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the offices to try and ensure that as many as possible of the records might be retained, in order to be used evidence in the event of future prosecutions. What survived in respect of "IM Ritter" - Karl-Heinz
Gerstner - was approximately 2,000 pages covering the years 1975 to 1985. Staadt is not entirely persuaded by the thread he identifies in Gerstner's book whereby the author was constantly on the right side of history even where he pretended not to be, as a socialist student who joined the Nazis to resist them from within, as an embassy worker under the Nazis who helped the French Resistance, as an East German socialist who always knew what was wrong with the system, who sympathised with the victims of the
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members of the permanent diplomatic corps hierarchy and those, such as himself, seconded to the embassy from outside the "civil service" talent pool. In some ways this allowed him a flexibility in interpreting and defining his role which would not have been available to a career diplomat. Reports indicate that his superiors found him to be highly competent, with a useful personal charm and excellent contacts to the local business community that enabled him to provide exceptionally reliable reports. There is an assessment from a relatively unsympathetic commentator that for many practical purposes he quickly came to replace Hans Kuntze, his somewhat "laid-back" head of department.
960:
those states which were "of significance because of their political activities against the German
Democratic Republic". Superfluous clarification followed: he was to concentrate his efforts on diplomats from "West Germany, the USA, England, France - above all, NATO countries". The East German security services would see to it that he would be included on the guest lists for diplomatic receptions and provide other resources to help him deepen his contacts with relevant diplomats.
463:. At the same time the Foreign Ministry offered him a job based on his mastery of the French language, and in April 1940 he started work as a translator in the ministry's radio department. His core responsibilities involved translating "propaganda texts" into French. There is reason to think that even at this stage he was not beyond applying a little ad hoc diplomacy, where appropriate. Working in the broadcasting department of
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same could be said for the Indian ambassador's urgings concerning acceptance of educated migrants from India including the representation that "the migration policy must be made more generous". But the same cannot be said about
Gernstner's string of communications about East German citizens turning up, without official permission, to take part in receptions at West German embassies, nor about his digging around to identify
864:. The relevant information was already in the public domain, since it had been disclosed in Krug's own memoires. In 1976 Krug was banned from performing in public because he participated in protests against the expulsion from the country and deprivation of citizenship suffered by his friend, the popular singer
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since 1975. He had been identified in Stasi files under the code name "IM Ritter", a characteristically ironic choice of name, since apart from "Ritter" being the German word for "knight", Gerstner's biological father had been the Nazi diplomat Karl Ritter. The Stasi had paid
Gerstner a supplementary
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Although the political differences implicit in the military and administrative division of Berlin since 1945 would, after 1949, be replicated by increasingly stark social, economic and eventually physical barriers, during the late 1940s
Berliners could pass freely between "sectors", often with little
1605:
Weil der Aufbau einer sozialistischen
Wirtschaft sich schwierig gestaltete, überlegte die SED zusammen mit dem DDR-Hörfunk, wie das sozialistische Wirtschaftsleben der DDR-Bevölkerung vermittelt werden könne. Die neuen Rundfunkformate sollten auch Unterhaltung bieten. Zur Finanzierung schreckte man
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reacted by transferring some of the journalists on their books to the "Defence department". In
Gerstner's case, the transfer took place at his apartment in November 1975. He was introduced to his new handler and given his new instructions. He was to establish contact with diplomats, especially from
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indicate there may have been a little more to it than that. They refer to
Gerstner having been "recruited by Soviet friends to educate former Nazi members and gather information" back in 1946. KGB handlers had shown particular interest in Trotzkyists among his contacts in the French Resistance, and
922:
that heralded the end of the East German dictatorship were largely peaceful in nature, many of the carefully stored and indexed records kept in the regional Stasi offices were hastily gathered up and incinerated. In many cities, when they realised what was being done, indignant citizens broke in to
617:
activists whom Karl-Heinz and
Sibylle had known during their time in Paris. The statements demonstrated that Gerstner (unlike most of the staff at the Paris embassy) had never been a convinced Nazi, and they included several sworn statements attesting ways in which he had helped Resistance members
595:
troops withdrew to the pre-agreed frontiers, leaving the
British to take control in this part of Berlin. British military police arrested Gerstner on 24 July 1945, reasoning that since he had worked at the German embassy in Paris he must have been a senior Nazi official. They handed him over to the
510:
Karl-Heinz Gerstner had many more opportunities than most people retrospectively to present his wartime career selectively: there have been suggestions that his enthusiastic pro-government pronouncements, which many sources play down, would have figured more prominently in the record of his wartime
980:
