heal the injury. Formerly the Caribs used an extensive range of medicinal plant and animal products.
1987:
2141:
1084:
1054:
1024:
753:(“island of beautiful waters”). Historian William Riviere has described most of the cannibalism as related to war rituals.
197:
2501:
2183:"Canoe Societies in the Caribbean: Ethnography, Archaeology, and Ecology of Precolonial Canoe Manufacturing and Voyaging"
1916:
170:
1580:
1553:
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whose total population is unknown. Some ethnic Carib communities remain on the American mainland, in countries such as
1746:
2473:, Name change announcement of November 15, 2010, by the Office of the Kalinago Council posted at Dominica News Online
2376:
2323:
2101:
1897:
1870:
1798:
1665:
1296:
1814:
710:, though the exact accuracy of cannibalistic reports still remains debated without skeletal evidence to support it.
2491:
549:
483:
76:
2433:
2119:
1958:
812:
artist Aragorn Dick Read set out to build a traditional canoe based on the fishing canoes still used in Dominica,
1288:
1843:
1215:
1172:
1320:
Kim, Julie Chun (2013). "The Caribs of St. Vincent and Indigenous Resistance during the Age of Revolutions".
2437:
2241:
2037:
560:
298:, were then adopted by other European languages. Early Spanish explorers and administrators used the terms
1466:
Mendisco, F.; Pemonge, M. H.; Leblay, E.; Romon, T.; Richard, G.; Courtaud, P.; Deguilloux, M. F. (2015).
353:
suggests that the Caribs had a common origin with contemporary groups in the Greater and Lesser Antilles.
104:
Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago; formerly throughout the
967:
411:
was slated to be the capital of Puerto Rico but the area was destroyed by Caribs from neighbor-island
2454:
962:
651:
643:
1889:
The Rapid Growth of Human Populations, 1750-2000: Histories, Consequences, Issues, Nation by Nation
647:
631:
626:
was greater than the one in Dominica. Both the Island Caribs (Yellow Caribs) and the Black Caribs (
623:
604:
596:
381:
2443:
349:
River area in South America to settle in the Caribbean islands about 1200 CE, but an analysis of
121:
30:"Island Caribs" redirects here. For the people of mixed Kalinago descent from Saint Vincent, see
2093:
2086:
1404:
Foster, Byron (1987). "Celebrating autonomy: the development of Garifuna ritual on St Vincent".
253:. The Kalinago and their descendants continue to live in the Antilles, notably on the island of
2449:
1765:"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominica : Caribs"
1322:
742:
701:
meant "person", although it became the origin of the English word "cannibal". Among the Caribs
1934:
1887:
1860:
47:
2348:
2060:
1833:
1627:
Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century",
1570:
1207:
1164:
891:
694:
666:. As the Spanish began to colonise the Caribbean area, they wanted to convert the natives to
564:
2420:
1818:
1790:
1543:
1468:"Where are the Caribs? Ancient DNA from ceramic period human remains in the Lesser Antilles"
423:
362:
287:
53:
1239:"Study puts the 'Carib' in 'Caribbean,' boosting credibility of Columbus' cannibal claims"
331:(plural). The name was officially changed from 'Carib' to 'Kalinago' in Dominica in 2015.
8:
1406:
935:
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trees, serve different purposes depending on their height and thickness of the bark. The
718:
675:
568:
261:, who share common ancestry with the Kalinago, also live principally in Central America.
201:
88:
2138:"Healthcare Use Patterns in Dominica: Ethnomedical Integration in an Era of Biomedicine"
1472:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
986:
707:
2461:
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1710:
1518:
1496:
1467:
1423:
1386:
1347:
1339:
1302:
792:
508:
366:
24:
1017:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – St Vincent and the Grenadines"
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2372:
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20:
1979:
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2018:
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1706:
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1331:
635:
536:
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By 1763, the British eventually annexed St Lucia, Tobago, Dominica and St Vincent.
456:
443:
209:
117:
2009:
Whitehead, Neil L. (20 March 1984). "Carib cannibalism. The historical evidence".
