History of Kenya - Knowledge

4732:" was a philosophy that emerged in the 1950s, meaning federalism or regionalism in Swahili, and it was intended to protect local rights, especially regarding land ownership. Today "majimboism" is code for certain areas of the country to be reserved for specific ethnic groups, fuelling the kind of ethnic cleansing that has swept the country since the election. Majimboism has always had a strong following in the Rift Valley, the epicenter of the recent violence, where many locals have long believed that their land was stolen by outsiders. The December 2007 election was in part a referendum on majimboism. It pitted today's majimboists, represented by Odinga, who campaigned for regionalism, against Kibaki, who stood for the status quo of a highly centralised government that has delivered considerable economic growth but has repeatedly displayed the problems of too much power concentrated in too few hands – corruption, aloofness, favouritism and its flip side, marginalisation. In the town of Londiani in the 4616:

powerful provincial commissioners, each with a bureaucratic hierarchy based on chiefs (and their police) that was more powerful than the elected members of parliament. Elected local councils lost most of their power, and the provincial bosses were answerable only to the central government, which in turn was dominated by the president. The emergence of mass opposition in 1990–91 and demands for constitutional reform were met by rallies against pluralism. The regime leaned on the support of the Kalenjin and incited the Maasai against the Kikuyu. Government politicians denounced the Kikuyu as traitors, obstructed their registration as voters and threatened them with dispossession. In 1993 and after, mass evictions of Kikuyu took place, often with the direct involvement of army, police and game rangers. Armed clashes and many casualties, including deaths, resulted.

3401:, located off the east coast of Africa. Zanzibar became a base from which trade and exploration of the African mainland could be mounted. By 1840, to protect the interests of the various nationals doing business in Zanzibar, consul offices had been opened by the British, French, Germans and Americans. In 1859, the tonnage of foreign shipping calling at Zanzibar had reached 19,000 tons. By 1879, the tonnage of this shipping had reached 89,000 tons. The second development spurring European interest in Africa was the growing European demand for products of Africa including ivory and cloves. Thirdly, British interest in East Africa was first stimulated by their desire to abolish the slave trade. Later in the century, British interest in East Africa would be stimulated by German competition. 4148:. They organised strikes including the railway workers strike in 1939 and the protest against granting of a Royal Charter to Nairobi in 1950. These pioneering trade union leaders were imprisoned during the crackdown on Mau Mau. Following this crackdown, all national African political activity was banned. This ban was in place even when the first African members of the legislative council (MLCs) were elected. To manage and control African political activity, the colonial government permitted district parties starting in 1955. This effectively prevented African unity by encouraging ethnic affiliation. Trade unions led by younger Africans filled the vacuum created by the crackdown as the only organisations that could mobilise the masses when political parties were banned. 3005:, Islam spread across Eastern, Northern and Western Africa. The Swahili city-states became part of a larger trade network. Many historians long believed that Arab or Persian traders established the city-states, but archeological evidence has led scholars to recognize the city-states as an indigenous development which, though subjected to foreign influence due to trade, retained a Bantu cultural core. The Azanian and Zanj communities had a high degree of intercultural exchange and admixture. This fact is reflected in the language, culture and technology present at the coast. For instance, between 630AD - 890AD, Archaeological evidence indicates that 4818:. Following the defeat, Raila Odinga again petitioned the results in the Supreme Court, accusing the electoral commission of mismanagement of the elections and Uhuru Kenyatta and his party of rigging. The Supreme Court overturned the election results in what became a landmark ruling in Africa and one of the very few in the world in which the results of a presidential elections were annulled. This ruling solidified the position of the Supreme Court as an independent body. Consequently, Kenya had a second round of elections for the presidential position, in which Uhuru emerged the winner after Raila refused to participate, citing irregularities. 4644: 4362:

regional assembly. The quota principle of reserved seats for non-Africans was abandoned, and open elections were held in May 1963. KADU gained control of the assemblies in the Rift Valley, Coast and Western regions. KANU won majorities in the Senate and House of Representatives, and in the assemblies in the Central, Eastern and Nyanza regions. Kenya now achieved internal self-government with Jomo Kenyatta as its first president. The British and KANU agreed, over KADU protests, to constitutional changes in October 1963 strengthening the central government thus ensuring that Kenya would be a

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communities, and he denied his responsibility by attributing the violence to ethnic clashes arising from land dispute. Beginning in 1998, Moi engaged in a carefully calculated strategy to manage the presidential succession in his and his party's favour. Faced with the challenge of a new, multiethnic political coalition, Moi shifted the axis of the 2002 electoral contest from ethnicity to the politics of generational conflict. The strategy backfired, ripping his party wide open and resulting in the humiliating defeat of its candidate, Kenyatta's son, in the December 2002 general elections.

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strong, sought "responsible government," in which they would have a voice. They opposed similar demands by the far more numerous Indian community. The European settlers gained representation for themselves and minimised representation on the Legislative Council for Indians and Arabs. The government appointed a European to represent African interests on the council. In the "Devonshire declaration" of 1923 the Colonial Office declared that the interests of the Africans (comprising over 95% of the population) must be paramount—achieving that goal took four decades. Historian

3860:(KAR). Looking for middle class employment and social privileges, they challenged existing relationships within the colonial state. For the most part, veterans did not participate in national politics, believing that their aspirations could best be achieved within the confines of colonial society. The social and economic connotations of KAR service, combined with the massive wartime expansion of Kenyan defence forces, created a new class of modernised Africans with distinctive characteristics and interests. These socioeconomic perceptions proved powerful after the war. 10578: 3877:

traditional, but still largely self-sufficient with little contact with the broader market. Pressures of overpopulation and the prospects of cash crops, already in evidence by 1945, made this subsistence economic system increasingly obsolete and accelerated a movement to commercial agriculture and emigration to cities. The Limitation of Action Act in 1968 sought to modernise traditional land ownership and use; the act has produced unintended consequences, with new conflicts raised over land ownership and social status.

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reforms that stripped white settlers of many of their former protections; for example, Africans were for the first time allowed to grow coffee, the major cash crop. Thuku was one of the first Kikuyu to win a coffee licence, and in 1959 he became the first African board member of the Kenya Planters Coffee Union. The East African Salaries Commission put forth a recommendation – 'equal pay for equal work' – that was immediately accepted. Racist policies in public places and hotels were eased.

4253:. It became the most organised and effective political party in the country. The NPCP was used to effectively mobilise the masses in Nairobi in the struggle for greater African representation on the council. The new colonial constitution of 1958 increased African representation, but African nationalists began to demand a democratic franchise on the principle of "one man, one vote." However, Europeans and Asians, because of their minority position, feared the effects of universal suffrage. 4319:. Mboya was a major figure from 1951 until his death in 1969. He was praised as nonethnic or antitribal, and attacked as an instrument of Western capitalism. Mboya as General Secretary of the Kenya Federation of Labour and a leader in the Kenya African National Union before and after independence skilfully managed the tribal factor in Kenyan economic and political life to succeed as a Luo in a predominantly Kikuyu movement. A split in KANU produced the breakaway rival party, the 4430:

wealth and power was in the hands of the organisation which grouped these three tribes: the Kikuyu-Embu-Meru Association (GEMA), together comprising 30% of the population. At the same time the Kikuyu, with Kenyatta's support, spread beyond their traditional territorial homelands and repossessed lands "stolen by the whites" – even when these had previously belonged to other groups. The other groups, a 70% majority, were outraged, setting up long-term ethnic animosities.

4586: 52: 3670:, Mumbo to spread his teachings. The colonial government recognised this movement as a threat to their authority because of the Mumbo creed. Mumbo pledged to drive out the colonialists and their supporters and condemned their religion. Violent resistance against the British had proven to be futile as the Africans were outmatched technologically. This movement therefore focused on anticipating the end of colonialism, rather than actively inducing it. 4706: 4768: 4055:

Europeans died compared to Africans during the uprising, each individual European loss of life was publicised in disturbing detail, emphasising elements of betrayal and bestiality. As a result, the protest was supported almost exclusively by the Kikuyu, despite issues of land rights and anti-European, anti-Western appeals designed to attract other groups. The Mau Mau movement was also a bitter internal struggle among the Kikuyu.

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maintained the customs union and some common services that they had shared under British rule. The EAC collapsed in 1977 and was officially dissolved in 1984. Kenya's relations with Somalia deteriorated over the problem of Somalis in the North Eastern Province who tried to secede and were supported by Somalia. In 1968, however, Kenya and Somalia agreed to restore normal relations, and the Somali rebellion effectively ended.

781: 4604:(1911–1994), a Luo, and Kenneth Matiba, a Kikuyu, split into two ethnically based factions. In the first open presidential elections in a quarter century, in December 1992, Moi won with 37% of the vote, Matiba received 26%, Mwai Kibaki (of the mostly Kikuyu Democratic Party) 19%, and Odinga 18%. In the Assembly, KANU won 97 of the 188 seats at stake. Moi's government in 1993 agreed to economic reforms long urged by the 4068:, the first East African to obtain a law degree. He became known as the Mau Mau lawyer as he would successfully defend Africans accused of Mau Mau crimes pro bono. 12,000 militants were killed during the suppression of the rebellion, and the British colonial authorities also implemented policies involving the incarceration of over 150,000 suspected Mau Mau members and sympathizers (mostly from the Kikuyu people) into 3508: 4736:, Kikuyu traders settled decades ago. In February 2008, hundreds of Kalenjin raiders poured down from the nearby scruffy hills and burned a Kikuyu school. Three hundred thousand members of the Kikuyu community were displaced from Rift Valley province. Kikuyus quickly took revenge, organising into gangs armed with iron bars and table legs and hunting down Luos and Kalenjins in Kikuyu-dominated areas like 3829:

provided that they alone bore the responsibility. After three years of bitter dispute, provoked not by the natives but by the Indians, vigorously backed by the Government of India, the Colonial Office gave judgment: the interest of the natives was 'paramount', and responsible government out of the question, but no drastic change was contemplated – thus in effect preserving the ascendancy of the settlers.

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already well-off (especially to the Kikuyu); corruption reached new depths, matching some of the excesses of the Moi years. Social conditions deteriorated for ordinary Kenyans, who faced a growing wave of routine crime in urban areas; pitched battles between ethnic groups fighting for land; and a feud between the police and the Mungiki sect, which left over 120 people dead in May–November 2007 alone.

2343:. Uhuru was re-elected in office five years later in 2017. His victory was however controversial. The supreme court had vitiated Uhuru win after Raila Odinga disputed the result through a constitutionally allowed supreme court petition. Raila Odinga would later boycott a repeat election ordered by the court, allowing Uhuru Kenyatta sail through almost unopposed with 98% of the vote. 3816:

They set up coffee plantations, which required expensive machinery, a stable labour force, and four years to start growing crops. The veterans did escape democracy and taxation in Britain, but they failed in their efforts to gain control of the colony. The upper class bias in migration policy meant that whites would always be a small minority. Many of them left after independence.

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Traditional chiefs became irrelevant and younger men became communicators by training in the missionary churches and civil service. Pressure on ordinary Kenyans by governments in a hurry to modernise in the 1930s to 1950s enabled the mass political parties to acquire support for "centrally" focused movements, but even these often relied on local communicators.

3448:. The border was extended to Uganda in 1902, and in 1920 the enlarged protectorate, except for the original coastal strip, which remained a protectorate, became a crown colony. With the beginning of colonial rule in 1895, the Rift Valley and the surrounding Highlands became reserved for whites. In the 1920s Indians objected to the reservation of the 3531:. A major feat of engineering, the "Uganda railway" (that is the railway inside Kenya leading to Uganda) was completed in 1903 and was a decisive event in modernising the area. As governor of Kenya, Sir Percy Girouard was instrumental in initiating railway extension policy that led to construction of the Nairobi-Thika and Konza-Magadi railways. 4725:

and that economic growth was not bringing any benefits to the ordinary citizen. In the December 2007 elections the ODM won majority seats in Parliament, but the presidential elections votes were marred by claims of rigging by both sides. It may never be clear who won the elections, but it was roughly 50:50 before the rigging started.

3691:(Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Before the war, African political focus was diffuse. But after the war, problems caused by new taxes and reduced wages and new settlers threatening African land led to new movements. The experiences gained by Africans in the war coupled with the creation of the white-settler-dominated 3105:

peoples enriched the Swahili culture to some degree. The Swahili culture developed its own written language; the language incorporated elements from different civilisations, with Arabic as its strongest quality. Some Arab settlers were rich merchants who, because of their wealth, gained power—sometimes as rulers of coastal cities.

2759:. Carbon dating and linguistic evidence suggest that the site is at least 550 years old. Archaeological and ethnographic analysis of the site taken with historical, linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the populations that built, maintained and inhabited the site at various phases had significant ethnic admixture. 7659: 4417: 4775:

Between 1980 and 2000 total fecundity in Kenya fell by about 40%, from some eight births per woman to around five. During the same period, fertility in Uganda declined by less than 10%. The difference was due primarily to greater contraceptive use in Kenya, though in Uganda there was also a reduction

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Once regarded as the world's "most optimistic," Kibaki's regime quickly lost much of its power because it became too closely linked with the discredited Moi forces. The continuity between Kibaki and Moi set the stage for the self-destruction of Kibaki's National Rainbow Coalition, which was dominated

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An intense propaganda campaign by the colonial government effectively discouraged other Kenyan communities, settlers and the international community from sympathising with the movement by emphasising on real and perceived acts of barbarism perpetrated by the Mau Mau. Although a much smaller number of

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to maintain the traditional religious focus. However the social and educational needs were increasingly obvious, and the threat of the Mau Mau uprisings pushed the missions to emphasize medical, humanitarian and especially educational programs. Fundraising efforts in Britain increasingly stressed the

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Power remained concentrated in the governor's hands; weak legislative and executive councils made up of official appointees were created in 1906. The European settlers were allowed to elect representatives to the Legislative Council in 1920, when the colony was established. The white settlers, 30,000

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Kenya became a focus of resettlement of young, upper class British officers after the war, giving a strong aristocratic tone to the white settlers. If they had £1,000 in assets they could get a free 1,000 acres (4 km); the goal of the government was to speed up modernisation and economic growth.

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tribe, most of whom had no land claims in European terms, and lived as itinerant farmers. To protect their interests, the settlers banned the growing of coffee, introduced a hut tax and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour. A massive exodus to the cities ensued as

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leader who prophesied that a black snake would tear through Nandi land spitting fire, which was seen later as the railway line. For ten years he fought against the builders of the railway line and train. The settlers were partly allowed in 1907 a voice in government through the legislative council, a

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as a powerful influence on their lives and frequently took violent action against suspected witches. To control this, the British colonial administration passed laws, beginning in 1909, which made the practice of witchcraft illegal. These laws gave the local population a legal, nonviolent way to stem

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Arab governance of all the major ports along the East African coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at securing their 'Indian Jewel' and creation of a system of trade among individuals began to put pressure on Omani rule. By the late 19th century, the slave trade on the open seas

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and Health Surveys carried out every five years show that women in Kenya wanted fewer children than those in Uganda and that in Uganda there was also a greater unmet need for contraception. These differences may be attributed, in part at least, to the divergent paths of economic development followed

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In the December 2007 elections, Odinga, the candidate of the ODM, attacked the failures of the Kibaki regime. The ODM charged the Kikuyu with having grabbed everything and all the other tribes having lost; that Kibaki had betrayed his promises for change; that crime and violence were out of control,

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Obstructing the press both before and after the 1992 elections, Moi continually maintained that multiparty politics would only promote tribal conflict. His own regime depended upon exploitation of inter-group hatreds. Under Moi, the apparatus of clientage and control was underpinned by the system of

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Kenyatta died in 1978 and was succeeded by Daniel Arap Moi (b. 1924, d. 2020) who ruled as President 1978–2002. Moi, a member of the Kalenjin ethnic group, quickly consolidated his position and governed in an authoritarian and corrupt manner. By 1986, Moi had concentrated all the power – and most of

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Most political activity between the wars was local, and this succeeded most among the Luo of Kenya, where progressive young leaders became senior chiefs. By the later 1930s government began to intrude on ordinary Africans through marketing controls, stricter educational supervision and land changes.

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the East African Swahili coast was a wealthy and advanced region, which consisted of many autonomous merchant cities. Wealth flowed into the cities via the Africans' roles as intermediaries and facilitators of Indian, Persian, Arab, Indonesian, Malaysian, African and Chinese merchants. All of these

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as early as 3000–2500BCE. The ancestors of Bantu speakers migrated in waves from west/central Africa to populate much of Eastern, Central and Southern Africa from the first millennium BC. They brought with them iron forging technology and novel farming techniques as they migrated and integrated with

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Kenya witnessed a spectacular economic recovery, helped by a favourable international environment. The annual rate of growth improved from −1.6% in 2002 to 2.6% by 2004, 3.4% in 2005, and 5.5% in 2007. However, social inequalities also increased; the economic benefits went disproportionately to the

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Ignoring his suppression of the opposition and continued factionalism within KANU the imposition of one-party rule allowed Mzee ("Old Man") Kenyatta, who had led the country since independence, to claim he had achieved "political stability." Underlying social tensions were evident, however. Kenya's

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In June 1969, Tom Mboya, a Luo member of the government considered a potential successor to Kenyatta, was assassinated. Hostility between Kikuyu and Luo was heightened, and after riots broke out in Luo country the KPU was banned. The specific riots that led to the banning of the KPU resulted in the

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In response to the rising pressures, the British Colonial Office broadened the membership of the Legislative Council and increased its role. By 1952 a multiracial pattern of quotas allowed for 14 European, 1 Arab, and 6 Asian elected members, together with an additional 6 Africans and 1 Arab member

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By the time the railway was built, military resistance by the African population to the original British takeover had petered out. However new grievances were being generated by the process of European settlement. Governor Percy Girouard is associated with the debacle of the Second Maasai Agreement

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on the coast. He later translated the Bible into Swahili. Many freed slaves rescued by the British Navy are settled here. The peak of the slave plantation economy in East Africa was between 1875 – 1884. It is estimated that between 43,000 – 47,000 slaves were present on the Kenyan coast, which made

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The Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purpose of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe and Asia. Portuguese naval vessels disrupted the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean, and the Portuguese demanded high tariffs

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candidate of outgoing president Moi. International and local observers reported the 2002 elections to be generally more fair and less violent than those of both 1992 and 1997. His strong showing allowed Kibaki to choose a cabinet, to seek international support and to balance power within the NaRC.

