50:
580:
592:
540:
556:
630:
680:
111:
568:
232:
668:
86:
653:
342:, and is intermediate in size between these two species. This species ranges from 54 to 65 cm (21 to 26 in) in total length, from 128 to 142 cm (50 to 56 in) in wingspan and from 540 to 1,390 g (1.19 to 3.06 lb) in weight. Adult males and females weigh on average 1,000 g (2.2 lb) and 900 g (2.0 lb) respectively. Among standard measurements, the
505:
since at least 1996. The kelp gull uses its powerful beak to peck down centimetres into the skin and blubber, often leaving the whales with large open sores, some of which have been observed to be half a meter in diameter. This predatory behavior has been documented in
Argentinian waters. At rocky
354:
is 5.3 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in). The adult kelp gull has black upper parts and wings. The head, underparts, tail, and the small "mirrors" at the wing tips are white. The bill is yellow with a red spot, and the legs are greenish-yellow (brighter and yellower when breeding, duller and
500:
gulls, and they will scavenge as well as seek suitable small prey. They gather on landfills and a sharp increase in population is therefore considered as an indicator for a degraded environment. Kelp gulls have been observed feeding on living
518:) can be seen picking up shellfish and repeatedly flying up several meters and dropping them onto the rocks below in order to break them open. They have also been reported pecking the eyes out of seal pups on the coast of
379:. It has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill. The adult has a dark eye, whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye. Young Cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls.
591:
483:
in 2005, breeding populations of the two species and their hybrids were displaced from the island, though putative hybrids have been reported elsewhere and may be the result of other offshore colonies.
693:
The Cape gull differs from other forms of kelp gulls by its darker iris and larger body and bill size. The
Southern African population is estimated to include 11,000 breeding pairs, and is expanding.
948:
363:
densely edged whitish, but they rapidly get a pale base to the bill and largely white head and underparts. They take three or four years to reach maturity.
894:
525:
The nest is a shallow depression on the ground lined with vegetation and feathers. The female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs. Both parents feed the young birds.
1833:
1872:
579:
49:
2037:
956:
629:
555:
427:
1797:
1846:
679:
2072:
539:
1931:
882:
840:
821:
1851:
2067:
259:
800:
2062:
1988:
1035:
2077:
1996:
1877:
1784:
1085:
978:
854:
1672:
2057:
2047:
1630:
1890:
2052:
1719:
1654:
1621:
1724:
734:
783:"Shelly Farr Biswell", "Southern Black-Backed Gulls", New Zealand Geographic, number 73, MayâJune 2005
2001:
1910:
1685:
756:
567:
1885:
1260:
335:
1900:
110:
1975:
1297:
1183:
770:
667:
339:
307:
1962:
1838:
1693:
1583:
1566:
1489:
652:
602:
67:
1864:
1957:
1230:
1225:
476:
359:. Juveniles have dull legs, a black bill, a dark band in the tail, and an overall grey-brown
205:
1949:
1052:
1983:
1771:
1698:
1641:
1494:
1193:
1004:
502:
411:
399:
343:
221:
1646:
479:
on these islands, leading to intermediate birds that may backcross to one another. After
8:
1659:
1548:
1428:
1423:
1078:
1057:
711:
389:
75:
20:
940:
925:
905:. Rowntree, V.J., P. MacGuiness, K. Marshall, R. Payne, J. Seger, and M. Sironi, 1998.
1732:
1706:
1433:
1388:
1342:
1307:
1235:
1203:
1158:
914:
468:
467:
The kelp gull is a rare vagrant to the United States, with the first record in 1989 on
105:
1944:
1812:
1745:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1393:
1302:
1265:
1255:
1168:
1153:
1143:
1031:
937:
Siegfried WR (1977) Mussel dropping behaviour of Kelp Gulls. S Afr J Sci 73:337 - 341
878:
836:
817:
796:
480:
461:
351:
63:
286:
2014:
1750:
1530:
1398:
1218:
1173:
1098:
910:
729:
395:
1789:
1918:
1737:
1377:
1363:
1287:
1178:
1148:
1060:
of Larus dominicanus in the collection of Museum of New
Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
319:
311:
162:
1711:
2042:
1606:
1469:
1071:
1047:
640:
507:
331:
258:
that breeds on coasts and islands through much of the
Southern Hemisphere. The
795:
by Klaus
Malling Olsen & Hans Larsson. Princeton University Press (2004).