435:
270:
2367:
Allaire, Louis (1997). "The Caribs of the Lesser Antilles", in Samuel M. Wilson,
2163:
2123:
1920:
1778:
1525:
1046:
947:
887:
786:
780:
738:
545:
489:
475:
452:
365:'s arrival in the Caribbean archipelago in 1492, the Caribs mostly displaced the
340:
258:
217:
174:
105:
2279:
John Hemming, Red Gold, A History of the Brazilian Indians, 1500-1760,1978,index
1764:
1076:
1016:
713:
The Caribs had a tradition of keeping bones of their ancestors in their houses.
2455:
Guanaguanare - the Laughing Gull. Carib Indians in Trinidad - includes 2 videos
2311:
1572:
Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos: Spain and America at La Isabela, 1493-1498
1532:, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, March 2007, retrieved 26 April 2007
952:
925:
897:
2199:
2182:
1913:
527:
2480:
2396:
Davis, D and Goodwin R.C. "Island Carib Origins: Evidence and non-evidence",
1257:"Did Columbus find early Caribs in 15th century Caribbean? Jury is still out"
902:
862:
821:
532:
182:
1675:
1077:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Trinidad and Tobago"
721:
and Cesar de Rochefort, described the practice as part of a belief that the
377:
2270:
Granberry and Vescelius, The Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antillies, 2004
2116:
1505:
1487:
1306:
917:
907:
714:
682:
600:
464:
385:
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is that it means "brave warrior". Its variants, including the English word
241:
233:
2022:
1747:"Origines Francaises des Pays D'outre-mer, Les seigneurs de la Martinique"
1691:"Genocide, Narrative, And Indigenous Exile From the Caribbean Archipelago"
1335:
930:
875:
871:
775:
734:
671:
667:
622:
During the beginning of the 18th century, the Island Carib population in
584:
507:
To this day, a small population of around 3,000 Kalinago survives in the
350:
185:(Kalina) of South America, but they spoke an unrelated language known as
149:
82:
1729:
1631:, ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 234.
1629:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire
1427:
1343:
274:
1862:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival, and the Making of the Garifuna
1690:
1390:
1366:
912:
817:
813:
746:
663:
576:
572:
1749:[French origins of overseas countries, the lords Martinique].
1285:
The Black Carib Wars: Freedom, Survival and the Making of the Garifuna
511:
in northeast Dominica. Only 70 of them considered themselves as pure.
178:
2052:
1382:
370:
805:
639:
627:
612:
592:
580:
553:
479:
254:
213:
205:
137:
70:
31:
729:
During his third voyage to North America in 1528, after exploring
460:
397:
229:
141:
2371:, pp. 180–185. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida.
1047:"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – St Lucia"
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809:
730:
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in Central America. The size of these communities varies widely.
588:
493:
412:
408:
346:
19:
This article is about the Kalinago people. For the language, see
2346:
2058:
1932:
519:
312:
reserved for indigenous groups that they considered hostile and
745:
was killed and allegedly eaten by Carib natives on what is now
616:
608:
419:
389:
300:
280:
250:
221:
190:
502:
2421:
Manioc : Livres anciens | L E dernier caraïbe. Bordeaux.
2038:"Controversy: Was the Caribbean really invaded by cannibals?"
1835:
Garífuna, Garínagu, Caribe: historia de una nación libertaria
770:
16:
Group of people who live in Venezuela and the Lesser Antilles
1939:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 238
2450:
Yurumein (Homeland): A Documentary on Caribs in St. Vincent
2353:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 22
2065:(in Spanish). Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico. p. 22
1479:
1367:"Ethnicity, Modernity, and Retention in the Garifuna Punta"
430:
345:
The Caribs are commonly believed to have migrated from the
1465:
2224:
Carib to Creole: contact and culture exchange in Dominica
1606:(in Spanish). Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades
825:
1660:. Paris: Monum, éditions du patrimoine. pp. 46–51.
2419:, Bordeaux : chez les principaux libraires, 1849,
603:," the descendants of the mixture of Africans live in
474:
with Island Caribs, which stipulated that Caribs would
987:"Dominica's Kalinago fight to preserve their identity"
2318:(ebook ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1959:"Carib, Island Carib, Kalinago People (Anthropology)"
638:. After the end of the war, the British deported the
415:
and by Taínos, from the eastern area of Puerto Rico.
