2519:
2543:(1982, 1983). These sequences revealed that there are two distinct but homologous keratin families, which were named type I and type II keratins. By analysis of the primary structures of these keratins and other intermediate filament proteins, Hanukoglu and Fuchs suggested a model in which keratins and intermediate filament proteins contain a central ~310 residue domain with four segments in α-helical conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted to be in beta-turn conformation. This model has been confirmed by the determination of the crystal structure of a helical domain of keratins.
200:
2991:
483:
475:
418:
2713:
2963:
Metabolism ceases, and the cells are almost completely filled by keratin. During the process of epithelial differentiation, cells become cornified as keratin protein is incorporated into longer keratin intermediate filaments. Eventually the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles disappear, metabolism
2976:
These hard, integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead, cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin. Hair grows continuously and feathers molt and regenerate. The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but
2968:
as they become fully keratinized. In many other cell types, such as cells of the dermis, keratin filaments and other intermediate filaments function as part of the cytoskeleton to mechanically stabilize the cell against physical stress. It does this through connections to desmosomes, cell–cell
2972:
Cells in the epidermis contain a structural matrix of keratin, which makes this outermost layer of the skin almost waterproof, and along with collagen and elastin gives skin its strength. Rubbing and pressure cause thickening of the outer, cornified layer of the epidermis and form protective
31:
2765:. Like all intermediate filaments, keratin proteins form filamentous polymers in a series of assembly steps beginning with dimerization; dimers assemble into tetramers and octamers and eventually, if the current hypothesis holds, into unit-length-filaments (ULF) capable of
2977:
differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization. The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known. Multiple genes have been identified for the β-keratins in feathers, and this is probably characteristic of all keratins.
4108:
2746:) can form disulfide bridges with cysteine substructures of keratins getting covalently attached to these proteins. Thiomers exhibit therefore high binding properties to keratins found in hair, on skin and on the surface of many cell types.
4708:
438:
Not particularly helpful to dump a big list of KRT genes here. Using the source a bit more to explain what each gene and each zone of genes mean will be helpful, as we currently have no particular examples of a hair
4100:
3655:
357:. However, beta sheets are also found in α-keratins. Recent scholarship has shown that sauropsid β-keratins are fundamentally different from α-keratins at a genetic and structural level. The new term
4576:
Itakura, Eijun; Tamiya, Sadafumi; Morita, Keisuke; Shiratsuchi, Hideki; Kinoshita, Yoshiaki; Oshiro, Yumi; Oda, Yoshinao; Ohta, Shigeru; Furue, Masutaka; Tsuneyoshi, Masazumi (September 2001).
3620:
Tombolato, Luca; Novitskaya, Ekaterina E.; Chen, Po-Yu; Sheppard, Fred A.; McKittrick, Joanna (February 2010). "Microstructure, elastic properties and deformation mechanisms of horn keratin".
4535:
Shiratsuchi, Hideki; Saito, Tsuyoshi; Sakamoto, Akio; Itakura, Eijun; Tamiya, Sadafumi; Oshiro, Yumi; Oda, Yoshinao; Toh, Satoshi; Komiyama, Sohtaro; Tsuneyoshi, Masazumi (February 2002).
4578:"Subcellular Distribution of Cytokeratin and Vimentin in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor: Three-Dimensional Imaging with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Double Immunofluorescence"
3167:
contains doublets about 10 μm across, with cores and coating, and may be arranged in up to 10 layers, also in plaques of variable shape. Adult hornets also use silk as a
2563:
3769:
Alibardi, Lorenzo (September 2016). "Sauropsids
Cornification is Based on Corneous Beta-Proteins, a Special Type of Keratin-Associated Corneous Proteins of the Epidermis".
3350:
3345:
4417:
Partenhauser, A; Zupančič, O; Rohrer, J; Bonengel, S; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2015). "Thiolated silicone oils as adhesive skin protectants for improved barrier function".
2973:
calluses, which are useful for athletes and on the fingertips of musicians who play stringed instruments. Keratinized epidermal cells are constantly shed and replaced.
