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1464:(windmill) in the USA. It was perfected in 1883, and soon South Africa (and elsewhere) produced them in large numbers. These windpumps transformed the Great Karoo, making permanent settlement and stock farming (predominantly sheep) possible over large parts of the Karoo for the first time. Like the Karoo Koppie, the multibladed windpump became an iconic feature of the Great Karoo. Sheep farming and the fencing off of the land have meant that antelope numbers have dwindled significantly, and with them, the big carnivores. Leopards still occur in the mountains, but lions now only occur in nature reserves, where they have been recently reintroduced into the Great Karoo.
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1280:, moved through Beaufort West. Early one morning, the town was awakened to a sound like that of a strong wind, and suddenly the town was filled with animals. They devoured every sprig of foliage in the town and surrounding countryside. The last of the continuously moving herd left the town 3 days later, to disappear towards the west. The Karoo looked as if a fire had swept through it. During these migrations, the plains and hillsides on every side were thickly covered by one vast mass of springbok, packed like sheep in a fold. As far as the eye could see, the landscape was alive with them.
53:
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and grasses are deciduous, mainly in response to the irregular rainfall. Much of the Nama Karoo biome is used for sheep and goat farming, providing mutton, wool, and pelts for local and international markets, especially since livestock can frequently be provided with a regular supply of water from boreholes. Overgrazing exacerbates the erosion caused by the violent thunderstorms that occur, infrequently, in the summer. It also promotes the replacement of the grasses by shrubs, especially the less edible varieties such as the threethorn (
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1135:, popularly known as Namaqualand daisies, which put on spectacular flower displays covering vast stretches of the landscape in the southern spring-time (August–September) after good rains in the winter. Grasses are uncommon, making most of the biome unsuitable for grazing. The low rainfall, in fact, discourages most forms of agriculture. An exception is the thriving ostrich-farming industry in the KLein Karoo, which is heavily dependent on supplementary feeding with
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610:. It covers two-thirds of South Africa and extends in places to 8000 m below the land surface, constituting an immense volume of rocks which was formed, geologically speaking, in a short period of time. Although almost the whole of the Great Karoo is situated on Karoo Supergroup rocks, the geological Karoo rocks extend over a very much larger area, both within South Africa and Lesotho, but also beyond its borders and onto other continents that formed part of
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1139:. The difference between the succulent Karoo biome and the Nama Karoo biome is that the former receives the little rain that falls as cyclonic rainfall in winter, which has less erosive power than the infrequent but violent summer thunderstorms of the Nama Karoo. Frost is also less common in the succulent Karoo biome than in the Nama Karoo biome. The number of mainly succulent plant species is very high for an arid area of this size anywhere in the world.
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1234:, which always seemed to accompany them. These quagga seemed gentle and easy to domesticate. (A pair of quagga was used to draw a horse carriage through London, more for curiosity than for any superiority the quagga might have had over a horse.) They were consequently also easy prey for hunters, who hunted them for sport rather than their meat. By the middle of the 1800s, they were almost extinct, and in 1883, the last one died in an Amsterdam zoo.
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1503:, with the historic Lord Milner Hotel, which is still operational today. The railway reached this point in 1878, before proceeding to Beaufort West at the foot of the Great Escarpment. From there, it reached the top of the African Plateau near Three Sisters along a valley with such a low gradient that passengers were (and still are) hardly aware that they were ascending the Great Escarpment. From there it continued through the Upper Karoo, to
754:. This occurred about 180 million years ago, when huge volumes of lava were extruded over most of Southern Africa and adjoining regions of Gondwana, both on the surface and deep below the surface between the sedimentary strata. Since this massive extrusion of lava, Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion, exposing the older, softer rocks, except where they were protected by a cap of dolerite. The genera present include:
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457:, one of the main targets of this enterprise, is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere. The Upper Karoo is indeed an ideal site for an astronomical observatory. This is not only because of the clear skies, absence of artificial lights, and high altitude, but also because it is tectonically completely inactive (meaning that there are no fault lines or volcanoes nearby, and no earth tremors or
1440:-speaking peoples, who lived in small family groups and, it is believed, remained largely in their own "territories", killing their own game, and gathering bulbs and roots and drinking from a spring or other water source within their territory. Sometimes these territories were very large and the family group moved from one part to the other. Their only domestic animals were dogs. The
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1254:, or south through the Camdeboo district. These vast herds moved steadily and inexorably across the plains, trampling all before them, including their own kind. Le Vaillant gave the first eyewitness account of such a migration in 1782. He rode through the herd filling the Plains of Camdeboo, seeing neither the beginning nor end of the moving mass.
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upper, sharp edge of the escarpment. (In other parts of the escarpment, hard erosion-resistant geological layers similarly form the upper, abrupt edge.) Note the island remnants of the earlier extent of the plateau on the plain below the escarpment (the Lower Karoo), left behind as the escarpment has gradually eroded further inland.
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The First World War brought about a slump in the ostrich feather market, but the industry recovered in later years, when not only the feathers were sought after, but also ostrich leather, and its meat, which is very tasty, and a major export item. Today, several farms can be visited by tourists, near
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district was apparently the first person to demonstrate that the ostrich could successfully be domesticated, bred in captivity, and the eggs hatched in incubators, while still producing the magnificent feathers. This idea was quickly adopted by farmers in the Little Karoo, where they started growing
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to the south and the savannah biome to the north. It is defined primarily by the dominance of dwarf (less than 1 m high) shrubs with a co-dominance of grasses especially towards the north-east and east where it grades into the grassland biome of the highveld and the
Eastern Midlands. The shrubs
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The Nama Karoo biome is located entirely on the central plateau mostly at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. It incorporates nearly the whole of the historical and geographical Great Karoo, but also includes a portion of southern
Namibia's Namaqualand, and South Africa's Bushmanland (both local
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The lava outpourings that ended the Karoo deposition of rocks, not only covered the
African surface, and other parts of Gondwana with a 1.6 km thick layer basaltic lava, but it also forced its way, under high pressure, between the horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks belonging to the Ecca and
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The Great Karoo straddles the 30° S parallel on the west of the continent, in a similar position to other semidesert areas on earth, north and south of the equator. It is furthermore in the rainfall shadow of the Cape Fold
Mountains along the western coastline. The western "Lower Karoo" (the Tankwa
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The mountain zebra occurred in the mountain regions of the Cape Fold Belt and along the southern portion of the Great
Escarpment. Thus, they were endemic to, amongst others, the western Lower Karoo and the Klein Karoo. However, they were hunted to near extinction, leaving fewer than 100 individuals
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The introduction of the windpump to tap the Great Karoo's underground water resources in the late 1800s made permanent human habitation and sheep farming possible over large parts of the Great Karoo for the first time. As a result, the teeming number of large antelope in the Karoo has dwindled into
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The Klein Karoo contains two other geological features that give the landscape a special character. During the erosion of the
African interior following the bulging of the continent during the massive lava outpourings that ended the Karoo sedimentation 180 million years ago, some of the eroded
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from the air. From about 150 million years ago the South
African surface has been subjected to an almost uninterrupted period of erosion, particularly during the past 20 million years, shaving off many kilometers of sediments. This exposed the dolerite sills, which were more resistant to
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The Klein Karoo's boundaries are sharply defined by mountain ranges to the west, north, and south. The road between
Uniondale and Willowmore is considered, by convention, to form the approximate arbitrary eastern extremity of the Klein Karoo. Its extent is much smaller than that of the Great Karoo.
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A stylized illustration of the Great
Escarpment, based particularly on its appearance in the Great Karoo, where thick erosion resistant dolerite sills (see below; represented here by the thick black lines. The thinner dolerite sills are not drawn in this diagram to avoid clutter) generally form the
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The Klein Karoo, and especially
Oudtshoorn, became synonymous with the ostrich-feather industry in the 1880s. The resulting "feather millionaires" built Victorian "Feather Palaces" all over town, using the red rocks belonging to the Enon Conglomerate, and related Kirkwood Formation, to build them.