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The government used a variety of political and economic measures to harass the KPU and its prospective and actual members. KPU branches were unable to register, KPU meetings were prevented and civil servants and politicians suffered severe economic and political consequences for joining the KPU. A

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the larger agricultural production unit was the patriarch's extended family, mainly divided into a special assignment team led by the patriarch, and the teams of his wives, who, together with their children, worked their own lots on a regular basis. This stage of development was no longer strictly

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During the early part of the 20th century, the interior central highlands were settled by British and other European farmers, who became wealthy farming coffee and tea. By the 1930s, approximately 15,000 white settlers lived in the area and gained a political voice because of their contribution to

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Some 32,000 workers were imported from British India to do the manual labour. Many stayed, as did most of the Indian traders and small businessmen who saw opportunity in the opening up of the interior of Kenya. Rapid economic development was seen as necessary to make the railway pay, and since the

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continued to expand with local industry and international trade flourishing. Between 500 and 800 A.D. they shifted to a sea-based trading economy and began to migrate south by ship. In the following centuries, trade in goods from the African interior, such as gold, ivory, and slaves stimulated the

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He took 50.5% of the vote. His main rival, Raila Odinga, got 48.8% of the vote. According to the Afrobarometer survey 67.9% of Kenyan citizens participated in the last election( 2022) and 17.6% did not vote in the presidential election. On 13 September 2022, William Ruto was sworn in as Kenya's

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era (1963–1978). While measurements of poverty and health by the early 2000s showed the Luo disadvantaged relative to other Kenyans, the growing presence of non-Luo in the professions reflected a dilution of Luo professionals due to the arrival of others rather than an absolute decline in the Luo

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On 27 December 2002, by 62% the voters overwhelmingly elected members of the National Rainbow Coalition (NaRC) to parliament and NaRC candidate Mwai Kibaki (b. 1931) to the presidency. Voters rejected the Kenya African National Union's (KANU) presidential candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta, the handpicked

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Once in power, Kenyatta swerved from radical nationalism to conservative bourgeois politics. The plantations formerly owned by white settlers were broken up and given to farmers, with the Kikuyu the favoured recipients, along with their allies the Embu and the Meru. By 1978, most of the country's

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In 1962, a KANU-KADU coalition government, including both Kenyatta and Ngala, was formed. The 1962 constitution established a bicameral legislature consisting of a 117-member House of Representatives and a 41-member Senate. The country was divided into 7 semi-autonomous regions, each with its own

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population of the southwest had enjoyed an advantageous position during the late colonial and early independence periods of the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in terms of the prominence of its modern elite compared to those of other groups. However the Luo lost prominence due to the

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in Moi's cabinet, was appointed to expose corruption at high levels, but was murdered a few months later. Moi's closest associate was implicated in Ouko's murder; Moi dismissed him but not before his remaining Luo support had evaporated. Germany recalled its ambassador to protest the "increasing

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After the suppression of the Mau Mau rising, the British provided for the election of the six African members to the Legislative Council (MLC) under a weighted franchise based on education. Mboya successfully stood for office in the first election for African MLCs in 1957, beating the previously

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was one of the young leaders who stepped into the limelight. His intelligence, discipline, oratory and organisational skills set him apart. After the colonial government declared a state of emergency on account of Mau Mau, at age 22, Mboya became the Director of Information of KAU. After KAU was

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native interests should come first; but this proved difficult to apply ... where some 10,000 white settlers, many of them ex-officers of the war, insisted that their interests came before those of the three million natives and 23,000 Indians in the colony, and demanded 'responsible government',

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until the 1964 revolution, but the official Omani Arab presence in Kenya was checked by German and British seizure of key ports and creation of crucial trade alliances with influential local leaders in the 1880s. Nevertheless, the Omani Arab legacy in East Africa is currently found through their

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including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known

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The British government bought out the white settlers and they mostly left Kenya. The Indian minority dominated retail business in the cities and most towns, but was deeply distrusted by the Africans. As a result, 120,000 of the 176,000 Indians kept their old British passports rather than become

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The Mau Mau uprising set in play a series of events that expedited the road to Kenya's Independence. A Royal Commission on Land and Population condemned the reservation of land on a racial basis. To support its military campaign of counter-insurgency the colonial government embarked on agrarian

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British officials sought to modernise Kikuyu farming in the Murang'a District 1920–1945. Relying on concepts of trusteeship and scientific management, they imposed a number of changes in crop production and agrarian techniques, claiming to promote conservation and "betterment" of farming in the

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The Swahili Coast, an 1,800-mile stretch of Kenyan and Tanzanian coastline, has been the site of cultural and commercial exchanges between East Africa and the outside world – particularly the Middle East, Asia, and Europe – since at least the 2nd century A.D. The earliest coastal communities

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to attempt information from the detainees. In 2011, after decades of waiting, thousands of secret documents from the British Foreign Office were declassified. They show that the Mau Mau rebels were systematically tortured and subjected to the most brutal practices, men were castrated and sand

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In the initial stage of colonial rule, the administration relied on traditional communicators, usually chiefs. When colonial rule was established and efficiency was sought, partly because of settler pressure, newly educated younger men were associated with old chiefs in local Native Councils.

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as the deputy president. Despite the outcome of this ruling, the Supreme Court and the head of the Supreme Court were seen as powerful institutions that could carry out their role of checking the powers of the president. In 2017, Uhuru Kenyatta won a second term in office in another disputed

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Moi ruled using a strategic mixture of ethnic favouritism, state repression and marginalisation of opposition forces. He utilised detention and torture, looted public finances and appropriated land and other property. Moi sponsored irregular army units that attacked the Luo, Luhya and Kikuyu

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said in 1952, "To-day we, the Kikuyu, stand ashamed and looked upon as hopeless people in the eyes of other races and before the Government. Why? Because of the crimes perpetrated by Mau Mau and because the Kikuyu have made themselves Mau Mau." That said, other Kenyans directly or indirectly

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Independent Kenya, although officially non-aligned, adopted a pro-Western stance. Kenya worked unsuccessfully for East African union; the proposal to unite Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda did not win approval. However, the three nations did form a loose East African Community (EAC) in 1967, that

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called for the release of Jomo Kenyatta. This call built momentum and was taken up by the NPCP. Agitation for African suffrage and self-rule picked up in pace. One major hindrance to self-rule was the lack of African human capital. Poor education, economic development and a lack of African

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demonstrated, whilst Oman sought sovereignty over its waters, Seyyid Said saw no reason to intervene in the slave trade, as the main customers for the slaves were Europeans. As Farquhar in a letter made note, only with the intervention of Said would the European Trade in slaves in the

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security Act was passed in Parliament in July 1966 and granted the government powers to carry out detention without trial, which was used against KPU members. In a series of dawn raids in August 1966, several KPU party members were arrested and detained without trial. They included

2215:. The Wanga Kingdom was formally established in the late 17th century. The Kingdom covered from the Jinja in Uganda to Naivasha in the East of Kenya. This is the first time the Wanga people and Luhya tribe were united and led by a centralized leader, a king, known as the Nabongo. 2890:. The East African Coast was long inhabited by hunter-gatherer and Cushitic groups since at least 3000BC. Evidence of indigenous pottery and agriculture dating as far back as this period has been found along the coast and offshore islands. International trade goods including 4486:

very rapid population growth and considerable rural to urban migration were in larger part responsible for high unemployment and disorder in the cities. There also was much resentment by blacks at the privileged economic position held by Asians and Europeans in the country.

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into western Kenya in a slow and multi-generational manner between the 15th and 20th centuries. As they moved into Kenya and Tanzania, they underwent significant genetic and cultural admixture as they encountered other communities that were long established in the region.

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in place of KFRTU, which quickly became the most active political body in Kenya, representing all the trade unions. Mboya's successes in trade unionism earned him respect and admiration. Mboya established international connections, particularly with labour leaders in the

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became interim President. On 14 October, Moi formally became president after he was elected head of KANU and designated its sole nominee. In June 1982, the National Assembly amended the constitution, making Kenya officially a one-party state. On 1 August members of the

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African population was accustomed to subsistence rather than export agriculture, the government decided to encourage European settlement in the fertile highlands, which had small African populations. The railway opened up the interior, not only to the European farmers,

3576:, which meant more powers for the settlers. They obtained this goal in 1920, making the Council more representative of European settlers; but Africans were excluded from direct political participation until 1944, when the first of them was admitted in the council. 2630:

The arrival of the Southern Nilotes in Kenya occurred shortly before the introduction of iron to East Africa. The past distribution of the Southern Nilotic speakers, as inferred from place names, loan words and oral traditions includes the known distribution of

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McCormack, Robert (April 1984). "The Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya. 1800–1920. by Cynthia BrantleyThe Giriama and Colonial Resistance in Kenya. 1800–1920. by Cynthia Brantley. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981. xiii. 196 pp. $ 30.00".

3856:. The war brought money and an opportunity for military service for 98,000 men, called "askaris". The war stimulated African nationalism. After the war, African ex-servicemen sought to maintain the socioeconomic gains they had accrued through service in the 2611:

In present times the descendants of the Southern Cushitic speakers are located in north central Tanzania near Lake Eyasi. Their past distribution, as determined by the presence of loanwords in other languages, encompasses the known distribution of the

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introduced into their anus, women were raped after introducing boiling water into their vaginas. The Foreign Office archives also reveal that this was not the initiative of soldiers or colonial administrators but a policy orchestrated from London.

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Dale, Darla; Ashley, Ceri (23 April 2010). "Holocene hunter-fisher-gatherer communities: new perspectives on Kansyore Using communities of Western Kenya". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 45: 24–48. doi:10.1080/00672700903291716. S2CID

3776:(The unifier). The KCA focused on unifying the Kikuyu into one geographic polity, but its project was undermined by controversies over ritual tribute, land allocation and the ban on female circumcision. They also fought for the release of 5698:

Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357.

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Further liberalisation in November 1997 allowed the expansion of political parties from 11 to 26. President Moi won re-election as president in the December 1997 elections, and his KANU Party narrowly retained its parliamentary majority.

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under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. However, the creation of

6018: 4421: 3162:

in April 1498. Da Gama's voyage successfully reached India (May 1498), and this initiated direct maritime Portuguese trade links with South Asia, thus challenging older trading networks over mixed land and sea routes, such as the

4419: 3938:, former president of the moderate Kikuyu Central Association, became president of the more aggressive KAU to demand a greater political voice for Africans. In an effort to gain nationwide support of KAU, Jomo Kenyatta visited 4437:(KADU), representing a coalition of small tribes that had feared dominance by larger ones, dissolved itself voluntarily in 1964 and former members joined KANU. KANU was the only party 1964–66 when a faction broke away as the 4377:

and was declared a republic on 12 December 1964 with Jomo Kenyatta as Head of State. In 1964 constitutional changes further centralised the government and various state organs were formed. One of the key state organs was the

5767:

Paul Lane, Ceri Ashley & Gilbert Oteyo (2006) New Dates for Kansyore and Urewe Wares from Northern Nyanza, Kenya, AZANIA: Journal of the British Institute in Eastern Africa, 41:1, 123–138, DOI: 10.1080/00672700609480438

3869:

colonial tribal reserves. While criticised as backward by British officials and white settlers, African farming proved resilient and Kikuyu farmers engaged in widespread resistance to the colonial state's agrarian reforms.

4152: 7360: 2908:

by 1000BCE. Some Bantu speakers continued to migrate further southeast towards the East African Coast. These Bantu speakers mixed with the local inhabitants they encountered at the coast. The earliest settlements in the

7660:"Speech by His Excellency Hon. Uhuru Kenyatta, C.G.H., President of the Republic of Kenya and Commander in Chief of the Defence Forces During the 2017 Labour Day Celebrations at Uhuru Park Grounds, Nairobi – Presidency" 6191: 3323:, the already large clove and spice plantations continued to grow, driving demand for slaves. Slaves were sourced from the hinterland. Slave caravan routes into the interior of Kenya reached as far as the foothills of 3017:. Metallurgical analysis of iron artefacts indicates that the techniques used by the inhabitants of the Swahili coast combined techniques used in other African sites as well as those in West and South Asian sites. The 2573:, a hunter-gatherer group that was once widespread in East Africa. For the most part, these communities were assimilated into various food-producing societies that began moving into Kenya from the 3rd millennium BCE. 3389:

was established. This was another settlement for freed slaves rescued by the British Navy. Despite pressure from the British to stop the East African slave trade, it continued to persist into the early 20th century.

4089:

stated: "The effort required to suppress Mau Mau destroyed any settlers illusions that they could go it alone; the British Government was not prepared for the shedding of blood in order to preserve colonial rule."

4474:(the secretary general of the Kenya Petroleum Oil Workers Union), Oluande Koduol (Oginga Odinga's private secretary) and Peter Ooko (the general secretary of the East African Common Services Civil Servants Union). 4265:, funded by Americans, of sending talented youth to the United States for higher education. There was no university in Kenya at the time, but colonial officials opposed the programme anyway. The next year Senator 2692:

Later migrations through Tanzania led to settlement on the Kenyan coast. Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BCE to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in

9868:

Argues that the chiefs' tyranny in early colonial Kenya had its roots in the British administrative style since the Government needed strong-handed local leaders to enforce its unpopular laws and regulations.

4335:, KANU won 19 of the 33 African seats while KADU won 11 (twenty seats were reserved by quota for Europeans, Asians and Arabs). Kenyatta was finally released in August and became president of KANU in October. 3970:, died in his sleep. Elizabeth cut short her trip and returned home immediately to assume the throne. She was crowned Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey in 1953 and as British hunter and conservationist 2303:, which he did by 1991. Moi won elections in 1992 and 1997, which were overshadowed by politically motivated killings on both sides. During the 1990s, evidence of Moi's involvement in human rights abuses and 3721:

and strived for multi-ethnic membership by including the local Indian community and reaching out to other tribes. The colonial government accused Thuku of sedition, arrested him and detained him until 1930.

2592:, is East Africa's earliest and largest monumental cemetery. At least 580 bodies are found in this well planned cemetery. By 1000 BCE and even earlier, pastoralism had spread into central Kenya and northern 4022:

became core leaders in the rebellion. Their experiences during the WW2 awakened their political consciousness, giving them determination and confidence to change the system. Key leaders of KAU known as the

3223:

in Mombasa in 1593 aimed to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in East Africa, besieging Portuguese fortresses. Omani forces

3191:

in 1453, Turkish control of the eastern Mediterranean inhibited the use of traditional land-routes between Europe and India. Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to bypass political,

5331: 4449:

elder. KPU advocated a more "scientific" route to socialism—criticising the slow progress in land redistribution and employment opportunities—as well as a realignment of foreign policy in favour of the

4295:. However many whites rejected the New Kenya Group and condemned the London agreement, because it moved away from racial quotas and toward independence. Following the agreement a new African party, the 4420: 4183:

Several trade union leaders who were actively involved in the independence struggle through KFL would go on to join active politics becoming members of parliament and cabinet ministers. These include

3232:

had already lost interest in the spice-trade sea-route because of the decreasing profitability of that traffic. (Portuguese-ruled territories, ports and settlements remained active to the south, in

6331: 5588:

Hildebrand, Elisabeth; et al. (2018). "A monumental cemetery built by eastern Africa's first herders near Lake Turkana, Kenya". PNAS. 115 (36): 8942–8947. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721975115. PMC 6130363.

5358:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species" 3742: 2511:

cave. Researchers said the child's head appeared to have been laid on a pillow. The body had been laid in a fetal position. Michael Petraglia, a professor of human evolution and prehistory at the

4002:, an armed local movement directed principally against the colonial government and the European settlers. It was the largest and most successful such movement in British Africa. Members of the 3926:, who had been nominated in 1944 by the governor after consulting élite African opinion. The KAU remained dominated by the Kikuyu ethnic group. However, the leadership of KAU was multitribal. 3572:

European organisation to which some were appointed and others elected. But since most of the powers remained in the hands of the Governor, the settlers started lobbying to transform Kenya in a

3455:

This area's fertile land has always made it the site of migration and conflict. There were no significant mineral resources—none of the gold or diamonds that attracted so many to South Africa.

6869:

Brett L. Shadle. Patronage, Millennialism and the Serpent God Mumbo in South-West Kenya, 1912–34. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 2002, Vol. 72, No. 1 (2002), pp. 29–54

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In Kavirondo (later Nyanza province), a strike at a mission school, organised by Daudi Basudde, raised concerns about the damaging implications on African land ownership by switching from the

7053: 7486: 6005:

practiced ironworking, and were mainly subsistence farmers and river fishers who supplemented their economy with hunting, keeping livestock, fishing in the ocean, and trading with outsiders.