and others had said at regular diplomatic receptions. Gaus' assessment, passed on by Gerstner in 1976, that the flood of applications to leave the country indicated that "the political situation in the German Democratic Republic not very stable" might be seen as a simple "diplomatic report". The
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television programme for which he was employed as the economic commentator, also including in his presentations some political aspects of topics covered and, on occasion hints of political criticism in his analyses. Gerstner became a favourite with viewers, on several occasions topping popularity
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as an "Academic support assistant in the Economy Department" at the German embassy in Paris. In his own later autobiographical contributions he indicated that this was more a continuation of his previous role than might appear from the job title: he was also keen to stress the difference between
410:
became the German ambassador to Brazil may also have counted in Gerstner's favour with German diplomatic staff in Paris. After a few weeks he was offered a permanent position at the newly expanded trade mission, and his status as an "articled law clerk" was apparently suspended or overlooked. In
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code. It had taken his wife six months to organise the written statements, and she had entered a closed military zone in the city "under fire" from a Soviet sentry in order to hand over the papers. In his memoire Gernstner concluded the chapter in question, "I owe her my life". There was no
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in order to say "farewell" to people whom he had last known under wartime conditions (and possibly also to thank in person some of those whose written testimonies had contributed to his release from detention six months earlier). In Autumn 1946 he was recruited into the "National German
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career if the war itself had ended differently. Certainly Gerstner's actions in support of the French resistance agenda became anything but covert in 1946, and some, at least, of the more pressing evidence supporting it appears to sourced, directly or indirectly, from his own writings.
257:
organisations, remaining a member of the latter till 1930. At school, he later recalled, a love of the French language and culture was awakened in him. It was also during this period that he won a public speaking competition staged for Berlin school children by the
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in southern Silesia. Boden, who later became a highly successful fashion designer, noticed the excellent quality of the suit he was wearing. Evidently there were other mutual attractions, since the two of them would quickly become a couple: in 1945 they married.
786:), a motto the first part of which he would later re-activate as the title for his 1999 autobiography. This was the only regular programme dealing expressly with economics in the schedules. Between 1965 and 1978 he appeared regularly on "Prisma", a long-running
550:). It has been suggested - perhaps uncharitably - that this gave him an opportunity to hone a peculiar talent for charming people into providing information that he could then pass on for pecuniary gain, which after 1975 would by of significant value to the
963:
Gerstner asserts in his memoires that he "did not feel he was being required to do anything dishonest. knew only too well how to differentiate between what was confidential, private and nobody else's business on the one hand, and on the other what was a
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in former Foreign Ministry employees. After a time, however, the KGB seem to have downgraded Gerstner's usefulness as they decided that his relevant knowledge was becoming out of date, and they passed his details across to their East German counterparts.
702:, where Gerstner continued to live after the Soviets released him, was in the British sector. However, many in his social circle were living in the US sector where he would visit and engage in discussions with politically like-minded friends including
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prisoner of war holding centre in what had previously been the cellar for keeping the bodies of dead animals cool at the former Veterinary Medicine Institute in central Berlin. On 21 September 1945 he was moved to "more appropriate" accommodation in
347:. Nevertheless, in his autobiography published in 1999 Gerstner evidently identified an inconsistency which could not go unremarked. He had taken the step, he wrote, only "out of hatred against Hitler ... in order something against the Nazis" (
690:. Intriguingly, the personnel department of the SED attempted (without success) to block Gerstner's recruitment into the Soviet-sponsored "trade administration". They cited strong doubts over Gerstner's assertion that he had joined the
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and itself administered as four separate military zones (or "sectors"). On 2 May 1945, a few days before the formal end of the war, the local Soviet commander appointed Karl-Heinz Gerstner to serve as "second deputy mayor" in
490:. Kiesinger had, by this time, already received his call-up papers, requiring him to join the army. However, on 5 April 1940 he was offered and accepted a top job with the increasingly important broadcasting department at the
394:) two of the senior lawyers were of Jewish provenance. For the next three years, between 1936 and 1939, he worked in Paris and the German foreign trade mission. This appears to have counted, at least initially, as part of his
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during the war. The Soviets were convinced, and Gerstner was released from detention on 21 January 1946. Gerstner later claimed that while he was held in Soviet detention he had succeeded in communicating with his wife using
1000:'s review of Gerstner's autobiography has become as angry as Ali's: "What is presented as factual, critical and optimistic is in reality shallow, mawkish, opportunistic and untruthful. profoundly untruthful."
