2120:
2735:
2542:
2849:
2835:
2877:
5429:
214:
1957:
1760:
867:
5494:
289:
2891:
5571:
2285:
57:
5547:
328:
7201:
354:
3805:
until the annexation of
Caucasian lands by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century. (...) Above all, pre-modern Caucasia is characterized by its integration into the Iranian and Persianate socio-cultural world, the Iranian commonwealth, which extended from Central Asia to Anatolia and south to the Arabian Peninsula. Caucasia's active membership in this commonwealth began under the first "world empire" of the Achaemenids and survived both Christianization and the demise of the Sāsānian empire.
246:
5414:
5635:
5583:
409:
365:
5623:
5611:
1303:
397:
226:
387:
857:
5600:
5477:
126:
5530:
315:
1642:
2235:
377:
5559:
5506:
341:
302:
5465:
113:
5518:
139:
1545:
5453:
276:
187:
5441:
263:
744:"Thus, toward the east, where it rises to a greater height, it is called the Caucasus, due to the whiteness of its snow, for in an eastern language, caucasus means “white,” that is, shining white with a very thick snow cover. For the same reason the Scythians, who live next to this mountain range, call it Croacasim, for among them whiteness or snow is called casim. 3. The Taurus range is likewise called the Caucasus by many."
1941:
174:
152:
2092:'s armies crushed new Seljuk Turkish invasions from the southeast and south and launched several successful campaigns into Seljuk Turkish-controlled Southern Armenia. The Georgian Kingdom continued military campaigns in the Caucasus region. As a result of her military campaigns and the temporary fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204, Georgia became the strongest Christian state in the whole
5248:
2863:
2493:, and he is variously a one-eyed rock-throwing cannibal, who lives in a cave (the exit of which is often blocked by a stone), kills the hero's companions, is blinded by a hot stake, and whose flock of animals is stolen by the hero and his men, all motifs which (along with still others) are also found in the Polyphemus story. In one example from
3939:(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab
3804:
While
Hodgson astutely perceived Caucasia's cross-cultural condition, subsequent research has exposed the region's long-term participation in the Iranian and wider Persianate world. This multifaceted association began in the Iron Age, survived the intensive Christianization of Caucasia, and continued
2410:
The
Caucasus has a rich folklore tradition. This tradition has been preserved orally—necessitated by the fact that for most of the languages involved, there was no alphabet until the early twentieth century—and only began to be written down in the late nineteenth century. One important
4407:
Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. 2004. Caucasus. In: Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da
Fonseca GAB, eds. Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions.
1829:
From about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC enveloped a vast area of approximately 1,000 km by 500 km, and mostly encompassed, on modern-day territories, the
Southern Caucasus (except western Georgia), northwestern Iran, the northeastern Caucasus, eastern Turkey, and as far as Syria.
2504:. Many legends, widespread in the Caucasus, contain motifs shared with the Prometheus story. These motifs include a giant hero, his conflict with God or gods, the stealing of fire and giving it to men, being chained, and being tormented by a bird who pecks at his liver (or heart). The
3573:
Caucasia includes not only the mountain ranges of the
Caucasus proper but also the country immediately north and south of them. The land north of the Greater Caucasus is called Ciscaucasia (Predkavkazye, or "Hither Caucasia") and south of it is Transcaucasia (Zakavkazye, or "Farther
770:), which, according to M. A. Yuyukin, is a compound word that can be interpreted as the 'mountain of the seagull(s)' (καύ-: καύαξ, καύηξ, -ηκος, κήξ, κηϋξ 'a kind of seagull' + the reconstructed *κάσος 'mountain' or 'rock' richly attested both in place and personal names).
3619:
4225:
When
Sosruquo was born burning in flames, the blacksmith god Tlepsh, grabbed Sosruquo and plunged him into water, making him invulnerable except where he was held by tongs, see Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; Colarusso, pp. 52–54 (Circassian Saga 8:
1652:
The region has many different languages and language families. There are more than 50 ethnic groups living in the region. No fewer than three language families are unique to the area. In addition, Indo-European languages, such as
3786:
5176:
3627:
2616:
relict groups of plants with the closest relatives in
Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America. Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic. Some relict species of vertebrates are
1114:
4715:
1736:, the region has been an arena for political, military, religious, and cultural rivalries and expansionism for centuries. Throughout its history, the Caucasus was usually incorporated into the
3187:
West of the Kura-Aras
Lowland rises the Lesser Caucasus range, which is extended southward by the Dzhavakhet Range and the Armenian Highland, the latter extending southwestward into Turkey.
1419:
from the North
Caucasus foreland is often regarded by classical and non-British sources as the natural and historical boundary between Europe and Asia. Another opinion is that the rivers
4418:
925:, the world's highest mountain that ancient Iranian lore shrouded in mystery, was said to be situated in this region. The region is also one of the candidates for the location of
645:. The Lesser Caucasus mountain range in the south is occupied by several independent states, mostly by Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, but also extends to parts of northeastern
3817:
Ferring, Reid; Oms, Oriol; Agustí, Jordi; Berna, Francesco; Nioradze, Medea; Shelia, Teona; Tappen, Martha; Vekua, Abesalom; Zhvania, David; Lordkipanidze, David (28 June 2011).
5384:
2177:, expelling this indigenous population from its homeland. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims arrived in the Ottoman Empire as refugees.
4153:
633:, although the Western Caucasus also exists as a distinct geographic space within the North Caucasus. The Greater Caucasus mountain range in the north is mostly shared by
1917:
had become the dominant religion of the region; however, the region would go through two other religious transformations. Owing to the strong rivalry between Persia and
2466:
Caucasian folklore contains many links with the myths of the ancient Greeks. There are resemblances between the mother goddess Satanaya and the Greek goddess of love
4616:
Denk T, Frotzler N, Davitashvili N. 2001. "Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia Transcaucasia".
2612:
in the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus forest refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian (near Eastern) region. The area has multiple representatives of
3227:
4629:
Pokryszko B, Cameron R, Mumladze L, Tarkhnishvili D. 2011. "Forest snail faunas from Georgian Transcaucasia: patterns of diversity in a Pleistocene refugium".
2497:, two brothers, who are being held prisoner by a giant one-eyed shepherd called "One-eye", take a spit, heat it up, stab it into the giant's eye, and escape.
8669:
1810:
The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for the presence of early humans outside the African continent; and the Dmanisi skulls are the five oldest
8530:
1925:. The Romans first arrived in the region in the 1st century BC with the annexation of the kingdom of Colchis, which was later turned into the province of
5377:
5102:
3875:
Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Ferring, R., Maisuradze, G., et al. (2002). A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia.
5097:
4672:
4704:
3970:
3521:
Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities, and Historic Sites
249:
72:
3457:
8758:
3904:
3362:
8749:
8724:
8645:
8640:
8635:
4048:
Memoirs of Miliutin, "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse the mountain zone of its indigenous population", per Richmond, W.
3683:
5686:
5370:
3709:
8739:
2909:
2254:
8425:
8415:
2823:. In 2017 the U-19 Europe Championship (Football) was held in Georgia. In 2019 the UEFA European Under-19 Championship was held in Armenia.
8659:
8460:
8430:
4426:
5052:
Everyday life of the Caucasian Highlanders. The 19th Century (In the co-authorship with I. Karpeev). "Molodaya Gvardiy" publishers. Moscow
7245:
4957:
6965:
6824:
3407:Индоевропейское языкознание и классическая филология – XVI (материалы чтений, посвященных памяти профессора И. М. Тронского)
3012:
2639:. In general, the species composition of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia.
8679:
8654:
5111:
577:
5124:
3684:"Non-recognition and engagement. The EU's policy towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia | European Union Institute for Security Studies"
8699:
8520:
8216:
7151:
4462:
8664:
2757:
2228:
201:
4603:
Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. 1999. "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation". In: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD, eds.
4161:
8769:
8470:
6958:
6844:
2816:
6953:
6887:
4854:
4811:
4760:
3595:
3538:
3418:
3346:
2348:, to have his liver eaten daily by an eagle as punishment for defying Zeus's wish to keep the "secret of fire" from humans.
6948:
6912:
6851:
4890:
1388:, Azerbaijan (excluding the northernmost parts), and Georgia (excluding the northernmost parts) are in the South Caucasus.
3500:
Real Lexicon of the Indo-Germanic Antiquity Studies: Basic Principles of a Cultural and People's History of Ancient Europe
2597:
species are recorded in the Caucasus. Most of arthropod biodiversity is concentrated on Great and Lesser Caucasus ranges.
8625:
8580:
8495:
8420:
6941:
6936:
6882:
5325:
4985:
5004:
8871:
8734:
6810:
5679:
5204:
4872:
4744:
4006:
1877:, who would altogether rule the Caucasus for many hundreds of years. In 95–55 BC, under the reign of the Armenian king
1609:
2169:
In the second half of the 19th century, the Russian Empire also conquered the North Caucasus. In the aftermath of the
8485:
6892:
5058:
4939:
4913:
4836:
4781:
4136:
4102:
3659:"The Caucasus: Land of Diverse Cultures - The University of Chicago Library News - The University of Chicago Library"
3022:
2096:
area, encompassing most of the Caucasus stretching from Northern Iran and Northeastern Turkey to the North Caucasus.
1628:
1581:
8744:
8595:
6907:
6897:
6839:
6817:
6800:
6795:
6714:
4966:
4605:
Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan
3096:
2292:
The region has been subject to various territorial disputes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, leading to the
2159:
1338:
8714:
5155:
5139:
8674:
8490:
8410:
7238:
6917:
6746:
6612:
6521:
6471:
3658:
2939:
2266:
2242:
2174:
5144:
2119:
1588:
8600:
8390:
6861:
5604:
3087:
3066:
2058:
1944:
1882:
1566:
1455:
380:
8800:
8525:
8450:
7171:
7156:
5672:
5320:
5167:
5037:
3091:
2301:
1854:
1396:
8775:
8729:
8560:
8209:
7204:
6856:
6481:
6208:
5913:
5315:
2981:
2924:
1507:
Two territories in the region claim independence but are recognized as such by only a handful of entities:
4039:
Yemelianova, Galina, Islam nationalism and state in the Muslim Caucasus. Caucasus Survey, April 2014. p. 3
1595:
8820:
8719:
8570:
8405:
7932:
6338:
5083:
4679:
3489:
3148:
2646:, with substantial areas of rocky ground above the treeline. The Caucasus Mountains are also noted for a
2317:
2288:
Ethnic-administrative borders on the Soviet and Post-soviet Caucasus on the pictorial map of the Caucasus
2070:
1703:
1362:
808:
3495:
Reallexikon der indogermanischen Altertumskunde: Grundzüge einer Kultur- und Völkergeschichte Alteuropas
3464:
2332:, the Caucasus was one of the pillars supporting the world. After presenting man with the gift of fire,
8881:
8709:
8611:
8555:
8500:
7231:
6516:
6501:
5799:
5784:
4124:
2553:
The Caucasus is an area of great ecological importance. The region is included in the list of 34 world
2415:, which tell stories of a race of ancient heroes called the Narts. These sagas include such figures as
2382:
and depicted it as a cold and stony mountain which was the abode of personified hunger. The Greek hero
2293:
2046:
1972:
1968:
1937:
for the control of the region. In western Georgia the eastern Roman rule lasted until the Middle Ages.