2292:, the practices of political repression and torture that had been "overlooked" by the Western powers as necessary evils in the effort to contain communism were no longer tolerated in Kenya. 4141: 5776:

Schmidt, P.; Avery, D.H. (1978). "Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania". Science. 201 (4361): 1085–89. Bibcode:1978Sci...201.1085S. doi:10.1126/science.201.4361.1085.

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for Europeans, especially British war veterans. The whites engaged in large-scale coffee farming dependent on mostly Kikuyu labour. Bitterness grew between the Indians and the Europeans.

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were restricted to the southern Loieta plains in 1913. The Kikuyu claimed some of the land reserved for Europeans and continued to feel that they had been deprived of their inheritance.

3311:

had the effect of consolidating the Omani power in the region. The slave trade had begun to grow exponentially starting at the end of the 17th Century with a large slave market based at

4064:, a Kenyan of Goan descent, facilitated the provision of firearms to forest fighters. He was arrested in 1954 and detained until 1959. Another notable example was the pioneering lawyer 5953:

Felix A. Chami and Amandus Kwekason. Neolithic Pottery Traditions from the Islands, the Coast and the Interior of East Africa. African Archaeological Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, June 2003

5605:

Ambrose, Stanley H. (1998): Chronology of the Later Stone Age and food production in East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 25 (4): 377–392, doi: 10.1006/jasc.1997.0277, PDF.

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actually won the contest, however, the Supreme Court through a thorough review of evidence adduced found no malpractice during the conduct of the 2013 general election both from the

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of 1911, which led to their forceful removal from the fertile Laikipia plateau to semi-arid Ngong. To make way for the Europeans (largely Britons and whites from South Africa), the

3258:. In the south, pastoralists and cultivators bartered goods and competed for land as long-distance caravan routes linked them to the Kenyan coast on the east and to the kingdoms of 3682:. The Colonial authorities suppressed the movement by deporting and imprisoning adherents in the 1920s and 1930s. It was officially banned in 1954 following the Mau Mau rebellion. 5367: 7352: 3737:(Voice of the People) culminated in a large mass meeting held in December 1921 advocating for individual title deeds, getting rid of the kipande system and a fairer tax system. 6155: 5389:

Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).

3397:

had begun mapping the interior. Three developments encouraged European interest in East Africa in the first half of the 19th century. First, was the emergence of the island of

3096:

developed in the towns, notably in Pate, Malindi, and Mombasa. The impact of Arabic and Persian traders and immigrants on the Swahili culture remains controversial. During the

9841:

Wamagatta EN (2009). "British Administration and the Chiefs' Tyranny in Early Colonial Kenya: A Case Study of the First Generation of Chiefs from Kiambu District, 1895–1920".

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for a 50-year period. Incipient imperial rivalry was forestalled when Germany handed its coastal holdings to Britain in 1890, in exchange for German control over the coast of

3717:

as its secretary. Through the KA, Thuku advocated for African suffrage. Deeming it unwise to base a nationalist movement around one tribe, Thuku renamed his organisation the

3228:

in 1698, only to lose it in a revolt (1728), but by 1730 the Omanis had expelled the remaining Portuguese from the coasts of present-day Kenya and Tanzania. By this time the

2549:, dating from the mid 5th millennium BCE to the 1st millennium BCE was one of East Africa's earliest ceramic producing group of hunter-gatherers. This culture was located at 4133: 3606:

took command of the German military forces, determined to tie down as many British resources as possible. Completely cut off from Germany, von Lettow conducted an effective

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Muslims who he described as “religious people, trustworthy and righteous.” He noted that their mosques were made of wood and were expertly built. Another ancient traveller,

4674:, the son of Kenya's first President, as his successor. A rainbow coalition of opposition parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Moi's former vice-president 2677:

is one of Africa's oldest iron smelting centres. Dating from 550BCE to 650BCE, this culture dominated the Great Lakes region including Kenya. Sites in Kenya include Urewe,

4172: 2709:. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. Between 300 AD-1000 AD, through participation in the long existing 7884: 7466:

According to John Blacker, demographers have refuted the often repeated allegation that 300,000 Kikuyu died in the uprising. The number was exaggerated by a factor of 10.

2515:

said, “It is the oldest human burial in Africa. It tells us something about our cognition, our sociality and our behaviours and they are all very familiar to us today.”

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which criticised the colonial administration and missions. The YKA gave a sense of nationalism to many Kikuyu and advocated civil disobedience. The YKA gave way to the

3718: 3918:

In 1944 Thuku founded and was the first chairman of the multi-tribal Kenya African Study Union (KASU), which in 1946 became the Kenya African Union (KAU). It was an

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After local and foreign pressure, in December 1991, parliament repealed the one-party section of the constitution. The first multiparty elections were held in 1992.

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descent and freedom fighter who was detained during the colonial period was assassinated in what is recognised as Kenya's first political assassination. He was also

2937:

subsistence-farmers, hunters and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production and trade with outside areas. Between 300AD – 1000AD

2584:

who kept domestic stock, including cattle, sheep, goat, and donkeys. Remarkable megalithic sites from this time period include the possibly archaeoastronomical site

8012: 4600:

The Forum for the Restoration of Democracy (FORD) emerged as the leading opposition to KANU, and dozens of leading KANU figures switched parties. But FORD, led by

4273:. This scholarship program trained some 70% of the top leaders of the new nation, including the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, environmentalist 7634: 4557:, a veteran Somali military official. In the coup's aftermath, some of Nairobi's poor Kenyans attacked and looted stores owned by Asians. Robert Ouko, the senior 3685:

The first stirrings of modern African political organisation in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, increased taxes on Africans and the despised

7793:

No assembly could be formed in the Northeast Region, because separatist Somalis had boycotted the elections, and its House and Senate seats also remained vacant.

6064: 5689:

Vansina, J. (1995). "New Linguistic Evidence and 'The Bantu Expansion'". Journal of African History. 36 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1017/S0021853700034101. JSTOR 182309

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in March 2018 between president Uhuru Kenyatta and his long-time opponent Raila Odinga meant reconciliation followed by economic growth and increased stability.

5321: 3761: 3493:

of the BEAC, having been subject to considerable harassment, burnt down Lugard's fort in 1890. Waiyaki was abducted two years later by the British and killed.

3353: 2623:

speaking communities whose homelands lay somewhere near the common border between Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia moved south into the western highlands and

2512: 2369:

inhabited the area for more than 20 million years. In 1929, the first evidence of the presence of ancient early human ancestors in Kenya was discovered when

3666:. It has since been recognised as an anti-colonial movement. In 1913, Onyango Dunde of central Kavirondo proclaimed to have been sent by the serpent god of 3618:

troops from India and then needed large numbers of porters to overcome the formidable logistics of transporting supplies far into the interior by foot. The

3710: 6748:

Mwaruvie JM (2006). "Kenya's "Forgotten" Engineer and Colonial Proconsul: Sir Percy Girouard and Departmental Railway Construction in Africa, 1896–1912".

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by Kikuyus. The western Luo and Kalenjin groups, demanding greater autonomy, backed Raila Amolo Odinga (1945– ) and his Orange Democratic Movement (ODM).

3922:

organization that demanded access to white-owned land. KAU acted as a constituency association for the first black member of Kenya's legislative council,

3738: 8654: 5872: 7676:

Kwame Nkurumah's Theory and Practice of Labour and Their Manifestation in the Kenyan Trade Unionism to 1966. by Peter Mwangi Kagwanja. Available from:

5317: 8564: 7994:

K. Conboy. Detention without trial in Kenya. GEORGIA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Volume:8 Issue:2 Dated:(SPRING 1978) Pages:441-461M

4231: 4192: 4065: 7042: 5837:

Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. Science 324, 1035 (2009); The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans. DOI: 10.1126/science.1172257

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brutality" of the regime and foreign donors pressed Moi to allow other parties, which was done in December 1991 through a constitutional amendment.

10600: 7476: 7419: 7010: 4184: 4168: 3135:

explorers appeared on the East African coast at the end of the 15th century. The Portuguese did not intend to found settlements, but to establish

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Linguistic evidence points to a relative sequence of population movements into Kenya that begins with the entry into northern Kenya of a possibly

11429: 11199: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10277: 10272: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10219: 10214: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 7970: 6594: 3927: 3765: 2332: 2199:

from a West African centre of dispersal reached the area by the 1st millennium AD. With the borders of the modern state at the crossroads of the

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As Kenya modernized after the war, the role of the British religious missions changed their roles, despite the efforts of the leadership of the

6410:"Kenyan girl with Chinese blood steals limelight". Chinese Embassy in Kenya. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved 3 April 2009. 5932: 4713: 4156: 2685:. By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce 6356: 5846:

Thimlich Ohinga Archeological Site. Nomination Dossier for Inscription on the World Heritage list. National Museums of Kenya. Available from:

3697:, gave rise to considerable political activity. Ishmael Ithongo called the first mass meeting in May 1921 to protest African wage reductions. 8765: 3950:(chief) of the Luo Union (an organisation that represented members of the Luo community in East Africa) to join KAU and delve into politics. 3931: 1769: 8747: 8620: 4164:

banned, Mboya used the KFRTU to represent African political issues as its Secretary General at 26 years of age. The KFRTU was backed by the

7508: 3527:. The British government had decided, primarily for strategic reasons, to build a railway linking Mombasa with the British protectorate of 8404: 8034: 6250: 3594:(1914–1918), as efforts to subdue the German colony to the south were frustrated. At the outbreak of war in August 1914, the governors of 11121: 10388: 8447: 4051:. Kenyatta denied he was a leader of the Mau Mau but was convicted at trial and was sent to prison in 1953, gaining his freedom in 1961. 5357: 11538: 6389: 5470: 3251:

in 1840, the Arabs set up long-distance trade-routes into the African interior. The dry reaches of the north were lightly inhabited by

3240: 2166: 745: 9989: 9030:

Branch, Daniel, and Nicholas Cheeseman. "The politics of control in Kenya: Understanding the bureaucratic-executive state, 1952–78."

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John Stuart, "Overseas Mission, Voluntary Service and Aid to Africa: Max Warren, the Church Missionary Society and Kenya, 1945–63."

5758:

Clist, Bernard. (1987). A critical reappraisal of the chronological framework of the early Urewe Iron Age industry. Muntu. 6. 35–62.

3741:, an Anglican missionary and prominent advocate for African affairs, formalised and canalised this movement as the president of the 10011: 8513:

Blacker J, Opiyo C, Jasseh M, et al. (2005). "Fertility in Kenya and Uganda: A Comparative Study of Trends and Determinants".

6420: 5447: 5209: 1764: 11344: 5991: 5074: 2755:

is the largest and best preserved of 138 sites containing 521 stone structures that were built around the Lake Victoria region in

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Freedom and suffering. Chapter in: Kenya: Between Hope and Despair, 1963 – 2011 by Daniel Branch. Yale University Press. Nov 2011

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Cooper F (2014). "Fabian Klose. Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria".

4082: 2503:. Further evidence of modern behaviour was found in 2021 when evidence of Africa's earliest funeral was found. A 78,000 year old 7696:

Airlift to America. How Barack Obama Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours

10456: 8264: 7874: 7680: 1224: 518: 9432: 4805:(son of the first president Jomo Kenyatta) won in a disputed election result, leading to a petition by the opposition leader, 3473:(BEAC) in 1888, after the company had received a royal charter and concessionary rights to the Kenya coast from the Sultan of 10655: 10562: 9253: 9214:

Kanyinga K (2009). "The legacy of the white highlands: Land rights, ethnicity and the post-2007 election violence in Kenya".

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chief tactician and link to the eastern bloc. His death dealt a severe blow to the Oginga Odinga's organisational efforts.

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was also elected and shortly afterwards nominated as the first chairman of the African elected members. Mboya's party, the

4216: 4129: 4117: 4099: 3421: 2025: 461: 356: 8844: 7178:

Brands H (2005). "Wartime Recruiting Practices, Martial Identity and Post-World War II Demobilization in Colonial Kenya".

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At a conference held in 1960 in London, agreement was reached between the African members and the British settlers of the

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on items transported through the area, given their strategic control of ports and of shipping lanes. The construction of

590: 476: 401: 17: 9824:

Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya, 1945-1963

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its attendant economic benefits – into the hands of his Kalenjin tribe and of a handful of allies from minority groups.

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non-religious components. Furthermore, the imminent transfer of control to the local population became a high priority.

10768: 9879: 7623: 5911: 4740:. "We are achieving our own perverse version of majimboism," wrote one of Kenya's leading columnists, Macharia Gaitho. 4180:

through the ICFTU. He used these connections and his international renown to counter moves by the colonial government.

3466: 528: 7607: 6072: 3903:, the most subject to pressure by the settlers, founded in 1921 Kenya's first African political protest movement, the 2499:), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of 10665: 9980: 9934: 9904: 9831: 9812: 9793: 9774: 9755: 9733: 9713: 9694: 9667: 9648: 9595: 9576: 9557: 9530: 9503: 9465: 9442: 9421: 9398: 9379: 9324: 9303: 9276: 9204: 9185: 9166: 9147: 9125: 9087: 9047: 9021: 9000: 8963: 8944: 8925: 8906: 8887: 8594: 8471: 8380: 8127: 7915: 7752: 7543: 7391: 7154: 7123: 6821: 6480: 6103: 6047: 5631: 5573: 5504: 5240: 5171: 4815: 4781:

by the two countries since independence and to the Kenya government's active promotion of family planning, which the

4332: 3768:, it picked up from Harry Thuku's East African Association except that it represented the Kikuyu almost exclusively. 1818: 682: 2894:

pottery, Syrian glass vessels, Sassanian pottery from Persia and glass beads dating to 600BC have been found at the

6616: 6541: 6301: 4262: 4261:

technocrats were a real problem. This inspired Tom Mboya to begin a programme conceptualised by a close confidante

3959: 3653: 2478:) are believed to have lived. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of 416: 7851: 5556:

Lane PJ (2013). "The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa". In Mitchell P, Lane PJ (eds.).

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campaign, living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated. He eventually surrendered in

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Roessler PG (2005). "Donor-Induced Democratization and the Privatization of State Violence in Kenya and Rwanda".

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chosen by the governor. The council of ministers became the principal instrument of government in 1954. In 1952,

3515:

A key to the development of Kenya's interior was the construction, started in 1895, of a railway from Mombasa to

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development of market towns such as Mogadishu, Shanga, Kilwa, and Mombasa. These communities formed the earliest

1828: 7078:

Duder CJ (1993). "'Men of the Officer Class': The Participants in the 1919 Soldier Settlement Scheme in Kenya".

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Morrison LB (2007). "The nature of decline: distinguishing myth from reality in the case of the Luo of Kenya".

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from detention. Upon Thuku's release, he was elected president of the KCA. The government banned the KCA after

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near Lake Turkana - these are the oldest stone tools found anywhere in the world and pre-date the emergence of

2223: 2159: 1855: 738: 242: 4670:

Constitutionally barred from running in the December 2002 presidential elections, Moi unsuccessfully promoted

3442:

In 1895 the British government took over and claimed the interior as far west as Lake Naivasha; it set up the

3207:. The Portuguese presence in East Africa officially began after 1505, when a naval force under the command of 3052:

in 1331. He describes Mombasa as a large island with banana, lemon and citron trees. The local residents were

11455: 10615: 9940: 8646: 5868: 5028: 4506:(GSU) – paramilitary wing of the police – and later the regular police, but not without civilian casualties. 2875: 1550: 657: 8299:

Kagwanja PM (2006). "'Power to Uhuru': Youth Identity and Generational Politics in Kenya's 2002 Elections".

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and administrators, but also to systematic government programmes to attack slavery, witchcraft, disease and

11219: 10761: 10567: 10552: 10537: 10004: 4860: 4834: 4798: 4348: 4296: 4250: 3622:

was formed and ultimately mobilised over 400,000 Africans, contributing to their long-term politicisation.

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and are typically the wealthiest and most politically influential members of the Kenyan coastal community.

2905: 2324: 2273: 1642: 702: 622: 585: 575: 471: 9098: 5716:

Ehret, Christopher (2001). "Bantu Expansions: Re-Envisioning a Central Problem of Early African History".

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success of Kikuyu and related groups (Embu and Meru) in gaining and exercising political power during the

3974:(who accompanied the royal couple) put it, she went up a tree in Africa a princess and came down a queen. 3848:(1939–1945) Kenya became an important British military base for successful campaigns against Italy in the 3784:

began when Jesse Kariuki compared the compulsory relocation of Kikuyus who lived near white owned land to

3021:

begin to emerge from pre-existing settlements between 1000AD and 1500AD. The earliest gravestone found at

11502: 11498: 10854: 10630: 10610: 10557: 6778: 6750: 4700: 4609: 4471: 4395: 4344: 4312: 4196: 3497: 3470: 3033:(Swahili-Arabic alphabet) based on Arabic letters. This is the script found on the earliest gravestones. 2577: 2378: 2316: 1590: 538: 106: 7020: 2713:, these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders leading to the development of the 11107: 10920: 10756: 10714: 10645: 10449: 10019: 4709: 3912: 3645: 2613: 2589: 2528: 2414: 2030: 1469: 874: 697: 153: 138: 9957: 8572: 7967: 6586: 2075: 11533: 11511: 10878: 10785: 7443:"The demography of Mau Mau: Fertility and mortality in Kenya in the 1950s: A demographer's viewpoint" 6658: 5924: 3881: 3726: 3373: 3072:. Recent genetic tests done on local inhabitants confirmed that some residents had Chinese ancestry. 2658: 2652: 2401: 2152: 1971: 1246: 731: 667: 34: 8901:. African Studies. Vol. 84 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 266. 8191:

Klopp JM (2001). "'Ethnic Clashes' and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya's Electoral Despotism".