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The ostrich is found throughout Africa, but the most handsome specimens came from the Klein Karoo, where the dry weather, but plentiful water in the streams formed an ideal habitat for these large, flightless birds. Here, they grow to over 2 m in height, and weigh over 100 kg. The male's
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During these migrations, the springbok never ran or trotted. On the whole, they were silent, except for the shudder of their stamping hoofs. Nothing could divert them, and hunters could ride amongst them, shooting them at random, without apparently causing alarm. People could move amongst them and
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The second special geological feature that marks the Kelin Karoo is the 300 km-long fault line along the southern edge of the Swartberg Mountains. The Swartberg Mountains were lifted up along this fault, to such an extent that in the Oudtshoorn region, the rocks that form the base of the Cape
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The geology of the Klein Karoo bears no resemblance to that of the Great Karoo (see the diagram on the left, of a NS geological cross-section through the Klein and Great Karoos). The valley is an integral part of the Cape Fold Mountain Belt, with the two ranges on either side composed of extremely
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The Karoo Supergroup was formed in a vast inland basin starting 320 million years ago, at a time when that part of Gondwana which would eventually become Africa, lay over the South Pole. Icebergs that had calved off the glaciers and ice sheets to the north deposited a 1 km-thick layer of
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and the Highveld. The boundary to the east grades into the grasslands of the Eastern Midlands. The Great Karoo is itself divided by the Great Escarpment into the Upper Karoo (generally above 1200–1500 m) and the Lower Karoo on the plains below at 700–800 m. A great many local names, each
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unanimously denounced it as a frightening place of great heat, great frosts, great floods, and great droughts. Today, it is still a place of great heat and frosts, and an annual rainfall of between 50 and 250 mm, though on some of the mountains it can be 250 to 500 mm higher than on the
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and the Seweweekspoort defiles, were subject to periodic flooding, after heavy thunderstorms in the Great Karoo. The Swartberg Pass is not tarred and can be treacherously slippery after rain. It also becomes impassable after heavy snowfalls on the mountain, a not infrequent occurrence in winter.
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of the mid-1700s, who led a nomadic existence, enduring great hardships in the relentless aridity, the intense heat (such that even their dogs could not walk on the scorching ground and had to be lifted into the overcrowded wagons), and the bitter cold in winter, especially at night. Before that
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Probably the strangest and most puzzling zoological phenomenon in the Great Karoo was the periodic, unpredictable appearance of massive springbok migrations. These migrations always came from the north, and could either go west towards Namaqualand and the sea, south-west through towns such as
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The first European settlers landed in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and between 1659 and 1664, made several unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the Great Karoo from the south-west. The Europeans who first entered the Great Karoo did so from the south-east (traveling north from
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Karoo and Moordenaarskaroo) contain remnants of the Cape Fold Mountains (e.g. the Witteberg and Anysberg Mountains) which give it a moderate hilly appearance, but further east, the Lower Karoo becomes a monotonously flat plain. The "Upper Karoo" has been intruded by
682:, the lowermost layer of the Karoo Supergroup. As Gondwana drifted northwards, the basin turned into an inland sea with extensive swampy deltas along its northern shores. The peat in these swamps eventually turned into large deposits of coal which are mined in
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range to the south. The northern strip of the valley, within 10–20 km from the foot of the Swartberg mountains is least karoo-like, in that it is a well-watered area both from the rain and the many streams that cascade down the mountain, or through narrow
1354:(20–90 kg) do occur, especially in the mountains, but are very secretive, so are rarely seen. Many of the animals that formerly inhabited the Karoo in large numbers, including lions, have been reintroduced to the area in nature reserves and game farms.
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The Klein Karoo can only be accessed by road through the narrow defiles cut through the surrounding Cape Fold Mountains by ancient, but still flowing, rivers. A few roads traverse the mountains over passes, the most famous and impressive of which is the
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and many others in the Western Cape. The main motivation for building the pass was to provide an all-weather road connection between the southern Great Karoo, and Oudtshoorn (and from there to the sea). The two alternative roads, through the
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Sunset in the Great Karoo, near Sutherland, showing a multibladed windpump, which has made permanent settlement and farming possible in this thirsty land. These windpumps are as iconic of the Great Karoo as are the flat-topped Karoo
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Weishampel, David B; et al (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, Africa)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 535–536.
725:, the remnants of which are found only in the immediate vicinity of Lesotho. Several dinosaur nests, containing eggs, some with dinosaur fetal skeletons in them, have been found in these rocks, near what had once been a swampy pan.
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No one knew how, why, or where these migrations started, nor where they ended, nor did anyone know if these animals ever returned to where they had started. The migrations were always unidirectional, from north of the Great Karoo.
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A schematic geological map of the outcrops (surface exposures) of the Karoo Supergroup rocks in Southern Africa: The location and approximate structure of the Cape Fold Mountains are also diagrammatically indicated for reference
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belonging to the 450- to 510-million-year-old Table Mountain Group (i.e. the oldest layer of the Cape Supergroup). The valley floor is covered, in the main, by the next (younger) layer of the Supergroup, namely the much softer
1330:. Its numbers have been consistently lowering due to destruction of its habitat. They are unique relative to similar species through how they are polygamous and how each female can only produce one or two offspring per year.
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and climate, and above all, its low rainfall, arid air, cloudless skies, and extremes of heat and cold. The Karoo also hosted a well-preserved ecosystem hundreds of million years ago which is now represented by many fossils.
273:, which receives only 75 mm of rain annually. The eastern and north-eastern Karoo are often covered by large patches of grassland. The typical Karoo vegetation used to support large game, sometimes in vast herds.
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The southern 30– to 50 km-wide strip, north of the Langeberg range, is as arid as the western Lower Karoo, except in the east, where the Langeberg range (arbitrarily) starts to be called the Outeniqua Mountains.
914:. The colour code for the Karoo rocks is the same as those used in the above diagram. The heavy black line flanked by opposing arrows is the fault that runs for nearly 300 km along the southern edge of the
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by the 1930s. Conservation efforts since then brought their numbers up to 1200 by 1998, mainly by concentrating these zebra in nature reserves and protected areas, the most well-known of these being the
1378:), which lives on the plains. The two species are, therefore, rarely seen in the same habitat. The quagga is closely related to Burchell's zebra, and appears also to have been confined to the plains.
1499:, where it followed a course almost midway between the Swartberg Mountains to the south and the Great Escarpment to the north. Along the way, it passed through the quaint Victorian village of
316:, looking south across the plains of the Lower Karoo: Note the remnants of the former extent of the central plateau on the plain below the escarpment (see diagram on the right). Also note the
1062:, are more extensive than the geographical or historical Karoo described in South African atlases and guide books (compare the map on the right with the map at the beginning of the article).
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1608:
This area was explored by European settlers in the late 17th century, who encountered the Khoisan people as the original inhabitants of this area. The latter called the Swartberg Mountains
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tusks have been found by farmers in the Camdeboo district, but no records exist of any having been seen alive in that region. The quagga roamed the Karoo in great numbers together with
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activity took place on a titanic scale, which brought an end to a flourishing reptile evolution. These genera represent some of the extinct, mainly predinosaur, animals of the Karoo:
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on the other side of the Swartberg mountains in the Great Karoo. Also, the main road between Oudtshoorn and George, on the coastal plain, crosses the mountains to the south via the
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The Klein Karoo is separated from the Great Karoo by the Swartberg Mountain range. Geographically, it is a 290 km-long valley, only 40–60 km wide, formed by two parallel
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have been established in many parts of the Great Karoo, turning what was once regarded as a forbiddingly desolate and unattractive geographical barrier into a tourist destination.