3740:
3174:
3116:
8650:
8138:
6902:
6834:
6805:
6790:
6526:
6451:
5346:
3958:
3940:
3526:
2783:
2470:. The story of how the trickster Nart Sosruquo, became invulnerable parallels that of the Greek hero
2074:
1996:
1707:
1577:
1562:
1534:
1435:
1358:
657:
35:
31:
8876:
8763:
8589:
8535:
8515:
8465:
8108:
7429:
6486:
6403:
5986:
5699:
5616:
4905:
4203:
Rashidvash, pp. 33–34; for connections found in the Nart sagas, see Colarusso, pp. 5–7.
3275:(1928). "Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder" [More about the Pre-History of the Indians].
2944:
2297:
2189:
2031:
1678:
1476:
1151:
17:
5664:
4091:
The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus
3735:
2734:
8866:
8825:
8754:
8606:
8584:
8480:
8202:
8113:
8050:
7138:
6829:
6736:
6408:
6118:
6113:
5351:
5287:
5033:
4803:
4491:
Chaladze, G.; Otto, S.; Tramp, S. (2014). "A spider diversity model for the Caucasus Ecoregion".
3443:
Questions of Ethnic Identity According to Leonti Mroveli's Historical Chronicles, Studies, Vol. 1
3043:
2959:
2934:
2154:
respectively, the Persians were forced to irrevocably cede the Southern Caucasus and Dagestan to
2054:
1826:
1719:
1555:
1528:
1488:
1001:
The modern endonym for the region is usually similar in many languages, and is generally between
700:
661:
5133:
4774:
Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs
8629:
8565:
8550:
8506:
8163:
8158:
7301:
7115:
6922:
6511:
6314:
5197:
4128:
3530:
3382:(1953–1958). "Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch" [Russian Etymological Dictionary].
2797:
2788:
2651:
2643:
2618:
2578:
1930:
1803:
1767:
1645:
1482:
1412:
5413:
4333:
4329:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4094:
3996:
2249:
The Southern Caucasus region was unified as a single political entity twice – during the
2192:, 60,000 to 98,000 Armenian civilians were estimated to have been killed by the Turkish army.
1411:(5,642 meters) located in western Ciscaucasus, is considered the highest point in Europe. The
8840:
8476:
8153:
7208:
7072:
6992:
6635:
6531:
6140:
5305:
5121:
4027:
2976:
2919:
2808:
2626:
2613:
2608:
animals and plants, the fact reflecting the presence of refugial forests, which survived the
2151:
2000:
1654:
895:
4325:
4265:
4213:
3299:
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen
3277:
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen
2541:
2231:
to Central Asia and Siberia by the Soviet security apparatus. About a quarter of them died.
8790:
8620:
8545:
8395:
8380:
7666:
7082:
6053:
5771:
4552:"Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species"
4500:
3138:
2622:
2554:
1670:
1078:
669:
390:
5107:
8:
8815:
8541:
8455:
8375:
8370:
8361:
8087:
7810:
7638:
7474:
7336:
7291:
6731:
6391:
6328:
6304:
6135:
5996:
5942:
5883:
5854:
5794:
5789:
5576:
5310:
5295:
2929:
2763:
2609:
2262:
2077:
and had a tradition of their Catholicos being ordained through the Patriarch of Armenia.
1778:
1214:
823:
684:
677:
673:
357:
254:
5362:
4951:
4504:
4466:
3790:. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1841:
reached as far as the Caucasus Mountains. Later ancient kingdoms of the region included
1341:'s autonomous republics and the Krais in Southern Russia, and the northernmost parts of
8886:
8835:
8805:
8795:
8780:
8685:
8511:
8366:
7952:
7830:
7019:
6640:
6603:
6476:
5922:
5844:
5804:
5779:
5552:
5300:
5227:
4897:
4516:
4117:
3898:
3888:
3853:
3818:
3759:
3356:
3143:
2971:
2914:
2341:
2313:
2309:
2238:
2147:
2085:
1960:
1878:
1744:
1443:
1283:
887:
845:
727:
569:
333:
2057:
organized local Armenian population facing multiple threats after the fall of antique
1602:
8861:
8830:
8810:
8785:
8704:
8615:
8445:
8440:
8385:
8269:
8183:
7978:
7947:
7887:
7840:
7100:
6719:
6541:
6506:
6367:
6362:
6343:
6152:
5979:
5739:
5523:
5330:
5272:
5190:
5054:
5027:
4935:
4909:
4886:
4868:
4850:
4832:
4807:
4777:
4756:
4740:
4568:
4551:
4132:
4098:
4002:
3858:
3840:
3795:
3591:
3534:
3519:
3414:
3342:
3083:
3062:
3018:
2986:
2954:
2904:
2820:
2750:
2494:
2352:
2305:
2270:
2250:
2181:
2135:
2081:
2062:
2050:
2023:
1984:
1980:
1906:
1866:
1846:
1798:
1794:
1662:
1658:
1342:
1226:
1099:
1054:
778:
750:
705:
638:
619:
615:
561:
144:
4520:
4026:
Allen F. Chew. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders",
8694:
8575:
8400:
8005:
7964:
7877:
7780:
7706:
7648:
7582:
7560:
7548:
7491:
7424:
7401:
7286:
7181:
7176:
7166:
7095:
6772:
6726:
6669:
6598:
6456:
6350:
6299:
6277:
6130:
6077:
6016:
5232:
5153:
Georgian Biodiversity Database (checklists for ca. 11,000 plant and animal species)
4563:
4508:
3848:
3830:
3410:
2882:
2868:
2633:, and there are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus
2630:
2605:
2224:
2212:
2089:
2042:
1956:
1922:
1759:
1682:
1666:
1392:
1330:
1274:
1250:
1238:
1202:
1175:
1087:
975:
918:
834:
717:
665:
603:
573:
507:
468:
4969:(История войны и владычества русских на Кавказе). Sankt-Petersburg, 1871–1888, at
4789:
Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus
3493:
3402:
3259:
8689:
8435:
8148:
8133:
8045:
7924:
7825:
7820:
7626:
7621:
7604:
7513:
7486:
7381:
7376:
7356:
7351:
7266:
7067:
6568:
6556:
6536:
6491:
6441:
6381:
6323:
6284:
6272:
6265:
6174:
5991:
5974:
5949:
5237:
5171:
5159:
5128:
5115:
4844:
3819:"Earliest human occupations at Dmanisi (Georgian Caucasus) dated to 1.85–1.78 Ma"
3294:
3272:
3251:
2834:
2562:
2432:
2329:
2185:
2155:
2128:
2035:
1934:
1874:
1838:
1786:
1737:
1381:
1369:
1334:
1139:
1118:
1042:
1030:
1018:
926:
914:
910:
816:
755:
713:
695:
680:
611:
565:
5091:
2890:
2284:
8259:
8225:
8128:
8118:
8075:
8030:
7993:
7902:
7792:
7658:
7631:
7592:
7587:
7411:
7212:
7161:
7060:
7024:
7004:
6987:
6927:
6691:
6583:
6561:
6551:
6546:
6398:
6376:
6260:
6255:
6240:
6235:
6162:
6108:
6060:
6031:
5937:
5927:
5640:
5588:
5047:
4878:
4795:
4769:
4086:
3199:
2180:
Having killed and deported most of the Armenians of Western Armenia during the
2170:
2163:
1992:
1976:
1914:
1801:. Scientists now classify the assemblage of fossil skeletons as the subspecies
1741:
1674:
1501:
1497:
1404:
1319:
1311:
1262:
1163:
1127:
986:
934:
630:
626:
537:
414:
370:
5051:
4512:
3384:
Indogermanische Bibliothek herausgegeben von Hans Krahe. Reihe 2: Wörterbüche
866:
56:
8855:
8340:
8000:
7988:
7959:
7897:
7815:
7805:
7731:
7681:
7671:
7614:
7523:
7518:
7503:
7396:
7391:
7371:
7366:
7341:
7279:
7186:
7055:
7047:
7014:
6751:
6701:
6593:
6588:
6578:
6423:
6386:
6294:
6289:
6191:
6096:
5628:
3844:
3799:
3710:"The Spectrum of Georgia's Policy Options Towards Abkhazia and South Ossetia"
2854:
2655:
2590:
2505:
2455:
2387:
2200:
2143:
2124:
2104:
2100:
1785:
The territory of the Caucasus region was inhabited by Homo erectus since the
1748:
1699:
1687:
1516:
1512:
1416:
1066:
902:
891:
763:
400:
229:
87:
74:
7254:
5103:
United Nations Environment Programme map: Population density of the Caucasus
4448:
3998:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
3954:
3835:
3557:
3169:
3111:
3038:
30:
This article is about the geographic region in Eurasia. For other uses, see
8345:
7882:
7765:
7543:
7444:
7311:
7306:
7090:
7029:
7009:
6999:
6709:
6681:
6431:
6169:
6103:
6072:
6021:
5893:
5822:
5759:
5749:
5043:
3862:
3204:
2896:
2582:
2371:
2258:
1988:
1918:
1834:
1439:
1428:
1420:
1408:
1190:
941:. The term resurfaced in Iranian tradition later on in a variant form when
860:
795:
595:
541:
452:
4643:
3011:
Wright, John; Schofield, Richard; Goldenberg, Suzanne (16 December 2003).
8313:
8170:
8143:
8092:
8060:
7914:
7845:
7686:
7508:
7496:
7296:
7146:
7105:
7036:
6741:
6630:
6573:
6496:
6446:
6333:
6309:
6198:
6036:
5954:
5932:
5908:
5754:
5744:
5012:
4993:
4970:
3341:. New York, United States: Cambridge University Press. pp. 297–298.
3228:"The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus (Audible Audio Edition)"
2949:
2840:
2811:(motor racing) was the first in the history of Formula One to be held in
2746:
2711:
2659:
2586:
2509:
2435:
1890:
1763:
1354:
883:
731:
549:
5070:
3337:
Barney, Lewis, Beach, Berghof, Stephen A., W. J., J. A., Oliver (2006).
2461:
2359:
which is believed to surround the known world. It is the battlefield of
1302:
856:
225:
8244:
8065:
8025:
7983:
7892:
7872:
7835:
7701:
7696:
7676:
7643:
7555:
7533:
7528:
7459:
7346:
6676:
6645:
6466:
6461:
6125:
6086:
6048:
5966:
5839:
5724:
5719:
5535:
5482:
5267:
4883:
Nart Sagas: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Circassians and Abkhazians
3503:
3387:
3379:
2812:
2801:
2767:
2742:
2723:
2719:
2566:
2527:
2501:
2486:
2412:
2333:
2274:
1894:
1886:
1771:
1695:
1569: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1471:
1346:
642:
557:
442:
438:
434:
320:
131:
5152:
4846:
Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State
4365:
How Pataraz Freed Bearded Nasran, Who Was Chained to the High Mountain
848:, though this is speculative given that Pelasgian is so poorly known.