1785:
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
552:
in 1903. There are only 3,000 Kalinago remaining in
1734:. New York: Columbia university press. p. 196.
2085:
1815:"Kalinago People | | a virtual Dominica"
1782:
1199:
1156:
523:Distribution of Cariban languages in South America
308:to distinguish the peoples of the Caribbean, with
2478:
2088:The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528
1643:The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492-1526
2386:, New York: Macmillan Education, pp. 11–47
1139:
1645:. University of New Mexico Press. p. 135.
559:Several hundred Carib descendants live in the
193:language associated with the Mainland Caribs.
23:. For the Kalinago Territory in Dominica, see
1731:French pioneers in the West Indies, 1624–1664
2309:
2092:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p.
1443:"Change from Carib to Kalinago now official"
1107:"Change from Carib to Kalinago now official"
2261:Sebastian Lamarche, Tainos and Caribs, 2019
503:Modern-day Kalinago in the Windward Islands
2221:
662:The Caribs are believed to have practiced
316:for groups that they considered friendly.
2522:Indigenous peoples in Trinidad and Tobago
2446:, National Museum of the American Indians
2347:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
2198:
2126:, William (Para) Riviere, PhD, Historian.
2059:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
2008:
1933:Puerto Rico. Office of Historian (1949).
1541:
1495:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1255:Jennifer, Ouellette (December 29, 2020).
835:
820:. They launched a voyage by canoe to the
678:and killed five of its members, in 1579.
440:A Family of Carib natives drawn from life
1831:
1655:
1254:
526:
518:
470:In 1660, France and England signed the
434:
431:Resistance to the English and the French
376:
356:
228:, but like that of their neighbors, the
148:
2432:Quest of the Carib Canoe - documentary
2035:
2011:Journal de la Société des Américanistes
1885:
1144:. University of Bern. pp. 7, 8, 9.
2479:
2369:The Indigenous People of the Caribbean
2187:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2180:
2168:Indigenous Kalinago People of Dominica
2048:from the original on February 3, 2024.
1858:
1832:Gargallo, Francesca (August 4, 2002).
1777:
1744:
1727:
1688:
1568:
1459:
1403:
1364:
1282:
1271:
1267:from the original on February 3, 2024.
997:from the original on 15 September 2021
548:that was granted to the people by the
2083:
1990:from the original on 12 February 2015
1923:, Copyright © Delphis Ltd. 1997–2011.
1640:
1623:
1621:
1575:. Yale University Press. p. 32.
1440:
1397:
1358:
1250:
1248:
1197:
1154:
361:Over the two centuries leading up to
2405:The Memoirs of Père Labat, 1693–1705
1530:African Diaspora Archaeology Network
1135:
1133:
1131:
1027:from the original on 4 February 2020
881:
181:. They may have been related to the
99:Regions with significant populations
2527:Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean
2117:Historical Notes on Carib Territory
1886:Stanton, William (August 4, 2003).
1589:
1319:
1313:
670:. The Caribs destroyed a church of
478:all the Lesser Antilles except for
290:. One hypothesis for the origin of
13:
2512:Indigenous culture of the Americas
2333:
2036:Johnson, Stephen (July 6, 2023) .
1977:
1649:
1618:
1548:. Infobase Publishing. p. 9.
1245:
1206:. Yale University Press. pp.
14:
2543:
2532:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
2426:
2135:
1163:. Yale University Press. p.
1140:Haurholm-Larsen, Steffen (2016).
1128:
1057:from the original on 27 June 2017
808:Carib artist Jacob Frederick and
2384:Grenada, A history of its people
2288:Keegan & Hofman 2017:232–233
1545:A Brief History of the Caribbean
1087:from the original on 27 May 2021
77:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
46:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2230:
2215:
2174:
2156:
2129:
2110:
2077:
2029:
2002:
1971:
1951:
1926:
1906:
1879:
1852:
1825:
1807:
1771:
1757:
1738:
1728:Crouse, Nellis Maynard (1940).