7415: 7245:

Mackenzie AF (2000). "Contested Ground: Colonial Narratives and the Kenyan Environment, 1920–1945".

4643: 2311:, was uncovered. He was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 election, which was won by 11259: 11028: 11018: 10831: 10746: 10729: 10500: 10495: 7224:'For your tomorrow, we gave our today': A history of Kenya African soldiers in the Second World War 6706: 6353: 4744: 4524: 4177: 3904: 3857: 3702: 3444: 3415: 3279: 2436:

One of the most famous and complete hominid skeletons ever discovered was the 1.6-million-year-old

2242: 2231: 2110: 1860: 1627: 1622: 1517: 1202: 600: 319: 8761: 8738: 6640:

Petterson, Don Revolution In Zanzibar An American's Cold War Tale, New York: Westview, 2002 page 7

11494: 11369: 11359: 11164: 10890: 10791: 10673: 10640: 9997: 7291: 4866: 4855: 4438: 4407: 3603: 3259: 2258: 1396: 1386: 637: 513: 9962:. Wisconsin African Studies Program. Translated by Muriithi JK. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 11374: 11264: 11194: 10625: 10605: 8437: 8414: 7750:

Goldsworthy D (1982). "Ethnicity and Leadership in Africa: The 'Untypical' Case of Tom Mboya".

6214: 4442: 4212: 3478: 3343:

had been completely strangled by the British. The Omani Arabs had no interest in resisting the

3263: 3233: 2208: 2204: 1759: 1474: 1418: 1312: 853: 74: 51: 7536:

Human Rights in the Shadow of Colonial Violence: The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria

7146: 7140: 6498:"Seyyid Said bin Sultan BuSaid of Oman and Zanzibar: Women in the Life of this Arab Patriarch" 6215:"Islamization and Urbanization on the Coast of East Africa: recent excavations at Gedi, Kenya" 5619: 5565: 5161: 11434: 11354: 11319: 11304: 11289: 11244: 11179: 11048: 11003: 10983: 10935: 10905: 10826: 10724: 10704: 10577: 10515: 10442: 6565:

Arabs and Africans: commerce and kinship from Oman to the east African interior, c. 1820–1900

4762: 4379: 4374: 4356: 3839: 3662:

took root in South Nyanza in the early 20th century. Colonial authorities classified it as a

3614:

eleven days after the Armistice was signed in 1918. To chase von Lettow the British deployed

3563:

In building the railway the British had to confront strong local opposition, especially from

2724:

started migrating into Western Kenya. The Luo descend from migrants closely related to other

2120: 2105: 1976: 1909: 1904: 1823: 1632: 1348: 1197: 533: 426: 11485: 6373: 5660: 4386:

citizens of an independent Kenya; large numbers left Kenya, most of them headed to Britain.

11309: 10841: 10821: 10751: 10734: 9336:"Coping with the Contradictions: The Development of the Colonial State in Kenya, 1895-1914" 6714: 5906:

A. Lodhi (2000), Oriental influences in Swahili: a study in language and culture contacts,

5402: 5275: 5090: 4822: 4809:. The supreme court upheld the election results and President Kenyatta began his term with 4503: 3602:

agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities. However

3564: 3544: 3300: 3208: 2981:. This led ultimately to the increased economic growth of the Swahili, the introduction of 2624: 2483: 1983: 1934: 1637: 692: 652: 371: 7966:

Report of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission 2013. Excerpts available from:

7935: 4299:, with the slogan "Uhuru," or "Freedom," was formed under the leadership of Kikuyu leader 3911:. After the Young Kikuyu Association was banned by the government, it was replaced by the 2882:

manuscript that was written in the first century AD. It describes the East African coast (

8: 11409: 11384: 11234: 11229: 11209: 11174: 11159: 10973: 10895: 10719: 10527: 8262:

Steeves J (2006). "Presidential succession in Kenya: The transition from Moi to Kibaki".

7740:

The Politics of The Independence of Kenya by Kyle Keith. Palgrave MacMillan 1999 p 93-111

7714: 7092: 4914: 4897: 4887: 4308: 4270: 4224: 3919: 3894: 3595: 3501: 3433: 3369: 3225: 3140: 2466: 2315:. Widely reported electoral fraud on Kibaki's side in the 2007 elections resulted in the 2304: 2115: 2035: 1882: 1796: 1774: 1681: 1423: 1115: 1045: 466: 431: 396: 386: 351: 143: 9878:. Historical Association of Kenya. Vol. 1. Nairobi: East African Publishing House. 9498:. Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora. University of Rochester Press. 8327:

Murunga GR, Nasong'o SW (2006). "Bent on self-destruction: The Kibaki regime in Kenya".

6718: 6428: 5439: 5406: 5279: 5199: 5094: 3290:

Omani Arab colonisation of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent

3183:

had gained control over much of the trade between Europe and Asia. Especially after the

11481: 11472: 11463: 11394: 11364: 11349: 11334: 11324: 11314: 11279: 11274: 11224: 11169: 11144: 10945: 10925: 10910: 10864: 10773: 10741: 10709: 10588: 10547: 9859: 9687:

Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation

9637: 9623: 9509: 9410: 9358: 9265: 9232: 9077: 8546: 8530: 8495: 8487: 8442: 8386: 8345: 8281: 8244: 8209: 8120:

Britain, Kenya and the Cold War: Imperial Defence, Colonial Security and Decolonisation

8100: 8092: 7879: 7843: 7835: 7776: 7768: 7549: 7307: 7271: 7263: 7204: 7196: 7116:

Islands of White: Settler Society and Culture in Kenya and Southern Rhodesia, 1890–1939

7096: 6992: 6984: 6936: 6730: 6686: 6533: 6525: 6469: 6293: 6242: 6183: 6175: 6136: 5983: 5741: 5299: 5264:

Lepre CJ, Roche H, Kent DV, et al. (2011). "An earlier origin for the Acheulian".

5114: 5106: 5052: 5044: 4968: 4893: 4370: 3955: 3849: 3599: 3462: 3180: 3026: 2994: 2887: 2874:

in Middle Eastern, Chinese and Indian literature from the 7th to the 14th century. The

2784: 2710: 2524: 2391: 2308: 2300: 2212: 2080: 2070: 1806: 1689: 1486: 1391: 1353: 1238: 1219: 595: 381: 220: 8817: 5102: 4612:, which restored enough aid for Kenya to service its $ 7.5 billion foreign debt. 3154:

The Portuguese became the first Europeans to explore the region of current-day Kenya:

11404: 11399: 11339: 11294: 11254: 11149: 11130: 11008: 10940: 10930: 10692: 10678: 10650: 10620: 10532: 10485: 9976: 9930: 9900: 9863: 9827: 9808: 9789: 9770: 9751: 9729: 9709: 9690: 9673: 9663: 9644: 9627: 9591: 9572: 9553: 9536: 9526: 9499: 9480: 9461: 9454: 9438: 9417: 9394: 9375: 9320: 9299: 9272: 9249: 9236: 9200: 9181: 9162: 9143: 9121: 9083: 9062: 9043: 9017: 8996: 8990: 8959: 8940: 8921: 8902: 8883: 8538: 8390: 8376: 8349: 8285: 8123: 8104: 7911: 7847: 7827: 7780: 7539: 7397: 7387: 7275: 7208: 7160: 7150: 7119: 6996: 6928: 6852: 6842: 6817: 6690: 6678: 6568: 6537: 6517: 6476: 6381: 6285: 6246: 6234: 6187: 6099: 6024: 5907: 5805: 5777: 5733: 5700: 5664: 5627: 5589: 5569: 5500: 5420: 5291: 5246: 5236: 5177: 5167: 5056: 5004: 4960: 4909: 4904: 4874: 4847: 4633: 4553:

to oust Moi. The putsch was quickly suppressed by forces commanded by Army Commander

3607: 3377: 3229: 3132: 3119: 2867: 2648: 2561:. Kenya's rock art sites date between 2000BCE and 1000 CE. This tradition thrived at 2192: 1966: 1865: 1833: 1662: 1614: 1525: 1370: 1358: 1327: 1317: 1145: 662: 580: 441: 309: 69: 61: 9969: 9513: 9059:

Making ethnic ways: communities and their transformations in Taita, Kenya, 1800-1950

8499: 7677: 5110: 2997:. Islam rapidly spread across Africa between 614AD – 900AD. Starting with the first 11459: 11379: 11329: 11284: 11249: 11239: 11214: 11154: 11067: 11043: 10965: 10859: 10809: 9851: 9615: 9348: 9291: 9224: 8550: 8522: 8479: 8409: 8368: 8337: 8309: 8273: 8236: 8201: 8159: 8082: 8074: 7819: 7760: 7577: 7455: 7299: 7255: 7227: 7188: 7088: 6976: 6920: 6836: 6787: 6758: 6722: 6670: 6509: 6226: 6167: 6128: 5725: 5656: 5561: 5410: 5303: 5283: 5266: 5098: 5036: 4996: 4952: 4570: 4566: 4554: 4532: 4495: 4292: 4282: 4011: 3999: 3983: 3845: 3810: 3490: 3482: 3458: 3429: 3075: 3030: 2803: 2620: 2601: 2597: 2546: 2504: 2462: 2356: 1995: 1939: 1845: 1507: 1481: 1440: 1430: 1401: 1337: 1256: 1214: 1192: 1125: 1060: 879: 771: 570: 376: 215: 158: 111: 9662:. African historical dictionaries. Vol. 29. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. 9246:"They called us Bloody Foreigners." Jewish Refugees in Kenya, 1933 until the 1950s 7416:"Argwings Kodhek (1923-69) | Another World? East Africa and the Global 1960s" 6674: 2472:

East Africa, including Kenya, is one of the earliest regions where modern humans (

2399:

where it was unearthed. It is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after

11389: 11299: 11189: 10978: 10915: 10846: 10836: 9493: 9314: 9104: 9011: 8787: 8706: 8676: 8301: 8143: 7974: 7684: 7611: 7447: 7080: 7015: 6513: 6360: 6051: 5970: 5854: 5624:

From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa

5195: 4590: 4546: 4490: 4479: 4411: 4366: 4288: 4274: 4266: 4235: 3637: 3591: 3449: 3316: 3285: 3127: 3093: 3083: 3037: 3018: 2776: 2756: 2752: 2714: 2682: 2667: 2644: 2562: 2538: 2496: 2443: 2386: 2360: 2352: 2296: 2277: 2269: 2200: 2196: 2050: 2040: 1961: 1919: 1877: 1801: 1732: 1464: 1435: 1406: 1363: 1332: 1286: 1261: 1251: 1130: 1105: 1008: 1003: 993: 889: 560: 523: 329: 282: 257: 252: 205: 195: 190: 185: 9619: 9393:. Blacks in the Diaspora (1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 6897:

The Politics of The Independence of Kenya by Kyle Keith. Palgrave MacMillan 1999

5963: 5847: 5391:"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age" 11083: 11033: 11023: 11013: 10988: 10955: 10900: 10522: 10505: 9689:. International Library of African Studies. Vol. 13. London: I.B. Tauris. 9267:

Class and Economic Change in Kenya: The Making of an African Petite-Bourgeoisie

7481: 7339:

Histories of the Hanged: Britain's Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire

5070: 4802: 4671: 4655: 4542: 4455: 4403: 4328: 4199:. The trade union movement would later become a major battlefront in the proxy 4061: 4024: 3967: 3963: 3796:

the market economy. The area was already home to over a million members of the

3746: 3524: 3425: 3361:

numerous descendants found along the coast that can directly trace ancestry to

3348: 3336: 3267: 3244: 3212: 3188: 3079: 3057: 3006: 2990: 2789: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2508: 2451: 2340: 2320: 2246: 2227: 2180: 1953: 1788: 1727: 1703: 1281: 1266: 1172: 1155: 1140: 1110: 1100: 762: 672: 503: 391: 247: 9353: 9335: 9228: 8526: 8483: 8372: 8341: 8277: 8078: 7764: 7289:

Odenyo AO (1973). "Conquest, Clientage, and Land Law among the Luo of Kenya".

7192: 6980: 6856: 6230: 5040: 11527: 10998: 10490: 10355: 10282: 10224: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 9855: 9540: 7940: 7831: 7401: 6932: 6791: 6682: 6572: 6521: 6385: 6289: 6238: 6043:

Hussein D. Hassan. CRS Report for Congress. Islam in Africa. Available from:

5737: 5181: 5008: 4964: 4749: 4737: 4601: 4463: 4300: 4257: 4247: 4239: 4125: 4107: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4028: 4015: 3989: 3943: 3935: 3900: 3821: 3797: 3769: 3750: 3667: 3663: 3619: 3553: 3520: 3486: 3328: 3155: 3115: 3088: 2946: 2934: 2910: 2901: 2859: 2794: 2732: 2558: 2554: 2336: 2254: 2100: 2045: 1988: 1924: 1667: 1595: 1540: 1496: 1182: 1165: 1150: 1120: 1095: 1080: 1033: 1013: 911: 508: 456: 446: 436: 366: 361: 304: 277: 9873: 9805:

Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya

9605:

Odhiambo A (2006). "Ethnic Cleansing and Civil Society in Kenya 1969–1992".

9108: 8882:. Culture Smart!: a quick guide to customs and etiquette. London: Kuperard. 7581: 7164: 6274:"Old Swahili-Arabic Script and the Development of Swahili Literary Language" 5415: 5390: 5250: 3500:, the British government on 1 July 1895 established direct rule through the 3481:. The colonial takeover met occasionally with some strong local resistance: 3203:

Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in

11088: 10510: 9748:

Church, State and Society in Kenya: From Mediation to Opposition, 1963–1993

9677: 9135: 8542: 8313: 7553: 7460: 7442: 6837:

Tucker, Spencer; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (7 December 2018).

5781: 5704: 5593: 5424: 5362: 5295: 4810: 4806: 4797:

ruled since 2002 until 2013. After his tenure Kenya held its first general

4451: 4324: 4278: 4188: 4165: 4007: 3781: 3730: 3693: 3679: 3631: 3573: 3568: 3357: 3332: 3255: 3252: 3184: 3168: 3144: 3123: 2955: 2914: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2799: 2698: 2686: 2492: 2479: 2474: 2447: 2438: 2419: 2409: 2370: 2328: 2250: 2235: 2188: 2140: 1914: 1717: 1580: 1555: 1276: 1187: 1177: 1135: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1050: 1028: 1023: 1018: 998: 966: 916: 869: 721: 677: 642: 406: 324: 101: 9484: 9295: 8975:

History of the Southern Luo, Volume I: Migration and Settlement, 1500–1900

7823: 7604: 6044: 5620:"The Introduction of Pastoral Adaptations to the Highlands of East Africa" 3760:

In the mid-1920s, the Kikuyu Central Association (KCA) was formed. Led by

11038: 9743: 7808:"Justice under Siege: The Rule of Law and Judicial Subservience in Kenya" 5000: 4883: 4794: 4733: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4647: 4558: 4446: 4056: 4003: 3993: 3971: 3923: 3908: 3777: 3714: 3698: 3641: 3615: 3385:

up 44 percent of the local population. In 1874, Frere Town settlement in

3324: 3308: 3296: 3291: 3176: 3164: 3097: 3069: 3041: 3010: 2851: 2843: 2740: 2728: 2678: 2662: 2632: 2605: 2585: 2581: 2566: 2532: 2396: 2312: 1929: 1892: 1712: 1585: 1565: 1560: 1535: 1090: 1085: 1075: 981: 931: 884: 627: 421: 267: 262: 148: 9178:

Western Educated Elites in Kenya, 1900–1963: The African American Factor

8534: 8248: 7477:"Churchill Was More Villain Than Hero in Britain's Colonies - Bloomberg" 6529: 6497: 6297: 6273: 6096:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st century

5287: 5048: 4585: 3504:, subsequently opening (1902) the fertile highlands to white settlers. 8491: 7839: 7807: 7311: 7267: 7200: 6762: 6734: 6374:"Chinese archaeologists' African quest for sunken ship of Ming admiral" 6179: 5745: 4972: 4777: 4659: 4605: 4502:, which was quickly suppressed by Loyalist forces led by the Army, the 4399: 4121: 4103: 4069: 4044: 4019: 3873: 3754: 3675: 3536: 3344: 3220: 3136: 3022: 2951: 2819: 2721: 2570: 2550: 2065: 2000: 1850: 1600: 1491: 1040: 951: 864: 498: 314: 163: 96: 9434:

Going Their Separate Ways: Agrarian Transformation in Kenya, 1930–1950

9362: 8595:"Uhuru Kenyatta's election victory is upheld by Kenya's supreme court" 8213: 8096: 8087: 7772: 7259: 7231: 7100: 6988: 6940: 6908: 6140: 4705: 4206: 4072:. In these camps, the colonial authorities also used various forms of 3507: 8992:

Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire

8621:"Kenya election rerun to go ahead after court fails to rule on delay" 8240: 6324:"The Red Sea to East Africa and the Arabian Sea: 1328 - 1330 | ORIAS" 4940: 4304: 4160: 4111: 4032: 3002: 2922: 2702: 2608:

for thousands of years, start adopting livestock around this period.