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Highveld do at times experience lower temperatures than Sutherland, but not as consistently as Sutherland does. Snowfalls are not infrequent during the southern winter months. The
354:. The Hantam, Kareeberge, Roggeveld, and uweveldare the better known subregions of the Upper Karoo, though most of it is simply known as the Upper Karoo, especially in the north.
1322:, a critically endangered animal, lives exclusively in seasonal river basins and a very particular set of scrubland in the central semiarid region in the Karoo. It is hunted by
990:", as they are known, were deposited by high energy, fast flowing rivers, and are found between Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn, where they form the strikingly red "Redstone Hills".
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of South Africa. No exact definition of what constitutes the Karoo is available, so its extent is also not precisely defined. The Karoo is partly defined by its topography,
429:, at 1456 m above sea level, which is reputedly the coldest town in South Africa with average minimum temperatures of −6.1 °C during winter. Parts of the eastern
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denoting different subregions of the Great Karoo, exist, some more widely, or more generally, known than others. In the Lower Karoo, going from west to east, they are the
721:
After the Beaufort period, Southern Africa (still part of Gondwana) became an arid sand desert with only ephemeral rivers and pans. These sands consolidated to form the
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struggle over the Karoo's vast expanses, it was a bloody war of attrition wherein both sides used newly developed technologies to their advantage. Numerous abandoned
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The ǃ’Aukarob formed an almost impenetrable barrier to the interior from Cape Town, and the early adventurers, explorers, hunters, and travelers on the way to the
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erosion than the Karoo sediments, forming one of the most characteristic features of the Karoo landscape, namely the flat topped hills, called "Karoo Koppies".
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refers to an extensive and geologically recent (180–310 million years old) sequence of sedimentary and igneous rocks, which is flanked to the south by the
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and Moordenaarskaroo regions of the Lower Karoo, and adjoining Upper Karoo region of the geographic Great Karoo. It also occurs to the south, in part of the
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plains. However, underground water is found throughout the Karoo, which can be tapped by boreholes, making permanent settlements and sheep farming possible.
1444:-speaking agriculturalists to the east of the Great Karoo did not occupy this arid region due to the scarce rainfall which prevented the farming of cattle.
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1585:
can still be seen at strategic locations, especially along the railway line, throughout the Great Karoo. A prime example still "guards" a bridge over the
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kill them with sticks, or cripple them by seizing a leg and breaking it. Not only people followed these herds for the easy meat they provided, but also
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lucerne as the birds' favorite food. During 1880, no less than 74,000 kg of feathers were exported, and in 1904, it passed the 210,000-kg mark.
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As in the Great Karoo, antelope and other big game inhabited the Klein Karoo in the past. However, the dominant zebra was not the quagga, but the
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to the south and south-west. The extent of the Karoo to the north is vague, fading gradually and almost imperceptibly into the increasingly arid
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magisterial district, in particular, contributing a significant number of fighters to the Republican cause. Fought both conventionally and as a
750:. This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal strata of the sedimentary rocks that make up most of the
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2300:
1108:. None of these regions is ever referred to, either geographically or locally, as "Karoo". However, it has a major extension inland into the
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Mountains. The Swartberg range owes some of its great height to upliftment along this fault line. The subsurface structures are not to scale.
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which will, 2500 in total, be scattered in other parts of South Africa and Australia, to survey the southern skies at radio frequencies. Our
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1627:, from where the ostrich feathers from the Klein Karoo's ostrich farms could be exported to Europe. That line is no longer in use today.
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geographical names, not names of biomes). It is the second-largest biome in South Africa, and forms the botanical transition between the
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sills which top the escarpment and mountains in the middle distance, giving these structures their characteristic flat-topped appearance.
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which delimits the Central South African Plateau. To the immediate south and south-west the solid lines trace the parallel ranges of the
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A diagrammatic 400 km north–south cross-section through the southern portion of the country at approximately 21° 30' E (i.e. near
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has an emplacement of telescopes about 20 km east of the town, on a small plateau 1798 m above sea level, and is home to the
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has classified the Great Karoo and Klein Karoo as almost entirely within two of what they consider South Africa's eight botanical
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in the Great Karoo. Cape mountain zebras are still found in protected areas managed by Cape Nature, including the Kamanassie and
694:, laid down on a vast plain with Mississippi-like rivers depositing mud from an immense range of mountains to the south. Ancient
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in the Swartberg from the Great Karoo. The main towns of the region are situated along this northern strip of the Klein Karoo:
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feathers have been prized by many cultures in Africa, Europe, and Asia over thousands of years. In the 1860s, a farmer in the
558:. The only exit from the Klein Karoo that does not involve crossing a mountain range is through the 150 km-long, narrow
441:, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. To the north, still on the Plateau, and 75 km north-west of
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Today, sheep thrive on the xerophytes, though each sheep requires about 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of grazing to sustain itself.
1515:, was found. The Orange River, at this point, forms the local unofficial boundary between the Great Karoo and the Highveld.
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shales. The dolerite of the Great Karoo did not penetrate these rocks, so Karoo Koppies are not seen in the Klein Karoo.
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1370:) which is adapted for life on rugged, mountainous terrain. Their hooves are harder and faster-growing than those of
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1475:, in the Lower Karoo, next to the Matjiesfontein railway station, on the railway line from Cape Town to Johannesburg
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Flat-topped hills (called Karoo Koppies) are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern Karoo landscape.
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in the Great Fish River in the Karoo (and ate its foot for breakfast). He also recorded that he saw the spoor of a
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Great locust swarms also frequently invaded or arose in the Great Karoo, and still occur from time to time today.
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1573:, conducted widespread operations throughout the Karoo. Countless skirmishes took place in the region, with the
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through a hub at De Aar, in the Great Karoo. Further branch lines were later built from points further north to
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The Karoo is divided into the Great Karoo and the Klein Karoo. The Klein Karoo is delimited in the south by the
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A railway line was built to connect Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn, to Willowmore and from there, via Klipplaat, to
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McCarthy, T.S. (2013) The Okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa.
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The vegetation of the Upper is similar to the Lower Karoo, so few people make a distinction between the two.
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Supergroup are exposed. These are locally known as the Cango Group, but are probably continuous with the
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392:(see below), creating multiple flat-topped hills, or Karoo Koppies, which are iconic of the Great Karoo.
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410:. Thereafter, they gradually ascend the Great Escarpment along a broad valley to Three Sisters on the
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The main highway (the N1) and railway line from Cape Town to the north enter the Lower Karoo from the
81:, with the names of surrounding areas in blue. The thick interrupted line indicates the course of the
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The succulent Karoo biome is dominated by dwarf, leafy-succulent shrubs, and annuals, predominantly
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towards the north-west. To the north and north-east, it fades into the savannah and grasslands of
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1350:(3.0–6.2 kg) are arguably the largest predators likely to be seen in the Great Karoo today.
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The only sharp and definite boundary of the Great Karoo is formed by the most inland ranges of
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1954:. (5th Ed. 1993). pp. 78–89. Reader’s Digest Association of South Africa Pty. Ltd., Cape Town.
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8:
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insignificance, and with them, the large carnivores have all but disappeared. Today, the
1327:
1242:
1113:
1043:
935:
903:
607:
482:
422:
334:
309:
285:
2353:
Bulpin, Thomas Victor (1985). "7. The lost world of the dinosaurs: The Karoo sequence".
4873:
4770:
4691:
4551:
4501:
4340:
4211:
4174:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4119:
4109:
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3553:
3225:
2788:
2679:
2591:
2133:
1990:
1965:
1635:
1167:
707:
515:
487:
403:
2955:. (7th Edition). p. 531, 497. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
1666:, in his 1901 poem "Bridge-Guard in the Karroo", evoked the loneliness experienced by
1620:
These grand red palaces and other buildings in Oudtshoorn can still be admired today.