8284:
7973:
7937:
7743:
7738:
7691:
7439:
7123:
6782:
6756:
6686:
6664:
6657:
6436:
6213:
6147:
6043:
5866:
5849:
5734:
5729:
5703:
4737:
From Hittite to Homer: The Anatolian Background of Ancient Greek Epic
2707:
2695:
2647:
2635:
2513:
2467:
2360:
2356:
2204:
2093:
2027:
2015:
1641:
1350:
979:
955:. "Most of the modern names of the Caucasus originate from the Greek
947:
930:
922:
805:
545:
7223:
4549:
3312:
2395:
2234:
1857:, among others. These kingdoms were later incorporated into various
1544:
8335:
8304:
8254:
7909:
7867:
7862:
7775:
7755:
7748:
7599:
7469:
7454:
7449:
7434:
6650:
6186:
6067:
6026:
5834:
5814:
5694:
5564:
5511:
5499:
5434:
5098:
United Nations Environment Programme map: Landcover of the Caucasus
2699:
2691:
2601:
2558:
2557:. It harbors some 6400 species of higher plants, 1600 of which are
2546:
2523:
2520:
2490:
2471:
2420:
2416:
2196:
2139:
1811:
1790:
1508:
1467:
1463:
1451:
942:
937:
sources of the Sasanian era, the Caucasus range was referred to as
906:
791:
346:
307:
294:
219:
7326:
5164:
3031:
2478:
may be connected to a Caucasian "warrior Forest-Mother, Amaz-an".
1940:
1519:
are largely recognized by the world community as part of Georgia.
8319:
8294:
8289:
8274:
8264:
8249:
8239:
8194:
8070:
8055:
8040:
8020:
8015:
7941:
7857:
7800:
7770:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7565:
7538:
7464:
7386:
7361:
7321:
7316:
6622:
6355:
6245:
6203:
6091:
5903:
5898:
5827:
5470:
5262:
2792:
2738:
2671:
2530:
2516:
2475:
2447:
2428:
2399:
2379:
2364:
2337:
2278:
2216:
2208:
2066:
1947:
at the peak of its might at the beginning of the 1st century B.C.
1898:
1870:
1850:
1842:
1459:
1385:
871:
802:
712:, which supposedly means 'shimmering with snow'. German linguist
589:
553:
118:
5079:
Information for travellers and others about Caucasus and Georgia
4932:
History of the Caucasus - Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires
2766:
is the first in the history of the European Games to be held in
882:
is not only used for the mountains themselves but also includes
8309:
8299:
8279:
8080:
8035:
8010:
7760:
7609:
7572:
7481:
7419:
7331:
7274:
7258:
7128:
6227:
6181:
5888:
5875:
5458:
5446:
5277:
4989:
4950:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2594:
2424:
2019:
1926:
1885:
included Kingdom of Armenia, vassals Iberia, Albania, Parthia,
1815:
1775:
1733:
1725:
1493:
1447:
1400:
1373:
774:
646:
634:
607:
599:
581:
281:
268:
192:
157:
39:
4829:
Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam
2481:
Caucasian legends include stories involving giants similar to
525:
8123:
6979:
6874:
6413:
5711:
5695:
5008:
4550:
Tarkhnishvili, D.; Gavashelishvili, A.; Mumladze, L. (2012).
4055:
3971:"Caucasian Albanian Church celebrates its 1700th Anniversary"
3889:
Theodor Mommsen, William Purdie Dickson, Francis Haverfield.
3336:
2760:
is a popular center of mountain skiing and a snowboard venue.
2574:
2482:
2451:
2439:
2391:
2383:
2220:
2184:, the Turks intended to eliminate the Armenian population of
2011:
2004:
1910:
1902:
1862:
1793:
fossils dating back 1.8 million years were found at the
1694:
The peoples of the northern and southern Caucasus mostly are
1424:
978:
designation of the "inhabitants of the southern coast of the
513:
477:
3891:
The provinces of the Roman Empire: from Caesar to Diocletian
2431:, a mighty hero. The folklore of the Caucasus shows ancient
2162:, comprising western Georgia, through several wars from the
1462:, and the Russian Federation. The Russian divisions include
7852:
6008:
5247:
5182:
5078:
5016:
4997:
4974:
4673:"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"
4324:
Mayor, p. xxi; Hunt, pp. 14, 330–357; Calarusso, pp.
2753:, on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus mountains.
2715:
2703:
2679:
2570:
2443:
2386:
sailed to the west coast of the Caucasus in pursuit of the
2375:
2345:
2108:
1858:
1729:
1377:
650:
585:
528:
522:
489:
483:
179:
4967:
The history of wars and Russian domination in the Caucasus
4380:
Hunt, pp. 332–337, 351–355; Colarusso, p. 169.
3078:
John L. Esposito, Abdulaziz Sachedina (2004). "Caucasus".
1368:
The South Caucasus borders the Greater Caucasus range and
740:
625 AD) also says the name means shining white like snow:
5392:
5020:
4978:
3948:
3010:
2160:
Russians took the remaining part of the Southern Caucasus
773:
In Georgian tradition, the term Caucasus is derived from
5050:(Повседневная жизнь горцев Северного Кавказа в XIX в.).
4345:
Hunt, p. 14. Hunt, p. 330, mentions forty-four versions.
4181:
4179:
2134:
Up to and including the early 19th century, most of the
811:
and Alfons A. Nehring, the Ancient Greek word Καύκασος (
4885:, by John Colarusso, Princeton University Press, 2016.
4228:
Lady Setenaya and the Shepherd: The Birth of Sawseruquo
4154:"Caucasus — The Mountain Where They Chained Prometheus"
2265:) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936. Following the
2107:, local kingdoms and khanates, as well as, once again,
1407:. According to that, the highest peak in the Caucasus,
3935:
Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security
2489:
story. In these stories, the giant is almost always a
970:"The earliest etymon" of the name Caucasus comes from
4463:"A faunistic database on the spiders of the Caucasus"
4176:
3816:
3648:
Bolatojha J. "Древняя родина Кавкасов ", p. 49, 2006.
3405:[On the Origin of the Name of the Caucasus].
2462:
Links between Greek mythology and subsequent folklore
519:
510:
492:
486:
480:
474:
4705:"2015 Minerals Yearbook: EUROPE AND CENTRAL EURASIA"
4408:
Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre, 148–153
4264:; Mayor, pp. xxi; Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso. pp.
2830:
2500:
There are also links with the ancient Greek myth of
1438:, culturally and geographically diverse region. The
4881:(2016), "Introduction to the Paperback Edition" in
4486:
4484:
4311:
Hunt, pp. 218–222 (45. The Story of One-eye (
3131:
2355:, the Caucasus might be associated with the mythic
1365:are collectively referred to as "Southern Russia".
704:(77–79 AD) derives the name of the Caucasus from a
516:
471:
5179:, Regnal Chronologies (Wikiwix Archive, 8/21/2008)
4644:"OceanCare - Protecting oceans and marine mammals"
4363:Colarusso, pp. 158–168 (Circassian Saga 34:
4116:
3785:
3518:
2257:) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the
840:'heap'. British linguist Adrian Room claims that *
4490:
4260:Hunt, pp. 9, 13, 201, 210–229; Bachvarova,
4119:A century of genocide: utopias of race and nation
4050:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, and Future
8853:
8759:German occupation of Estonia during World War II
5075:—a multilingual online journal on South Caucasus
4961:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 546–550.
4607:. Chiba: Chiba University Publications, 297–315.
4590:, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution".
4481:
2533:, are examples of such Prometheus-like figures.
1975:) was the first nation to adopt Christianity as
1384:mountain range and surrounding lowlands. All of
921:range practically impregnable. The mythological
576:range, have conventionally been considered as a
4842:
4582:Milne RI. 2004. "Phylogeny and biogeography of
4061:
3823:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3753:
3751:
2665:
2088:a strong regional power. In 1194–1204 Georgian
2084:drove the Muslims out of Caucasus and made the
4371:); Hunt, pp. 355–356; Rashidvash, p. 34.
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
2158:. In the ensuing years after these gains, the
1395:range is considered by some sources to be the
1376:to its west, the Caspian Sea to its east, and
1103:
782:
8210:
7239:
5680:
5378:
5198:
3455:
3374:
3372:
3039:"Caucasus | Mountains, Facts, & Map"
2910:Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations
2670:The Caucasus has many economically important
2255:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
1963:at the peak of its might, early 13th century.
1183:
4665:
4419:"WWF – The Caucasus: A biodiversity hotspot"
3903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3757:
3748:
3361:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2450:, and contain many connections with ancient
1740:. At the beginning of the 19th century, the
1427:mark this border, or even that of the river
5140:University of Turin-Observatory on Caucasus
4849:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
4659:Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale
4535:Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East
4251:Rashidvash, p. 34; Colarusso, pp. 130, 318.
3604:
3585:
3378:
1415:, the geologic depression that divides the
929:, the apparent homeland of the Iranians of
917:expansions, with areas to the north of the
898:, Transcaucasia is a "Russo-centric" term.
8670:Czech resistance against German occupation
8217:
8203:
7246:
7232:
5687:
5673:
5385:
5371:
5205:
5191:
5088:—an academic journal on the South Caucasus
4776:, Princeton University Press, 2002, 2014.
4238:), cf. pp. 323–328 (Abkhaz Saga 75:
3617:
3586:Mikaberidze, Alexander (6 February 2015).
3558:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
3369:
3293:
3271:
3170:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
3112:"Caucasus - region and mountains, Eurasia"
2654:(Rus. Kavkazskaya Ovcharka, Geo. Nagazi).
2073:shared the same Christian dogmas with the
1306:Contemporary political map of the Caucasus
8329:Sovereign states with limited recognition
5085:Caucasian Review of International Affairs
4631:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4618:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4567:
4556:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
3852:
3834:
3082:. Volume 1. Oxford University Press USA.
2099:The Caucasus region was conquered by the
1629:Learn how and when to remove this message
38:. For a meeting of party supporters, see
4678:. 2003. pp. 219–232. Archived from
4151:
3975:The Georgian Church for English Speakers
3488:
3440:
2965:
2733:
2540:
2438:influence, involve battles with ancient
2283:
2233:
2118:
2026:, roughly in the location of latter-day
1955:
1939:
1758:
1640:
1442:that compose the Caucasus today are the
1329:The North Caucasus contains most of the
1301:
951:, referred to the Caucasus mountains as
865:
855:
602:'s highest mountain, is situated in the
239:Autonomous republics and federal regions
4794:
4656:
4282:How Sosruquo Brought Fire to His Troops
3458:"The Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush)"
3400:
2662:have been recorded from the Black Sea.
2080:In the 12th century, the Georgian king
1913:. By the time of the first century BC,
996:
14:
8854:
4948:
4929:
4545:
4543:
4367:), 168–169 (Circassian Saga 35:
3932:
3059:Mountain Flowers and Trees of Caucasia
2817:2017 World Rugby Under 20 Championship
2173:, the Russian military perpetrated an
1349:. The North Caucasus lies between the
1297:
8198:
7253:
7227:
5668:
5366:
5186:
4984:Fadeev, Rostislav Andreevich (1860).
4831:, University of Chicago Press, 2004.
4750:
4592:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
4114:
3933:Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004).
3917:
3339:The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville
2741:is a popular destination for skiing,
2561:to the region. Its wildlife includes
1929:. The next 600 years was marked by a
1322:region is alternatively known as the
690:
641:as well as the northernmost parts of
5092:BBC News: North Caucasus at a glance
4896:
4739:, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
4721:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4152:Gregović, Marko (21 February 2018).
3783:
3516:
3225:
3061:; Pelagic Publishing Limited, 2018,
1837:(669–627 BC), the boundaries of the
1691:most notably in the North Caucasus.
1567:adding citations to reliable sources
1538:
8665:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
4988:(Шестьдесят лет Кавказской войны).
4540:
4465:. Caucasian Spiders. Archived from
3080:The Islamic World: Past and Present
2773:Mountain-skiing complexes include:
1242:
1046:
24:
8770:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
8471:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
8224:
5412:
4923:
4843:Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024).