1542:
Peter Erler: "GPU-Keller". Arrestlokale und Untersuchungsgefängnisse sowjetischer Geheimdienste in Berlin (1945–1949). Bund der Stalinistisch Verfolgten, Landesverband Berlin, Berlin 2005, pp. 54-55.
646:, is that by the time he was released by the Soviets in January 1946 he had already been signed up by Soviet intelligence as an "agent". He also submitted an application to join the newly reinstated
778:
membership was accepted. His career, meanwhile, was progressing well. In 1955 he started making weekly contributions as a commentator to a programme of economic analysis, transmitted each Sunday on
1828:
872:, Krug had applied for permission to emigrate. He had received a visit from Gerstner in April 1977. During the visit, Krug said Gerstner had suggested that he (Krug) might consider working for the
386:. That was followed by a six month period working at a solicitors' office in Berlin that specialised in cases that involved economics, where (despite the growing prevalence of state mandated
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in the private home of a US citizen. In his defiantly self-justifying composition, the author of the autobiography recalls nothing about those reports to the East German security services.
535:
478:. Ribbentrop believed that broadcasting propaganda to foreigners was a matter for the Foreign Ministry. Shortly after he joined the department Gerstner was asked by his head of department,
185:
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The foreign ministry radio department effectively introduced Karl-Heinz Gerstner to the world of wartime news journalism. Because of his subsequent career as a well-regarded journalist in
895:). In March 2000 he took the opportunity to publish in the Berliner Zeitung a ferocious rejection of Aly's piece, which appeared under the headline "Weder ein Held, noch ein Feigling" (
738:. He would work for the publication for more than forty years. It was at the request of the newspaper's management that in 1949 he moved house, relocating to what was becoming known as
683:
914:. Staadt's tone is notably less shrill than Ali's, but he does not entirely exonerate Gerstner of the implicit charge that his memoire is excessively selective in its treatment of the
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Der angesehene DDR-Journalist Karl-Heinz Gerstner hat seine Memoiren vorgelegt und verschweigt seinen Weg vom tüchtigen Nazi-Diplomaten zum viel beschäftigten Stasi-Agenten "Ritter"
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resentment on Gerstner's part over his seven months of incarceration: his return to freedom was accompanied by "complete understanding for the Soviets who persecuted the fascists" (
782:, a national radio channel in East Germany. He continued to give these radio talks till 1988, concluding each week with the words "sachlich, kritisch und optimistisch wie immer" (
903:). Gerstner wrote: "Ali asserts that I concealed my activity for the Stasi in the book. That is not true - I was what both sides needed, and knew how to use, a back channel".
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back in 1933 only because he had been mandated to do so by a communist student organisation, and they speculated over a possible "connection" to the Soviet security services.
518:
in May/June 1940. The military phase of the operation was completed much more rapidly than French military planners had expected, and in July 1940 Karl-Heinz was sent back to
542:
of France, thereby rescuing numerous Jewish families facing the threat of deportation to death camps in Germany. During the second half of 1944 and then till the
578:
had agreed upon the division of the western two-thirds of post-war Germany into four military occupation zones. Arrangements would, however, be confirmed at the
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that Gerstner wrote his doctoral dissertation on aspects of the modalities of interbank payments ("Treugiroverkehr"). He received his doctorate of laws from the
1813:
471:
1335:
Beate Klarsfeld und Olaf Kappelt forschten beide nach den braunen Altlasten in Deutschland. Sie wurde von der Stasi unterstützt, er von der Stasi bekämpft
402:(legal traineeship). Gerstner was marked out for advancement soon after his arrival at Paris trade mission, partly on account of his excellent mastery of
1330:
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Karl-Heinz Gerstner retired in May 1989. His autobiography appeared ten years later, with the title "Sachlich, kritisch und optimistisch". He died at
371:
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ended in May 1945 Gerstner was back in Berlin employed, at least officially, at the Foreign Ministry, in the "Special office for news procurement" (
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polls for television personalities. He could be - and sometimes was - described as something of an institution in the German Democratic Republic.