1721:
1682:
1634:
1562:
1535:
1512:
1434:
1289:University Press of Mississippi
1117:from the original on 2016-03-08
396:Caribs traded with the Eastern
153:Drawing of a Carib woman (1888)
2517:Indigenous peoples in Dominica
2497:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
1984:Online Etymological Dictionary
1865:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
1707:10.1080/00086495.2014.11671886
1420:10.1080/00086495.1987.11671718
1231:
1191:
1148:
1099:
1069:
1039:
1009:
979:
688:
1:
2382:Steele, Beverley A. (2003).
2316:The Caribbean before Columbus
1859:Taylor, Chris (May 3, 2012).
973:
2438:The Quest of the Carib Canoe
2393:, MacMillan Education, 1995.
2297:Keegan & Hofman 2017:234
1892:. multi-science publishing.
1569:Deagan, Kathleen A. (2008).
1371:Black Music Research Journal
1287:. Caribbean Studies Series.
1283:Taylor, Christopher (2012).
830:The Quest of the Carib Canoe
216:, and possibly the southern
7:
2507:History of Îles des Saintes
2222:Honychurch, Lennox (1997).
2084:Wroth, Lawrence C. (1970).
1689:Newton, Melanie J. (2014).
941:
756:
657:
531:Carib Warrior (mixed media
10:
2548:
2502:History of British Grenada
2303:
2238:"Quest of the Carib Canoe"
1789:. Harper Collins. p.
1365:Greene, Oliver N. (2002).
968:Santa Rosa Carib Community
418:The Kalinago produced the
407:In its early days, Daguao
338:
334:
268:
29:
18:
2200:10.1016/j.jaa.2019.101140
1902:– via Google Books.
1875:– via Google Books.
1848:– via Google Books.
1542:Figueredo, D. H. (2008).
963:Kalinago Genocide of 1626
765:
514:
271:Kalina people § Name
136:
131:
116:
111:
103:
98:
66:
61:
45:
1914:"The Caribs in Dominica"
1656:Delpuech, André (2001).
1604:www.pbslearningmedia.org
455:which they inhabit from
2492:Circum-Caribbean tribes
2226:. University of Oxford.
1745:Margry, Pierre (1878).
1658:Guadeloupe amérindienne
1641:Floyd, Troy S. (1973).
472:Treaty of Saint Charles
264:
122:Dominican Creole French
2444:Mainland Carib artwork
2343:, 1950, pp. 214–5
2339:Patrick Leigh Fermor,
2181:Shearn, Issac (2020).
1488:10.1098/rstb.2013.0388
1323:Early American Studies
1198:Rouse, Irving (1992).
1155:Rouse, Irving (1992).
749:, near a place called
743:Giovanni da Verrazzano
615:in South America, and
540:
524:
447:
393:
286:was first recorded by
154:
138:Garifuna (Black Carib)
2389:Honeychurch, Lennox,
2023:10.3406/jsa.1984.2239
1336:10.1353/eam.2013.0007
1142:A Grammar of Garifuna
892:president of Dominica
630:) fought against the
569:Antigua & Barbuda
565:St. Kitts & Nevis
530:
522:
438:
384:ceremonial axe. From
380:
357:Pre-Columbian history
339:Further information:
242:Spanish conquistadors
152:
132:Related ethnic groups
2400:, vol.55 no.1(1990).
2341:The Traveller's Tree
2310:Keegan, William F.;
1821:on October 26, 2010.
1447:Dominica News Online
1441:Admin (2015-02-22).
1111:Dominica News Online
561:U. S. Virgin Islands
459:once settled by the
363:Christopher Columbus
288:Christopher Columbus
275:Garifuna § Name
244:, the Kalinago were
189:. They also spoke a
161:, formerly known as
54:John Gabriel Stedman
2407:, Frank Cass, 1970.
1753:(in French): 287–8.
1695:Caribbean Quarterly
1407:Caribbean Quarterly
936:Jay Emmanuel-Thomas
741:, Italian explorer
719:Jean Baptiste Labat
676:Aguada, Puerto Rico
202:Trinidad and Tobago
89:Trinidad and Tobago
42:
2417:Le dernier Caraïbe
2398:American Antiquity
2391:The Dominica Story
2312:Hofman, Corinne L.