4374:
Grießinger, JA; Bonengel, S; Partenhauser, A; Ijaz, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2017). "Thiolated polymers: Evaluation of their potential as dermoadhesive excipients".
4320:
Leichner, C; Jelkmann, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2019). "Thiolated polymers: Bioinspired polymers utilizing one of the most important bridging structures in nature".
2940:
Cornification is the process of forming an epidermal barrier in stratified squamous epithelial tissue. At the cellular level, cornification is characterised by:
4151:
2522:
Protein sequence alignment of human keratin 1, 2A, 3,4, 5, 6A, 7, and 8 (KRT1 – KRT8). Only the first rod domain is shown above. Alignment was created using
2739:
that may be further coiled. The β-keratins of reptiles and birds have β-pleated sheets twisted together, then stabilized and hardened by disulfide bridges.
2727:, hooves and claws (homologous structures), which are harder and more like their analogs in other vertebrate classes. Hair and other α-keratins consist of
3245:
4537:"Mutation Analysis of Human Cytokeratin 8 Gene in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor: A Possible Association with Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Body Formation"
5431:
2758:' and 'other keratins'. That model is now understood to be correct. A new nuclear addition in 2006 to describe keratins takes this into account.
3125:. Spider silk is typically about 1 to 2 micrometers (μm) thick, compared with about 60 μm for human hair, and more for some mammals. The
3113:
and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates. The structure of the
4510:
3932:"The cDNA sequence of a human epidermal keratin: Divergence of sequence but conservation of structure among intermediate filament proteins"
3184:
7240:
5337:
4740:
4703:
3314:. Furthermore, the precise expression-pattern of keratin subtypes allows prediction of the origin of the primary tumor when assessing
7260:
7192:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7152:
7073:
6782:
6762:
6732:
6727:
4220:
3501:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7142:
7132:
7122:
7117:
7088:
6792:
6787:
5834:
5722:
5712:
5687:
5667:
5571:
5551:
2646:, with the rest having bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C → N orientation. A preponderance of
3555:
2697:
smells of burning hair and skin are due to the volatile sulfur compounds formed. Extensive disulfide bonding contributes to the
5794:
3398:
4359:
Hawkins, G; Afriat, IR; Xavier, JH; Popescu, LC (2011). "Cosmetic compositions containing thiomers for hair color retention".
181:. Keratin comes in two types, the primitive, softer forms found in all vertebrates and harder, derived forms found only among
4145:
3696:
3437:
4159:
Fibrous proteins are characterized by a single type of secondary structure: a keratin is a left-handed coil of two a helices
6059:
191:
is classified as keratin, although production of the protein may have evolved independently of the process in vertebrates.
5424:
5388:
4249:
3102:
are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.
2716:
A human toe nail that fell off after a small trauma. Three small punctures were made on it, while it was still attached.
3479:
3055:
3995:"The cDNA sequence of a type II cytoskeletal keratin reveals constant and variable structural domains among keratins"
3074:
461:
4130:
3027:
4173:"Proteopedia entry: Coiled-coil structure of keratins: Multimedia in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education"
6578:
6847:
6690:
5417:
5398:
4733:
4462:"S-Protected thiolated chitosan versus thiolated chitosan as cell adhesive biomaterials for tissue engineering"
3034:
3012:
2853:
4030:
3967:
3458:"Keratin: Structure, mechanical properties, occurrence in biological organisms, and efforts at bioinspiration"
3410:
2654:
side groups is characteristic of structural proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than
278:. They are also present in epithelial cells in general. For example, mouse thymic epithelial cells react with
7726:
7280:
5120:
5024:
4999:
3224:
3219:
2720:
The more flexible and elastic keratins of hair have fewer interchain disulfide bridges than the keratins in
5152:
5081:
5019:
5014:
3229:
3577:
Vincent, Julian F.V; Wegst, Ulrike G.K (July 2004). "Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle".
3384:
5987:
5070:
5029:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4819:
3339:
3041:
4273:"Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia"
3909:
7458:
5108:
5044:
4987:
4959:
4949:
4879:
4812:
502:
12 and 17. This suggests that they originated from a series of gene duplications on these chromosomes.