351:). With half an eye on Gerstner's subsequent career as a German diplomat, there were commentators who found the explanation less than persuasive.
638:
One thing which Gerstner's memoires conspicuously fail to mention, but which became clear when investigators reviewed the relevant files in the
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494:. It was essential work which cancelled out the requirement to join the army. In this way, Gerstner played a key role in keeping a future
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1669:"Gerstner, Sibylle (Ps. Sibylle Muthesius) geb. Boden * 17.8.1920 Kostümbildnerin, Malerin, Gründerin der Modezeitschrift »Sibylle«"
1236:Ăśber Leben in zwei Diktaturen: Fritz Klein und Karl-Heinz Gerstner erinnern sich teils auf gleiche Weise, teils unterschiedlich
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880:. The report from "IM Ritter" included the information that Krug had kept a diary. It stated that Krug had taken him to be a
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In his 1999 autobiography Gerstner had indeed written of how he had reported on conversations with foreign diplomats to the
591:. However, it had already been agreed that Wilmersdorf would be administered as part of the British sector, and in July the
482:, if he could think of anyone with sufficient natural authority to defend the ministry in any possible future conflict with
650:. The application appears to have been rejected on account of his Nazi Party membership during the Hitler years, however.
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to involve himself socially with the western diplomats "in support of a peaceful future", and to provide reports for the
888:
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In February 1940 Gerstner finally completed his legal training, apparently passing the necessary exams. The simultaneous
286:
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reacted to the appearance of Gerstner's autobiography with a powerfully critical piece in Gerstner's old newspaper, the
606:
1394:
Von Utopie, Widerstand und kaltem Krieg: das unzeitgemäße Leben des Berliner Rätekommunisten Alfred Weiland (1906-1978)
667:
613:(as she had become) was able to deliver to the Soviet district commander 23 written statements from friends and former
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554:. Other sources refer to his having undertaken "illegal political work" - implicitly on behalf of the still illegal
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implemented in April 1946 and intended, it was said, to unite the political left as a bulwark against a return of
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Ein besonderer Leserbrief: Karl-Heinz Gerstners Antwort auf die Kritik an seiner Lebenserinnerung durch Götz Aly
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was another friend. In Wilmersdorf Gerstner built up another political discussion circle: participants included
1239:
911:
884:, but after a while had nevertheless relaxed enough for an open discussion to take place between the two men.
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In December 1948 Gerstner embarked on a career as an economic journalist, his contributions appearing in the
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459:. However, in the end Gerstner was spared from military service as a result of injuries caused by childhood
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According to one source, it was only after nine rejected attempts that in 1957 Gerstner's application for
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where he had ended up. Fellow antifascists with whom he operated included Leo Dyck, Herbert Eppinger, and
1793:
1277:
book review of Karl-Heinz Gerstner: Sachlich, kritisch, optimistisch: Eine sonntägliche Lebensbetrachtung
985:'s contacts. There was nothing innocuous about handing over a text critical of the government drafted by
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Controversy later emerged, and has persisted, as to the nature and extent of his parallel career as a
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230:(1883-1968) who later became an ambassador. However, his legal father was actually his step-father,
1331:"Zwei Nazi-Jäger mit unterschiedlichen Blickrichtungen .... Kappelt kennt zahlreiche "Einzelfälle""
1018:
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317:. As a student he funded his living costs by working part-time at the foreign-exchange desk of the
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per month for his information. Aly adduced the example of the remarkable East German actor-singer
1601:"Wirtschaftssendungen fĂĽr die DDR .... Fazit: FĂĽr die Wirtschaftspropaganda das GĂĽtezeichen "Q"?"