4212:Rashidvash, p. 33; Colarusso, pp.
4001:pp 728–730 ABC-CLIO, 2 Dec. 2014.
3401:Yuyukin, M. A. (18–20 June 2012).
2545:View of the Caucasus Mountains in
25:
8898:
5165:WHAT TO SEE IN CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS
5064:
4934:(Hardback). London: I.B. Tauris.
4902:The Making of the Georgian Nation
4449:"Endemic Species of the Caucasus"
4302:Hunt, Table 1, pp. 211–212.
4274:A Cyclops Bound atop Was'hamakhwa
4234:), 387–394 (Ubykh Saga 86:
4230:), 185–186 (Abaza Saga 47:
3943:of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.
3403:"О происхождении названия Кавказ"
2405:
625:The Caucasus is divided into the
205:states with almost no recognition
8725:German occupation in World War I
7200:
7199:
6527:West South Central United States
5633:
5621:
5609:
5598:
5581:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5528:
5516:
5504:
5492:
5475:
5463:
5451:
5439:
5427:
5246:
4986:Sixty years of the Caucasian War
4569:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x
3920:A history of the Georgian people
3787:"Georgia, Georgians, until 1300"
3588:Historical Dictionary of Georgia
3301:, vol. 57, pp. 251–255
2889:
2875:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2642:The natural landscape is one of
2114:
2001:came under the rule of the Arabs
1543:
1372:to its north, the Black Sea and
1339:North Caucasian Federal District
794:and legendary forefather of the
506:
467:
407:
395:
385:
375:
363:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
287:
274:
261:
244:
224:
212:
185:
172:
150:
137:
124:
111:
55:
6747:Latin America and the Caribbean
6613:Latin America and the Caribbean
5108:Food Security in Caucasus (FAO)
4697:
4650:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4576:
4527:
4455:
4441:
4411:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4357:
4348:
4339:
4318:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4254:
4245:
4219:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4145:
4108:
4080:
4067:
4042:
4033:
4020:
4011:
3989:
3963:
3926:
3911:
3882:
3869:
3810:
3777:
3728:
3702:
3676:
3651:
3642:
3579:
3550:
3510:
3482:
3449:
3434:
3394:
3330:
3305:
3287:
3265:
3245:
3226:King, Charles (23 March 2017).
3200:"The languages of the Caucasus"
2940:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
2600:The region has a high level of
2423:a shape changer and trickster,
2267:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2175:ethnic cleansing of Circassians
2034:, until its destruction by the
1987:had become Christian entities,
1648:in the Caucasus region in 2014.
1554:needs additional citations for
1522:
1333:mountain range. It consists of
455:(5,642 metres (18,510 ft))
27:Region spanning Europe and Asia
5040:, retrieved: 18 November 2011.
4533:van Zeist W, Bottema S. 1991.
4493:Journal of Insect Conservation
3219:
3192:
3162:
3104:
3072:
3051:
3004:
1951:
1724:Located on the peripheries of
1380:to its south. It contains the
1091:
622:, part of which is in Turkey.
13:
1:
8596:People's Republic of Bulgaria
5393:Countries and regions of the
5038:Institute of European History
4800:The Caucasus: An Introduction
4753:The Caucasus: An Introduction
4398:Hunt, pp. 333, 347–351.
4389:Hunt, pp. 332, 339–344.
3792:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
3624:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
2992:
2195:In the 1940s, around 480,000
1754:
1357:to its east, and borders the
993:) means "gateway to steppe".
754:(1113 AD), it is stated that
544:. It is situated between the
8730:Estonian War of Independence
6209:Middle East and North Africa
5914:Middle East and North Africa
5212:
4949:Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
4867:, Saqi Books, London, 2012.
4185:Rashidvash, pp. 33–34.
4093:. New York: Berghahn Books,
3590:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3413:. pp. 893–899 and 919.
3380:Vasmer, Max Julius Friedrich
2997:
2925:Culture of Georgia (country)
2666:Energy and mineral resources
2323:
2281:became independent nations.
1999:, large parts of the region
1995:and pagan beliefs. With the
1971:(an eponymous branch of the
1821:
1314:region is also known as the
909:were the furthest points of
656:The region is known for its
610:. On the southern side, the
7:
8411:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
5657:Partially-recognized states
3149:Central Intelligence Agency
3057:Shamil Shetekauri et al.,
2826:
2419:, the mother of the Narts,
2318:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
2071:Church of Caucasian Albania
2065:maintained close ties with
1795:Dmanisi archaeological site
1704:Eastern Orthodox Christians
1184:
1179:
851:
790:), the son of the Biblical
10:
8903:
6502:Northeastern United States
4930:Baumer, Christoph (2021).
4729:
4125:Princeton University Press
3937:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3.
3386:(in German). Vol. 1.
2536:
2294:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2146:. In 1813 and 1828 by the
2047:Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
1973:Arsacid dynasty of Parthia
1969:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
1781:, dating back to 10,000 BC
1717:
1713:
1681:, are spoken in the area.
1532:
1526:
1266:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1034:
985:It was also noted that in
61:Topography of the Caucasus
29:
8872:Mountain ranges of Europe
8651:History of Czechoslovakia
8451:First Republic of Armenia
8354:
8328:
8232:
8179:
8101:
7923:
7791:
7657:
7410:
7265:
7195:
7137:
7114:
7081:
7045:
6978:
6872:
6780:
6771:
6700:
6621:
6422:
6226:
6007:
5965:
5874:
5865:
5813:
5770:
5710:
5655:
5401:
5339:
5286:
5255:
5244:
5220:
5158:17 September 2020 at the
4751:Coene, Frederick (2009).
4513:10.1007/s10841-014-9649-1
4194:Mayor, p. xx; Hunt, p. 9.
3959:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3784:Rapp, Stephen H. (2020).
3714:E-International Relations
3101:. Accessed 30 June 2021.
3017:. Routledge. p. 72.
3014:Transcaucasian Boundaries
2411:tradition is that of the
2302:War in Abkhazia (1992–93)
2075:Armenian Apostolic Church
2022:, that flourished in the
2018:) founded the Kingdom of
2010:In the 10th century, the
1997:Muslim conquest of Persia
1535:Languages of the Caucasus
1454:), Azerbaijan (including
1359:Southern Federal District
1287:
1254:
1230:
1131:
1104:
1070:
1058:
1022:
963:) and the Middle Persian
844:also means 'mountain' in
783:
724:also means 'frozen mud'.
448:
430:
422:
238:
103:
66:
54:
49:
36:Caucasia (disambiguation)
32:Caucasus (disambiguation)
8461:Armenian–Azerbaijani war
6988:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5987:Transantarctic Mountains
5145:Circassians Caucasus Web
4906:Indiana University Press
4657:Horwood, Joseph (1989).
4354:Hunt, pp. 330–331.
3620:"Caucasus, pre-900/1500"
2960:Transcontinental nations
2945:Khanates of the Caucasus
2729:
2298:East Prigorodny Conflict
2041:During the Middle Ages,
1391:The watershed along the
536:), is a region spanning
8755:Estonia in World War II
8715:Estophile Enlightenment
8571:Second Bulgarian Empire
6737:Caribbean South America
5288:History of the Caucasus
5170:24 October 2020 at the
5127:12 October 2007 at the
5034:European History Online
5003:Gagarin, G. G. (1840).
4958:Encyclopædia Britannica
4865:Legends of the Caucasus
4804:Oxford University Press
4115:Weitz, Eric D. (2003).
3836:10.1073/pnas.1106638108
3741:Encyclopædia Britannica
3562:Encyclopedia Britannica
3531:McFarland & Company
3175:Encyclopædia Britannica
3117:Encyclopædia Britannica
3044:Encyclopedia Britannica
2935:Eurasian Economic Union
2378:placed the Caucasus in
2344:) was chained there by
2142:all formed part of the
2055:Principality of Khachen
2007:penetrated the region.
1720:History of the Caucasus
1646:Ethno-linguistic groups
1529:Peoples of the Caucasus
8556:First Bulgarian Empire
8164:Eastern Slovak Lowland
8159:Little Hungarian Plain
7302:Scandinavian Peninsula
6512:Southern United States
6315:Scandinavian Peninsula
5617:North Ossetia – Alania
5418:
5114:10 August 2013 at the
5026:Gasimov, Zaur (2011).
4537:. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
4236:The Birth of Soseruquo
3618:Gocheleishvili, Iago.
2798:Shahdag Winter Complex
2789:Tsaghkadzor Ski Resort
2754:
2652:Caucasian Shepherd Dog
2619:Caucasian parsley frog
2550:
2458:, and Greek cultures.
2427:a blacksmith god, and
2289:
2246:
2245:in August–October 1993
2131:
1964:
1948:
1804:Homo erectus georgicus
1782:
1649:
1504:, in clockwise order.
1413:Kuma-Manych Depression
1361:to its north. The two
1307:
1278:
1122:
1082:
886:(which is part of the
875:
870:Caucasus mountains in
863:
8496:Stalinist repressions
8154:Great Hungarian Plain
8139:Pontic–Caspian steppe
6993:Antarctic Convergence
6532:Western United States
5416:
5048:Caucasian highlanders
4965:Dubrovin, Nikolai F.
4735:Bachvarova, Mary R.,
4272:(Circassian Saga 37:
4232:How Sosruquo Was Born
4028:Yale University Press
3918:Allen, W.E.D (1932).
3517:Room, Adrian (1997).
3097:registration required
2977:Tourism in Azerbaijan
2966:Tourism-related links
2920:Culture of Azerbaijan
2809:Azerbaijan Grand Prix
2737:
2555:biodiversity hotspots
2544:
2287:
2237:
2152:Treaty of Turkmenchay
2122:
1959:
1943:
1762:
1718:Further information:
1644:
1533:Further information:
1305:
896:Alexander Mikaberidze
869:
859:
88:42.26111°N 44.12111°E
8466:Turkish–Armenian War
7667:North European Plain
6054:Greater Central Asia
5326:North Ossetia–Alania
5134:Encyclopædia Iranica
4336:; Rashidvash, p. 34.
4240:The Mother of Heroes
4062:Hamed-Troyansky 2024
3764:Encyclopædia Iranica
3663:www.lib.uchicago.edu
3047:. 20 September 2023.
2623:Caucasian salamander
2474:. The ancient Greek
2363:and the nest of the
2190:Turkish–Armenian War
2032:North Ossetia–Alania
1563:improve this article
1477:North Ossetia–Alania
997:Endonyms and exonyms
658:linguistic diversity
552:, mainly comprising
391:North Ossetia-Alania
8745:Soviet deportations
8486:Bronze and Iron Age
8456:Armeno-Georgian War
8371:Prehistoric Armenia
7639:East European Plain
7475:Carpathian Ruthenia
7205:Continents of Earth
6732:Brazilian Highlands
6136:Indian subcontinent
5997:Antarctic Peninsula
5795:Southern Hemisphere
5790:Northern Hemisphere
5577:Karachay-Cherkessia
5007:(Костюмы Кавказа).
4898:Suny, Ronald Grigor
4827:Griffin, Nicholas,
4787:Cornell, Susan E.,
4685:on 7 September 2008
4505:2014JICon..18..407C
3995:Timothy C. Dowling
3829:(26): 10432–10436.
3760:"Caucasus and Iran"
3736:"Caucasian peoples"
3502:] (in German).
3470:on 25 February 2012
3456:George Anchabadze.