2031:
1859:
1337:
1250:
1208:
720:
95:
90:
1382:
1332:
1240:
1213:
1198:
1138:
686:
644:
431:
270:
269:
found around South
America, parts of Australia (where it overlaps with the
1063:
330:
The kelp gull superficially resembles two gulls from further north in the
1970:
1923:
1820:
1615:
1451:
1403:
1372:
1323:
1312:
1278:
1163:
231:
2009:
1802:
1512:
1292:
610:
457:
444:
266:
1480:
1352:
1347:
1245:
511:
493:
472:
122:
27:
1825:
1577:
771:"Mollyhawk definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
546:
1763:
1600:
1561:
658:
142:
1776:
1680:
1116:
519:
360:
172:
1936:
1667:
371:
There are five subspecies of kelp gull. The
African subspecies
132:
1758:
1129:
1107:
315:
182:
757:"Southern black-backed gull | New Zealand Birds Online"
1094:
703:
347:
255:
152:
949:"Seagulls Have a Gruesome New Way of Attacking Baby Seals"
19:"Karoro" redirects here. For the suburb of Greymouth, see
1246:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
709:
346:
is 37.3 to 44.8 cm (14.7 to 17.6 in), the
303:) is a subspecies occurring around Southern Africa.
26:"Mollyhawk" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1048:
Species text in The Atlas of
Southern African Birds
835:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
506:sites along the Southern African coast, such as at
355:greener when not breeding). The call is a strident
350:is 4.4 to 5.9 cm (1.7 to 2.3 in) and the
1005:"Kelp Gull (Larus Dominicanus Vetula) "Cape Gull""
735:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694329A132542863.en
2029:
1026:Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton,
1120:(â indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
919:
1079:
855:"Another Presumed Chandeleur Gull in Indiana"
522:before attacking the blind seals in a group.
273:), and New Zealand (where it is known as the
1093:
1002:
1298:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
1086:
1072:
979:"Kelp gull â Australian Antarctic Program"
230:
84:
888:
793:Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia
733:
875:Aves e PĂĄssaros Comuns do Rio de Janeiro
285:â particularly the juveniles, or by its
806:
2030:
1399:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
946:
895:Increased harassment of Right Whales (
1582:
1581:
1067:
375:is sometimes split as the Cape gull,
1911:7f69406d-2dba-4bef-baf3-15a02f749c22
1053:Kelp gull pictures on jostimages.com
816:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (1991),
786:
2038:IUCN Red List least concern species
877:, Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books,
721:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
561:Adult and two chicks in New Zealand
13:
915:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00693.x
852:
826:
601:stealing a meal of shellfish from
14:
2089:
1041:
833:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
814:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
685:Cape gulls searching for food in
947:Bittel, Jason (17 August 2015).
926:Gulls' vicious attacks on whales
903:) at PenĂnsula ValdĂ©s, Argentina
678:
666:
651:
628:
590:
578:
566:
554:
538:
109:
48:
996:
971:
931:
710:BirdLife International (2018).
1028:SASOL Birds of Southern Africa
1003:Underhill, Les; Cooper, John.
867:
846:
777:
763:
749:
443:: southern & southwestern
325:
1:
2073:Birds of subantarctic islands
696:
402:, Australia & New Zealand
366:
983:Australian Antarctic Program
873:Cf. José Felipe M. Pereira,
487:
7:
2068:Birds of the Southern Ocean
928:. BBC News, June 24, 2009.
475:. They have interbred with
318:, who wear black and white
10:
2094:
1901:southern-black-backed-gull
1009:UCT Animal Demography Unit
528:
279:southern black-backed gull
25:
18:
1590:
1557:
1539:
1521:
1503:
1478:
1460:
1442:
1361:
1321:
1276:
1127:
1106:
728:: e.T22694329A132542863.
229:
211:
204:
106:Scientific classification
104:
82:
73:
61:
42:
37:
2063:Birds of Southern Africa
1261:Lesser black-backed gull
1189:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
613:Larus dominicanus vetula
516:Larus dominicanus vetula
336:lesser black-backed gull
2078:Birds described in 1823
1184:Great black-backed gull
605:in BahĂa Inglesa, Chile
603:blackish oystercatchers
573:Juvenile in New Zealand
340:great black-backed gull
1567:Hybridisation in gulls
1490:Black-legged kittiwake
673:Hout Bay, South Africa
68:South Shetland Islands
1958:Paleobiology Database
1231:American herring gull
1226:European herring gull
909:. 14(1): 99 - 115.