294:
158:(15 November 1912 – 14 December 2005) trained as a lawyer and then worked during the war for the
332:: he was member number 2,673,178. Party membership had surged since January 1933 when the Nazis
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293:. He remained a member till 1932. Fellow members whom he came across at this time included
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1095:. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin
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A few weeks later another review of Gerstner's autobiography was published, this time by
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1357:"Karl-Heinz Gerstner, Journalist geboren: 15. November 1912 in Berlin-Charlottenburg"
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in July/August 1945. Berlin itself was to be separately treated, surrounded by the
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In 1931 he joined the socialist "Red students group". On 1 May 1933 he joined the
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to be detained pending further decisions. He was now taken to in the underground
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Gerstner writes in his autobiography that he was asked by the Politburo member
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763:. He moved again in 1952/53, settling with his wife and their two daughters in
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1232:"Die Faust in der Tasche, den Faust im Kopf und doch mit dem Teufel paktiert"
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from German occupation a couple of months later.) He was able to support the
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321:. Towards the end of 1932 he began to take part in evening tutorials held by
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40:
968:." But his reports to his Stasi handlers were not restricted to things that
423:. Gerstner stayed in Germany for around six months. During this time he met
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on matters which might be relevant to government foreign policy. Surviving
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815:(1920-2016) in 1945. She was the founder of the popular fashion magazine
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Sachlich, kritisch und optimistisch. Eine sonntägliche Lebensbetrachtung
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As early as July 1946 the occupying powers permitted Gerstner to visit
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625:"mit vollem Verständnis für die Sovjets, die die Fascisten verfolgten"
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placed him at the heart of a potentially serious "turf war" with the
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It was on the recommendation of the head of the legal department at
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876:. The report of Gerstner's visit to Krug is also documented in the
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in Berlin between 1917 and 1931. In 1921 he became a member of the
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August 1939 all the trade mission staff in Paris were returned to
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in 1935 and embarked on the next stage of the legal traineeship (
266:. His prize was six months abroad during 1928, as a pupil at the
62:
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German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
1636:"Sachlich, kritisch ... Zum Tod des Journalisten K.-H. Gerstner"
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Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements
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in 1972 and admitted to full membership in September 1973. The
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nur aus "Hass gegen Hitler ...um etwas gegen die Nazis" zu tun
1701:. ost-west-forum Gut Gödelitz e. V., Döbeln. 30 November 1999
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is their daughter. The couple's younger daughter, the artist
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Frederick-William University (as the Humboldt was then known)
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triggered a period of accelerating political polarisation in
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188:
1187:, following the expulsion and deprivation of citizenship of
1089:"Gerstner, Karl-Heinz * 15.11.1912, †14.12.2005 Journalist"
660:"Deutsche Zentralverwaltung fĂĽr Interzonen- und AuĂźenhandel"
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where Gerstner pursued his legal traineeship, employed as a
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Kurt Georg Kiesinger 1904–1988. Kanzler zwischen den Zeiten
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486:. Gerstner thought of, and recommended, his old law tutor,
285:, and Gerstner chose the extreme left, in 1931 joining the
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by secretly passing on information and, especially before
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Der DDR-Journalist Karl-Heinz Gerstner erzählt sein Leben
989:, or the details of what was said at a meeting involving
238:
and hoped that his adopted son would grow up to become a
1522:. Edition Ost, Berlin. pp. 121, 124, 183, 225–231.
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Gerstner remained in Paris till May 1944. (The city was
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scouting group, which tended to take its lead from the
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during the course of his time at the German embassy in
382:), starting with six months at the district court in
899:) and was described as "Ein besonderer Leserbrief" (
1517:
1482:
1329:Sven Felix Kellerhoff; Uwe MĂĽller (14 March 2012).
1322:
803:a couple of weeks after his ninety-third birthday.
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loosely "as ever, factual, critical and optimistic"
662:) which the Soviets were setting up. Meanwhile the
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administration for inter-zonal and foreign trade" (
1699:"Dahn, Daniela: Schriftstellerin und Journalistin"
891:(which was the foreign intelligence branch of the
868:. In 1976, unable to work as a stage-performer in
847:showed that Gerstner had been registered with the
996:By the time he reaches his concluding paragraph,
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1725:Berichte von der umherschweifenden Lebendigkeit!