964:
material was trapped in the valleys of the Cape Fold Mountains, especially during the
533:
Farmlands along the well-watered, fertile foothills of the more than 2000 m-high
4908:
4868:
4812:
4698:
4421:
4241:
4201:
3755:
3220:
3195:
3185:
3006:
2804:
2760:
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2695:
2511:
2426:
2383:
2358:
2149:
1995:
1578:
1077:
411:
78:
2889:
2718:
2478:
4913:
4803:
4703:
4516:
4388:
4273:
4191:
4124:
3039:
3025:. Northumberland Avenue, London. 1898. p. 26. "The Railway System of South Africa".
2986:
2907:
2421:
Walton, Christopher, ed. (1984). "Anatomy of South Africa: 200 million years ago".
1985:
1977:
1155:
1059:
907:
751:
702:
prospered in the wet forests, and their remains have made the Karoo famous amongst
671:
623:
595:
580:
399:
261:. The driest region of the Karoo, however, is its southwestern corner, between the
234:
210:
148:
2214:
p. 89-90, 102–107, 134–136,159–161, 195–211, 248–254. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
1272:
In 1849, a massive herd of springbok, amongst which were intermingled wildebeest,
253:, spaced 50 cm or more apart, and becoming very sparse going northwards into
4807:
4484:
4277:
4184:
4086:
3235:
2724:
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2619:
2597:
2553:
2328:
1881:
1842:
1675:
1663:
1562:
1457:
1441:
1319:
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1092:
geographical region, about 250 km north of Cape Town, and continues through
1089:
1071:
1051:
1035:
957:
894:
703:
603:
563:
342:
258:
250:
19:
This article is about the semidesert region of South Africa. For other uses, see
3054:
2977:
Moodley, Y. & Harley, E.H. (2006) Population structuring in mountain zebra (
2378:
Reid, R., ed. (2005). "7. The lost world of the dinosaurs: The Karoo sequence".
2343:(1975); Macropaedia, Vol. 17. p. 60. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago.
4947:
4794:
4546:
4541:
4506:
4426:
4368:
4229:
3931:
3230:
1624:
1535:
1512:
1500:
1472:
1467:
1120:. From here, it continues eastwards into the western half of the Klein Karoo.
1003:
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931:
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888:
867:
796:
784:
772:
747:
711:
599:
555:
547:
470:
418:
389:
206:
187:
86:
58:
2990:
2447:
2297:"273 Precision Actuators for the Largest Telescope in the Southern Hemisphere"
930:. The long vertical fissures through which the lava welled up solidified into
585:
4941:
4883:
4849:
4844:
4511:
4474:
4303:
4250:
3941:
3870:
3865:
3092:
2898:
2057:. Micropaedia, Vol. 6. (2007). p. 750. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., Chicago.
1793:
1718:
1691:
1660:
wrote of the Karoo in his 1899 poem "Drummer Hodge" (or "The Dead Drummer").
1447:
1437:
1399:
1347:
1297:
1251:
1178:
1173:
883:
683:
407:
313:
113:
100:
2260:. pp. 271–274, 301–314. Discovering Southern Africa Productions, Muizenberg.
4821:
4816:
4790:
4650:
4489:
4326:
4245:
4234:
4219:
4144:
3880:
3875:
3860:
3855:
3215:
3139:
3035:
1999:
1981:
1657:
1630:
The Swartberg Pass was built, with convict labor, between 1881 and 1888 by
1553:
1547:
1539:
1277:
1211:
1123:
1101:
1097:
1081:
1007:
829:
715:
519:
292:
that also runs east–west. The Great Karoo lies to the north the Swartberg.
133:
3088:
4799:
4785:
4579:
4531:
4526:
4467:
4457:
4269:
4259:
3936:
3885:
3850:
3566:
3210:
3190:
1671:
1613:
1570:
1480:
1093:
1015:
1014:, into which an underground stream has carved the impressively extensive
861:
844:
791:
767:
735:
523:
458:
406:
and follow a course about 50 km south of the Great Escarpment up to
3108:
2530:
Van Deventer, L. & McLennan, B. (eds) (2010). "The Little Karoo" in
1831:. (1984). p. 13, 98–106, 114–119. Reader’s Digest Association, Cape Town
706:. The first of these Karoo fossils was discovered in 1838 by Scots-born
4854:
4834:
4829:
4584:
4334:
4312:
4287:
4282:
3914:
3902:
1667:
1582:
1433:
1323:
1227:
1215:
1148:
1132:
1055:
965:
899:
856:
759:
507:
503:
430:
324:
3103:
2613:
2118:. p. 206-223, 243–247, 252–273, 300–311. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
1425:), which is slightly less arid than the western Karoo. These were the
300:
4863:
4859:
4739:
4556:
4378:
4358:
4321:
4317:
4035:
3926:
3250:
3072:
1597:
1427:
1422:
1262:
1199:
1011:
970:
952:
949:
915:
838:
803:
699:
559:
534:
499:
495:
478:
474:
454:
368:
289:
266:
242:
226:
2184:. (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
1518:
The line reached Kimberley in 1885, and has since been extended via
1206:, and other large game, especially on the grassy flats in the east.
977:
417:
Turning north from the N1 between Touws River and Beaufort West, at
77:
Extent of the Karoo (olive-green) and Klein Karoo (bright green) in
4825:
4330:
4004:
3897:
3205:
1574:
1566:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1461:
1351:
1266:
1223:
1195:
924:
876:
872:
849:
834:
817:
811:
779:
744:
729:
718:
recognised the Karoo fossils' mammal-like characteristics in 1897.
710:
at a road cutting near Fort Beaufort. He sent his specimens to the
611:
386:
317:
246:
238:
218:
191:
184:
1026:
288:
that run east–west parallel to the coast, and in the north by the
4839:
4494:
4363:
4307:
4291:
4224:
3892:
1531:
1335:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1231:
1136:
1105:
1085:
1034:, or botanical regions, of South Africa bear the name Karoo: the
822:
808:
695:
679:
654:
638:
511:
2425:. The Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 14–15.
2271:"Deep Space Observatories: The Southern African Large Telescope"
1593:, in the Lower Karoo, between Matjiesfontein and Beaufort West.
686:
and on the Highveld. This 3 km-thick layer is known as the
1543:
1527:
1504:
1305:
1203:
537:(in the background) along the northern strip of the Klein Karoo
450:
203:
163:
3098:
1674:
while guarding the Karoo railway track, a lifeline during the
1616:
in the Swartberg Mountains are named after this Khoisan word.
674:
of varying origins and sizes into this basin. This became the
602:, and to the north by the more ancient Ventersdorp Lavas, the
529:
2887:
1966:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
1301:
1104:, and on into the Namaqualand or Namaland region of southern
1047:
1031:
617:
1285:
230:
199:
166:
154:
2406:. p. 6-7. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.
1569:
units, reinforced by the sympathizers ("rebels") from the
1038:
to the west of green line, and the Nama Karoo to the east.
902:
in the Klein Karoo), showing the relationship between the
743:
Karoo Koppies hills are capped by hard, erosion-resistant
2503:
1237:
2073:. (5th Ed.) pp. 106–117. Conolly Publishers, Scottburgh.
2045:. p. 12-13, 120, 126, 140–146. Fontana/ Collins, London.
1265:, one of Southern Africa's most well-known antelopes or
2299:. Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG. May 2003.
1970:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2951:
Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. & Ryan, P.G. (2005).
1963:
1589:, 12 km (7.5 mi) to the east of the town of
514:, as well as such well-known mission stations such as
350:, the Moordenaarskaroo, the Koup, the Vlakte, and the
2981:):the molecular consequences of divergent histories.
2182:
Geological Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland
175:
151:
1952:
Reader’s Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa
1245:'s menagerie at Versailles by Nicolas Marechal, 1793
421:, the road ascends the Great Escarpment through the
160:
1194:The Great Karoo used to support a large variety of
157:
1841:
1479:In 1872, construction was started to connect the
1010:. In the Klein Karoo, the outcrop is composed of
4939:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
1436:-speaking clans migrating through the area, and
1407:Oudtshoorn, the center of the ostrich industry.