907:Marine Mammal Science
477:American herring gull
250:), also known as the
1495:Red-legged kittiwake
1194:Glaucous-winged gull
428:subantarctic islands
2058:Birds of Madagascar
2048:Birds of Antarctica
1549:Swallow-tailed gull
1424:Slender-billed gull
953:National Geographic
897:Eubalaena australis
585:Kelp gull in flight
197:L. dominicanus
76:Conservation status
21:Karoro, New Zealand
2053:Birds of Patagonia
1707:BirdLife-Australia
1308:Mediterranean gull
1236:Yellow-legged gull
1204:Yellow-footed gull
469:Chandeleur Islands
2025:
2024:
2015:Larus-dominicanus
1945:Open Tree of Life
1673:larus-dominicanus
1660:Larus_dominicanus
1647:Larus_dominicanus
1622:Larus dominicanus
1592:Larus dominicanus
1584:Taxon identifiers
1575:
1574:
1562:Gull eggs as food
1419:Black-headed gull
1414:Brown-headed gull
1409:Black-billed gull
1394:Brown-hooded gull
1256:Slaty-backed gull
1169:Short-billed gull
1154:Black-tailed gull
901:Larus dominicanus
899:) by Kelp Gulls (
883:978-85-61368-00-5
841:978-0-8493-4258-5
822:978-0-395-60291-1
812:Harrison, Peter,
714:Larus dominicanus
599:L. d. dominicanus
481:Hurricane Katrina
462:Antarctic islands
455:
442:
425:
416:: Southern Africa
415:
394:: South America,
393:
384:L. d. dominicanus
275:black-backed gull
263:L. d. dominicanus
247:Larus dominicanus
238:
237:
222:Lichtenstein, MHC
215:Larus dominicanus
99:
64:Livingston Island
2085:
2018:
2017:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1686:E6536E4E904EF414
1676:
1675:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1429:Bonaparte's gull
1174:Ring-billed gull
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
975:
969:
968:
966:
964:
955:. Archived from
944:
938:
935:
929:
923:
917:
892:
886:
871:
865:
864:
862:
861:
850:
844:
830:
824:
810:
804:
790:
784:
781:
775:
774:
767:
761:
760:
753:
747:
746:
744:
742:
737:
707:
682:
670:
655:
632:
594:
582:
570:
558:
542:
453:
440:
437:L. d. melisandae
423:
409:
387:
234:
217:
114:
113:
93:
88:
87:
52:
35:
34:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1930:
1922:
1919:Observation.org
1917:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1586:
1576:
1571:
1553:
1535:
1517:
1499:
1474:
1456:
1438:
1434:Saunders's gull
1389:Hartlaub's gull
1378:Red-billed gull
1364:Chroicocephalus
1357:
1343:Franklin's gull
1317:
1288:White-eyed gull
1272:
1179:California gull
1159:Heermann's gull
1123:
1102:
1092:
1044:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
977:
976:
972:
962:
960:
959:on May 16, 2021
945:
941:
936:
932:
924:
920:
893:
889:
872:
868:
859:
857:
851:
847:
831:
827:
811:
807:
791:
787:
782:
778:
769:
768:
764:
755:
754:
750:
740:
738:
708:
704:
699:
689:
683:
674:
671:
662:
656:
647:
633:
621:
606:
595:
586:
583:
574:
571:
562:
559:
550:
543:
531:
492:Kelp gulls are
490:
454:(Fleming, 1924)
450:L. d. austrinus
369:
328:
312:Dominican Order
310:comes from the
225:
219:
213:
200:
163:Charadriiformes
108:
100:
89:
85:
78:
57:
56:
55:
54:
53:
31:
24:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2091:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1807:
1794:
1781:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1677:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1627:
1612:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Audouin's gull
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1266:Heuglin's gull
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:Belcher's gull
1141:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1042:External links
1040:
1039:
1038:
1030:(Struik 2002)
1021:
1020:
995:
970:
939:
930:
918:
887:
866:
853:Ayyash, Amar.