5097:
4832:
4794:
4726:
433:
3023:
7691:
3319:
3008:
2954:
2702:
443:
134:
125:
cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin
4051:
Lee, Chang-Hun; Kim, Min-Sung; Chung, Byung Min; Leahy, Daniel J; Coulombe, Pierre A (July 2012).
2518:
3234:
3001:
4514:
153:. Excessive keratinization participate in fortification of certain tissues such as in horns of
3311:
397:
373:
2947:
production of small proline-rich (SPRR) proteins and transglutaminase which eventually form a
7756:
7751:
6110:
5464:
5166:
4053:"Structural basis for heteromeric assembly and perinuclear organization of keratin filaments"
3678:
2762:
130:
6379:
4761:
4617:
Mercer, Derry K; Stewart, Colin S (1 January 2019). "Keratin hydrolysis by dermatophytes".
3725:
3586:
3327:
2655:
3688:
3681:
2948:
8:
7686:
6319:
4993:
3239:
2893:
2766:
4486:
4461:
4224:
3729:
3590:
6139:
5769:
5332:
5143:
4678:
4653:
4442:
4399:
4341:
4297:
4272:
4202:
4077:
4052:
4022:
3959:
3882:
3857:
3830:
3805:
3746:
3713:
3529:
3323:
3150:
3114:
7746:
7537:
5901:
5147:
4938:
4683:
4634:
4599:
4558:
4491:
4460:
Le-Vinh, B; Steinbring, C; Nguyen Le, NM; Matuszczak, B; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2023).
4434:
4391:
4345:
4333:
4302:
4288:
4194:
4141:
4082:
4014:
4010:
3951:
3947:
3887:
3835:
3786:
3751:
3714:"New Aspects of the α-Helix to β-Sheet Transition in Stretched Hard α-Keratin Fibers"
3692:
3637:
3602:
3547:
3533:
3521:
3433:
3283:
3252:
3048:
2651:
2585:
motif to multimerise, forming filaments consisting of multiple copies of the keratin
428:
4446:
4403:
4206:
4026:
3963:
3395:
3271:
3134:
2969:
junctional plaques, and hemidesmosomes, cell-basement membrane adhesive structures.
2754:
It has been proposed that keratins can be divided into 'hard' and 'soft' forms, or '
7485:
6609:
5964:
5959:
5262:
5257:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
4943:
4807:
4673:
4665:
4626:
4589:
4548:
4481:
4473:
4426:
4383:
4325:
4292:
4284:
4184:
4072:
4064:
4006:
3943:
3877:
3869:
3825:
3817:
3778:
3741:
3733:
3629:
3594:
3513:
3469:
3355:
3164:
2536:
44:
4387:
3474:
7627:
6241:
6091:
5974:
5383:
5240:
5235:
5230:
4826:
4788:
4654:"Toward unraveling the complexity of simple epithelial keratins in human disease"
3633:
3414:
3402:
3214:
2815:
2670:, the distinguishing feature of keratins is the presence of large amounts of the
2642:, considered a β-keratin, can have these two as 75–80% of the total, with 10–15%
2556:
314:
283:
231:
90:
74:
3737:
7590:
7453:
6150:
5981:
5490:
5409:
4870:
4329:
3200:
2679:
2593:
2552:
275:
239:
235:
204:
106:
98:
4652:
Omary, M. Bishr; Ku, Nam-On; Strnad, Pavel; Hanada, Shinichiro (1 July 2009).
4594:
4577:
4553:
4536:
4245:
3821:
3598:
7740:
7654:
7649:
6614:
6484:
6433:
6383:
6323:
6245:
6213:
6154:
5940:
5459:
5171:
5135:
4753:
3771:
Journal of
Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
3260:
2732:
2687:
2667:
219:
82:
3457:
2682:
that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally stable
2523:
7498:
6553:
6308:
5852:
5444:
5295:
4687:
4638:
4603:
4562:
4495:
4477:
4438:
4395:
4337:
4306:
4198:
4086:
3891:
3839:
3790:
3755:
3641:
3606:
3525:
3279:
2819:
2604:
2540:
491:
365:
298:
267:
7470:
7448:
4718:
4018:
3955:
3873:
3679:
Hickman, Cleveland
Pendleton; Roberts, Larry S.; Larson, Allan L. (2003).