2966:Raptor Identification Guide for Southern Africa
1957:
1840:
1907:Potgieter, D.J. & du Plessis, T.C. (1972)
562:valley between Uniondale and Humansdorp, near
4755:
4615:Geographic data and information organizations
4020:
3124:
2913:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3326A45176532.en
2564:
2562:
2162:
1084:northwards to over 200 km into southern
942:
690:, which is overlain by the 5.6 km-thick
3034:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
183:; from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South
3023:Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute
2968:. pp. 62, 82. Rollerbird Press, Pinegowrie.
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
1088:. It starts in the south just north of the
4762:
4748:
4027:
4013:
3131:
3117:
3005:. Cape Town. Human & Rousseau, p. 95.
2934:
2932:
2930:
2888:Collins, K.; Bragg, C.; Birss, C. (2019).
2859:"Bunolagus monticularis (Riverine rabbit)"
2571:. (1999) p. 90. Times Books Group, London.
2569:The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World
2559:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1511:, where South Africa's first diamond, the
618:Geological history of the Karoo Supergroup
550:between Oudtshoorn in the Klein Karoo and
4666:National Council for Geographic Education
3138:
2940:Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa
2911:
2656:
2574:
2534:. p. 58-61. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
2448:"Early dinosaurs crawled before they ran"
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2121:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2076:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
1989:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa
1076:The succulent Karoo biome runs along the
906:(and their geological structure) and the
57:Typical Karoo vegetation to the south of
2964:Oberprieler, U. & Cillié, B. (2002)
2826:"Bunolagus monticularis riverine rabbit"
2187:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1911:. Vol. 6. pp. 306–307. Nasou, Cape Town.
1552:
1495:and entered the Lower Karoo through the
1466:
1446:
1256:
1236:
1122:
1065:
1025:
893:
734:
584:
528:
323:
299:
2945:
2927:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2526:
2524:
2439:
2409:
2382:. Struik Publishers. pp. 199–221.
1886:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1181:plant species in the Nama Karoo biome.
569:
4940:
4769:
3052:
2971:
2809:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2765:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2700:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2532:South Africa by Road, a Regional Guide
2491:from the original on 28 September 2007
2470:
2445:
2420:
2352:
2217:
2154:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2091:
2060:
1914:
1651:
728:Finally, about 180 million years ago,
445:, seven radio dishes form part of the
435:South African Astronomical Observatory
4743:
4008:
3112:
3055:""Bridge-Guard in the Karroo": Notes"
2853:
2851:
2836:from the original on 14 December 2014
2476:
2357:. Books of Africa. pp. 199–221.
2303:from the original on 29 February 2012
2006:
1612:meaning "a place rich in water". The
1058:, although both, like the geological
4920:
4710:
4034:
3841:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
2625:
2521:
2377:
1862:participating institution membership
1805:
1432:time, the only inhabitants were the
908:geology of the Klein and Great Karoo
267:Cederberg-Skurweberg mountain ranges
4722:
2942:p. 136, 170, 176. Struik, Cape Town
2938:Stuart, C. & Stuart, T (2007).
2899:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2210:McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005).
1789:Central Karoo District Municipality
1670:soldiers at Ketting station on the
1483:'s coastal railway system with the
1142:
1030:Two separate and independent Karoo
65:Mountains visible in the background
13:
2848:
2458:from the original on 17 April 2009
2071:Conolly’s Guide to Southern Africa
1507:, and crossed the Orange River at
1177:). However, there are few rare or
923:Beaufort groups, to solidify into
574:
16:Semi-desert region in South Africa
14:
4984:
3081:
2869:from the original on 28 June 2015
2402:Jackson, A.A., Stone, P. (2008).
2355:Scenic Wonders of Southern Africa
2277:from the original on 4 March 2012
2114:Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006)
1964:Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008).
1557:A blockhouse in the eastern Karoo
1410:
1241:Painting of a quagga stallion in
910:, as well as the position of the
477:to the north, and the continuous
461:occur, even at great distances).
4919:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4882:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4686:
4685:
4661:International Geography Olympiad
3087:
3071:The poem was first published in
3061:from the original on 28 May 2012
2953:Roberts Birds of Southern Africa
2085:South African Journal of Geology
1740:
1725:
1710:
1698:
1683:
1603:
1415:
1357:
1189:
1050:, they have coined their biomes
653:
637:
464:
439:Southern African Large Telescope
379:
147:
71:
51:
4958:Natural regions of South Africa
3046:
3028:
3015:
2995:
2958:
2881:
2818:
2774:
2730:
2709:
2603:
2537:
2396:
2371:
2346:
2334:
2315:
2289:
2263:
2055:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
1565:of 1899–1902, three Republican
4374:Geographic information science
1868:
1834:
1747:Farmhouse in the Tankwa Karoo.
1717:The Valley of Desolation near
1596:Recently, nature reserves and
1184:
1021:
1006:, and similar outcrops in the
357:
295:
28:Natural region in South Africa
1:
4480:Geographic information system
2446:Knight, Will (28 July 2005).
2380:The Story of Earth & Life
2212:The Story of Earth and Life.
1799:
1522:(then Bechuanaland) to reach
1127:Spring flowers in Namaqualand
879:herbivorous, bipedal dinosaur
286:Outeniqua–Langeberg Mountains
4407:Environmental social science
3095:travel guide from Wikivoyage
1769:Mountain Zebra National Park
1690:The Nuweveld Mountains near
1384:Mountain Zebra National Park
374:
279:
7:
3099:http://www.karoospace.co.za
2258:Discovering Southern Africa
1784:Karoo District Municipality
1752:
1732:Typical Karoo koppies near
1100:, immediately south of the
304:A view from the top of the
10:
4989:
3003:Early Railways at the Cape
1779:Tankwa Karoo National Park
1491:, The new line started in
1346:(3.0–5.8 kg) and the
1146:
1069:
943:Geology of the Klein Karoo
621:
578:
257:and, from there, into the
18:
4953:Geography of South Africa
4891:
4880:
4777:
4681:
4638:
4607:
4570:
4522:Global Positioning System
4448:
4439:
4397:
4349:
4210:
4085:
4078:
4045:
3966:
3831:
3741:
3618:
3609:
3504:
3495:
3406:
3397:
3303:
3294:
3269:
3159:
3150:
2991:10.1007/s10592-005-9083-8
1849:Oxford English Dictionary
1471:The Lord Milner Hotel in
1460:invented the multibladed
1392:Gamkaberg Nature Reserves
948:hard, erosion-resistant,
763:, aquatic Dwyka carnivore
631:Extinct Karoo vertebrates
594:In geological terms, the
129:
94:
70:
50:
43:
33:
3021:Royal Colonial Society:
2622:. Accessed 30 April 2014
2423:Atlas of Southern Africa
2404:Bedrock Geology UK South
1829:Atlas of Southern Africa
714:, where fellow Scotsman
678:consisting primarily of
290:Swartberg Mountain Range
4968:Physiographic provinces
4630:National mapping agency
4595:Survey (human research)
4537:Participant observation
3562:State-owned enterprises
3261:Democratic South Africa
2341:Encyclopædia Britannica
1854:Oxford University Press
1376:Equus quagga burchellii
1222:(eastern Lower Karoo).
1218:near Cranemere, in the
998:that forms the base of
973: million years ago
229:vegetation consists of
4620:Geographical societies
4417:Landscape architecture
2892:Bunolagus monticularis
2649:8 January 2014 at the
2600:Accessed 30 April 2014
2544:Biomes of South Africa
2331:. Accessed 2014-04-24.
2273:. Space Today Online.