845:
825:
805:
801:978-0691119977
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762:
748:
701:
700:
698:
695:
691:
690:
684:
677:
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672:
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663:
661:, South Africa
657:
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641:Boulders Beach
634:
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587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
565:
563:
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551:
544:
537:
535:
530:
527:
514:, kelp gulls (
508:Boulders Beach
489:
486:
465:
464:
447:
441:(Jiguet, 2002)
434:
424:(Jiguet, 2002)
420:L. d. judithae
417:
403:
368:
365:
332:Atlantic Ocean
327:
324:
299:(known as the
252:Dominican gull
236:
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227:
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209:
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1544:
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1538:
1532:
1531:Sabine's gull
1529:
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1338:Laughing gull
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1251:Armenian gull
1249:
1247:
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1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:Thayer's gull
1217:
1216:
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1210:
1209:Glaucous gull
1207:
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1187:
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1036:1-86872-721-1
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91:Least Concern
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
51:
41:
36:
33:
29:
22:
1591:
1540:
1522:
1504:
1479:
1462:Rhodostethia
1461:
1444:Hydrocoloeus
1443:
1383:Huahine gull
1362:
1333:Dolphin gull
1322:
1277:
1241:Caspian gull
1214:Iceland gull
1199:Western gull
1188:
1149:Olrog's gull
1139:Pacific gull
1128:
1115:
1027:
1012:. Retrieved
1008:
998:
987:. Retrieved
985:. 2017-02-16
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
942:
933:
921:
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890:
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869:
858:. Retrieved
848:
832:
828:
813:
808:
792:
788:
779:
765:
751:
739:. Retrieved
725:
719:
713:
705:
692:
687:South Africa
645:South Africa
637:L. d. vetula
636:
617:Larus vetula
616:
612:
598:
524:
515:
503:right whales
497:
491:
466:
449:
436:
432:Indian Ocean
419:
406:L. d. vetula
405:
390:Lichtenstein
383:
376:
373:L. d. vetula
372:
370:
356:
329:
305:
300:
297:L. d. vetula
296:
291:
290:
282:
278:
274:
271:Pacific gull
262:
251:
246:
245:
241:
239:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
32:
1971:SeaLifeBase
1886:Neotropical
1821:iNaturalist
1616:Wikispecies
1470:Ross's gull
1452:Little gull
1404:Andean gull
1373:Silver gull
1324:Leucophaeus
1313:Relict gull
1279:Ichthyaetus
1164:Common gull
963:4 September
741:12 November
635:Cape gull (
611:Cape gull (
597:Subspecies
326:Description
2032:Categories
2010:Xeno-canto
1513:Ivory gull
1293:Sooty gull
1101:: Laridae)
1014:2020-12-22
989:2024-06-19
860:2021-08-23
697:References
496:like most
458:Antarctica
445:Madagascar
367:Subspecies
344:wing chord
267:subspecies
38:Kelp gull
1813:kelp-gull
1712:kelp-gull
1505:Pagophila
1353:Grey gull
1348:Lava gull
1058:Specimens
624:Cape gull
534:Kelp gull
512:Cape Town
494:omnivores
488:Behaviour
473:Louisiana
396:Falklands
377:L. vetula
301:Cape gull
283:mollyhawk
242:kelp gull
191:Species:
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
62:Adult in
28:Mollymawk
1865:22694329
1839:10584461
1777:45509293
1699:22694329
1694:BirdLife
1607:Q1127687
1601:Wikidata
1541:Creagrus
659:Hout Bay
338:and the
260:nominate
169:Family:
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
96:IUCN 3.1
1803:2481173
1681:Avibase
1117:Species
885:, pg.55
549:, Chile
529:Gallery
520:Namibia
430:in the
414:, 1853)
392:, 1823)
361:plumage
265:is the
254:, is a
179:Genus:
173:Laridae
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
2002:212624
1963:143805
1950:418481
1937:212624
1908:NZOR:
1898:NZBO:
1891:kelgul
1852:176849
1810:GNAB:
1785:EURING
1764:kelgul
1738:kelgul
1668:ARKive
1635:kelgul
1099:family
1034:
881:
839:
820:
799:
547:ConcĂłn
460:&
357:ki-och
352:tarsus
334:, the
320:habits
316:friars
292:karoro
277:, the
224:, 1823
2043:Larus
1997:WoRMS
1976:75081
1924:73052
1878:37036
1834:IRMNG
1790:20600
1759:eBird
1751:3SBQ5
1725:17467
1481:Rissa
1130:Larus
1108:Genus
1095:Gulls
498:Larus
412:Bruch
289:name
287:MÄori
184:Larus
1989:9043
1932:OBIS
1873:NCBI
1860:IUCN
1847:ITIS
1826:4388
1798:GBIF
1720:BOLD
1523:Xema
1032:ISBN
965:2015
879:ISBN
837:ISBN
818:ISBN
797:ISBN
743:2021
726:2018
348:bill
306:The
256:gull
240:The
153:Aves
1984:TSA
1772:EoL
1746:CoL
1733:BOW
1655:AFD
1642:ADW
1631:ABA
911:doi
730:doi
639:),
615:or
545:At
510:in
471:in
314:of
295:).
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30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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