1341:
1169:
estimated that there were less than 30 speakers at the time. Matthias
Brenzinger reported in 2012 that one possible speaker remained, but that she refused to speak the language. The discrepancies could be because the language has multiple dialects and goes by several names, with scholars not always
1164:
Reports as to the number of
Khoemana speakers are contradictory, but it is clear that it is nearly extinct. It was thought to be extinct until the discovery of four elderly speakers around Bloemfontein and Kimberley. A 2009 report by Don Killian of the
1224:
from 1948 to 1994, the language has all but vanished. Currently, speakers of
Khoemana are not only scarce but scattered, due to forced migrations during the apartheid era. This has rendered the language particularly vulnerable.
322:
when taken together), but they do not correspond to any actual dialect distinctions, and speakers may use "Korana" and "Griqua" interchangeably. Both names are also used more broadly, for example for the
1220:
and the resulting armed conflicts. At the time, Khoemana was widely spoken throughout the coastal regions of South Africa. After years of attrition during the colonial era to the 1930s, and under
339:, and the sound systems are broadly similar. The strongly aspirated Khoekhoe affricates are simply aspirated plosives in Khoemana. However, Khoemana has an ejective velar affricate,
1668:
1457:
1505:
Transformation and reconstitution of Khoe-San identities: AAS le Fleur I, Griqua identities and post-apartheid Khoe-San revivalism (1894–2004)
1642:
Die Khoe-Sprachen: Ein
Beitrag zur Erforschung der Sprachgeschichte Afrikas. (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung/Research in Khoisan Studies, 12.)
318:
or Cape
Hottentot, though the latter has become considered derogatory. The various names are often treated as different languages (called
1199:
1474:
pp 51–60. ed. Anthony Traill. Communications from the
African Studies Institute, no 2. University of the Witwatersrand. Johannesburg.
1216:
The people and their language first began to attract scholarly attention in the 1660s, coinciding with Dutch colonial efforts in the
1394:(2011) "Collection of sound files for inclusion in a dictionary of Korana and eventual integration with a corpus of heritage texts"
920:
2031:
796:
Voicing can be very weak in
Khoemana in casual speech, so voiced plosives can be hard to distinguish from voiceless plosives.
1658:
359:
in languages with clicks, and it might be expected that this is true for
Khoemana as well. In addition, about half of all
177:
2021:
1365:
1706:
1441:
273:
913:
352:
1416:
1300:
927:
461:
167:
906:
1279:
An ejective velar "scrape" followed by a glottal stop, a bit different from a typical velar ejective affricate
2026:
990:
850:
1611:
Waldman, Linda (2006). "Klaar Gesnap As
Kleurling: The Attempted Making and Remaking of the Griqua People".
885:
781:
The aspirated phoneme is realized as an affricate sound /ts/ when followed by a close front vowel , , or .
726:
477:
153:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
356:
348:
340:
740:
697:
424:
1518:
The
Griquas of Griqualand: A Historical Narrative of the Griqua People, Their Rise, Progress and Decline
603:
596:
498:
1648:
Maingard, L.F. 1962. Korana Folktales. Grammar and Texts. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press
1198:, which contains five short stories; some additional work was done in Ponelis (1975). As of 2009, the
1248:
1246:
733:
344:
1340:
1948:
1723:
1077:
1073:
706:
440:
79:
1679:
1601:
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2011:
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612:
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2016:
1856:
1166:
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1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
983:
843:
758:
571:
564:
1486:
Dreams and Visions in Koranna and Griqua Revival in Colonial and Post-Apartheid South Africa
784:
The aspirated sound can sometimes be realized as . Some Griqua speakers may pronounce as .
1860:
997:
878:
857:
676:
8:
1179:
1005:
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962:
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is stated to be alveolar-postalveolar when not followed by a close front vowel , , or .
689:
541:
1963:
1833:
327:. There exist (or existed) several dialects of Khoemana, but the details are unknown.
145:
1933:
1762:
1715:
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1437:
1217:
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173:
1985:
1977:
1692:
1620:
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1559:
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1391:
1170:
referring to the same population. Khoemana is listed as "critically endangered" in
808:
536:
531:
244:
1958:
1938:
1851:
1182:
would have a significant impact on the heritage and culture of Khoemana speakers.
1841:
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1662:
1112:
1043:
748:
558:
546:
71:
1750:
158:
1990:
1943:
1803:
1787:
1732:
1550:
Jenkins, Trefor (1975). "The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa".
219:
84:
1845:
1624:
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1403:
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2005:
1887:
1782:
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324:
50:
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121:
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286:(also Gri , Xri, Xiri, Xirikwa). The name 'Korana' reflects the endonym
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384:
1674:
1221:
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138:
112:
1684:
363:
in Khoemana began with a click, compared to a quarter in Khoekhoe.