2458: 2374: 2276:(KANU), led by Kenyatta from 1964 to 1978. Kenyatta was succeeded by 2055: 1887: 1411: 1291: 899: 451: 210: 11099: 9767:

Christianity and the Kikuyu: Religious Divisions and Social Conflict

7303: 6726: 6171: 5729: 5530: 5024:"Taphonomy and Behaviour at the Acheulean Site of Kariandusi, Kenya" 4956: 3899:

As a reaction to their exclusion from political representation, the

9726:

Peaceful Resistance: Advancing Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms

8205: 8164: 7968:

http://www.goanvoice.org.uk/gvuk_files/Pio_Gama_Pinto_TRJC_2013.pdf

6924: 6132: 5204: 4767: 4577:. An official probe into the atrocities was later ordered in 2011. 4200: 4093: 3942:

in 1952. His effort to build up support for KAU in Nyanza inspired

3853: 3671: 3659: 3649: 3474: 3398: 3320: 3312: 3304: 3270:

trading in a variety of up-country commodities, including slaves.

3248: 3193: 3061: 2974: 2930: 2918: 2831: 2815: 2694: 2593: 2366: 2289: 2262: 1545: 1271: 961: 411: 272: 9923: 7353:"Diamond Jubilee: the moment that Princess Elizabeth became Queen" 6966:

Lonsdale JM (1968). "Some Origins of Nationalism in East Africa".

10434: 9925:

From Mau Mau to Harambee: Memoirs and Memoranda of Colonial Kenya

9199:. Eastern African Studies (1st ed.). Ohio University Press. 8977:. Peoples of East Africa. Nairobi: East African Publishing House. 8064:

Mueller SD (1984). "Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966-9".

8035:"Dark Saturday in 1969 when Jomo's visit to Kisumu turned bloody" 7534:

Klose F (2013). "The Wars of Independence in Kenya and Algeria".

6839:

The European powers in the First World War : an encyclopedia

6352:

Ibn Battuta's & Zhao Rugua's East African Travels (Excerpts)

5962:

Tanzanian dig unearths ancient secret. BBC News. Available from:

5353: 4729: 4541:

On 1 August 1982, lower-level air force personnel, led by Senior

4238:

was the only previously nominated African MLC who kept his seat.

4073: 3872:

Modernisation was accelerated by the Second World War. Among the

3687: 3658:

An early anti-colonial movement opposed to British rule known as

3386: 3204: 3172: 3159: 3065: 3045: 3014: 2970: 2966: 2926: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2807: 2736: 2725: 2706: 2588:

on the west side of Lake Turkana. One of these megalithic sites,

2542: 2426: 2422:

in 1965, 1987 and 1994. It is around 4.1 million years old.

2382: 2219: 1742: 1737: 1570: 971: 956: 921: 116: 9118:

Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya

6354:

http://users.rowan.edu/~mcinneshin/5394/wk05/battutaTVLsEAFR.htm

3029:

in existence also date to this period. They were written in old

2965:

By the 1st century CE, many of the settlements such as those in

780: 5322:"Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up in Kenya" 4833:

In August 2022, Deputy President William Ruto narrowly won the

4782: 3939: 3785: 3611: 3528: 3516: 3465:'s coastal possessions in 1885, followed by the arrival of Sir 3215:, an island located in the south-east of present-day Tanzania. 3197: 2998: 2986: 2959: 2938: 2883: 2863: 2823: 2744: 1747: 1575: 1530: 1375: 1322: 1301: 1296: 1160: 976: 941: 936: 926: 8363:"National-level Data on the 2007–2008 Postelection Violence". 5230: 3772:

was the secretary and editor of the associations’ publication

3368:

The first Christian mission was founded on 25 August 1846, by

3356:

be abolished. As the Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and

10993: 10465: 10028: 5388: 3381: 3053: 3049: 2982: 2978: 2827: 2811: 2674: 2580:

speaking population around the 3rd millennium BCE. They were

2425:

In 2011, 3.2 million year old stone tools were discovered at

2184: 1722: 986: 946: 894: 200: 9569:

A Modern History of Kenya: In Honour of Professor B. A. Ogot

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The First Human: The Race to Discover Our Earliest Ancestors

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Spear, Thomas (2000). "Early Swahili History Reconsidered".

9929:. Vol. 17. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9525:. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Educational Publishers Ltd. 8647:"Kenya court decision demonstrates respect for rule of law" 7538:. Translated by Geyer D. University of Pennsylvania Press. 7509:"New documents show how Britain sanctioned Mau Mau torture" 5075:"First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino Formation, Kenya)" 4788: 4459: 3523:, completed in 1901. This was to be the first piece of the 3362: 3148: 2942: 2871: 2855: 2060: 8512: 6776:

Waller RD (2003). "Witchcraft and Colonial Law in Kenya".

3801:

their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled.

3068:

in 1418. Some of his ships are reported to have sunk near

2670:

is thought to have reached western Kenya around 1000 BCE.

5987: 5326: 4369:. Kenya attained independence on 12 December 1963 as the 2569:

and Lewa Downs. The rock paintings are attributed to the

9316:

Empire State-Building: War and Welfare in Kenya, 1925–52

8739:"Become an FT subscriber to read | Financial Times" 6017:

Deisser, Anne-Marie; Njuguna, Mugwima (7 October 2016).

5069: 4169:

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)

2381:

in southwest Kenya. Subsequently, many species of early

8918:

Kenya Today: Breaking the Yoke of Colonialism in Africa

7710:"Obama Overstates Kennedys' Role in Helping His Father" 6913:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6587:"East Africa's forgotten slave trade – DW – 08/22/2019" 6562: 6156:"The Social Context of Iron Forging on the Kenya Coast" 6121:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

5819: 5718:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

3489:

chief who ruled Dagoretti who had signed a treaty with

3036:

One of the most travelled people of the ancient world,

2280:, who ruled until 2002. Moi attempted to transform the 9897:

Economics of Colonialism: Britain and Kenya, 1870–1930

9588:

Mau Mau and Nationhood: Arms, Authority, and Narration

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Obulutsa, George; Mersie, Ayenat (13 September 2022).

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Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Kenya

5471:"Archaeologists uncover oldest human burial in Africa" 3347:'s efforts to enforce anti-slavery directives. As the 2288:

status during the 1980s. However, with the end of the

9437:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 5613: 5611: 5263: 4828: 4694: 4489:

At Kenyatta's death (22 August 1978), Vice-president

4482:. Kenya thereby became a one-party state under KANU. 4269:

helped fund the programme, hence its popular name –

3713:

which was the officially recognised tribal body with

3025:

dates to the earlier part of this period. The oldest

2461:

tools ever discovered anywhere in the world are from

839: 614: 9248:. Berlin/Leipzig, Germany: Hentrich & Hentrich. 7929: 7927: 7384:

Mau Mau memoirs : history, memory, and politics

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Morgan WT (1963). "The 'White Highlands' of Kenya".

6663:

Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage

4801:

after the new constitution had been passed in 2010.

3590:

Kenya became a military base for the British in the

3147:. After decades of small-scale conflict, Arabs from 2913:

to appear on the archaeological record are found at

2385:

have been discovered in Kenya. The oldest, found by

819: 296: 9639:

Decolonization & Independence in Kenya, 1940-93

9140:

Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888-1970

8953: 8326: 8160:"Wagalla massacre: Raila Odinga orders Kenya probe" 8148:. Nyamora Communications Limited. 1992. p. 12. 7381: 6909:"Archdeacon W. E. Owen: Missionary as Propagandist" 6814:

Kenya: From Colonization to Independence, 1888–1970

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Constitutional Debates and the Path to Independence

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Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions (KFRTU)