3313:"kruveši | Tēzaurs"
3139:"Russia, Geography"
2930:Eastern Partnership
2780:Mountain roundabout
2764:2015 European Games
2678:resources, such as
2263:Transcaucasian SFSR
1861:empires, including
1827:Kura–Araxes culture
1814:ever found outside
1779:World Heritage Site
1747:the territory from
1708:Armenian Christians
1489:Karachay–Cherkessia
1446:Georgia (including
1298:Political geography
758:Кавкасийскыѣ горы (
678:Northeast Caucasian
674:Northwest Caucasian
358:Karachay-Cherkessia
84: /
8720:National awakening
8630:Kingdom of Bohemia
8551:Old Great Bulgaria
8526:Soviet repressions
7953:Tuscan Archipelago
7831:Cotentin Peninsula
7420:Danubian countries
7020:Great Barrier Reef
6641:Mainland Australia
5805:Western Hemisphere
5780:Eastern Hemisphere
5553:Kabardino-Balkaria
5419:
5407:
5321:Kabardino-Balkaria
5256:Political entities
5094:, 8 September 2005
4052:. Routledge. 2008.
3758:Multiple Authors.
3506:: Karl J. Trübner.
3144:The World Factbook
2982:Tourism in Georgia
2972:Tourism in Armenia
2915:Culture of Armenia
2755:
2627:Robert's snow vole
2551:
2456:Norse Scandinavian
2314:Russo-Georgian War
2310:Second Chechen War
2290:
2247:
2239:Georgian Civil War
2188:. During the 1920
2148:Treaty of Gulistan
2132:
2086:Kingdom of Georgia
2059:Kingdom of Armenia
1991:began to overtake
1965:
1961:Kingdom of Georgia
1949:
1945:Kingdom of Armenia
1883:Kingdom of Armenia
1879:Tigranes the Great
1783:
1650:
1483:Kabardino–Balkaria
1444:post-Soviet states
1434:The Caucasus is a
1308:
888:Russian Federation
876:
864:
822:'high' as well as
815:) is connected to
751:Tale of Past Years
728:Isidore of Seville
691:Origin of the name
620:Armenian highlands
570:Caucasus Mountains
334:Kabardino-Balkaria
93:42.26111; 44.12111
8882:Regions of Europe
8849:
8848:
8660:German occupation
8531:German occupation
8491:Early Middle Ages
8446:Caucasus campaign
8441:Armenian genocide
8192:
8191:
8184:Regions of Europe
7948:Italian Peninsula
7841:Upper Rhine Plain
7221:
7220:
7101:Mediterranean Rim
6974:
6973:
6913:Mediterranean Sea
6767:
6766:
6720:Amazon Rainforest
6542:Canadian Prairies
6507:Pacific Northwest
6368:Iberian Peninsula
6344:Italian Peninsula
6153:Arabian Peninsula
5980:Antarctic Plateau
5740:Three/Four Worlds
5662:
5661:
5650:
5649:
5360:
5359:
5122:Caucasus and Iran
5072:Caucasian Journal
5005:Costumes Caucasus
4856:978-1-5036-3696-5
4813:978-0-19-539977-6
4762:978-0-415-48660-6
3688:www.iss.europa.eu
3597:978-1-4422-4146-6
3540:978-0-7864-0172-7
3441:Qoranashvili, G.
3420:978-5-02-038298-5
3348:978-0-521-83749-1
2987:Tourism in Russia
2955:Regions of Europe
2905:Caucasian cuisine
2512:Nart Nasran, the
2353:Persian mythology
2308:(1994–1996), the
2306:First Chechen War
2300:(1989–1991), the
2296:(1988–1994), the
2251:Russian Civil War
2229:deported en masse
2223:in Nakchivan and
2182:Armenian genocide
2136:Southern Caucasus
2123:A scene from the
2082:David the Builder
2063:Caucasian Albania
2051:Kingdom of Syunik
2024:Northern Caucasus
1981:Caucasian Albania
1979:(in 301 AD), and
1933:between Rome and
1907:Nabataean kingdom
1867:Achaemenid Empire
1789:. In 1991, early
1639:
1638:
1631:
1613:
1363:Federal Districts
1353:to its west, the
760:Kavkasijskyě gory
681:language families
616:Javakheti Plateau
459:
458:
16:(Redirected from
8894:
8695:Livonian Crusade
8626:High Middle Ages
8621:Duchy of Bohemia
8561:Christianization
8546:Odrysian kingdom
8406:Mongol invasions
8401:Medieval Armenia
8396:Sasanian Armenia
8381:Artaxiad dynasty
8233:Sovereign states
8219:
8212:
8205:
8196:
8195:
8124:Slavic countries
7965:Aegadian Islands
7781:Germania Slavica
7649:Cap of the North
7583:Greater Caucasus
7549:Karelian Isthmus
7492:Sambia Peninsula
7402:Cap of the North
7248:
7241:
7234:
7225:
7224:
7203:
7202:
7182:Global Southwest
7177:Global Southeast
7167:Global Northwest
7162:Global Northeast
7152:Global Heartland
7096:Indian Ocean Rim
6778:
6777:
6670:Island Melanesia
6356:Balkan Peninsula
6131:Himalayan states
6078:Russian Far East
5872:
5871:
5800:Water Hemisphere
5689:
5682:
5675:
5666:
5665:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5404:
5403:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5250:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5149:
4962:
4954:
4952:"Caucasia"
4945:
4919:
4904:(2nd ed.).
4891:978-0691-16914-9
4860:
4817:
4766:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4684:
4677:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4547:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4524:
4488:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4469:on 28 March 2009
4459:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4425:. Archived from
4415:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4337:
4322:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4280:(Abaza Saga 52:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4160:. Archived from
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
4112:
4106:
4084:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4009:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3838:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3794:. Brill Online.
3789:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3626:. Archived from
3615:
3602:
3601:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3463:. Archived from
3462:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3411:Saint Petersburg
3398:
3392:
3391:
3376:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3295:Kretschmer, Paul
3291:
3285:
3284:
3273:Kretschmer, Paul
3269:
3263:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3182:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3076:
3070:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3008:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2885:
2883:Mountains portal
2880:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:Geography portal
2866:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2758:Krasnaya Polyana
2631:Caucasian grouse
2563:Persian leopards
2394:, a daughter of
2390:, and there met
2342:Georgian version
2316:(2008), and the
2225:Caucasus Germans
2213:Meskhetian Turks
2043:Bagratid Armenia
1667:Turkic languages
1634:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1571:
1547:
1539:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1393:Greater Caucasus
1331:Greater Caucasus
1289:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1187:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1117:
1107:
1106:
1093:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:
1024:
919:Greater Caucasus
786:
785:
739:
604:Western Caucasus
588:, bisecting the
574:Greater Caucasus
572:, including the
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
449:Highest mountain
413:
411:
410:
399:
398:
389:
388:
379:
378:
369:
367:
366:
356:
355:
345:
343:
342:
332:
330:
329:
319:
317:
316:
306:
304:
303:
293:
291:
290:
280:
278:
277:
267:
265:
264:
248:
247:
228:
218:
216:
215:
191:
189:
188:
178:
176:
175:
156:
154:
153:
143:
141:
140:
130:
128:
127:
117:
115:
114:
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
59:
47:
46:
21:
8902:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8877:Regions of Asia
8852:
8851:
8850:
8845:
8740:Soviet invasion
8700:Danish conquest
8690:Ancient Estonia
8391:Arsacid dynasty
8376:Orontid dynasty
8350:
8324:
8228:
8223:
8193:
8188:
8175:
8149:Pannonian Basin
8134:Eurasian Steppe
8097:
8046:Opuntian Locris
7919:
7826:Channel Islands
7821:English Channel
7787:
7653:
7627:Southern Russia
7622:Taman Peninsula
7605:European Russia
7514:Lithuania Minor
7487:Sloboda Ukraine
7406:
7382:Channel Islands
7377:English Channel
7357:Gulf of Finland
7352:Gulf of Bothnia
7261:
7252:
7222:
7217:
7191:
7133:
7110:
7077:
7041:
6970:
6959:South China Sea
6868:
6811:Central America
6763:
6696:
6617:
6569:Northern Mexico
6557:Northern Canada
6537:Atlantic Canada
6492:Mountain states
6418:
6273:European Russia
6266:Southern Russia
6222:
6175:Iranian Plateau
6003:
5992:West Antarctica
5975:East Antarctica
5961:
5861:
5809:
5785:Land Hemisphere
5766:
5706:
5693:
5663:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5599:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5493:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5417:Soviet Caucasia
5397:
5391:
5361:
5356:
5335:
5282:
5251:
5242:
5216:
5211:
5172:Wayback Machine
5160:Wayback Machine
5147:
5129:Wayback Machine
5116:Wayback Machine
5067:
4942:
4926:
4924:Further reading
4916:
4879:Mayor, Adrienne
4857:
4814:
4796:de Waal, Thomas
4770:Colarusso, John
4763:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4714:. August 2019.
4707:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4655:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4624:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4581:
4577:
4548:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4489:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4164:on 12 June 2021
4150:
4146:
4139:
4113:
4109:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3977:. 9 August 2013
3969:
3968:
3964:
3953:
3949:
3931:
3927:
3916:
3912:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3815:
3811:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3749:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3630:on 12 June 2018
3616:
3605:
3598:
3584:
3580:
3566:
3564:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3541:
3515:
3511:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3399:
3395:
3377:
3370:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3292:
3288:
3270:
3266:
3256:Natural History
3252:Pliny the Elder
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3180:
3178:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3094:
3077:
3073:
3056:
3052:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2968:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2761:
2732:
2720:anthracite coal
2668:
2539:
2464:
2408:
2330:Greek mythology
2326:
2243:War in Abkhazia
2215:, thousands of
2186:Eastern Armenia
2156:Imperial Russia
2129:Pyotr Gruzinsky
2117:
2036:Mongol invasion
1954:
1935:Sassanid Empire
1875:Sassanid Empire
1839:Assyrian Empire
1824:
1787:Paleolithic Era
1757:
1722:
1716:
1679:Karachay–Balkar
1635:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1515:. Abkhazia and
1487:
1481:
1475:
1382:Lesser Caucasus
1370:Southern Russia
1335:Southern Russia
1300:
1295:
1279:Kafkas/Kafkasya
1152:Karachay-Balkar
1113:
999:
927:Airyanem Vaejah
894:. According to
854:
756:Old East Slavic
737:
716:notes that the
714:Paul Kretschmer
701:Natural History
696:Pliny the Elder
693:
668:languages, the
649:, and northern
612:Lesser Caucasus
578:natural barrier
566:Southern Russia
564:, and parts of
509:
505:
470:
466:
408:
406:
396:
386:
376:
364:
362:
353:
340:
338:
327:
325:
314:
312:
301:
299:
288:
286:
275:
273:
262:
260:
252:
245:
234:
213:
211:
208:
207:
197:
186:
184:
173:
171:
168:
167:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
125:
123:
112:
110:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
62:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8900:
8890:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8867:Eastern Europe
8864:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8801:Ottoman Empire
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8767:
8761:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8683:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8618:
8612:Czech Republic
8609:
8604:
8598:
8593:
8587:
8578:
8576:Ottoman Empire
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8539:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8521:Russian Empire
8518:
8509:
8504:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8474:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8436:Russian Empire
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8364:
8358:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8332:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8323:
8322:
8317:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8260:Czech Republic
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8236:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8226:Eastern Europe
8222:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8199:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8174:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8129:European Plain
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8076:Gulf of Chania
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8031:Aegean Islands
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8003:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7994:Meseta Central
7991:
7986:
7976:
7971:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7945:
7929:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7903:Meseta Central
7900:
7895:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7797:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7783:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7663:
7661:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7635:
7634:
7632:Kola Peninsula
7629:
7624:
7619:
7618:
7617:
7602:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7593:South Caucasus
7590:
7588:North Caucasus
7585:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7558:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7546:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7500:
7499:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7416:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7282:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7251:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7228:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7213:Physical Earth
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7120:
7118:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7052:
7050:
7043:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7032:
7027:
7025:Mariana Trench
7022:
7012:
7007:
7005:Atlantic Ocean
7002:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6984:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6966:Southern Ocean
6963:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6954:East China Sea
6946:
6945:
6944:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6888:Atlantic Ocean
6885:
6879:
6877:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6793:
6787:
6785:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6706:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6692:Remote Oceania
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6662:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6627:
6625:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6562:Western Canada
6559:
6554:
6552:Eastern Canada
6549:
6547:Central Canada
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6261:South Caucasus
6258:
6256:North Caucasus
6248:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6163:South Caucasus
6155:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6034:
6032:Aralkum Desert
6029:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5971:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5886:
5880:
5878:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5823:Africa-Eurasia
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5692:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5641:Stavropol Krai
5596:
5595:
5593:
5589:Krasnodar Krai
5543:
5542:
5540:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5411:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5195:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5174:
5162:
5150:
5142:
5137:
5119:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5081:
5076:
5066:
5065:External links
5063:
5062:
5061:
5041:
5024:
5001:
4982:
4963:
4946:
4940:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4894:
4876:
4873:978-0863568237
4861:
4855:
4840:
4825:
4820:Golvin, Ivan,
4818:
4812:
4792:
4785:
4767:
4761:
4748:
4745:978-0521509794
4731:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4696:
4664:
4649:
4646:. 24 May 2021.