1677:Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur
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1558:. Vol. 5. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2140.
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451:, launched in September 1939, had triggered the
180:testifying to his helpfulness to members of the
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1279:. Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein e.V., Berlin
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1752:. Vol. 2: G–M (3rd ed.). Routledge.
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1814:People from Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district)
1746:Osmańczyk, Jan (2003). Mango, Anthony (ed.).
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1608:. Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung, Bonn
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191:. He was then able to reinvent himself as an
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678:"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"
498:away from Nazi Germany's wartime frontline.
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1606:selbst vor westlicher Werbung nicht zurĂĽck
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666:had disappeared, subsumed, along with the
609:at Berlin-Hohenschönhausen. Now, however,
552:East Germany Ministry for Security (Stasi)
548:"Sonderreferat fĂĽr Nachrichtenbeschaffung"
149:(legal father through adoption: 1880-1945)
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1429:. Off One's Rocker Publishing Ltd, Berlin
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1273:"Ein außergewöhnliches Journalistenleben"
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698:reason to know where the frontiers were.
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309:. Between 1931 and 1935 Gerstner studied
277:Renewed economic austerity following the
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1397:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 176–179.
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1183:on Gerstner's spying activities for the
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1107:
1179:Extract from the memoires of the actor
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1423:"Sibylle Gerstner: Ein Leben erzählen"
1298:Bernd C Hesslein (30 September 1999).
538:, by providing travel permits for the
226:. His natural father was the diplomat
1485:""Weder ein Held, noch ein Feigling""
1483:Karl-Heinz Gerstner (11 March 2000).
1141:"Kritisch, optimistisch und verlogen"
1003:
169:he was released from internment as a
1819:Tabor Academy (Massachusetts) alumni
746:was rebranded and relaunched as the
234:(1880-1945), an academic who taught
218:Karl-Heinz Gerstner was born in the
1727:. Mondrian Berlin. 22 November 2012
1634:Hanno Harnisch (16 February 2005).
957:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
951:was granted observer status at the
874:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
627:), according to information in the
501:
242:. He attended the Kaiser-Friedrich
13:
927:and who was right all along about
897:loosely "Not a hero, nor a coward"
710:. The larger-than-life polemicist
270:, a prestigious private school in
14:
1840:
1675:. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin &
406:: the fact that during this time
287:"German Youth of 1 November 1929"
1799:Ambassadors of Germany to Brazil
1599:Christian Könne (7 March 2011).
1421:Ruben Donsbach (3 August 2013).
1536:
1441:
767:, a suburb on the southside of
365:
1240:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
912:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
794:
670:(if only, effectively, in the
574:By the time the war ended the
1:
1455:. DVA, MĂĽnchen. p. 105.
1139:Götz Aly (26 February 2000).
1026:
742:. In October 1949 the entire
303:Heinrich, Count von Einsiedel
1804:German expatriates in Brazil
1721:"Sonja Gerstner (1952-1971)"
1518:Karl-Heinz Gerstner (1999).
1300:"Ein linientreuer Dissident"
1175:""Mit denen bin ich fertig""
901:"A special reader's letter"
684:contentious political merger
631:that became available after
244:Gymnasium (secondary school)
176:after producing a number of
143:(natural father: 1883-1968)
74:Frederick-William University
7:
1359:. iportale GmbH, Riemerling
893:Ministry for State Security
806:
558:- in the Berlin quarter of
10:
1845:
856:salary amounting to 2,000
751:German Democratic Republic
730:German Democratic Republic
664:Communist Party of Germany
372:Level 1 national law exams
827:(1952-1971), died young.
607:Special Internment Camp 3
429:Riesengebirge (literally
305:and the group's founder,
214:Early years and education
135:
120:
109:
95:
83:
69:
47:
25:
18:
1809:People from Marktredwitz
1019:Patriotic Order of Merit
1012:Patriotic Order of Merit
830:
540:unoccupied southern part
419:loosely: "trainee judge"
165:in Paris. Following the
1673:Wer war wer in der DDR?