4144:. In 1949, Makhan Singh and Fred Kubai started the 4027:were arrested on the 21st of October. They include 3998:A key watershed came from 1952 to 1956, during the 2954:in the region which were collectively known to the 9968: 9922: 9636: 9453: 9409: 9391:Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt 9264: 8845:"William Ruto sworn in as Kenya's fifth president" 8737: 6468: 5893:Felix A. Chami, "Kaole and the Swahili World," in 5608: 3109: 2822:with numerous islands, cities and towns including 2507:grave of a three-year-old child was discovered in 2295:Moi came under pressure, notably by US ambassador 9520: 9042:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 8934: 8651:IDLO - International Development Law Organization 7924: 7678:https://ir-library.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/4904 4938: 3266:and coastal African cultures produced an Islamic 2245:in the 1960s, Kenya gained independence from the 11525: 9769:(2nd ed.). USA: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. 9585: 9492:Ndege GO (2001). "Faces of Contact and Change". 9372:Land, Ecology and Resistance in Kenya, 1880–1952 9243: 7226:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Rice University. 4203:that would engulf Kenyan politics in the 1960s. 4094:Trade Unionism and the struggle for independence 2537:The first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were 9826:. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. 8438:"Signs in Kenya of a Land Redrawn by Ethnicity" 6166:(3). International African Institute: 386–410. 5626:. University of California Press. p. 234. 3496:Following severe financial difficulties of the 3376:of England. He established a station among the 3001:(migration) of Prophet Muhammad's followers to 2465:, and were dated in 2011 through the method of 2226:of the interior began in the 19th century. The 9871: 9416:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 9333: 9197:African Womanhood In Colonial Kenya: 1900-1950 9009: 8842: 6475:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. 6016: 5497:The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800 5200:"Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest human s" 4573:in 1984 against thousands of civilians in the 4389: 4116:The pioneers of the trade union movement were 3598:(as the Protectorate was generally known) and 2720:Historians estimate that in the 15th century, 2418:following a series of fossil discoveries near 2389:in the year 2000, is the six million year old 814: 234: 11115: 10450: 10005: 9407: 7875:"Joyful Kenya Gets Independence From Britain" 6466: 6118: 5964:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1924318.stm 5848:http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1450/documents/ 5073:, Pickford M, Gommery D, et al. (2001). 4678:, was elected president by a large majority. 3788:policies on compulsory relocation of people. 2929:. The Kenyan coast had hosted communities of 2211:ethno-linguistic areas of Africa, Kenya is a 2160: 1770:The Kenya Schools and Colleges Drama Festival 824: 739: 343: 9566: 9547: 9451: 9013:Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa 7326:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 7043:"Annual Report of the Colonies, Kenya, 1930" 5653:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology 5310: 4939:Frontera-Rial, B. A.; Ogot (December 1978). 2806:. It includes the coastal areas of Southern 2762: 9634: 9120:(1st ed.). New York: Holt Paperbacks. 9016:. Vol. 2. USA: Ohio University Press. 8435: 7749: 6062: 4941:"Kenya before 1900: Eight Regional Studies" 3409: 3404: 3092:for trade between the different peoples. A 2614:Highland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture 2222:dates back to the Early Modern period, but 834: 552: 11122: 11108: 10457: 10443: 10012: 9998: 9347:(4). Cambridge University Press: 487–505. 9075: 9040:Kenya. Between Hope and Despair, 1963–2011 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5558:The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology 5316: 2977:- began to establish trade relations with 2167: 2153: 746: 732: 9875:The agricultural history of Kenya to 1939 9840: 9802: 9728:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 9706:The International Politics of East Africa 9369: 9352: 9288:The Politics of the Independence of Kenya 8397: 8086: 7933: 7908:The politics of the independence of Kenya 7459: 7244: 7221: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6502:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 6219:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 5414: 5231:Walker, Alan; Leakey, Richard E. (1993). 4985: 4518: 3930:was the first vice president followed by 3179:to reach the eastern Mediterranean. (The 688:October 2017 Kenyan presidential election 9764: 9604: 9262: 9213: 8995:(1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. 8988: 8896: 8468: 8298: 8226: 6965: 6747: 6617:"The Story of Africa| BBC World Service" 6212: 5869:"East African City States (1000-1500) •" 5831: 5488: 4789:Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013-2022) 4766: 4704: 4642: 4584: 4415: 4317:Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP) 4244:Nairobi People's Convention Party (NPCP) 3506: 2327:. There were allegations that his rival 1765:Kenya Institute of Puppet Theatre (KIPT) 9966: 9920: 9703: 9474: 9156: 9134: 9056: 8899:The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya 8261: 8063: 7707: 7605:https://cotu-kenya.org/history-of-cotuk 7599: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7440: 7350: 7113: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6816:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. 6811: 6656: 6153: 6093: 6087: 6045:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22873.pdf 5976: 5866: 5787: 5617: 5566:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.013.0040 5194: 5159: 5021: 4785:government did not promote until 1995. 4580: 4307:. KANU was formed in May 1960 when the 4136:. In the 1940s, Fred Kubai started the 4083:John David Drummond, 17th Earl of Perth 3743:Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare Association 3273: 2491:fossil remains from Africa (such as at 2365:Fossils found in Kenya have shown that 870:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture 216:Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements) 102:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture 14: 11526: 9955: 9821: 9684: 9590:. Athens, USA: Ohio University Press. 9388: 9194: 9175: 9115: 9079:Labour and Poverty in Kenya, 1900–1980 9037: 8958:(8th ed.). London: Rough Guides. 8954:Trillo R, Jacobs D, Luckham N (2006). 8915: 8877: 8750:from the original on 10 December 2022. 8735: 8117: 7566: 7288: 7177: 6906: 6775: 6703: 6643: 6495: 6271: 6265: 6098:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 5925:"The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea" 5537:from the original on 11 September 2023 5468: 5382: 4863:(12 December 1963 to 12 December 1964) 4087:Minister of State for Colonial affairs 3888: 11129: 11103: 10438: 9993: 9956:Kareri CM (2003). 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Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 5155: 4756: 4569:of 1980, Kenyan troops committed the 4321:Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) 4159:in 1952 but was largely ineffective. 3303:and movement of the Omani capital to 2657:Evidence suggests that autochthonous 648:2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum 633:2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum 9750:. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. 9720:Compares Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. 9657: 9521:Ochieng' WR, Maxon RM, eds. 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Herstmonceux, UK: Mawenzi Books. 9708:. UK: Manchester University Press. 9495:Health, State, and Society in Kenya 9032:Review of African Political Economy 8855:from the original on 5 October 2022 8798:from the original on 15 August 2022 8450:from the original on 5 January 2018 7363:from the original on 4 January 2018 7142:Britain between the wars, 1918–1940 5875:from the original on 29 August 2023 4549:and backed by university students, 4509: 4425:1973 newsreel about Kenyatta's rule 4297:Kenya African National Union (KANU) 4221:Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya) 4142:Clerks and Commercial Workers Union 3977: 3833: 3586:East African campaign (World War I) 3151:defeated the Portuguese in Kenya. 591:1998 United States embassy bombings 477:Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya) 402:East African campaign (World War I) 24: 10576: 10464: 9943:from the original on 4 August 2020 9914: 9882:from the original on 17 April 2022 9635:Ogot BA, Ochieng WR, eds. (1995). 9571:. 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Lewis J (ed.). 8172:from the original on 22 June 2014 7948:from the original on 18 July 2019 7351:Vickers, Hugo (29 January 2012). 7019:. 5 November 1965. Archived from 6657:Kiriama, Herman O. (4 May 2018). 6253:from the original on 4 April 2017 5622:. In Clark JD, Brandt SA (eds.). 5132: 4638: 4313:Kenya Independence Movement (KIM) 4217:Nairobi People's Convention Party 4060:supported the movement. Notably, 3804: 3705:and started a publication called 2798:which is the coastal area of the 2469:to about 1.76 million years old. 2284:one-party status of Kenya into a 829: 683:Garissa University College attack 490: 462:Nairobi People's Convention Party 206:Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins 11430:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11200:Democratic Republic of the Congo 10021: 9477:British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912 8935:Parkinson T, Phillips M (2006). 8836: 8810: 8780: 8754: 8729: 8699: 8669: 8639: 8613: 8587: 8557: 8506: 8462: 8429: 8356: 8320: 8292: 8255: 8220: 8184: 8152: 8136: 8111: 8057: 8045:from the original on 11 May 2023 8027: 8015:from the original on 14 May 2023 7997: 7988: 7979: 7960: 6563:McDow, Thomas Franklin. (2008). 5163:Africa to 1875: A Modern History 4628:Recent history (2002 to present) 4173:Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL) 4146:East Africa Trade Union Congress 3654:Luo Union (Welfare Organisation) 2450:in 1984 on an excavation led by 2253:as its first head of state, and 2234:in 1895, from 1928 known as the 2134: 799: 779: 715: 417:Luo Union (Welfare Organisation) 88: 50: 9456:Kenya: The Quest for Prosperity 8939:(6th ed.). Lonely Planet. 8871: 7899: 7866: 7787: 7743: 7734: 7701: 7689: 7670: 7652: 7616: 7560: 7527: 7501: 7489:from the original on 2 May 2019 7469: 7434: 7408: 7375: 7344: 7331: 7318: 7282: 7238: 7215: 7171: 7132: 7107: 7071: 7035: 7003: 6959: 6900: 6863: 6830: 6769: 6741: 6697: 6634: 6609: 6579: 6556: 6489: 6413: 6404: 6365: 6346: 6316: 6206: 6154:Kusimba, Chapurukha M. 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(1967). 8677:"Kenya profile - Timeline" 6372:Rice, Xan (25 July 2010). 5469:Sample, Ian (5 May 2021). 4760: 4710:Orange Democratic Movement 4698: 4631: 4522: 4393: 4342: 4333:elections of February 1961 4210: 4097: 4010:(WW2) veterans, including 3987: 3981: 3966:in Kenya when her father, 3913:Kikuyu Central Association 3892: 3837: 3808: 3646:Kikuyu Central Association 3635: 3629: 3583: 3419: 3413: 3283: 3277: 3113: 2989:influences on the Swahili 2862:was historically known as 2766: 2642: 2619:Beginning around 700 BCE, 2590:Lothagam North Pillar Site 2529:Savanna Pastoral Neolithic 2522: 2415:Australopithecus anamensis 2350: 2319:. Kibaki was succeeded by 2031:Lothagam North Pillar Site 698:COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya 11443: 11418: 11137: 11061: 10964: 10886: 10877: 10817: 10808: 10700: 10691: 10664: 10596: 10587: 10574: 10476: 10384: 10326: 10268: 10210: 10152: 10094: 10036: 9872:van Zwanenberg R (1972). 9567:Ochieng' WR, ed. (1989). 9552:. Ohio University Press. 9548:Ochieng' WR, ed. 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Tauris. 7973:20 October 2021 at the 6272:Zhukov, Andrey (2004). 5416:10.1126/science.aao2646 4867:Heads of State of Kenya 4856:Colonial Heads of Kenya 4701:2007–2008 Kenyan crisis 4551:attempted a coup d'état 4454:. On 25 February 1965, 3962:were on holiday at the 3711:Kikuyu Association (KA) 3370:Dr. Johann Ludwig Krapf 3243:(ruled 1807–1856), the 2739:people) who moved from 2600:, who had lived in the 2317:2007–2008 Kenyan crisis 830:Early post Independence 825:British Colonial Period 638:2007-2008 Kenyan crisis 491:Early post-independence 344:British colonial period 10581: 9608:J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 9217:J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 9034:33.107 (2006): 11-31. 8413:. 2008. Archived from 8330:J. Contemp. Afr. Stud. 7812:Human Rights Quarterly 6792:10.1093/past/180.1.241 6427:. 2007. Archived from 4835:presidential election. 4772: 4717: 4712:leader Prime Minister 4667: 4594: 4575:North Eastern Province 4519:Moi regime (1978–2002) 4443:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 4426: 4213:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga 3824:explained the issues: 3512: 3107: 2886:) and a long existing 2681:and Uyoma in northern 1760:Kenya National Theatre 1546:Lamu Cultural Festival 663:2014 Mpeketoni attacks 75:List of years in Kenya 11345:São Tomé and Príncipe 11205:Republic of the Congo 10580: 9803:Steinhart EI (2006). 9296:10.1057/9780230377707 7824:10.1353/hrq.2001.0010 7806:Mutua, Makau (2001). 7683:24 April 2023 at the 7610:26 March 2023 at the 7582:10.1093/ahr/119.2.650 7328:36.3 (2008): 527–543. 7011:"We Want Our Country" 6359:14 April 2021 at the 4770: 4763:Demographics of Kenya 4761:Further information: 4708: 4699:Further information: 4646: 4632:Further information: 4588: 4441:(KPU). It was led by 4424: 4380:Central Bank of Kenya 4230:nominated incumbent, 4185:Arthur Aggrey Ochwada 3858:King's African Rifles 3840:Kenya in World War II 3739:Archdeacon W. E. Owen 3510: 3319:moved his capital to 3284:Further information: 3102: 2722:Southern Luo speakers 2604:volcano complex near 2446:, which was found by 2325:2013 general election 2121:Coat of arms of Kenya 1977:Kenyan Premier League 1910:Business Daily Africa 1905:The African Executive 1824:Kenya Film Commission 1633:African Inland Church 534:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki 427:Kenya in World War II 10656:World Heritage Sites 10616:Environmental issues 9765:Sandgren DP (2000). 9514:10.7722/j.ctt1bh2msr 9370:Mackenzie F (1998). 9263:Kitching GN (1980). 8653:. 1 September 2017. 8436:Gettleman J (2008). 8314:10.1093/afraf/adi067 8229:Comparative Politics 8168:. 11 February 2011. 8009:Pasadena Independent 7485:. 16 February 2019. 7461:10.1093/afraf/adm066 7248:J. South. Afr. Stud. 6431:on 27 September 2007 6063:Muhtasari K (2012). 5969:23 July 2018 at the 5929:depts.washington.edu 5533:. 15 December 2022. 5001:10.3138/cjh.19.1.147 4650:and (the late) Mrs. 4581:Multi-party politics 4565:On the heels of the 4504:General Service Unit 4439:Kenya People's Union 4408:Kenya People's Union 3565:Koitalel Arap Samoei 3354:Western Indian Ocean 3274:19th century history 3009:was manufactured at 2917:in Kenya, Misasa in 2904:had migrated to the 2565:, Chelelemuk hills, 2513:Max Planck Institute 2224:European exploration 2076:Dedan Kimathi Statue 2021:World Heritage Sites 1984:Rugby union in Kenya 693:2018 Kenya handshake 653:Operation Linda Nchi 514:Kenya People's Union 392:Kenya-Uganda Railway 372:Kenya-Uganda Railway 11420:States with limited 10528:Kenya African Union 9967:Maathai WM (2006). 9844:J. Asian Afr. Stud. 9475:Mungeam GH (1966). 8989:Anderson D (2005). 8897:Haugerud A (1995). 8713:. 31 January 2018. 8575:on 25 December 2019 7715:The Washington Post 7357:The Daily Telegraph 7023:on 24 February 2019 6812:Gatheru RM (2005). 6719:1963GeogJ.129..140M 6094:Nanjira DD (2010). 5618:Ambrose SH (1984). 5407:2018Sci...360...90B 5288:10.1038/nature10372 5280:2011Natur.477...82L 5095:2001CRASE.332..137S 5029:Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 4915:History of Tanzania 4271:The Kennedy Airlift 4225:The Kennedy Airlift 4070:concentration camps 3920:African nationalist 3895:Kenya African Union 3889:Kenya African Union 3596:British East Africa 3543:. The Africans saw 3434:Mekatilili Wa Menza 3262:on the west. Arab, 3226:captured Fort Jesus 3019:Swahili City States 2945:settlements in the 2898:delta in Tanzania. 2467:magnetostratigraphy 2241:During the wave of 2116:Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu 1883:CRI Nairobi 91.9 FM 1813:Government agencies 1775:Too Early for Birds 1706:and performing arts 885:Elmenteitan culture 865:Koobi Fora Hominins 815:Swahili city states 467:The Kennedy Airlift 432:Kenya African Union 397:Mekatilili Wa Menza 387:British East Africa 352:Johann Ludwig Krapf 235:Swahili city-states 149:Elmenteitan Culture 144:Kalokol Pillar Site 97:Koobi Fora Hominins 18:Kenyan independence 10855:Telecommunications 10601:Biosphere reserves 10582: 10548:Goldenberg scandal 9822:Tignor RL (1998). 9704:Pinkney R (2001). 9685:Percox DA (2004). 9460:. Westview Press. 9389:Maloba WO (1993). 9157:Gibbons A (2007). 9057:Bravman B (1998). 8794:. 15 August 2022. 8683:. 7 January 2020. 8515:Population Studies 8472:J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 8443:The New York Times 8194:Can. J. Afr. Stud. 8118:Percox DA (2004). 8067:J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 7934:Prunier G (2008). 7880:The New York Times 7753:J. Mod. Afr. Stud. 7698:, by Tom Shachtman 7441:Blacker J (2007). 7222:Meshack O (2004). 7114:Kennedy D (1987). 6763:10.3138/cjh.41.1.1 6328:orias.berkeley.edu 5828:, p. 144-154. 5160:Hallett R (1970). 5022:Shipton C (2011). 4773: 4757:Demographic trends 4718: 4668: 4654:with US President 4595: 4472:Ochola Mak'Anyengo 4427: 4371:Commonwealth realm 4367:single-party state 4303:and labour leader 4246:, was inspired by 3956:Princess Elizabeth 3850:Italian Somaliland 3770:Johnstone Kenyatta 3694:Kenya Crown Colony 3664:millennialist cult 3600:German East Africa 3513: 3463:Sultan of Zanzibar 3395:European explorers 3317:Sultan Seyyid Said 3181:Republic of Venice 2995:cultural diffusion 2906:Great Lakes Region 2785:History of Mombasa 2525:Pastoral Neolithic 2395:, named after the 2392:Orrorin tugenensis 2309:Goldenberg scandal 2301:multi-party system 2213:multi-ethnic state 2081:Baden-Powell grave 2071:Tom Mboya Monument 1807:Nation Media Group 1690:Swahili literature 1487:Kalenjin mythology 1220:Kenyan Australians 906:Modern ethnicities 596:Terrorism in Kenya 382:German East Africa 268:History of Malindi 263:History of Mombasa 154:Cushitic expansion 11521: 11520: 11447:other territories 11220:Equatorial Guinea 11131:History of Africa 11097: 11096: 11057: 11056: 10921:Human trafficking 10873: 10872: 10804: 10803: 10769:Political parties 10715:Foreign relations 10687: 10686: 10621:Great Rift Valley 10538:1963 Constitution 10533:Mau Mau rebellion 10432: 10431: 9971:Unbowed: A Memoir 9895:Wolff RD (1974). 9784:Smith DL (2005). 9724:Press RM (2006). 9431:Maxon RM (2003). 9255:978-3-95565-361-3 9195:Kanogo T (2005). 9116:Elkins C (2005). 9038:Branch D (2011). 8916:Mwaura N (2005). 8878:Barsby J (2007). 8627:. 25 October 2017 7603:History of COTU. 7386:. Lynne Rienner. 7341:(2005) pp. 35–41. 7260:10.1080/713683602 7139:Mowat CL (1968). 6848:978-1-135-68425-9 6030:978-1-910634-82-0 5670:978-0-19-085458-4 5356:(15 March 2018). 5320:(15 March 2018). 5318:Chatterjee, Rhitu 4910:History of Uganda 4905:History of Africa 4875:Politics of Kenya 4848:Timeline of Kenya 4838:fifth president. 4634:Politics of Kenya 4500:an attempted coup 4422: 4357:Kenya (1963–1964) 3467:William Mackinnon 3230:Portuguese Empire 3143:control over the 3120:Portuguese Empire 2649:Nilotic expansion 2627:region of Kenya. 