306:
294:
185:
1470:
Ponelis, F. A. (1975). "ǃOra Clicks: Problems and Speculations."
585:
181:
1579:
Robertshaw, PT (1978). "The origin of pastoralism in the Cape".
1308:
1171:
793:
The trilled can also be realized as a flapped in some speech.
1669:ǃKorana basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
1149:
259:
351:. Beach (1938) reported that the Khoekhoe of the time had a
1245:
is also a grammatical suffix. The letter "g" for the sound
265:
250:
184:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
274:
262:
247:
1434:
Language Endangerment in Southern and Eastern Africa
775:
An intervocalic and are sometimes realized as /β/.
256:
1599:
253:
1194:) is principally recorded in an 1879 notebook by
2003:
1152:), mid (no accent), and falling (notated with a
772:The phoneme can be realized as /c/ before or .
1644:. Köln: Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe. pp. 92–94.
1421:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1305:UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger
1700:
1511:(Thesis). Faculty of Arts, Leiden University.
1202:project is searching for remaining speakers.
520:In Korana, and can be pronounced as and .
238:'language') is more commonly known as either
1707:
1693:
1578:
1456:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1431:
1552:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1472:Bushman and Hottentot Linguistic Studies,
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
355:, , a common realisation or allophone of
282:(also ǃOrakobab, ǃOra, Kora, Koraqua) or
343:, which is not found in Khoekhoe, and a
1610:
1549:
1532:
1515:
1477:
1380:The Phonetics of the Hottentot Language
178:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2004:
1501:
1409:
1347:
305:
293:
1714:
1688:
1639:
1436:. Berlin, Germany. pp. 179–204.
790:and can occur syllabically as and .
1190:Robust Khoemana (before more recent
1144:in Khoemana: high (notated with an
13:
1680:Rosetta Project: Xiri Swadesh List
1558:(1). Wiley Online Library: 71–78.
1495:
314:. Sometimes ǃOra is also known as
14:
2043:
1652:
1587:. Taylor & Francis: 117–133.
1103:
1096:
1089:
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1581:South African Historical Journal
1339:
353:velar lateral ejective affricate
243:
1464:
1425:
335:Khoemana is closely related to
2032:Endangered languages of Africa
1516:Halford, Samuel James (1949).
1397:
1385:
1372:
1322:
1293:
1273:
1260:
1235:
1185:
787:The sound only seldom occurs.
524:Khoemana non-click consonants
345:corresponding series of clicks
1:
1502:Besten, Michael Paul (2006).
1432:Brenzinger, Matthias (2007).
1286:
1159:
16:Khoe language of South Africa
1600:The Rosetta Project (2010).
330:
7:
1675:Dictionary of Korana ('Ora)
1406:at Endangered Languages.com
62:Korana (kqz): 6 (2008)
10:
2048:
1659:ǃKorana grammar at Cornell
1209:
1205:
1148:), rising (notated with a
29:Griqua, Korana, ǃOra, Kora
2022:Languages of South Africa
1976:
1916:
1895:
1886:
1870:
1857:Juǀʼhoan / Southern ǃKung
1832:
1823:
1796:
1731:
1722:
1625:10.1080/00020180601035633
1619:(2). Routledge: 175–200.
1593:10.1080/02582477808671538
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164:
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136:
110:
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28:
23:
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225:
1842:Sekele / Northern ǃKung
1564:10.1002/ajpa.1330430111
1535:Khoemana and the Griqua
1367:Khoemana and the Griqua
1270:is a grammatical suffix
1640:Voßen, Rainer (1997).
1167:University of Helsinki
166:This article contains
1533:Killian, Don (2008).
42:South Africa, Namibia
2027:Languages of Namibia
1665: (archive index)
1180:endangered language
1178:. The loss of this
802:
525:
368:
310:, referring to the
125: – Korana
1192:language attrition
800:
523:
366:
349:/ǀ͡xʼǁ͡xʼǃ͡xʼǂ͡xʼ/
1999:
1998:
1972:
1971:
1882:
1881:
1819:
1818:
1716:Khoisan languages
1392:Du Plessis, Menan
1337:(25th ed., 2022)
1218:Cape of Good Hope
1138:
1137:
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230:"Khoemana" (from
222:of South Africa.
192:
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174:rendering support
170:phonetic symbols.