1552:Lutz Hagestedt (2003).
1391:Michael Kubina (2001).
1197:(online). 25 March 1996
1093:Wer war wer in der DDR?
753:, a new kind of German
676:Socialist Unity Party (
427:at a ski resort in the
208:
1789:Nazi Party politicians
1337:. WeltN24 GmbH, Berlin
918:connections. Although
744:Soviet occupation zone
648:German Communist Party
611:Sibylle Boden-Gerstner
584:Soviet occupation zone
570:Soviet occupation zone
496:West German Chancellor
360:University of Erlangen
114:Sibylle Boden-Gerstner
1306:. Vol. 40/1999.
1085:Helmut MĂĽller-Enbergs
682:, as the result of a
843:. Researches in the
488:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
417:"Gerichtsassessor" (
370:Gerstner passed his
336:and lost no time in
323:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
299:Harro Schulze-Boysen
89:diplomatic assistant
811:Karl-Heinz married
472:Propaganda Ministry
398:Rechtsreferendariat
378:Rechtsreferendariat
260:Library of Congress
156:Karl-Heinz Gerstner
20:Karl-Heinz Gerstner
1794:Nazi propagandists
1665:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1081:Bernd-Rainer Barth
1004:Awards and honours
910:, writing for the
716:Rainer Hildebrandt
589:Berlin-Wilmersdorf
580:Potsdam Conference
441:Invasion of Poland
163:diplomatic service
1640:Neues Deutschland
1565:978-3-11-096111-9
1404:978-3-8258-5361-7
1230:(27 April 2000).
1189:Wolfgang Biermann
966:diplomatc message
712:Wolfgang Leonhard
576:victorious powers
532:French Resistance
431:"Giant Mountains"
279:Wall Street Crash
248:Youth Association
240:statutory auditor
182:French Resistance
153:
152:
87:government lawyer
1836:
1824:Stasi informants
1764:
1763:
1743:
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1736:
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1515:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1493:Berliner Zeitung
1480:
1467:
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1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1427:Fräulein Magazin
1418:
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1191:in November 1976
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1160:
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1157:
1155:
1149:Berliner Zeitung
1136:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1077:
841:Berliner Zeitung
748:Soviet sponsored
736:Berliner Zeitung
708:Hans Oliva-Hagen
668:Social Democrats
502:Wartime in Paris
492:Foreign Ministry
468:Foreign Ministry
453:Second World War
146:Dr.Paul Gerstner
51:14 December 2005
29:15 November 1912
16:
15:
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1449:Philipp Gassert
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1024:
1006:
987:Wolfgang Harich
833:
809:
797:
732:
674:) into the new
572:
556:Communist Party
504:
368:
340:Germany into a
307:Eberhard Koebel
291:Communist Party
216:
211:
174:prisoner of war
148:
144:
142:
140:Dr. Karl Ritter
127:
102:
96:Political party
90:
88:
70:Alma mater
65:
52:
43:
30:
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5:
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1271:Horst Wagner.