2122:2011-10-06 at the
1919:2012-03-03 at the
1912:Menhinick, Kevin,
1524:2012-02-27 at the
1241:. 10 January 2020.
793:Hymenaea courbaril
550:British government
541:
525:
509:Kalinago Territory
448:
424:Juan Ponce de León
422:products found by
394:
155:
40:
25:Kalinago Territory
2144:on April 22, 2019
1978:Harper, Douglas.
1751:La Revue maritime
958:Cariban languages
882:Notable Kalinagos
874:, and, possibly,
723:ancestral spirits
492:and his men from
446:, c. 1765 – 1770s
402:Caribbean Islands
388:, Mt Irvine Bay,
321:Kalinago language
171:Indigenous people
147:
146:
52:Carib family (by
21:Kalinago language
2539:
2414:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2329:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2234:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2164:"Canoe Building"
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2091:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1817:. Archived from
1811:
1805:
1804:
1788:
1779:Ostler, Nicholas
1775:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1533:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1499:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1205:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1162:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
993:. 15 July 2018.
983:
636:Second Carib War
537:George S. Stuart
457:Greater Antilles
444:Agostino Brunias
210:Windward Islands
62:Total population
50:
43:
39:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2477:
2476:
2429:
2412:
2356:
2354:
2336:
2334:Further reading
2326:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2124:Wayback Machine
2115:
2111:
2104:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2034:
2030:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1927:
1921:Wayback Machine
1911:
1907:
1900:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1830:
1826:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1743:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1526:Wayback Machine
1517:
1513:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1402:
1398:
1383:10.2307/1519956
1363:
1359:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1281:
1272:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1000:
998:
985:
984:
980:
976:
948:Carib Expulsion
944:
888:Sylvanie Burton
884:
838:
798:Ceiba pentandra
787:Ceiba pentandra
781:Cedrela odorata
768:
759:
739:Lesser Antilles
717:, such as Père
691:
660:
546:Carib Territory
517:
505:
490:Chief Kairouane
453:Lesser Antilles
433:
359:
343:
341:Carib Expulsion
337:
327:(singular) and
277:
267:
218:Leeward Islands
198:Spanish contact
196:At the time of
183:Mainland Caribs
175:Lesser Antilles
106:Lesser Antilles
94:
57:
38:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2427:External links
2425:
2424:
2423:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2229:
2214:
2173:
2155:
2136:Regan, Seann.
2128:
2109:
2102:
2076:
2051:
2028:
2001:
1970:
1950:
1925:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1851:
1844:
1824:
1806:
1799:
1770:
1756:
1737:
1720:
1681:
1666:
1648:
1633:
1617:
1588:
1582:978-0300133899
1581:
1561:
1555:978-1438108315
1554:
1534:
1511:
1458:
1433:
1414:(3/4): 75–83.
1396:
1377:(2): 189–216.
1357:
1330:(1): 117–132.
1312:
1297:
1270:
1244:
1230:
1216:
1190:
1173:
1147:
1127:
1113:. 2015-02-22.
1098:
1068:
1038:
1008:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
953:Carib language
950:
943:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
926:Lester Prosper
923:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Liam Sebastien
895:
883:
880:
837:
834:
801:and fishing.
767:
764:
758:
755:
690:
687:
659:
656:
516:
513:
504:
501:
463:known as the "
432:
429:
358:
355:
336:
333:
266:
263:
145:
144:
134:
133:
129:
128:
114:
113:
109:
108:
101:
100:
96:
95:
93:
92:
91:: Small number
86:
85:: Small number
80:
74:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
51:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2544:
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2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
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2498:
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2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:Eaden, John,
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2377:0-8130-1531-6
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2325:9780190647353
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2244:on 2013-09-11
2243:
2239:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2103:0-300-01207-1
2099:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1899:9780906522219
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1872:9781617033100
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1838:. Siglo XXI.
1837:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1800:9780066210865
1796:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1667:9782858223671
1663:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:9781617033100
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1187:
1186:Island Carib.