2578:Southern Cushitic 2193:Lower Paleolithic 2177: 2176: 2026:List of Monuments 1967:Football in Kenya 1866:Tinga Tinga Tales 1834:Kenya News Agency 756: 755: 581:HIV/AIDS in Kenya 442:Mau Mau Rebellion 310:Portuguese Empire 196:Nilotic expansion 70:Timeline of Kenya 16:(Redirected from 11546: 11534:History of Kenya 11508: 11507:(United Kingdom) 11503:Tristan da Cunha 11499:Ascension Island 11491: 11478: 11469: 11445:Dependencies and 11138:Sovereign states 11124: 11117: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11077: 11070: 10884: 10883: 10850: 10815: 10814: 10795: 10786:Deputy President 10698: 10697: 10594: 10593: 10558:2007–2008 crisis 10459: 10452: 10445: 10436: 10435: 10026: 10025: 10024: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9991: 9990: 9986: 9974: 9963: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9928: 9910: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9867: 9837: 9818: 9799: 9780: 9761: 9739: 9719: 9700: 9681: 9658:Ogot BA (1981). 9654: 9642: 9631: 9601: 9582: 9563: 9544: 9517: 9488: 9471: 9459: 9448: 9427: 9415: 9404: 9385: 9366: 9356: 9330: 9313:Lewis J (2000). 9309: 9282: 9270: 9259: 9240: 9210: 9191: 9172: 9153: 9131: 9112: 9097:Eliot C (1905). 9093: 9072: 9053: 9027: 9006: 8978: 8969: 8950: 8931: 8912: 8893: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8818:"Analyse online" 8814: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8733: 8727: 8726: 8724: 8722: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8617: 8611: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8571:. Archived from 8561: 8555: 8554: 8510: 8504: 8503: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8410:Reuters AlertNet 8401: 8395: 8394: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8241:10.2307/20072883 8224: 8218: 8217: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8090: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8041:. 28 June 2020. 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8001: 7995: 7992: 7986: 7983: 7977: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7931: 7922: 7921: 7906:Keith K (1999). 7903: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7803: 7794: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7747: 7741: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7727: 7708:Dobbs M (2008). 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7662:. Archived from 7656: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7639: 7628: 7620: 7614: 7601: 7586: 7585: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7520: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7348: 7342: 7337:David Anderson, 7335: 7329: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6904: 6898: 6895: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6809: 6796: 6795: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6654: 6641: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6464: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6071:. Archived from 6060: 6054: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6001: 5999: 5980: 5974: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5921: 5915: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5864: 5858: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5802: 5785: 5784:. S2CID 37926350 5774: 5768: 5765: 5759: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5713: 5707: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5615: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5495:Ehret C (2002). 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5466: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5418: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5196:Morelle, Rebecca 5192: 5186: 5185: 5157: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5119: 5113:. Archived from 5083:C. R. Acad. Sci. 5079: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4936: 4571:Wagalla massacre 4567:Garissa massacre 4555:Mahamoud Mohamed 4533:Wagalla massacre 4510:Foreign policies 4496:Kenyan Air Force 4423: 4311:merged with the 4301:James S. Gichuru 4293:Michael Blundell 4283:Barack Obama Sr. 4248:Kwame Nkurumah's 4012:Stanley Mathenge 4000:Mau Mau Uprising 3984:Mau Mau Uprising 3978:Mau-Mau Uprising 3958:and her husband 3846:Second World War 3834:Second World War 3811:Happy Valley set 3762:Joseph Keng’ethe 3608:guerilla warfare 3567:, a diviner and 3491:Frederick Lugard 3483:Waiyaki Wa Hinga 3459:Imperial Germany 3430:Nandi Resistance 3139:that would give 2804:Southeast Africa 2731:(especially the 2621:Southern Nilotic 2602:Ol Doinyo Eburru 2547:Kansyore culture 2505:Middle Stone Age 2484:modern behaviors 2377:handaxes at the 2357:Middle Stone Age 2230:established the 2189:human habitation 2169: 2162: 2155: 2141:Kenya portal 2139: 2138: 2137: 1996:Cricket in Kenya 1846:A24 news channel 1482:Maasai mythology 1215:Kenyan Americans 880:Eburran industry 860:Historic peoples 810:African iron age 783: 774: 772:Culture of Kenya 758: 757: 748: 741: 734: 722:Kenya portal 720: 719: 718: 571:Wagalla massacre 377:Nandi Resistance 178:African Iron Age 159:Eburran industry 112:Enkapune Ya Muto 54: 44:History of Kenya 29: 28: 21: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11517: 11516: 11506: 11489: 11476: 11467: 11448: 11446: 11439: 11423: 11421: 11414: 11133: 11128: 11098: 11093: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11053: 11029:Public holidays 10960: 10869: 10848: 10800: 10793: 10792:Prime Minister 10747:Law enforcement 10683: 10660: 10636:Protected areas 10583: 10572: 10563:2010 referendum 10516:In World War II 10472: 10463: 10433: 10428: 10380: 10322: 10264: 10206: 10148: 10090: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9983: 9946: 9944: 9937: 9917: 9915:Primary sources 9907: 9885: 9883: 9834: 9815: 9796: 9777: 9758: 9736: 9716: 9697: 9670: 9651: 9598: 9579: 9560: 9533: 9506: 9468: 9445: 9424: 9401: 9382: 9327: 9306: 9286:Kyle K (1999). 9279: 9256: 9207: 9188: 9169: 9150: 9128: 9090: 9069: 9050: 9024: 9003: 8985: 8966: 8947: 8928: 8909: 8890: 8874: 8869: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8827: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8799: 8786: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8764:. 31 May 2018. 8760: 8759: 8755: 8744:Financial Times 8734: 8730: 8720: 8718: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8690: 8688: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8645: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8604: 8602: 8601:. 30 March 2013 8593: 8592: 8588: 8578: 8576: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8511: 8507: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8434: 8430: 8420: 8418: 8417:on 20 June 2010 8403: 8402: 8398: 8383: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8325: 8321: 8297: 8293: 8260: 8256: 8225: 8221: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8158: 8157: 8153: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8116: 8112: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8033: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7980: 7975:Wayback Machine 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7932: 7925: 7918: 7904: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7804: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7725: 7723: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7685:Wayback Machine 7675: 7671: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7612:Wayback Machine 7602: 7589: 7565: 7561: 7546: 7532: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7414: 7413: 7409: 7394: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7332: 7323: 7319: 7304:10.2307/3052969 7287: 7283: 7243: 7239: 7220: 7216: 7176: 7172: 7157: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7112: 7108: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7008: 7004: 6964: 6960: 6950: 6948: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6849: 6835: 6831: 6824: 6810: 6799: 6774: 6770: 6746: 6742: 6727:10.2307/1792632 6702: 6698: 6655: 6644: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6465: 6444: 6434: 6432: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6393: 6370: 6366: 6361:Wayback Machine 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6254: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6172:10.2307/1160959 6152: 6148: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6075:on 21 June 2016 6061: 6057: 6052:Wayback Machine 6042: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 5997: 5995: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5971:Wayback Machine 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5905: 5901: 5892: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5855:Wayback Machine 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5788: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5730:10.2307/3097285 5714: 5710: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5587: 5583: 5576: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5538: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5451: 5436: 5432: 5401:(6384): 90–94. 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5351: 5347: 5337: 5335: 5315: 5311: 5274:(7362): 82–85. 5262: 5258: 5243: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5193: 5189: 5174: 5158: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5077: 5068: 5064: 5020: 5016: 4984: 4980: 4957:10.2307/1854817 4937: 4933: 4928: 4844: 4831: 4821:The historical 4791: 4765: 4759: 4703: 4697: 4688: 4686:Economic trends 4641: 4636: 4630: 4591:Daniel arap Moi 4583: 4547:Hezekiah Ochuka 4535: 4521: 4512: 4491:Daniel arap Moi 4480:Kisumu massacre 4464:Oginga Odinga's 4416: 4414: 4412:Kisumu massacre 4392: 4359: 4341: 4289:New Kenya Group 4275:Wangari Maathai 4267:John F. Kennedy 4236:Daniel Arap Moi 4232:Argwings Kodhek 4227: 4209: 4193:Clement Lubembe 4166:western leaning 4155:was started by 4114: 4096: 4066:Argwings Kodhek 3996: 3986: 3980: 3897: 3891: 3866: 3842: 3836: 3813: 3807: 3755:Luo communities 3674:spread amongst 3656: 3638:White Highlands 3634: 3628: 3592:First World War 3588: 3582: 3580:First World War 3440: 3418: 3412: 3407: 3288: 3286:Muscat and Oman 3282: 3276: 3236:, until 1975.) 3130: 3128:Said bin Sultan 3112: 3094:Swahili culture 2868:Greco-Roman era 2787: 2777:Swahili culture 2765: 2757:Nyanza Province 2753:Thimlich Ohinga 2715:Swahili culture 2668:Bantu expansion 2659:Iron production 2655: 2645:Bantu expansion 2641: 2563:Mfangano Island 2539:hunter-gatherer 2535: 2521: 2444:Nariokotome Boy 2387:Martin Pickford 2363: 2361:Later Stone Age 2353:Early Stone Age 2349: 2299:, to restore a 2297:Smith Hempstone 2278:Daniel arap Moi 2270:one-party state 2197:Bantu expansion 2173: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2125: 2111:National anthem 2096: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2051:Jumba la Mtwana 2041:Thimlich Ohinga 2016: 2015: 2006: 2005: 1962:Athletics Kenya 1957: 1956: 1945: 1944: 1920:The EastAfrican 1878:98.4 Capital FM 1792: 1791: 1780: 1779: 1754:Performing arts 1708: 1707: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1672: 1663:Traditional art 1658: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1618: 1617: 1606: 1605: 1521: 1520: 1502: 1501: 1465:Bantu mythology 1460: 1459: 1450: 1449: 1242: 1241: 1230: 1229: 890:Sirikwa culture 857: 856: 845: 844: 795: 794: 770: 752: 716: 714: 709: 708: 707: 617: 607: 606: 605: 561:Daniel Arap Moi 555: 545: 544: 543: 524:Kisumu Massacre 493: 483: 482: 481: 346: 336: 335: 334: 330:Said bin Sultan 299: 289: 288: 287: 283:Jumba la Mtwana 273:History of Lamu 258:Kilwa Sultanate 253:Swahili culture 237: 227: 226: 225: 191:Bantu expansion 186:Sirikwa culture 180: 170: 169: 168: 133: 123: 122: 121: 91: 81: 80: 79: 64: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11552: 11542: 11541: 11536: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11512:Western Sahara 11509: 11492: 11479: 11470: 11456:Canary Islands 11452: 11451: 11449: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11432: 11426: 11424: 11419: 11416: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11134: 11127: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11104: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11079: 11078: 11071: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10891:Child marriage 10887: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10798: 10788: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10771: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10732: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10568:2013 Elections 10565: 10560: 10555: 10553:1992 Elections 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10523:Ilemi Triangle 10520: 10519: 10518: 10508: 10506:Uganda Railway 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10462: 10461: 10454: 10447: 10439: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10269: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10147: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10031:(1963–present) 10017: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9994: 9988: 9987: 9981: 9964: 9953: 9935: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9905: 9892: 9869: 9850:(4): 371–388. 9838: 9832: 9819: 9813: 9800: 9794: 9781: 9775: 9762: 9756: 9740: 9734: 9721: 9714: 9701: 9695: 9682: 9668: 9655: 9649: 9632: 9602: 9596: 9583: 9577: 9564: 9558: 9545: 9531: 9518: 9504: 9489: 9472: 9466: 9449: 9443: 9428: 9422: 9405: 9399: 9386: 9380: 9367: 9331: 9325: 9310: 9304: 9283: 9277: 9260: 9254: 9241: 9223:(3): 325–344. 9211: 9205: 9192: 9186: 9173: 9167: 9154: 9148: 9132: 9126: 9113: 9094: 9088: 9073: 9067: 9054: 9048: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9007: 9001: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8970: 8964: 8951: 8945: 8932: 8926: 8913: 8907: 8894: 8888: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8835: 8809: 8779: 8753: 8728: 8698: 8668: 8638: 8612: 8586: 8556: 8521:(3): 355–373. 8505: 8478:(1): 117–142. 8461: 8428: 8396: 8381: 8355: 8319: 8308:(418): 51–75. 8291: 8272:(2): 211–233. 8254: 8235:(2): 207–227. 8219: 8206:10.2307/486297 8200:(3): 473–517. 8183: 8151: 8135: 8128: 8110: 8073:(3): 399–427. 8056: 8026: 7996: 7987: 7978: 7959: 7923: 7916: 7898: 7865: 7795: 7786: 7759:(1): 107–126. 7742: 7733: 7700: 7688: 7669: 7666:on 4 May 2017. 7651: 7631:cotu-kenya.org 7615: 7587: 7576:(2): 650–651. 7570:Am. Hist. Rev. 7559: 7544: 7526: 7500: 7482:Bloomberg News 7468: 7433: 7407: 7392: 7374: 7343: 7330: 7317: 7298:(4): 767–778. 7281: 7254:(4): 697–718. 7237: 7214: 7187:(1): 103–125. 7170: 7155: 7131: 7124: 7106: 7087:(366): 69–87. 7070: 7034: 7002: 6975:(1): 119–146. 6958: 6925:10.2307/217849 6919:(4): 653–670. 6899: 6871: 6862: 6847: 6829: 6822: 6797: 6786:(1): 241–275. 6768: 6740: 6713:(2): 140–155. 6696: 6669:(2): 192–206. 6642: 6633: 6608: 6578: 6555: 6508:(3): 372–391. 6488: 6481: 6442: 6412: 6403: 6364: 6345: 6315: 6278:Sudanic Africa 6264: 6225:(1): 180–182. 6205: 6146: 6133:10.2307/220649 6127:(2): 257–290. 6111: 6104: 6086: 6069:swahilihub.com 6055: 6036: 6029: 6009: 5975: 5973:Cited 19-11-20 5955: 5946: 5916: 5912:978-9173463775 5899: 5886: 5859: 5839: 5830: 5818: 5786: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5708: 5691: 5682: 5669: 5639: 5632: 5607: 5598: 5581: 5574: 5548: 5522: 5512: 5505: 5487: 5461: 5430: 5381: 5345: 5309: 5256: 5241: 5223: 5187: 5172: 5131: 5120:on 25 May 2010 5062: 5035:(2): 141–155. 5014: 4995:(1): 147–148. 4978: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4877: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4840: 4830: 4827: 4803:Uhuru Kenyatta 4790: 4787: 4758: 4755: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4672:Uhuru Kenyatta 4656:George W. Bush 4640: 4639:2002 elections 4637: 4629: 4626: 4582: 4579: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4458:, a Kenyan of 4456:Pio Gama Pinto 4404:Pio Gama Pinto 4391: 4388: 4340: 4337: 4329:Masinde Muliro 4256:In June 1958, 4208: 4205: 4095: 4092: 4062:Pio Gama Pinto 4025:Kapenguria six 3982:Main article: 3979: 3976: 3968:King George VI 3964:Treetops Hotel 3893:Main article: 3890: 3887: 3865: 3862: 3838:Main article: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3830: 3806: 3805:Representation 3803: 3747:James Beauttah 3630:Main article: 3627: 3624: 3584:Main article: 3581: 3578: 3525:Uganda Railway 3426:Uganda Railway 3414:Main article: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3349:Moresby Treaty 3275: 3272: 3268:Swahili people 3189:Constantinople 3111: 3108: 3080:Bantu language 3048:on his way to 3031:Swahili script 3007:crucible steel 2991:Bantu language 2790:Swahili people 2781:Islam in Kenya 2773:Shirazi people 2769:Swahili people 2764: 2761: 2640: 2637: 2545:speakers. The 2520: 2517: 2509:Panga ya Saidi 2452:Richard Leakey 2348: 2345: 2341:Uhuru Kenyatta 2321:Uhuru Kenyatta 2307:, such as the 2261:. It became a 2259:Prime Minister 2247:United Kingdom 2243:decolonisation 2228:British Empire 2181:Eastern Africa 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728:Kenyan hip hop 1725: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526:New Year's Day 1522: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1428: 1427: 1426: 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225:Kenyan Britons 1222: 1217: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 914: 903: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 858: 852: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 840:Recent history 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 796: 790: 789: 788: 785: 784: 776: 775: 767: 766: 754: 753: 751: 750: 743: 736: 728: 725: 724: 711: 710: 706: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 673:Uhuru Kenyatta 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 619: 618: 615:Recent history 613: 612: 609: 608: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 557: 556: 551: 550: 547: 546: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 504:Pio Gama Pinto 501: 495: 494: 489: 488: 485: 484: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 348: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 300: 295: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 248:Swahili people 245: 239: 238: 233: 232: 229: 228: 224: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 182: 181: 176: 175: 172: 171: 167: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 135: 134: 129: 128: 125: 124: 120: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 78: 77: 72: 66: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 47: 46: 40: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11551: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11513: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11487: 11483: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11450: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11417: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260:Guinea-Bissau 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 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Afr. Hist. 9337: 9332: 9328: 9326:9780852557853 9322: 9318: 9317: 9311: 9307: 9305:9780333760987 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9280: 9278:9780300023855 9274: 9269: 9268: 9261: 9257: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9206:9780821415689 9202: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9187:9780415977302 9183: 9179: 9174: 9170: 9168:9781400076963 9164: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9149:9780786421992 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9127:9781844135486 9123: 9119: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9103:. E. Arnold. 