4635:
4622:
4609:
4596:
4575:
4539:
4526:
4499:(3): 407–416.
4480:
4454:
4440:
4410:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4317:
4304:
4295:
4286:
4253:
4244:
4218:
4216:, 44, 53, 399.
4205:
4196:
4187:
4175:
4144:
4137:
4107:
4087:Vahakn Dadrian
4079:
4077:, pp. 319-323.
4075:Burning Tigris
4066:
4054:
4041:
4032:
4019:
4010:
4007:978-1598849486
3988:
3962:
3947:
3925:
3922:. p. 123.
3910:
3881:
3868:
3809:
3776:
3747:
3727:
3716:. 2 March 2020
3701:
3675:
3650:
3641:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3549:
3539:
3509:
3490:Schrader, Otto
3481:
3448:
3433:
3419:
3409:(in Russian).
3393:
3390:: Carl Winter.
3368:
3347:
3329:
3304:
3286:
3264:
3244:
3232:www.amazon.com
3218:
3191:
3161:
3130:
3103:
3071:
3050:
3030:
3023:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2886:
2872:
2858:
2844:
2828:
2825:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2777:Alpika-Service
2731:
2728:
2667:
2664:
2538:
2535:
2463:
2460:
2407:
2406:Later folklore
2404:
2325:
2322:
2219:, and 200,000
2171:Caucasian Wars
2164:Ottoman Empire
2144:Persian Empire
2116:
2113:
1993:Zoroastrianism
1977:state religion
1953:
1950:
1915:Zoroastrianism
1823:
1820:
1756:
1753:
1742:Russian Empire
1715:
1712:
1675:Kumyk language
1637:
1636:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1527:Main article:
1524:
1521:
1502:Stavropol Krai
1498:Krasnodar Krai
1436:linguistically
1405:Southwest Asia
1320:South Caucasus
1318:, whereas the
1312:North Caucasus
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1234:Kavkaz/Kaukazi
1231:Кавказ/Каукази
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1111:
1097:
1085:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1015:
998:
995:
935:Middle Persian
853:
850:
829:'hillock' and
692:
689:
631:South Caucasus
627:North Caucasus
538:Eastern Europe
457:
456:
450:
446:
445:
432:
428:
427:
424:
420:
419:
418:
417:
415:Stavropol Krai
404:
393:
383:
373:
371:Krasnodar Krai
360:
350:
336:
323:
310:
297:
284:
271:
258:
240:
236:
235:
233:
232:
222:
200:
199:
198:
196:
195:
182:
165:
164:
163:
161:
160:
147:
134:
121:
107:
105:
101:
100:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8899:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8705:Terra Mariana
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8616:Great Moravia
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Russification
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8386:Roman Armenia
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8353:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8341:South Ossetia
8339:
8337:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8213:
8208:
8206:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8185:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8088:Mediterranean
8086:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:Gibraltar Arc
7999:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7989:Baetic System
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7961:
7960:Insular Italy
7958:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7943:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7898:Baetic System
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:British Isles
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7806:Low Countries
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7782:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7732:Czech Silesia
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7682:Alpine states
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7616:
7615:Arctic Circle
7613:
7612:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:Nemunas Delta
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:Curonian Spit
7502:
7498:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7397:Nemunas Delta
7395:
7393:
7392:Curonian Spit
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7372:British Isles
7370:
7368:
7367:Faroe Islands
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7281:
7280:Arctic Circle
7278:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7249:
7244:
7242:
7237:
7235:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7044:
7038:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7015:Pacific Ocean
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6967:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6950:
6949:Pacific Ocean
6947:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6935:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6903:Caribbean Sea
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6871:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6850:
6846:
6845:by population
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6818:South America
6816:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6801:North America
6799:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6753:
6752:Southern Cone
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6727:Andean States
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6702:South America
6699:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6424:North America
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6387:Low Countries
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6363:South-western
6361:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:South-eastern
6349:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6329:Mediterranean
6327:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6295:British Isles
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6193:
6192:Levantine Sea
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6006:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5884:Mediterranean
5882:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5685:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5630:
5629:South Ossetia
5618:
5606:
5594:
5590:
5578:
5566:
5554:
5541:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5501:
5488:
5484:
5472:
5460:
5448:
5436:
5423:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5060:
5059:5-235-02585-7
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4941:9781788310079
4937:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4915:0-253-20915-3
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4863:Hunt, David,
4862:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4837:9780226308593
4834:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:9781400865284
4779:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:. Routledge.
4754:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4700:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4661:. p. 27.
4660:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4544:
4536:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4444:
4429:on 8 May 2013
4428:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4351:
4342:
4335:
4334:200—202
4331:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4278:200–202
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4138:0-691-00913-9
4134:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4111:
4104:
4103:1-57181-666-6
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4070:
4064:, p. 49.
4063:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4036:
4030:, 1970, p. 74
4029:
4023:
4017:Suny, page 64
4014:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3893:. p. 68.
3892:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3690:. 18 May 2017
3689:
3685:
3679:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3645:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3545:*kau-meaning.
3542:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:Jefferson, NC
3523:
3522:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3279:(in German).
3278:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3024:9781135368500
3020:
3016:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2873:
2870:
2859:
2856:
2855:Europe portal
2845:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:Vincent Evans
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:invertebrates
2588:
2584:
2583:golden eagles
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2388:Golden Fleece
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:(1999–2009),
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:and southern
2137:
2130:
2126:
2125:Caucasian War
2121:
2115:Modern period
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:Turco-Mongols
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:Iranian world
1735:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:Sunni Muslims
1697:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1688:lingua franca
1685:is used as a
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580: –
1579:
1575:
1574:Find sources:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1552:This section
1550:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1517:South Ossetia
1514:
1513:South Ossetia
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:nation states
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:Russian Plain
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:dividing line
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:, mainly the
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1324:Transcaucasus
1321:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:Transcaucasus
899:
897:
893:
892:Transcaucasia
889:
885:
881:
873:
868:
862:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:'hill, top',
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
809:Otto Schrader
807:
804:
801:According to
799:
797:
793:
789:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
764:Ancient Greek
761:
757:
753:
752:
746:
745:
741:
735:
734:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
688:
687:to the area.
686:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Indo-European
660:: aside from
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
614:includes the
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:
503:
497:
464:
454:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
405:
402:
401:Rostov Oblast
394:
392:
384:
382:
374:
372:
361:
359:
351:
348:
337:
335:
324:
322:
311:
309:
298:
296:
285:
283:
272:
270:
259:
256:
253:(since 2008,
251:
243:
242:
241:
237:
231:
230:South Ossetia
227:
223:
221:
210:
209:
206:
204:
194:
183:
181:
170:
169:
166:Related areas
159:
148:
146:
135:
133:
122:
120:
109:
108:
106:
102:
97:
69:
65:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8826:Transnistria
8821:Soviet Union
8710:Swedish rule
8601:1989-present
8590:World War II
8501:World War II
8346:Transnistria
8006:Southeastern
7883:Gulf of Lion
7766:Transdanubia
7577:
7561:Southeastern
7544:East Karelia
7445:Transylvania
7312:Baltoscandia
7307:Fennoscandia
7292:Northwestern
7211: /
7209:List of seas
7207: /
7172:Global South
7157:Global North
7091:Atlantic Rim
7030:Ring of Fire
7010:Indian Ocean
7000:Arctic Ocean
6942:Persian Gulf
6937:Indian Ocean
6918:Adriatic Sea
6883:Arctic Ocean
6715:Amazon Basin
6710:Amazon Plain
6682:Near Oceania
6482:Mid-Atlantic
6432:Aridoamerica
6392:Northwestern
6305:Northwestern
6278:Southeastern
6250:
6170:Greater Iran
6157:
6109:Southeastern
6104:Pacific Asia
6073:Pacific Asia
6061:Northeastern
6017:Asia–Pacific
5760:Fourth World
5750:Second World
5394:
5213:
5177:The Caucasus
5148:(in Turkish)
5132:
5084:
5071:
5044:Kaziev Shapi
5029:The Caucasus
5028:
4956:
4931:
4901:
4882:
4864:
4845:
4828:
4822:The Caucasus
4821:
4799:
4788:
4773:
4752:
4736:
4711:
4699:
4687:. Retrieved
4680:the original
4667:
4658:
4652:
4638:
4633:102: 239–250
4630:
4625:
4620:72: 287–332.
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4594:33: 389–401.
4591:
4587:
4584:Rhododendron
4583:
4578:
4559:
4555:
4534:
4529:
4496:
4492:
4473:17 September
4471:. Retrieved
4467:the original
4457:
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4427:the original
4422:
4413:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4369:Bound Nasran
4368:
4364:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4320:
4312:
4307:
4298:
4293:Hunt, p. 13.
4289:
4281:
4273:
4256:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4208:
4199:
4190:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4157:
4147:
4118:
4110:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4069:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4035:
4022:
4013:
3997:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3974:
3965:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3913:
3890:
3884:
3876:
3871:
3826:
3822:
3812:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:. Retrieved
3763:
3739:
3730:
3718:. Retrieved
3713:
3704:
3692:. Retrieved
3687:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3653:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:the original
3623:
3587:
3581:
3572:
3565:. Retrieved
3561:
3552:
3544:
3520:
3512:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3465:the original
3451:
3442:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3383:
3338:
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3255:
3247:
3237:14 September
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:Language Log
3203:
3194:
3186:
3179:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3115:
3106:
3079:
3074:
3058:
3053:
3042:
3033:
3013:
3006:
2897:World portal
2819:was held in
2806:
2772:
2756:
2669:
2660:minke whales
2644:mixed forest
2641:
2634:
2604:and several
2599:
2593:, some 1000
2587:hooded crows
2552:
2499:
2480:
2465:
2409:
2369:
2350:
2327:
2291:
2248:
2194:
2179:
2168:
2133:
2098:
2079:
2040:
2038:in 1238–39.