132: – Xiri
2039:
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1673:ELAR archive of
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801:Khoemana clicks
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367:Khoemana vowels
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1876:ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
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1663:Wayback Machine
1655:
1613:African Studies
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1496:Further reading
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1140:There are four
1113:velar fricative
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307:[gǃoɾa]
302:
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242:
228:
172:Without proper
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127:
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72:Language family
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64:Xiri (xii): 187
63:
59:
58:Native speakers
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2012:Khoe languages
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2017:Griqua people
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1908:Taa (ǃXoon)
1543:10138/33876
1257:orthography
1186:Attestation
901:glottalized
312:ǃOra people
234:'person' +
180:instead of
2006:Categories
1924:Boshof ǃUi
1861:ǂKxʼaoǁʼae
1724:Khoe–Kwadi
1537:(Thesis).
1334:Ethnologue
1301:"Khoemana"
1287:References
1212:ǃKora Wars
1210:See also:
1196:Lucy Lloyd
1160:Population
1154:circumflex
80:Khoe–Kwadi
1633:144687031
1452:cite book
1255:Afrikaans
1253:reflects
1222:apartheid
1200:EuroBABEL
1078:affricate
1047:affricate
1006:aspirated
936:aspirated
831:voiceless
717:Fricative
687:Affricate
628:aspirated
591:voiceless
331:Phonology
316:Cape Khoe
195:ǃOrakobab
139:Glottolog
113:ISO 639-3
47:Ethnicity
34:ǃOrakobab
1978:Isolates
1763:Khoekhoe
1520:. Juta.
1329:Khoemana
1314:17 March
814:alveolar
690:ejective
542:Alveolar
337:Khoekhoe
217:moribund
200:Khoemana
186:Help:IPA
146:sout3214
93:Khoemana
89:Khoekhoe
24:Khoemana
1986:Sandawe
1954:ǂUngkue
1871:ǂʼAmkoe
1809:Zorotua
1661:at the
1572:1155593
1526:4379924
1415:UNESCO
1206:History
824:palatal
819:lateral
586:Plosive
552:Glottal
380:Central
215:, is a
182:Unicode
118:Either:
1964:ǁXegwi
1929:ǃGãǃne
1631:
1570:
1524:
1440:
1404:Korana
1309:UNESCO
1172:UNESCO
971:voiced
809:dental
655:voiced
537:Dental
532:Labial
341:/kxʼʔ/
284:Griqua
240:Korana
213:Griqua
205:Korana
159:Korana
1991:Hadza
1949:ǁŨǁʼe
1944:Seroa
1846:Ekoka
1834:ǃKung
1804:Kwadi
1797:Kwadi
1788:Tshwa
1758:ǂHaba
1746:Gǁana
1629:S2CID
1509:(PDF)
1251:]
1247:[
1229:Notes
1150:caron
1142:tones
1044:velar
866:nasal
749:Trill
559:Nasal
547:Velar
419:Close
412:nasal
397:nasal
375:Front
357:/kxʼ/
300:ǃGora
275:korr-
226:Names
211:, or
1959:ǀXam
1917:ǃKwi
1825:Kxʼa
1783:Shua
1778:Naro
1768:Khwe
1751:Gǀwi
1741:Eini
1733:Khoe
1568:PMID
1522:OCLC
1458:link
1438:ISBN
1417:Xiri
1316:2018
1266:The
1243:-kwa
1241:The
1105:ǂkxʼ
1098:ǁkxʼ
1091:ǃkxʼ
1084:ǀkxʼ
493:Open
407:oral
402:oral
392:oral
385:Back
303:IPA:
291:IPA:
288:ǃOra
236:mana
232:khoe
209:ǃOra
85:Khoe
1934:ǁKā
1896:Taa
1888:Tuu
1621:doi
1589:doi
1560:doi
1539:hdl
1419:at
1331:at
1268:-na
1174:'s
1156:).
1067:ǂkx
1062:ǁkx
1057:ǃkx
1052:ǀkx
1036:ǂᵏʰ
1029:ǁᵏʰ
1022:ǃᵏʰ
1015:ǀᵏʰ
707:kxʼ
698:tsʼ
456:Mid
298:or
279:-nə
197:or
168:IPA
154:ELP
129:xii
122:kqz
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1450:{{
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977:ᶢǀ
963:ǂʰ
956:ǁʰ
949:ǃʰ
942:ǀʰ
928:ǂˀ
921:ǁˀ
914:ǃˀ
907:ǀˀ
893:ᵑǂ
886:ᵑǁ
879:ᵑǃ
872:ᵑǀ
858:ᵏǂ
851:ᵏǁ
844:ᵏǃ
837:ᵏǀ
645:kʰ
636:tʰ
347:,
277:AH
260:ɑː
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441:u
432:ĩ
425:i
269:/
266:ə
263:n
257:r
254:ˈ
251:ɒ
248:k
245:/
188:.
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