2043:The Plains of Camdeboo
1982:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
1880:17 August 2021 at the
1774:Camdeboo National Park
1558:
1476:
1453:
1269:
1246:
1128:
1039:
919:
740:
591:
538:
447:Square Kilometer Array
330:
321:
21:Karoo (disambiguation)
4973:South African English
4412:Environmental studies
4384:Statistical geography
4265:Environmental science
3181:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3001:Burman, Jose (1984).
2983:Conservation Genetics
2863:Biodiversity Explorer
2815:. Accessed 2 May 2014
2771:. Accessed 2 May 2014
2727:. Accessed 2 May 2014
2723:27 April 2014 at the
2706:. Accessed 2 May 2014
2653:. Accessed 2 May 2014
2479:"Rhebok Hiking Trail"
2327:26 April 2014 at the
2256:Bulpin, T.V. (1992).
1556:
1546:, and, of course, to
1470:
1450:
1260:
1240:
1126:
1080:, from approximately
1066:Succulent Karoo biome
1029:
897:
852:carnivorous therapsid
738:
588:
532:
414:and the Upper Karoo.
327:
303:
4625:Geoscience societies
4590:Interview (research)
4562:Land change modeling
4463:Computer cartography
4441:Techniques and tools
4299:Earth system science
3816:World Heritage Sites
3592:Water and sanitation
3201:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2906:: e.T3326A45176532.
2830:Animal Diversity Web
2672:The Nama Karoo Biome
2641:The Nama Karoo Biome
2556:Accessed 13 May 2014
2069:Conolly, D. (1992).
1875:English – Kora index
1634:, son of the famous
1208:Francois Le Vaillant
1171:), and sweet thorn (
1162:Rhigozum trichotomum
608:Waterberg Supergroup
604:Transvaal Supergroup
570:Geology of the Karoo
4782:Atmospheric science
4671:Spatial citizenship
4656:Geographers on Film
4646:Geography education
4256:Atmospheric science
3104:Karoo, South Africa
2552:25 May 2013 at the
2116:Geological Journeys
1852:(Online ed.).
1764:Karoo National Park
1759:People of the Karoo
1652:Karoo in literature
1364:Cape mountain zebra
1340:black-backed jackal
1114:Breede River Valley
1044:World Wildlife Fund
986:) ago. These "Enon
936:Great Wall of China
934:which resemble the
904:Cape Fold Mountains
600:Cape Fold Mountains
535:Swartberg Mountains
335:Cape Fold Mountains
310:Karoo National Park
110: /
4874:Quaternary science
4771:Physical geography
4552:Statistical survey
4502:Geologic modelling
4341:Quaternary science
3226:Transvaal Republic
3040:"The Dead Drummer"
2791:on 18 October 2014
2682:on 18 October 2014
2618:2 May 2014 at the
2596:5 May 2017 at the
2136:on 18 October 2014
2041:Palmer, E. (1966)
1636:Andrew Geddes Bain
1561:During the Second
1559:
1477:
1454:
1270:
1247:
1198:(particularly the
1168:Chrysocoma ciliata
1129:
1040:
920:
741:
708:Andrew Geddes Bain
592:
539:
471:Cape Fold Mountain
423:Verlatenkloof Pass
371:for Little Karoo.
363:It is called the
331:
322:
4935:
4934:
4869:Landscape ecology
4813:Coastal geography
4737:
4736:
4603:
4602:
4435:
4434:
4422:Landscape ecology
4242:Coastal geography
4002:
4001:
3962:
3961:
3605:
3604:
3597:Wealth inequality
3544:Income inequality
3491:
3490:
3466:Political parties
3431:Foreign relations
3393:
3392:
3290:
3289:
3221:Orange Free State
3196:Dutch Cape Colony
3186:Kingdom of Mutapa
2127:Grassland biome.
1860:(Subscription or
1676:South African War
1640:Bain's Kloof Pass
1368:Equus zebra zebra
1328:Verreaux's eagles
1298:African wild dogs
966:Cretaceous period
251:desert ephemerals
235:mesembryanthemums
139:
138:
4980:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4899:
4898:
4886:
4804:Paleoclimatology
4764:
4757:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4725:
4724:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4689:
4688:
4517:Geovisualization
4446:
4445:
4389:Spatial analysis
4274:Paleoclimatology
4083:
4082:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4006:
4005:
3982:
3975:
3801:National symbols
3723:Social movements
3616:
3615:
3557:
3529:Economic history
3502:
3501:
3404:
3403:
3370:Populated places
3301:
3300:
3241:Great Depression
3157:
3156:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
2999:
2993:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2787:. Archived from
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2747:on 17 April 2014
2743:. Archived from
2734:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2678:. Archived from
2669:
2654:
2638:
2623:
2607:
2601:
2585:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2541:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2321:The Great Karoo
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2215:
2208:
2185:
2179:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2132:. Archived from
2125:
2119:
2112:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1976:(1636): 759–65.
1961:
1955:
1949:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1744:
1729:
1714:
1702:
1687:
1497:Hex River valley
1372:Burchell's zebra
1344:Verreaux's eagle
1342:(6–10 kg),
1338:(7–19 kg),
1308:preyed on them.
1143:Nama Karoo biome
1060:Karoo Supergroup
996:Malmesbury Group
981:
974:
912:Great Escarpment
704:palaeontologists
657:
641:
624:Karoo Supergroup
596:Karoo Supergroup
581:Karoo Supergroup
400:Hex River Valley
306:Great Escarpment
263:Great Escarpment
179:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
125:
124:
122:
121:
120:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
83:Great Escarpment
75:
55:
31:
30:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4887:
4878:
4808:Palaeogeography
4773:
4768:
4738:
4733:
4677:
4634:
4599:
4566:
4485:Distributed GIS
4431:
4393:
4345:
4278:Palaeogeography
4206:
4074:
4041:
4033:
4003:
3998:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3958:
3827:
3806:Public holidays
3737:
3703:Sexual violence
3683:Life expectancy
3601:
3555:
3549:Mining industry
3487:
3451:Law enforcement
3389:
3355:Mountain ranges
3286:
3265:
3236:Second Boer War
3146:
3137:
3084:
3079:
3075:of 5 June 1901.