2009:
1989:Christianity
1966:
1921:, and later
1835:Ashurbanipal
1832:
1825:
1809:
1802:
1784:
1723:
1696:Shia Muslims
1693:
1686:
1651:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1561:Please help
1556:verification
1553:
1523:Demographics
1506:
1433:
1409:Mount Elbrus
1390:
1367:
1328:
1323:
1315:
1309:
1290:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1108:
1094:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1000:
990:
984:
971:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
946:
938:
900:
879:
877:
861:Mount Elbrus
841:
837:
830:
826:
819:
812:
806:philologists
800:
796:Nakh peoples
787:
772:
767:
762:) came from
759:
749:
747:
743:
742:
732:
726:
721:
709:
699:
694:
655:
624:
596:Mount Elbrus
594:
542:Western Asia
501:
462:
460:
202:
44:
8750:Soviet rule
8585:World War I
8314:East Thrace
8171:Macaronesia
8144:Wild Fields
8093:Alpide belt
8061:Peloponnese
7915:Alpide belt
7846:Upper Rhine
7687:Alpide belt
7509:Izium Trail
7497:Amber Coast
7337:West Nordic
7297:Scandinavia
7187:Global West
7147:Global East
7106:Pacific Rim
7048:waterbodies
7037:World Ocean
6862:New Zealand
6742:The Guianas
6631:Australasia
6574:West Indies
6497:New England
6477:Great Lakes
6447:Mesoamerica
6334:Middle East
6310:Scandinavia
6199:Middle East
6037:Caspian Sea
5943:Great Lakes
5923:Sub-Saharan
5909:Middle East
5772:Hemispheres
5755:Third World
5745:First World
5698:'s primary
5013:Runivers.ru
4994:Runivers.ru
4971:Runivers.ru
4586:subsection
4562:: 231–248.
3879:, 297:85–9.
3769:3 September
3574:Caucasia").
3567:26 November
3322:12 February
3181:26 November
3154:22 February
3123:26 November
2950:Prometheism
2841:Asia portal
2747:paragliding
2712:natural gas
2658:noted that
2567:brown bears
2436:Zoroastrian
2396:King Aeëtes
2090:Queen Tamar
2030:and modern
1952:Middle Ages
1891:Mesopotamia
1764:Petroglyphs
1671:Azerbaijani
1655:East Slavic
1355:Caspian Sea
1316:Ciscaucasus
1222:K'avk'atsia
1079:Azerbaijani
905:region and
884:Ciscaucasia
733:Etymologies
550:Caspian Sea
403:(partially)
349:(partially)
91: /
67:Coordinates
8856:Categories
8841:Yugoslavia
8566:Golden Age
8477:Azerbaijan
8245:Azerbaijan
8066:Chalkidiki
8026:Aegean Sea
7984:Al-Andalus
7893:Al-Andalus
7873:Septimania
7836:Doggerland
7702:Westphalia
7697:Eastphalia
7677:Baltic Sea
7644:Ryn Desert
7556:Lokhaniemi
7534:Vyborg Bay
7529:Baltic Sea
7460:Bessarabia
7347:Baltic Sea
6928:Ionian Sea
6923:Aegean Sea
6893:Baltic Sea
6825:Antarctica
6677:Micronesia
6646:New Guinea
6604:Portuguese
6522:West Coast
6472:East Coast
6467:Bible Belt
6462:Appalachia
6141:Subregions
6049:Inner Asia
5967:Antarctica
5867:Continents
5840:Antarctica
5815:Landmasses
5725:Down Under
5720:Arab World
5704:subregions
5605:Nakhchivan
5536:Ingushetia
5483:Azerbaijan
5306:Azerbaijan
5268:Azerbaijan
4127:. p.
4095:pp. 360–61
4089:. (2003).
4073:Balakian.
3504:Strasbourg
3474:3 November
3445:. Tbilisi.
3388:Heidelberg
3317:tezaurs.lv
3260:vi.(19).50
3088:0195165209
3067:178427173X
2993:References
2813:Azerbaijan
2802:Azerbaijan
2784:Rosa Hutor
2768:Azerbaijan
2743:Heliskiing
2526:, and the
2510:Circassian
2502:Prometheus
2487:Polyphemus
2413:Nart sagas
2334:Prometheus
2275:Azerbaijan
2203:, 120,000
1895:Cappadocia
1887:Atropatene
1873:, and the
1772:Azerbaijan
1755:Prehistory
1749:Qajar Iran
1669:, such as
1589:newspapers
1578:"Caucasus"
1472:Ingushetia
1456:Nakhchivan
1347:Azerbaijan
1215:Mingrelian
1109:K'avk'asia
1038:Kʺaukʺaz/s
1035:Къаукъаз/с
913:and later
824:Lithuanian
766:Καύκασος (
685:indigenous
670:Kartvelian
643:Azerbaijan
592:landmass.
558:Azerbaijan
431:Time Zones
381:Nakhchivan
321:Ingushetia
132:Azerbaijan
79:44°07′16″E
76:42°15′40″N
8887:West Asia
8791:Lithuania
8764:Holocaust
8735:1920-1939
8680:1989-1992
8675:1945-1948
8655:1918-1938
8646:1867-1918
8641:1648-1867
8636:1526-1648
8581:1878-1946
8536:Holocaust
8481:Stone Age
8431:1880-1918
8426:1829-1878
8421:1502-1828
8416:1453-1829
8285:Lithuania
7974:Occitania
7938:Po Valley
7811:Northwest
7744:Pomerelia
7739:Pomerania
7692:Rhineland
7440:Wallachia
7124:Antarctic
6908:Irish Sea
6898:Black Sea
6857:Australia
6806:Caribbean
6783:continent
6757:Patagonia
6687:Polynesia
6665:Melanesia
6658:Zealandia
6636:Australia
6517:Southwest
6437:Caribbean
6214:Near East
5855:submerged
5850:Zealandia
5845:Australia
5735:Old World
5730:New World
5347:Languages
5228:Mountains
5221:Geography
5131:entry in
5036:, Mainz:
4423:panda.org
4266:6–7
3899:cite book
3845:0027-8424
3800:1873-9830
3720:7 January
3694:7 January
3357:cite book
3283:: 75–103.
3211:7 January
2998:Citations
2807:The 2017
2696:manganese
2648:dog breed
2636:Darevskia
2528:Abkhazian
2468:Aphrodite
2361:Saoshyant
2357:Mount Qaf
2324:Mythology
2269:in 1991,
2094:Near East
2028:Circassia
2016:Ossetians
1923:Byzantium
1822:Antiquity
1745:conquered
1619:July 2018
1351:Black Sea
1284:Ukrainian
1123:Kaukasien
1115:‹See Tfd›
1050:al-Qawqāz
989:Ков гас (
980:Black Sea
953:Kōh-i Kāf
948:Shahnameh
945:, in his
931:Zoroaster
923:Mount Qaf
878:The term
874:, Georgia
846:Pelasgian
788:Ḳavḳasosi
784:კავკასოსი
710:Croucasis
546:Black Sea
443:UTC+04:00
439:UTC+03:30
435:UTC+03:00
426:Caucasian
104:Countries
8862:Caucasus
8816:Slovakia
8607:Caucasus
8542:Bulgaria
8362:Abkhazia
8336:Abkhazia
8305:Slovakia
8255:Bulgaria
8109:Germanic
7910:Pyrenees
7868:Brittany
7863:Normandy
7776:Germania
7756:Bukovina
7749:Kashubia
7600:Kabardia
7578:Caucasus
7470:Ruthenia
7455:Bukovina
7450:Moldavia
7435:Volhynia
6651:Tasmania
6599:Hispanic
6457:Northern
6404:Germanic
6382:Atlantic
6324:Southern
6285:Northern
6251:Caucasus
6187:Dead Sea
6158:Caucasus
6126:Southern
6119:Maritime
6114:Mainland
6087:Northern
6068:Far East
6027:Aral Sea
5950:Southern
5894:Northern
5565:Kalmykia
5512:Dagestan
5500:Chechnya
5435:Abkhazia
5395:Caucasus
5311:Chechnya
5296:Abkhazia
5214:Caucasus
5168:Archived
5156:Archived
5125:Archived
5112:Archived
5046:(2003).
5023:formats.
4981:formats.
4900:(1994).
4798:(2010).
4716:Archived
4689:21 April
4521:16783553
4433:2 August
4313:Georgian
3941:conquest
3863:21646521
3668:28 March
3492:(1901).
3426:19 March
3297:(1930),
2827:See also
2700:tungsten
2692:iron ore
2672:minerals
2614:disjunct
2602:endemism
2589:. Among
2549:, Russia
2547:Dagestan
2524:Pkharmat
2514:Georgian
2491:shepherd
2472:Achilles
2421:Sosruquo
2417:Satanaya
2320:(2020).
2241:and the
2205:Karachay
2197:Chechens
2150:and the
2140:Dagestan
2101:Ottomans
2069:and the
1931:conflict
1812:hominins
1791:Hominini
1768:Gobustan
1663:Ossetian
1659:Armenian
1509:Abkhazia
1468:Chechnya
1464:Dagestan
1452:Abkhazia
1399:between
1227:Ossetian
1219:კავკაცია
1210:K'awk'az
1207:Къавкъаз
1198:Kkawkkaz
1195:Ккавкказ
1180:Qefqasya
1168:Къавкъаз
1135:Káfkasos
1132:Καύκασος
1105:კავკასია
1100:Georgian
1055:Armenian
961:Caucasus
957:Kaukasos
943:Ferdowsi
915:Sasanian
911:Parthian
907:Dagestan
880:Caucasus
852:Toponyms
813:Kaukasos
792:Togarmah
779:Georgian
768:Kaúkasos
722:kruvesis
706:Scythian
618:and the
606:area of
590:Eurasian
580:between
548:and the
502:Caucasia
463:Caucasus
347:Kalmykia
308:Dagestan
295:Chechnya
255:in exile
250:Abkhazia
220:Abkhazia
203:De facto
50:Caucasus
18:Kaukasus
8836:Ukraine
8806:Romania
8796:Moldova
8781:Hungary
8776:Georgia
8686:Estonia
8512:Belarus
8507:Balkans
8367:Armenia
8355:History
8320:Ukraine
8295:Romania
8290:Moldova
8275:Hungary
8270:Georgia
8265:Estonia
8250:Belarus
8240:Armenia
8114:Romance
8102:Related
8071:Aetolia
8056:Megaris
8041:Boeotia
8021:Balkans
8016:Rumelia
7942:Padania
7878:Batavia
7858:Gascony
7801:Benelux
7771:Polesia
7727:Silesia
7722:Moravia
7717:Bohemia
7712:Lusatia
7707:Prussia
7659:Central
7566:Balkans
7539:Karelia
7465:Livonia
7430:Galicia
7425:Prussia
7387:Livonia
7362:Iceland
7322:Gotland
7317:Jutland
7255:Regions
6852:Oceania
6840:by area
6796:America
6773:Islands
6623:Oceania
6487:Midwest
6442:Central
6409:Romance
6377:Western
6246:Balkans
6241:Eastern
6236:Central
6204:Mashriq
6148:Western
6092:Siberia
6044:Eastern
6022:Central
5955:Western
5928:Central
5904:Mashriq
5899:Maghreb
5889:Saharan
5835:America
5828:Eurasia
5700:regions
5524:Georgia
5471:Armenia
5352:Peoples
5340:Related
5316:Georgia
5301:Armenia
5273:Georgia
5263:Armenia
5233:Greater
5000:format.