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1007:
1005:
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978:Otto Bräutigam
953:United Nations
882:Stasi informer
832:
829:
825:Sonja Gerstner
808:
805:
796:
793:
731:
728:
720:GĂĽnter Neumann
640:Stasi archives
571:
568:
503:
500:
367:
364:
295:Friedrich Wolf
220:Charlottenburg
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151:
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129:Sonja Gerstner
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1759:0-415-93920-8
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1556:
1555:Dahn, Daniela
1548:
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1529:3-932180-78-X
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1462:3-421-05824-5
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1228:Jochen Staadt
1223:
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998:Jochen Staadt
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988:
984:
983:Wolf Biermann
979:
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967:
961:
958:
954:
950:
945:
944:Stasi records
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
925:Prague Spring
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:Jochen Staadt
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
878:Stasi records
875:
871:
867:
866:Wolf Biermann
863:
859:
854:
850:
846:
845:Stasi records
842:
838:
828:
826:
822:
819:. The writer
818:
814:
813:Sibylle Boden
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802:
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724:Fritz Teppich
721:
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693:
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669:
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645:
644:reunification
641:
636:
634:
630:
629:Stasi records
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
603:
599:
598:Soviet sector
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
567:
565:
564:Gerhard Fuchs
561:
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489:
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480:Gerhard RĂĽhle
477:
473:
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434:
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426:
425:Sibylle Boden
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356:Deutsche Bank
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319:Deutsche Bank
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311:Jurisprudence
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273:
272:Massachusetts
269:
268:Tabor Academy
265:
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253:
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245:
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232:Paul Gerstner
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28:
24:
17:
1748:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1672:
1644:. Retrieved
1610:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1519:
1496:. Retrieved
1488:
1452:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1426:
1393:
1361:. Retrieved
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1243:. Retrieved
1235:
1199:. Retrieved
1181:Manfred Krug
1178:
1152:. Retrieved
1144:
1097:. Retrieved
1092:
995:
991:Manfred Krug
965:
962:
949:East Germany
936:Hermann Axen
933:
905:
900:
896:
886:
870:East Germany
862:Manfred Krug
834:
821:Daniela Dahn
810:
801:Kleinmachnow
798:
783:
773:
765:Kleinmachnow
761:dictatorship
733:
696:
677:
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637:
624:
573:
547:
525:
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508:East Germany
505:
465:Ribbentrop's
449:Soviet Union
445:Nazi Germany
438:
430:
418:
404:the language
395:
388:antisemitism
375:
369:
366:Nazi Germany
353:
348:
345:dictatorship
338:transforming
327:
313:at Berlin's
276:
217:
197:
195:journalist.
155:
154:
125:Daniela Dahn
55:Kleinmachnow
1784:2005 deaths
1779:1912 births
1582:|work=
1195:Der Spiegel
970:GĂĽnter Gaus
920:the changes
795:Final years
740:East Berlin
700:Wilmersdorf
672:Soviet zone
560:Wilmersdorf
516:was invaded
252:Path finder
228:Karl Ritter
222:quarter of
193:East German
131:(1952-1971)
116:(1920-2016)
59:Brandenburg
1773:Categories
1027:References
1021:gold clasp
692:Nazi Party
615:Resistance
408:his father
384:Rheinsberg
334:took power
330:Nazi party
264:Washington
178:affidavits
91:journalist
1731:9 January
1705:9 January
1683:9 January
1646:9 January
1612:9 January
1584:ignored (
1574:cite book
1498:8 January
1433:8 January
1363:7 January
1341:7 January
1314:7 January
1283:7 January
1245:9 January
1201:7 January
1154:7 January
1099:7 January
974:Egon Bahr
929:Gorbachev
704:Iwan Katz
528:liberated
362:in 1937.
342:one-party
236:Economics
136:Parent(s)
1679:, Berlin
1642:, Berlin
1451:(2006).
1310:(online)
1308:Die Zeit
853:informer
849:ministry
837:Götz Aly
835:In 1989
807:Personal
769:the city
620:Kassiber
593:Red army
484:Goebbels
476:Goebbels
447:and the
255:scouting
203:informer
186:occupied
121:Children
1014:in gold
817:Sibylle
688:fascism
514:France
283:Germany
63:Germany
41:Germany
1756:
1562:
1526:
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851:as an
680:/ SED)
655:France
642:after
474:under
413:Berlin
390:since
224:Berlin
171:Soviet
160:German
110:Spouse
78:Berlin
33:Berlin
1185:Stasi
1017:1987
1010:1982
940:Stasi
916:Stasi
858:marks
831:Stasi
776:party
758:party
520:Paris
461:polio
200:Stasi
189:Paris
100:NSDAP
1754:ISBN
1733:2018
1707:2018
1685:2018
1648:2018
1614:2018
1586:help
1560:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1500:2018
1457:ISBN
1435:2018
1399:ISBN
1365:2018
1343:2018
1316:2018
1285:2018
1247:2018
1203:2018
1156:2018
1101:2018
780:DDR1
755:one-
722:and
706:and
633:1990
602:NKVD
536:1943
457:army
392:1933
250:and
209:Life
48:Died
26:Born
889:HVA
788:DFF
544:war
443:by
262:in
167:war
104:SED
1775::
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1671:.
1667:.
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35:-
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