3064:
3062:
3051:
3047:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2785:"Archived copy"
2783:
2781:Grassland Biome
2779:
2775:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2741:"Archived copy"
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:Wayback Machine
2714:
2710:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2676:"Archived copy"
2674:
2670:
2657:
2651:Wayback Machine
2639:
2626:
2620:Wayback Machine
2610:Succulent Karoo
2608:
2604:
2598:Wayback Machine
2588:Succulent Karoo
2586:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2554:Wayback Machine
2542:
2538:
2529:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2329:Wayback Machine
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2218:
2209:
2188:
2180:
2163:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:"Archived copy"
2128:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2007:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1915:
1906:
1887:
1882:Wayback Machine
1873:
1869:
1859:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1806:
1802:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1705:The Lower Karoo
1703:
1694:
1688:
1664:Rudyard Kipling
1654:
1606:
1458:Daniel Halladay
1418:
1413:
1360:
1320:riverine rabbit
1220:Camdeboo Plains
1192:
1187:
1151:
1145:
1118:Robertson Karoo
1074:
1072:Succulent Karoo
1068:
1052:succulent Karoo
1036:Succulent Karoo
1024:
976:
969:
945:
752:Karoo's geology
723:Stormberg Group
670:mud containing
667:
666:
665:
664:
663:
658:
649:
648:
647:
642:
633:
632:
626:
620:
583:
577:
575:The Great Karoo
572:
564:Plettenberg Bay
467:
412:Central Plateau
382:
377:
360:
352:Camdeboo Plains
343:Griqualand West
298:
282:
259:Kalahari Desert
177:
150:
146:
118:
116:
114:32.27°S 22.31°E
112:
109:
104:
101:
99:
97:
96:
90:
66:
46:
39:
36:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4986:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4819:
4810:
4797:
4795:Phytogeography
4788:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4767:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4744:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4695:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4547:Remote sensing
4544:
4542:Photogrammetry
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:Geomathematics
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4477:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4427:Time geography
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:Geoinformatics
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4324:
4315:
4310:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4280:
4267:
4262:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4230:Phytogeography
4227:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4091:
4089:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Cape Coloureds
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3821:heritage sites
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Slum clearance
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Stock exchange
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Communications
3521:
3516:
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3483:State security
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3365:National parks
3362:
3360:Municipalities
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:Climate change
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3231:First Boer War
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3136:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3083:
3082:External links
3080:
3078:
3077:
3045:
3027:
3014:
2994:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2926:
2880:
2847:
2817:
2773:
2729:
2708:
2655:
2624:
2602:
2573:
2558:
2536:
2520:
2502:
2469:
2438:
2432:0-947-008-02-0
2431:
2408:
2395:
2388:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2333:
2314:
2288:
2262:
2216:
2186:
2161:
2120:
2090:
2075:
2059:
2047:
2005:
1956:
1913:
1885:
1867:
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1803:
1801:
1798:
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1731:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1653:
1650:
1625:Port Elizabeth
1605:
1602:
1563:Anglo-Boer War
1536:Port Elizabeth
1513:Eureka Diamond
1501:Matjiesfontein
1485:diamond fields
1473:Matjiesfontein
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Modern history
1409:
1359:
1356:
1276:, quagga, and
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1165:), bitterbos (
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1070:Main article:
1067:
1064:
1023:
1020:
1004:Cape Peninsula
1000:Table Mountain
944:
941:
892:
891:
880:
868:Massospondylus
864:
853:
841:
826:
814:
800:
797:Beaufort Group
788:
785:Beaufort Group
776:
773:Beaufort Group
764:
712:British Museum
692:Beaufort Group
659:
652:
651:
650:
643:
636:
635:
634:
630:
629:
628:
627:
622:Main article:
619:
616:
579:Main article:
576:
573:
571:
568:
556:Outeniqua Pass
548:Swartberg Pass
466:
463:
419:Matjiesfontein
381:
378:
376:
373:
359:
356:
297:
294:
281:
278:
207:natural region
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
92:
91:
87:Cape Fold Belt
76:
68:
67:
59:Matjiesfontein
56:
48:
47:
45:Natural region
44:
41:
40:
37:
34:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4985:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4928:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4850:Geostatistics
4848:
4846:
4845:Geomorphology
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
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4796:
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4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4730:
4729:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Geostatistics
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Geochronology
4473:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:Geomorphology
4302:
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4251:Earth science
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3718:Social issues
3716:
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3668:Land invasion
3666:
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3539:Foreign trade
3537:
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3204:
3202:
3199:
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3192:
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3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3176:Early history
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
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3105:
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3097:
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3086:
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3074:
3060:
3056:
3049:
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3037:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:0-7981-1760-5
3008:
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2821:
2812:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:Savanna Biome
2733:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2712:
2703:
2697:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
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2570:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:0-520-24209-2
2513:
2506:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2452:New Scientist
2449:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2391:
2389:1-77007-148-2
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2364:0-949956-26-0
2360:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2276:
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2259:
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2239:
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2227:
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2223:
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2213:
2207:
2205:
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2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1902:
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1898:
1896:
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1883:
1879:
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1863:
1855:
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1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1794:Karoo Ice Age
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1719:Graaff-Reinet
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1692:Beaufort West
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1645:Meiringspoort
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:Buffels River
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:Graaff-Reinet
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:martial eagle
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:falconiformes
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:Beaufort West
1244:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1182:
1180:
1179:Red Data Book
1176:
1175:
1174:Acacia karroo
1170:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
988:Conglomerates
985:
979:
972:
967:
961:
959:
954:
951:
940:
937:
933:
929:
926:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
890:
886:
885:
884:Megazostrodon
881:
878:
874:
870:
869:
865:
863:
859:
858:
854:
851:
847:
846:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:
827:
824:
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
806:
805:
801:
798:
794:
793:
789:
786:
782:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
746:
737:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:KwaZulu-Natal
681:
677:
673:
662:
656:
646:
640:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
582:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Prince Albert
549:
543:
536:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
408:Beaufort West
405:
401:
396:
393:
391:
388:
372:
370:
366:
355:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
326:
319:
315:
314:Beaufort West
311:
307:
302:
293:
291:
287:
277:
274:
272:
269:, called the
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
220:
215:
212:
208:
205:
202:") is a semi-
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
181:
171:
144:
135:
132:
128:
123:
119:-32.27; 22.31
95:Coordinates:
93:
88:
84:
80:
74:
69:
64:
60:
54:
49:
42:
32:
26:
22:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4822:Soil science
4817:Oceanography
4791:Biogeography
4726:
4714:
4702:
4690:
4651:Geo-literacy
4608:Institutions
4490:Internet GIS
4450:Quantitative
4327:Soil science
4246:Oceanography
4235:Zoogeography
4220:Biogeography
4095:Agricultural
3833:Demographics
3781:Homelessness
3751:Architecture
3582:Trade unions
3441:Human rights
3411:Constitution
3308:Biodiversity
3246:World War II
3216:Zulu Kingdom
3140:South Africa
3063:. Retrieved
3053:Mary Hamer.
3048:
3036:Thomas Hardy
3030:
3022:
3017:
3002:
2997:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2960:
2952:
2947:
2939:
2917:. Retrieved
2903:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2862:
2838:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2780:
2776:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2736:
2732:
2716:Fynbos Biome
2715:
2711:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:the original
2671:
2640:
2609:
2605:
2587:
2568:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2451:
2441:
2422:
2403:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2265:
2257:
2211:
2181:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:the original
2123:
2115:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2054:
2050:
2042:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1951:
1908:
1870:
1847:
1836:
1828:
1662:
1658:Thomas Hardy
1655:
1638:, who built
1629:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1595:
1560:
1548:Johannesburg
1540:Bloemfontein
1517:
1478:
1455:
1426:
1419:
1405:
1396:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1332:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1282:
1271:
1248:
1212:hippopotamus
1193:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1156:fynbos biome
1152:
1130:
1110:Tankwa Karoo
1102:Orange River
1098:Richtersveld
1082:Lamberts Bay
1075:
1041:
1008:Western Cape
992:
962:
946:
921:
889:early mammal
882:
866:
855:
843:
837:herbivorous
830:Lystrosaurus
828:
816:
802:
790:
778:
766:
758:
742:
727:
720:
716:Robert Broom
668:
661:Lystrosaurus
660:
644:
593:
544:
540:
520:Amalienstein
473:ranges, the
468:
416:
402:just before
397:
394:
383:
364:
361:
348:Tankwa Karoo
332:
283:
275:
271:Tankwa Karoo
224:
216:
195:
142:
140:
134:South Africa
79:South Africa
25:
4963:Namaqualand
4800:Climatology
4786:Meteorology
4728:WikiProject
4580:Ethnography
4572:Qualitative
4532:Map algebra
4527:Hydrography
4468:Web mapping
4458:Cartography
4270:Climatology
4260:Meteorology
4115:Development
3937:Cape Malays
3658:Immigration
3509:Agriculture
3330:Earthquakes
3211:Cape Colony
3191:Kaditshwene
2979:Equus zebra
2919:12 November
2873:17 November
2840:17 November
2686:18 December
2477:Footprint.