4730:Sources
4588:Pontica
4501:Bibcode
4168:12 June
3981:2 March
3877:Science
3854:3127884
2821:Georgia
2793:Armenia
2751:Georgia
2739:Gudauri
2610:Ice Age
2559:endemic
2537:Ecology
2531:Abrskil
2521:Chechen
2517:Amirani
2495:Georgia
2476:Amazons
2448:Khazars
2433:Iranian
2429:Batradz
2400:Colchis
2380:Scythia
2365:Simurgh
2340:in the
2338:Amirani
2279:Armenia
2271:Georgia
2217:Kalmyks
2209:Balkars
2067:Armenia
2014:(proto-
1985:Georgia
1967:As the
1927:Lazicum
1899:Cilicia
1871:Parthia
1859:Iranian
1851:Colchis
1847:Albania
1843:Armenia
1799:Georgia
1714:History
1683:Russian
1603:scholar
1460:Armenia
1386:Armenia
1343:Georgia
1275:Turkish
1251:Russian
1239:Persian
1203:Lezgian
1176:Kurdish
1088:Chechen
1047:القوقاز
991:Kov gas
976:Hittite
972:Kaz-kaz
965:Kaf Kof
959:(Lat.,
939:Kaf Kof
872:Svaneti
835:Russian
831:kaukarà
748:In the
718:Latvian
639:Georgia
562:Georgia
554:Armenia
423:Demonym
145:Georgia
119:Armenia
8831:Turkey
8811:Russia
8786:Latvia
8312:(only
8310:Turkey
8300:Russia
8280:Latvia
8119:Celtic
8081:Istria
8051:Phocis
8036:Attica
8011:Epirus
7979:Iberia
7888:Iberia
7761:Istria
7672:Baltic
7610:Arctic
7573:Crimea
7524:Baltic
7482:Donbas
7342:Baltic
7332:Ingria
7287:Nordic
7275:Arctic
7259:Europe
7139:Global
7129:Arctic
7068:Rivers
7046:Other
6980:Oceans
6835:Europe
6791:Africa
6584:French
6452:Middle
6414:Slavic
6399:Celtic
6300:Nordic
6290:Baltic
6228:Europe
6182:Levant
5876:Africa
5712:Worlds
5638:
5626:
5614:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5550:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5497:
5480:
5468:
5459:Adygea
5456:
5447:Adjara
5444:
5432:
5331:Russia
5278:Russia
5238:Lesser
5057:
5011:, at
4990:Tiflis
4938:
4912:
4889:
4871:
4853:
4835:
4810:
4780:
4759:
4743:
4519:
4262:p. 106
4158:Medium
4135:
4101:
4005:
3861:
3851:
3843:
3798:
3634:3 June
3594:
3537:
3417:
3345:
3086:
3065:
3021:
2815:. The
2745:, and
2718:(both
2714:, and
2688:copper
2684:silver
2676:energy
2650:, the
2629:, and
2606:relict
2595:spider
2579:marals
2571:wolves
2519:, the
2452:Indian
2425:Tlepsh
2304:, the
2261:rule (
2259:Soviet
2201:Ingush
2020:Alania
2003:, and
1909:, and
1881:, the
1865:, the
1855:Iberia
1833:Under
1816:Africa
1776:UNESCO
1734:Russia
1732:, and
1726:Turkey
1665:, and
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1576:
1511:, and
1500:, and
1494:Adygea
1448:Adjara
1401:Europe
1374:Turkey
1291:Kavkaz
1288:Кавказ
1270:Kavkaz
1267:Qawqaz
1258:Kavkaz
1255:Кавказ
1246:Qafqāz
1185:Qefqas
1171:Qawqaz
1159:Kavkaz
1156:Кавказ
1147:Kawkaz
1144:Кавказ
1140:Ingush
1119:German
1102::
1095:Kawkaz
1092:Кавказ
1083:Qafqaz
1074:Kawkaz
1071:Кавказ
1062:Kovkas
1059:Կովկաս
1043:Arabic
1031:Adyghe
1026:Kavkaz
1023:Кавказ
1019:Abkhaz
1010:Kaukaz
1004:Kavkaz
974:, the
890:) and
827:kaũkas
817:Gothic
803:German
781::
775:Caucas
708:name,
676:, and
666:Turkic
647:Turkey
635:Russia
608:Russia
600:Europe
582:Europe
568:. The
453:Elbrus
412:
368:
344:
331:
318:
305:
292:
282:Adygea
279:
269:Adjara
266:
217:
193:Turkey
190:
177:
158:Russia
155:
142:
129:
116:
40:Caucus
7933:Italy
7925:South
7327:Sápmi
7267:North
7116:Polar
7061:lists
7056:Lakes
6875:ocean
6594:Ibero
6589:Latin
6579:Anglo
6339:Italy
5696:Earth
5009:Paris
4992:, at
4719:(PDF)
4708:(PDF)
4683:(PDF)
4676:(PDF)
4517:S2CID
3955:Аланы
3498:[
3468:(PDF)
3461:(PDF)
3092:p. 86
2730:Sport
2724:brown
2575:bison
2506:Adyge
2483:Homer
2440:Goths
2392:Medea
2384:Jason
2374:poet
2372:Roman
2227:were
2221:Kurds
2127:, by
2012:Alans
2005:Islam
1911:Judea
1903:Syria
1863:Media
1610:JSTOR
1596:books
1425:Rioni
1263:Rutul
1243:قفقاز
1164:Kumyk
1128:Greek
933:. In
820:hauhs
720:word
500:) or
7853:Gaul
7793:West
7412:East
7073:Seas
6830:Asia
6097:Ural
6009:Asia
5938:Horn
5933:East
5702:and
5055:ISBN
5019:and
5017:DjVu
4998:DjVu
4977:and
4975:DjVu
4936:ISBN
4910:ISBN
4887:ISBN
4869:ISBN
4851:ISBN
4833:ISBN
4808:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4757:ISBN
4741:ISBN
4712:USGS
4691:2016
4475:2010
4435:2012
4170:2021
4133:ISBN
4099:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3983:2018
3905:link
3859:PMID
3841:ISSN
3796:ISSN
3771:2012
3722:2021
3696:2021
3670:2022
3636:2018
3592:ISBN
3569:2018
3535:ISBN
3476:2012
3428:2017
3415:ISBN
3363:link
3343:ISBN
3324:2024
3239:2023
3213:2021
3183:2018
3156:2016
3125:2018
3084:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3019:ISBN
2762:The
2722:and
2716:coal
2704:zinc
2680:gold
2674:and
2585:and
2446:and
2444:Huns
2376:Ovid
2370:The
2346:Zeus
2336:(or
2277:and
2211:and
2199:and
2109:Iran
2053:and
1983:and
1919:Rome
1853:and
1774:, a
1730:Iran
1677:and
1661:and
1582:news
1450:and
1429:Aras
1423:and
1421:Kura
1403:and
1378:Iran
1345:and
1310:The
1067:Avar
1007:and
987:Nakh
901:The
842:kau-
838:куча
683:are
664:and
651:Iran
637:and
629:and
586:Asia
584:and
540:and
461:The
441:and
180:Iran
34:and
7257:of
7083:Rim
6873:By
6781:By
5021:PDF
5015:in
4996:in
4979:PDF
4973:in
4564:doi
4560:105
4509:doi
4330:170
4315:)).
4276:),
4270:170
3849:PMC
3831:doi
3827:108
2800:in
2791:in
2749:in
2726:).
2708:oil
2485:'s
2398:of
2351:In
2328:In
1797:in
1766:in
1706:or
1565:by
1458:),
1191:Lak
982:".
967:".
730:'s
698:'s
8858::
8682:))
5032:,
4955:.
4908:.
4806:.
4802:.
4772:,
4710:.
4558:.
4554:.
4542:^
4515:.
4507:.
4497:18
4495:.
4483:^
4421:.
4332:,
4328:,
4284:).
4268:,
4242:).
4178:^
4156:.
4131:.
4129:82
4123:.
4097:.
3973:.
3957:,
3901:}}
3897:{{
3857:.
3847:.
3839:.
3825:.
3821:.
3802:.
3762:.
3750:^
3738:.
3712:.
3686:.
3661:.
3622:.
3606:^
3571:.
3560:.
3543:.
3533:.
3529::
3525:.
3371:^
3359:}}
3355:{{
3315:.
3281:55
3258:,
3254:,
3230:.
3202:.
3185:.
3172:.
3147:.
3141:.
3114:.
3090:.
3041:.
2770:.
2710:,
2706:,
2702:,
2698:,
2694:,
2690:,
2686:,
2682:,
2625:,
2621:,
2581:,
2577:,
2573:,
2569:,
2565:,
2454:,
2442:,
2402:.
2367:.
2273:,
2166:.
2111:.
2103:,
2061:.
2049:,
2045:,
1905:,
1901:,
1897:,
1893:,
1889:,
1869:,
1849:,
1845:,
1818:.
1807:.
1770:,
1751:.
1728:,
1710:.
1702:,
1698:,
1673:,
1657:,
1496:,
1492:,
1486:,
1480:,
1474:,
1470:,
1466:,
1431:.
1326:.
1286::
1277::
1265::
1253::
1241::
1229::
1217::
1205::
1193::
1182:,
1178::
1166::
1154::
1142::
1130::
1121::
1090::
1081::
1069::
1057::
1045::
1033::
1021::
1013:.
798:.
738:c.
672:,
653:.
598:,
560:,
556:,
523:eɪ
514:ɔː
478:ɔː
437:,
8772:)
8766:)
8757:(
8688:(
8653:(
8632:)
8628:(
8614:(
8603:)
8592:)
8583:(
8544:(
8538:)
8514:(
8503:)
8479:(
8473:)
8369:(
8316:)
8218:e
8211:t
8204:v
7944:)
7940:(
7247:e
7240:t
7233:v
5688:e
5681:t
5674:v
5386:e
5379:t
5372:v
5206:e
5199:t
5192:v
5118:)
5110:(
4944:.
4918:.
4893:.
4875:.
4859:.
4839:.
4824:.
4816:.
4791:.
4784:.
4765:.
4747:.
4693:.
4572:.
4566::
4523:.
4511::
4503::
4477:.
4451:.
4437:.
4326:7
4214:6
4172:.
4141:.
4105:.
3985:.
3907:)
3865:.
3833::
3773:.
3744:.
3724:.
3698:.
3672:.
3638:.
3600:.
3478:.
3430:.
3365:)
3351:.
3326:.
3262:.
3241:.
3215:.
3158:.
3127:.
3099:)
3095:(
3069:.
3027:.
2508:/
2253:(
2207:–
1632:)
1626:(
1621:)
1617:(
1607:·
1600:·
1593:·
1586:·
1559:.
777:(
736:(
532:/
529:ə
526:ʒ
520:k
517:ˈ
511:k
508:/
504:(
496:/
493:s
490:ə
487:s
484:ə
481:k
475:k
472:ˈ
469:/
465:(
257:)
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