9102: 9101: 9095: 9091: 9089:9780198285052 9085: 9081: 9080: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9060: 9055: 9051: 9049:9780300148763 9045: 9041: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9023:9780852550991 9019: 9015: 9014: 9008: 9004: 9002:9780393059861 8998: 8994: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8976: 8971: 8967: 8965:9781843536512 8961: 8957: 8952: 8948: 8946:9781740597432 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8927:9780875863214 8923: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8908:9780521595902 8904: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8889:9781857333497 8885: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8839: 8823: 8819: 8813: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8732: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8672: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8590: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8560: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8465: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8432: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8382:9781108764063 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8258: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8187: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8155: 8147: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8129:9781850434603 8125: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7963: 7947: 7943: 7942: 7941:openDemocracy 7937: 7930: 7928: 7919: 7917:9780333720080 7913: 7910:. Macmillan. 7909: 7902: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7818:(1): 96–118. 7817: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7800: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7655: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7545:9780812244953 7541: 7537: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7472: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7393:1-55587-537-8 7389: 7385: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7292:Law Soc. Rev. 7285: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181:J. Afr. Hist. 7174: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7156:9780416295108 7152: 7148: 7144: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7125:9780822307082 7121: 7117: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969:J. Afr. Hist. 6962: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6903: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6841:. Routledge. 6840: 6833: 6825: 6823:9780786421992 6819: 6815: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751:Can. J. Hist. 6744: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6637: 6622: 6621:www.bbc.co.uk 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6484: 6482:9780810836167 6478: 6473: 6472: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6107: 6105:9780313379826 6101: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6040: 6032: 6026: 6023:. 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3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3901:Kikuyu people 3896: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822:Charles Mowat 3817: 3812: 3802: 3799: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766:Jesse Kariuki 3763: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3735:‘Piny Owacho’ 3732: 3731:Kenyan Colony 3728: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:Lake Victoria 3665: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3620:Carrier Corps 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3521:Lake Victoria 3518: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329:Lake Victoria 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3185:Ottoman Turks 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156:Vasco da Gama 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3116:Vasco da Gama 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3089:lingua franca 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3027:Swahili texts 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2947:Swahili coast 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2911:Swahili coast 2907: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860:Swahili coast 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2818:and Northern 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2795:Swahili coast 2791: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701:in Kenya and 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Urewe culture 2671: 2669: 2664: 2661:developed in 2660: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:Lake Victoria 2556: 2555:Migori county 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2337:Jubilee Party 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255:Jomo Kenyatta 2252: 2249:in 1963, had 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 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Retrieved 5115:the original 5086: 5081: 5065: 5032: 5027: 5017: 4992: 4988: 4981: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4832: 4820: 4811:William Ruto 4807:Raila Odinga 4792: 4774: 4742: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714:Omolo Odinga 4689: 4680: 4669: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4599: 4596: 4564: 4540: 4536: 4513: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4468: 4452:Soviet Union 4432: 4428: 4384: 4363: 4360: 4339:Independence 4325:Ronald Ngala 4286: 4279:Barack Obama 4255: 4228: 4189:Dennis Akumu 4182: 4157:Aggrey Minya 4150: 4132:started the 4130:Makhan Singh 4118:Makhan Singh 4115: 4079: 4053: 4008:World War II 3997: 3952: 3947: 3917: 3898: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3864:Rural trends 3843: 3818: 3814: 3794: 3790: 3782:World War II 3773: 3759: 3734: 3724: 3706: 3692: 3686: 3684: 3680:Kisii people 3657: 3632:Kenya Colony 3626:Kenya Colony 3589: 3574:Crown Colony 3562: 3558: 3550: 3537:missionaries 3533: 3514: 3495: 3457: 3454: 3443: 3441: 3392: 3367: 3341: 3333:Lake Baringo 3289: 3256:pastoralists 3253:semi-nomadic 3245:Omani sultan 3238: 3217: 3202: 3194:monopolistic 3169:Persian Gulf 3153: 3145:Indian Ocean 3131: 3124:Omani Empire 3103: 3087: 3074: 3035: 2964: 2956:Roman Empire 2902:Bantu Groups 2900: 2896:Rufiji River 2892:Graeco-Roman 2880:Graeco-Roman 2872:Zanj or Zinj 2800:Indian Ocean 2793: 2792:inhabit the 2788: 2750: 2719: 2691: 2687:carbon steel 2672: 2656: 2629: 2618: 2610: 2582:pastoralists 2575: 2536: 2501:Homo sapiens 2500: 2493:Jebel Irhoud 2489:Homo sapiens 2488: 2480:Olorgesailie 2475:Homo sapiens 2473: 2471: 2463:West Turkana 2456: 2448:Kamoya Kimeu 2439:Homo erectus 2437: 2435: 2430: 2424: 2420:Lake Turkana 2413: 2410:Meave Leakey 2407: 2400: 2390: 2371:Louis Leakey 2364: 2329:Raila Odinga 2294: 2285: 2281: 2266: 2251:Elizabeth II 2240: 2236:Kenya Colony 2217: 2209:Afro-Asiatic 2205:Nilo-Saharan 2178: 2106:Coat of arms 1935:The Standard 1915:Daily Nation 1898: 1897: 1871: 1870: 1839: 1838: 1812: 1811: 1753: 1752: 1581:Mashujaa Day 1556:Madaraka Day 1419:Indo-Iranian 1313:Nilo-Saharan 1208: 1207: 1203:Kenyan Arabs 905: 904: 859: 791: 678:William Ruto 643:Raila Odinga 407:Kenya Colony 325:Omani Empire 43: 26: 11422:recognition 11375:South Sudan 11265:Ivory Coast 10842:Real Estate 10822:Agriculture 10735:LGBT rights 8454:22 February 8336:(1): 1–28. 8176:14 November 7891:12 December 7554:j.ctt3fhw4p 6757:(1): 1–22. 6548:18 November 6198:21 November 5914:, pp. 72–84 5857:pages 17–42 5724:(1): 5–41. 4951:(5): 1314. 4795:Mwai Kibaki 4778:Demographic 4734:Rift Valley 4676:Mwai Kibaki 4664:White House 4652:Lucy Kibaki 4648:Mwai Kibaki 4281:'s father, 4128:. In 1935, 4057:Harry Thuku 4004:forty group 3994:Forty Group 3972:Jim Corbett 3932:Tom Mbotela 3924:Eliud Mathu 3909:Harry Thuku 3778:Harry Thuku 3774:Mugwithania 3715:Harry Thuku 3701:formed the 3699:Harry Thuku 3642:Harry Thuku 3616:Indian Army 3325:Mount Kenya 3309:Seyyid Said 3307:in 1839 by 3301:slave trade 3297:plantations 3292:city-states 3241:Seyyid Said 3200:barriers.) 3165:spice-trade 3137:naval bases 3098:Middle Ages 3070:Lamu Island 3042:Ibn Battuta 3013:, south of 2952:city-states 2931:ironworkers 2852:Pate Island 2741:South Sudan 2729:Luo Peoples 2663:West Africa 2633:Elmenteitan 2625:Rift Valley 2606:Lake Nakuru 2586:Namoratunga 2567:Namoratunga 2533:Elmenteitan 2457:The oldest 2397:Tugen Hills 2347:Paleolithic 2313:Mwai Kibaki 2036:Namoratunga 1930:Kenya Times 1893:Radio Maria 1628:Anglicanism 1623:Catholicism 1586:Jamhuri Day 1566:Eid al-Adha 1561:Eid al-Fitr 1536:Good Friday 1349:Afroasiatic 1247:Niger–Congo 800:Pleistocene 628:Mwai Kibaki 422:Harry Thuku 89:Pleistocene 11528:Categories 11477:(Portugal) 11435:Somaliland 11355:Seychelles 11320:Mozambique 11305:Mauritania 11290:Madagascar 11245:The Gambia 11180:Cape Verde 11009:Literature 10896:Corruption 10849:(currency) 10757:Parliament 10720:Government 10611:Ecoregions 9136:Gatheru MR 9068:0852556837 8828:2 November 8088:2144/39906 7873:Conley R. 7726:1 February 7426:5 November 7359:. London. 7232:1911/18678 6951:5 November 6857:1079786953 6308:14 January 5897:(2002), 6. 5124:1 December 5089:(2): 140. 4926:References 4730:Majimboism 4660:Laura Bush 4606:World Bank 4589:President 4523:See also: 4400:Shifta War 4394:See also: 4343:See also: 4211:See also: 4122:Fred Kubai 4104:Fred Kubai 4098:See also: 4045:Fred Kubai 4020:Fred Kubai 3988:See also: 3934:. In 1947 3809:See also: 3676:Luo people 3636:See also: 3545:witchcraft 3479:Tanganyika 3420:See also: 3345:Royal Navy 3278:See also: 3234:Mozambique 3221:Fort Jesus 3211:conquered 3133:Portuguese 3114:See also: 3082:with many 3044:, visited 3023:Gedi Ruins 2820:Mozambique 2767:See also: 2643:See also: 2571:Twa people 2551:Gogo falls 2523:See also: 2351:See also: 2305:corruption 2179:A part of 2066:Fort Jesus 1899:Newspapers 1851:Citizen TV 1840:Television 1797:Television 1682:Literature 1601:Boxing Day 1571:Huduma Day 1551:Labour day 1492:Kit-Mikayi 1424:Hindustani 499:Shifta War 315:Fort Jesus 164:Hyrax Hill 11310:Mauritius 10946:Squatting 10926:Languages 10911:Education 10865:Transport 10847:Shilling 10794:(defunct) 10774:President 10742:Judiciary 10710:Elections 10646:Volcanoes 10631:Mountains 10589:Geography 10027:Years in 9975:. Knopf. 9864:146279215 9628:153973377 9541:655670874 9237:154527979 9109:13518463M 8802:19 August 8569:Kenya Law 8391:238119891 8350:154675141 8302:Afr. Aff. 8286:154320354 8105:154614480 7848:144841688 7832:0275-0392 7781:154841201 7448:Afr. Aff. 7402:605625460 7276:145084039 7209:144908965 7081:Afr. Aff. 6997:162644039 6933:0361-7882 6707:Geogr. J. 6691:156049071 6683:2161-9441 6573:276771040 6538:143156468 6522:1353-0194 6386:0261-3077 6290:0803-0685 6247:161233427 6239:0067-270X 6188:145418214 5826:Ogot 1967 5738:0361-7882 5520:161788802 5182:601840204 5057:162280131 5009:0008-4107 4965:0002-8762 4852:Leaders: 4823:handshake 4799:elections 4753:numbers. 4658:and Mrs. 4498:launched 4331:. In the 4323:, led by 4305:Tom Mboya 4291:, led by 4161:Tom Mboya 4112:Tom Mboya 4033:Paul Ngei 3915:in 1924. 3907:, led by 3450:Highlands 3378:Mijikenda 3339:country. 3331:and past 3187:captured 3040:explorer 2923:Ras Hafun 2703:Ras Hafun 2519:Neolithic 2497:Florisbad 2459:Acheulean 2442:known as 2375:Acheulian 2187:has seen 2061:Siyu Fort 2056:Lamu Fort 2014:Monuments 1888:Pamoja FM 1518:Festivals 1458:Mythology 1412:Afrikaans 1292:Kigiryama 1282:Oluluhyia 1239:Languages 1146:Mijikenda 900:Shungwaya 805:Neolithic 452:Tom Mboya 211:Shungwaya 131:Neolithic 11501: / 11497: / 11490:(France) 11484: / 11462: / 11458: / 11410:Zimbabwe 11385:Tanzania 11235:Ethiopia 11230:Eswatini 11210:Djibouti 11175:Cameroon 11160:Botswana 11084:Category 10941:Religion 10931:Polygamy 10762:Building 10752:Military 10730:Intersex 10693:Politics 10679:Counties 10651:Wildlife 10486:Timeline 10470:articles 10389:Pre-1963 9947:12 March 9941:Archived 9886:12 March 9880:Archived 9746:(2002). 9138:(2005). 8853:Archived 8822:Archived 8796:Archived 8792:BBC News 8772:23 April 8766:Archived 8748:Archived 8715:Archived 8711:BBC News 8685:Archived 8681:BBC News 8655:Archived 8543:16249155 8535:30040477 8500:55019548 8448:Archived 8421:10 March 8249:20072883 8170:Archived 8165:BBC News 8049:2 August 8043:Archived 8019:2 August 8013:Archived 7971:Archived 7952:10 March 7946:Archived 7885:Archived 7858:22 March 7852:Archived 7720:Archived 7681:Archived 7644:1 August 7635:Archived 7608:Archived 7513:Archived 7487:Archived 7420:Archived 7361:Archived 7165:10833602 7063:1 August 7054:Archived 6945:Archived 6601:2 August 6595:Archived 6542:Archived 6530:23525391 6435:12 March 6396:2 August 6390:Archived 6357:Archived 6338:2 August 6332:Archived 6302:Archived 6298:25653410 6284:: 1–15. 6257:2 August 6251:Archived 6192:Archived 6048:Archived 5998:16 April 5992:Archived 5967:Archived 5939:2 August 5933:Archived 5879:2 August 5873:Archived 5851:Archived 5811:2 August 5782:17830304 5705:19407144 5676:2 August 5594:30127016 5541:2 August 5535:Archived 5448:Archived 5444:BBC News 5425:29545508 5374:15 March 5368:Archived 5354:Yong, Ed 5338:15 March 5332:Archived 5296:21886161 5251:26633945 5210:Archived 5205:BBC News 5198:(2015). 5111:14235881 5049:41486769 4898:timeline 4892:Nairobi 4888:timeline 4882:Mombasa 4842:See also 4816:election 4608:and the 4545:Grade-I 4364:de facto 4201:Cold War 3854:Ethiopia 3672:Mumboism 3660:Mumboism 3650:Mumboism 3511:1911 map 3475:Zanzibar 3399:Zanzibar 3393:By 1850 3321:Zanzibar 3313:Zanzibar 3305:Zanzibar 3249:Zanzibar 3177:caravans 3158:visited 3141:Portugal 3064:visited 3062:Zheng He 3060:Admiral 3038:Moroccan 3003:Ethiopia 2975:Zanzibar 2919:Tanzania 2832:Zanzibar 2816:Tanzania 2743:through 2695:Tanzania 2639:Iron Age 2594:Tanzania 2408:In 1995 2367:primates 2335:and the 2290:Cold War 2282:de facto 2267:de facto 2263:republic 1940:The Star 1615:Religion 1392:Germanic 1359:Rendille 1354:Cushitic 1328:Kalenjin 1287:Kipokomo 1272:Ekegusii 1209:Diaspora 1131:Rendille 1106:Ilchamus 1009:Kipsigis 1004:Marakwet 994:Kalenjin 962:Maragoli 763:a series 761:Part of 412:Mumboism 62:Overview 35:a series 33:Part of 11486:Réunion 11482:Mayotte 11473:Madeira 11468:(Spain) 11464:Melilla 11395:Tunisia 11365:Somalia 11350:Senegal 11335:Nigeria 11325:Namibia 11315:Morocco 11280:Liberia 11275:Lesotho 11225:Eritrea 11195:Comoros 11170:Burundi 11145:Algeria 11068:Outline 11044:Swahili 11019:Museums 10989:English 10966:Culture 10879:Society 10860:Tourism 10810:Economy 10606:Climate 10478:History 9744:Sabar G 9678:7596161 8983:History 8849:Reuters 8579:4 April 8551:6415353 8492:4486722 8145:Society 7840:4489325 7519:17 July 7367:5 April 7312:3052969 7268:2637567 7201:4100831 7027:8 March 6735:1792632 6715:Bibcode 6180:1160959 6079:17 July 5746:3097285 5403:Bibcode 5395:Science 5304:4419567 5276:Bibcode 5216:7 March 5091:Bibcode 5071:Senut B 4973:1854817 4894:history 4884:history 4662:at the 4593:in 1979 4543:Private 4074:torture 3844:In the 3729:to the 3707:Tangazo 3688:kipande 3387:Mombasa 3337:Samburu 3315:. When 3264:Shirazi 3205:Mombasa 3173:Red Sea 3160:Mombasa 3076:Swahili 3066:Malindi 3058:Chinese 3046:Mombasa 3015:Mombasa 2971:Malindi 2967:Mombasa 2939:Azanian 2927:Somalia 2870:and as 2866:in the 2848:Malindi 2840:Mombasa 2836:Comoros 2808:Somalia 2737:Padhola 2726:Nilotic 2707:Somalia 2635:sites. 2543:Khoisan 2427:Lomekwi 2383:hominid 2323:in the 2286:de jure 2272:by the 2257:as its 2220:Mombasa 2094:Symbols 1743:Soukous 1738:Ohangla 1733:Lingala 1643:Judaism 1638:Quakers 1508:Cuisine 1441:Italian 1402:English 1371:Semitic 1338:Turkana 1318:Nilotic 1277:Kimîîru 1257:Swahili 1173:Swahili 1156:Giriama 1141:Sengwer 1111:Turkana 1101:Samburu 972:Tachoni 957:Marachi 922:Banyala 835:Moi Era 792:History 553:Moi era 117:Nataruk 11505: 11488: 11475: 11405:Zambia 11400:Uganda 11340:Rwanda 11295:Malawi 11255:Guinea 11150:Angola 11089:Portal 11034:Sports 10979:Cinema 10974:Anthem 10916:Health 10837:Energy 10832:Coffee 10674:Cities 10641:Rivers 10468: 9979: 9933: 9903: 9862: 9830: 9811: 9792: 9773: 9754: 9732: 9712: 9693: 9676: 9666: 9647: 9626: 9594: 9575: 9556: 9539: 9529: 9512: 9502: 9485:418768 9483: 9464: 9441: 9420: 9397: 9378: 9363:181774 9361: 9323: 9302: 9275: 9252: 9235: 9203: 9184: 9165: 9146: 9124: 9107: 9086: 9065: 9046: 9020: 8999: 8962: 8943: 8924: 8905: 8886: 8721:30 May 8691:30 May 8661:30 May 8631:30 May 8605:30 May 8549: 8541: 8533: 8498: 8490: 8389: 8379: 8348: 8284: 8247: 8214:486297 8212: 8126: 8103: 8097:160453 8095: 8039:Nation 7914: 7846: 7838: 7830: 7779: 7773:160378 7771: 7552: 7542: 7400: 7390: 7310: 7274: 7266: 7207: 7199: 7163: 7153: 7147:109–10 7122: 7101:723097 7099: 6995: 6989:179923 6987: 6941:217849 6939: 6931: 6855: 6845: 6820: 6733: 6689: 6681: 6626:30 May 6591:dw.com 6571: 6536: 6528: 6520: 6479: 6384: 6296: 6288: 6245: 6237: 6186: 6178: 6160:Africa 6141:220649 6139: 6102: 6027: 5910: 5780: 5744: 5736: 5703: 5667: 5630: 5592: 5572: 5503: 5423: 5302: 5294: 5267:Nature 5249: 5239: 5180: 5170: 5109: 5055: 5047: 5007: 4971: 4963: 4783:Uganda 4738:Nakuru 4531:, and 4410:, and 4355:, and 4223:, and 4110:, and 3946:, the 3940:Kisumu 3798:Kikuyu 3751:Kikuyu 3652:, and 3612:Zambia 3554:Maasai 3541:famine 3529:Uganda 3517:Kisumu 3487:Kikuyu 3436:, and 3260:Uganda 3239:Under 3198:tariff 3126:, and 3084:Arabic 2999:Hijrah 2993:, and 2987:Arabic 2973:, and 2960:Azania 2884:Azania 2864:Azania 2858:. The 2824:Sofala 2783:, and 2745:Uganda 2733:Acholi 2683:Nyanza 2651:, and 2531:, and 2359:, and 2195:. The 1802:Cinema 1748:Taarab 1718:Boomba 1576:Diwali 1531:Mawlid 1475:Akamba 1470:Gikuyu 1436:French 1431:Italic 1407:German 1376:Arabic 1364:Somali 1323:Dholuo 1302:bajuni 1297:Kiembu 1262:Kikuyu 1183:Taveta 1166:Chonyi 1161:Duruma 1151:Jibana 1121:Sakuye 1116:Borana 1096:Maasai 1081:Mbeere 1061:Somali 1034:Sabaot 1014:Elgeyo 977:Tiriki 967:Marama 942:Isukha 937:Idakho 927:Bukusu 912:Kikuyu 854:People 765:on the 37:on the 11460:Ceuta 11380:Sudan 11330:Niger 11285:Libya 11270:Kenya 11250:Ghana 11240:Gabon 11215:Egypt 11155:Benin 11075:Index 11039:Sheng 11024:Music 11014:Media 11004:Names 10994:Engsh 10956:Women 10901:Crime 10626:Lakes 10466:Kenya 10029:Kenya 9860:S2CID 9624:S2CID 9510:JSTOR 9359:JSTOR 9233:S2CID 8937:Kenya 8880:Kenya 8547:S2CID 8531:JSTOR 8496:S2CID 8488:JSTOR 8387:S2CID 8346:S2CID 8282:S2CID 8245:JSTOR 8210:JSTOR 8101:S2CID 8093:JSTOR 7844:S2CID 7836:JSTOR 7777:S2CID 7769:JSTOR 7638:(PDF) 7627:(PDF) 7550:JSTOR 7493:3 May 7308:JSTOR 7272:S2CID 7264:JSTOR 7205:S2CID 7197:JSTOR 7097:JSTOR 7057:(PDF) 7046:(PDF) 6993:S2CID 6985:JSTOR 6937:JSTOR 6731:JSTOR 6687:S2CID 6534:S2CID 6526:JSTOR 6294:JSTOR 6243:S2CID 6184:S2CID 6176:JSTOR 6137:JSTOR 5742:JSTOR 5480:5 May 5454:5 May 5300:S2CID 5118:(PDF) 5107:S2CID 5078:(PDF) 5053:S2CID 5045:JSTOR 4969:JSTOR 4375:Kenya 3569:Nandi 3519:, on 3382:Rabai 3358:Pemba 3335:into 3213:Kilwa 3054:Sunni 3050:Kilwa 2983:Islam 2979:Arabs 2935:Bantu 2915:Kwale 2878:is a 2828:Kilwa 2812:Kenya 2699:Kwale 2557:near 2201:Bantu 2185:Kenya 1954:Sport 1872:Radio 1789:Media 1723:Genge 1713:Benga 1704:Music 1267:Kamba 1252:Bantu 1188:Okiek 1178:Taita 1136:Gabra 1071:Kuria 1066:Kisii 1056:Kamba 1051:Kunta 1029:Pokot 1024:Terik 1019:Tugen 999:Nandi 987:Wanga 982:Samia 947:Khayo 917:Luhya 11390:Togo 11300:Mali 11190:Chad 10999:Flag 10779:list 10424:1969 10419:1968 10414:1967 10409:1966 10404:1965 10399:1964 10394:1963 10376:1979 10371:1978 10366:1977 10361:1976 10356:1975 10351:1974 10346:1973 10341:1972 10336:1971 10331:1970 10318:1989 10313:1988 10308:1987 10303:1986 10298:1985 10293:1984 10288:1983 10283:1982 10278:1981 10273:1980 10260:1999 10255:1998 10250:1997 10245:1996 10240:1995 10235:1994 10230:1993 10225:1992 10220:1991 10215:1990 10202:2009 10197:2008 10192:2007 10187:2006 10182:2005 10177:2004 10172:2003 10167:2002 10162:2001 10157:2000 10144:2019 10139:2018 10134:2017 10129:2016 10124:2015 10119:2014 10114:2013 10109:2012 10104:2011 10099:2010 10086:2029 10081:2028 10076:2027 10071:2026 10066:2025 10061:2024 10056:2023 10051:2022 10046:2021 10041:2020 9977:ISBN 9949:2019 9931:ISBN 9901:ISBN 9888:2019 9828:ISBN 9809:ISBN 9790:ISBN 9771:ISBN 9752:ISBN 9730:ISBN 9710:ISBN 9691:ISBN 9674:OCLC 9664:ISBN 9645:ISBN 9592:ISBN 9573:ISBN 9554:ISBN 9537:OCLC 9527:ISBN 9500:ISBN 9481:OCLC 9462:ISBN 9439:ISBN 9418:ISBN 9395:ISBN 9376:ISBN 9321:ISBN 9300:ISBN 9273:ISBN 9250:ISBN 9201:ISBN 9182:ISBN 9163:ISBN 9144:ISBN 9122:ISBN 9084:ISBN 9063:ISBN 9044:ISBN 9018:ISBN 8997:ISBN 8960:ISBN 8941:ISBN 8922:ISBN 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