1672:Dwyka River
1632:Thomas Bain
1614:Cango Caves
1604:Klein Karoo
1583:blockhouses
1571:Cape Colony
1481:Cape Colony
1416:Great Karoo
1358:Klein Karoo
1190:Great Karoo
1185:Karoo fauna
1094:Namaqualand
1022:Karoo flora
1016:Cango Caves
845:Thrinaxodon
792:Procolophon
787:insectivore
768:Bradysaurus
676:Dwyka Group
645:Bradysaurus
524:Dysselsdorp
465:Klein Karoo
459:earthquakes
431:Mpumalangan
404:Touws River
380:Great Karoo
367:, which is
365:Klein Karoo
358:Klein Karoo
339:Bushmanland
296:Great Karoo
255:Bushmanland
117: /
61:, with the
4942:Categories
4855:Glaciology
4835:Geobiology
4830:Edaphology
4585:Geopoetics
4399:Integrated
4335:Edaphology
4313:Glaciology
4288:Geophysics
4283:Geobiology
4170:Settlement
4160:Population
4130:Historical
4100:Behavioral
4060:Philosophy
3915:Afrikaners
3903:San people
3786:Literature
3733:Xenophobia
3653:Healthcare
3633:Disability
3556:(currency)
3461:Parliament
3436:Government
3421:Corruption
3256:Border War
2307:28 January
2281:28 January
2088:116: 1–54.
1864:required.)
1800:References
1668:blockhouse
1598:game farms
1591:Laingsburg
1228:wildebeest
1216:rhinoceros
1149:Nama Karoo
1133:Asteraceae
1078:West Coast
1056:Nama Karoo
950:quartzitic
900:Calitzdorp
857:Euparkeria
760:Mesosaurus
700:amphibians
688:Ecca Group
672:dropstones
508:Oudtshoorn
504:Calitzdorp
427:Sutherland
243:euphorbias
227:xerophytic
4864:Limnology
4860:Hydrology
4639:Education
4557:Surveying
4379:Geomatics
4359:Geodesign
4351:Technical
4322:Limnology
4318:Hydrology
4197:Strategic
4180:Transport
4155:Political
4145:Marketing
4105:Cognitive
4036:Geography
3927:Coloureds
3673:Languages
3638:Education
3587:Transport
3519:Companies
3471:President
3426:Elections
3375:Provinces
3335:Estuaries
3325:Districts
3296:Geography
3251:Apartheid
3073:The Times
2495:13 August
1579:guerrilla
1493:Worcester
1489:Kimberley
1456:In 1854,
1428:trekboers
1423:Algoa Bay
1263:springbok
1243:Louis XVI
1232:ostriches
1200:springbok
1116:, as the
1012:limestone
958:Bokkeveld
953:sandstone
916:Swartberg
875:to early
862:archosaur
839:therapsid
804:Diictodon
775:herbivore
590:purposes.
560:Langkloof
500:Ladismith
496:Barrydale
483:Outeniqua
479:Langeberg
475:Swartberg
455:Milky Way
443:Carnarvon
425:to reach
375:Geography
369:Afrikaans
280:Divisions
247:stapelias
239:crassulas
196:ǃ’Aukarob
188:!Orakobab
38:ǃ’Aukarob
4902:Category
4826:Pedology
4692:Category
4331:Pedology
4212:Physical
4175:Regional
4165:Religion
4150:Military
4140:Language
4135:Internet
4120:Economic
4110:Cultural
4079:Branches
4050:Glossary
3989:Category
3898:Khoekhoe
3776:HIV/AIDS
3698:Religion
3663:Intersex
3643:Feminism
3623:Cannabis
3572:Taxation
3476:timeline
3456:Military
3399:Politics
3385:Wildlife
3282:Military
3270:By topic
3206:Ndwandwe
3164:Timeline
3144:articles
3065:22 April
3059:Archived
3038:(1899).
2867:Archived
2834:Archived
2805:cite web
2761:cite web
2721:Archived
2696:cite web
2647:Archived
2616:Archived
2594:Archived
2550:Archived
2486:Archived
2456:Archived
2325:Archived
2301:Archived
2275:Archived
2150:cite web
2000:18198148
1878:Archived
1753:See also
1575:Calvinia
1567:commando
1524:Zimbabwe
1520:Botswana
1509:Hopetown
1462:windpump
1452:Koppies.
1352:Leopards
1294:cheetahs
1290:leopards
1267:gazelles
1224:Elephant
1196:antelope
1090:sandveld
1054:and the
968:, about
925:dolerite
877:Jurassic
873:Triassic
850:Triassic
835:Triassic
825:predator
818:Rubidgea
812:synapsid
799:omnivore
780:Owenetta
745:dolerite
730:volcanic
696:reptiles
612:Gondwana
387:dolerite
318:dolerite
265:and the
219:Highveld
192:Khoemana
185:Khoekhoe
63:Anysberg
4926:Commons
4840:Geology
4716:Commons
4495:Web GIS
4364:Geodesy
4308:Geology
4292:Geodesy
4225:Ecology
4202:Tourism
4070:Outline
4055:History
3973:Outline
3954:Chinese
3949:Indians
3942:Griquas
3920:British
3893:Khoisan
3846:Ndebele
3766:Cuisine
3743:Culture
3713:Smoking
3688:Poverty
3611:Society
3577:Tourism
3514:Banking
3497:Economy
3345:Islands
3340:Forests
3313:Climate
3277:Economy
3152:History
2462:23 June
1991:2596898
1843:"karoo"
1734:Cradock
1532:Namibia
1388:Cradock
1336:caracal
1306:jackals
1274:blesbok
1202:), the
1137:lucerne
1106:Namibia
1086:Namibia
1002:on the
982:years (
980:million
871:, late
823:Permian
809:Permian
680:tillite
512:De Rust
492:Montagu
488:defiles
308:in the
211:geology
130:Country
105:22°19′E
102:32°16′S
4914:Portal
4704:Portal
4192:Social
4125:Health
4039:topics
3994:Portal
3910:Whites
3871:Tswana
3866:Tsonga
3811:Sports
3761:Cinema
3693:Racism
3648:Health
3534:Energy
3416:Courts
3380:Rivers
3142:
3009:
2514:
2429:
2386:
2361:
1998:
1988:
1544:Durban
1528:Zambia
1505:De Aar
1304:, and
1302:hyenas
1204:quagga
1096:, the
1048:biomes
1032:biomes
522:, and
510:, and
453:, the
451:galaxy
249:, and
204:desert
4948:Karoo
4185:Urban
4087:Human
4065:Index
3980:Index
3881:Xhosa
3876:Venda
3861:Swazi
3856:Sotho
3796:Music
3791:Media
3728:Women
3628:Crime
3554:Rand
3350:Lakes
3169:Years
3093:Karoo
2795:2 May
2751:2 May
2489:(PDF)
2482:(PDF)
2140:2 May
1858:
1656:Poet
1610:kango
1386:near
1286:lions
1278:eland
932:dikes
928:sills
748:sills
390:sills
312:near
231:aloes
198:"Hard
194:word
143:Karoo
35:Karoo
3886:Zulu
3851:Pedi
3770:wine
3678:LGBT
3067:2012
3007:ISBN
2921:2021
2904:2019
2875:2017
2842:2017
2811:link
2797:2014
2767:link
2753:2014
2702:link
2688:2014
2512:ISBN
2497:2006
2464:2009
2427:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2309:2009
2283:2009
2156:link
2142:2014
1996:PMID
1534:and
1526:and
1434:Khoe
1326:and
1318:The
1230:and
1042:The
698:and
606:and
516:Zoar
225:The
200:veld
141:The
3756:Art
3446:Law
2987:doi
2908:doi
1986:PMC
1978:doi
1974:275
1487:in
1442:Ntu
1438:!Ui
1366:, (
975:to
971:145
190:or
178:ROO
176:kə-
4944::
4862:/
4828:/
4824:/
4815:/
4806:/
4802:/
4793:/
4784:/
4320:/
4306:/
4290:/
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4272:/
4258:/
4244:/
3057:.
2985:.
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2896:.
2865:.
2861:.
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2832:.
2828:.
2807:}}
2803:{{
2763:}}
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1261:A
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566:.
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518:,
506:,
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498:,
494:,
245:,
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2466:.
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2158:)
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2002:.
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170:/
167:ə
164:u
161:r
158:ˈ
155:ə
152:k
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