1176:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
996:
992:
988:
982:
978:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:Audel Laville
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:Kellyn George
901:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
879:
877:
873:
869:
864:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
833:
831:
827:
823:
822:Orinoco delta
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
783:
782:
777:
772:
763:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
704:
700:
696:
686:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
538:
534:
533:wax sculpture
529:
521:
512:
510:
500:
497:
495:
491:
487:
485:
484:Saint Vincent
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:
441:
437:
428:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
354:
352:
348:
342:
332:
330:
326:
323:endonyms are
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
238:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:Island Caribs
160:
151:
143:
139:
135:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
102:
97:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
60:
55:
49:
44:
33:
26:
22:
2465:
2440:- dead link.
2416:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2368:
2355:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2315:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:the original
2232:
2223:
2217:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2131:
2112:
2087:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2061:
2054:
2041:
2031:
2017:(1): 69–87.
2014:
2010:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1983:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1935:
1928:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1861:
1854:
1834:
1827:
1819:the original
1809:
1784:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1628:
1608:. Retrieved
1603:
1591:
1571:
1564:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1514:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1436:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1284:
1261:Ars Technica
1260:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1201:
1193:
1185:
1178:. Retrieved
1158:
1150:
1141:
1119:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1091:23 September
1089:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1061:23 September
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1031:23 September
1029:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
1001:23 September
999:. Retrieved
990:
981:
918:Garth Joseph
908:Tobi Jnohope
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:The "Caribs"
829:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
769:
760:
750:
728:
715:Missionaries
712:
702:
698:
695:Island Carib
692:
683:Christianity
680:
661:
652:La Soufrière
644:La Soufrière
621:
601:Black Caribs
558:
542:
506:
498:
488:
471:
469:
465:poison arrow
449:
439:
417:
406:
395:
386:shell midden
360:
344:
328:
324:
318:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
291:
283:
278:
239:
234:Irving Rouse
195:
187:Island Carib
166:
162:
158:
156:
126:Island Carib
37:Ethnic group
2415:Brard, R.,
2413:(in French)
1994:12 February
1307:j.ctt24hxr2
931:Julian Wade
894:since 2023.
876:Saint Kitts
872:Basse-Terre
776:Burseraceae
735:the Bahamas
689:Cannibalism
672:Franciscans
668:Catholicism
648:St. Vincent
634:during the
624:St. Vincent
605:St. Vincent
597:St. Vincent
585:Saint Lucia
351:ancient DNA
124:, formerly
83:Saint Lucia
2481:Categories
2471:"Kalinago"
2466:Ethnologue
2248:2013-09-05
2193:: 101140.
1980:"Cannibal"
1964:2019-03-23
1845:9682323657
1452:2023-05-24
1217:0300051816
1202:The Tainos
1174:0300051816
1159:The Tainos
1121:2016-03-03
974:References
913:Fitz Jolly
818:Martinique
814:Guadeloupe
747:Guadeloupe
664:polytheism
577:Martinique
573:Guadeloupe
535:by artist
467:curtain".
382:Greenstone
369:-speaking
269:See also:
165:or simply
2357:4 January
2209:213414242
2148:April 22,
2069:4 January
2042:BIg Think
1943:4 January
1715:163455608
1610:29 August
1352:144195511
708:Tupinambá
367:Maipurean
246:cannibals
179:Caribbean
169:, are an
112:Languages
2487:Kalinago
2314:(2017).
2120:Archived
2046:Archived
1988:Archived
1917:Archived
1781:(2005).
1701:(2): 5.
1676:48617879
1522:Archived
1506:25487339
1478:(1660).
1428:40654135
1344:23546705
1265:Archived
1115:Archived
1085:Archived
1081:refworld
1055:Archived
1051:refworld
1025:Archived
1021:refworld
995:Archived
991:BBC News
942:See also
806:Dominica
804:In 1997
757:Medicine
751:Karukera
737:and the
658:Religion
640:Garifuna
628:Garifuna
613:Suriname
593:Trinidad
581:Dominica
554:Dominica
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476:evacuate
329:Kalinago
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1795:ISBN
1672:OCLC
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