3195:
Abnormal growth of keratin can occur in a variety of conditions including
3137:
depend on the organization of multiple adjacent protein chains into hard,
2551:
The human genome has 54 functional annotated
Keratin genes, 28 are in the
7644:
7595:
7465:
7355:
6685:
6129:
6084:
6003:
5925:
5473:
5373:
5302:
5038:
4983:
4630:
3204:
3146:
2755:
2728:
478:
The neutral–basic keratins are encoded on chromosome 12 (12q13.13).
322:
188:
86:
4713:
3782:
1928:
antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide
7696:
7615:
7605:
7493:
6604:
6583:
6349:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6256:
6231:
6219:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6027:
5909:
5898:
5884:
5500:
5004:
3502:"Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals"
3360:
3315:
3295:
3110:
2965:
2924:
2920:
2905:
2888:
2884:
2869:
2865:
2848:
2831:
2810:
2724:
2683:
2647:
2582:
2581:
Fibrous keratin molecules supercoil to form a very stable, left-handed
499:
381:
354:
326:
282:
for keratin 5, keratin 8, and keratin 14. These antibodies are used as
182:
122:
4430:
4189:
4172:
4068:
3517:
199:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7475:
7313:
7308:
7303:
6661:
6641:
6296:
6291:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6251:
6160:
6064:
5998:
4669:
3299:
3196:
3180:
3142:
3122:
2915:
2900:
2879:
2860:
2843:
2826:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2721:
2616:
2567:
646:
302:
271:
174:
166:
162:
146:
4459:
2990:
1856:
obsolete negative regulation of cytolysis by symbiont of host cells
7639:
7600:
7532:
7505:
7372:
7360:
7235:
7230:
6671:
6666:
6588:
6022:
6017:
5879:
5156:
4772:
3994:
3931:
3275:
3256:
3168:
3130:
2959:
loss of nuclei and organelles, in the final stages of cornification
2743:
2694:
2675:
2608:
393:
389:
385:
377:
338:
330:
318:
279:
24:
20:
4416:
4373:
3407:
3294:
Keratin expression is helpful in determining epithelial origin in
7666:
7620:
7510:
7440:
7409:
7339:
7334:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7255:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
6895:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6699:
6636:
6069:
6010:
5993:
5954:
5440:
5378:
5317:
5290:
5185:
5161:
5125:
5113:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4849:
4749:
3307:
3303:
3153:
3138:
3126:
3091:
2698:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2586:
369:
342:
306:
251:
170:
138:
126:
102:
4319:
3286:, an extremely rare but potentially fatal intestinal condition.
3210:
Mutations in keratin gene expression can lead to, among others:
2686:—in much the same way that non-protein sulfur bridges stabilize
2280:
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
1265:
cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development
482:
474:
7585:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7542:
7377:
7270:
7265:
7250:
7245:
7157:
7103:
7068:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7018:
7013:
7003:
6988:
6983:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6767:
6757:
6737:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6573:
6344:
6339:
6096:
5762:
5757:
5747:
5525:
5322:
5086:
5059:
5054:
5049:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4889:
4884:
4842:
4837:
4799:
4534:
3619:
3161:
3099:
3095:
2836:
2690:
2671:
2643:
2597:
542:
538:
401:
334:
291:
287:
255:
208:
178:
154:
150:
4575:
3856:
Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, et al. (July 2006).
396:
and many other non-chordate animals seem to have only type VI
53:
7610:
7382:
7365:
7202:
7197:
7187:
7182:
7147:
7137:
7127:
7112:
7093:
7083:
7078:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7023:
7008:
6998:
6993:
6978:
6973:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6875:
6870:
6837:
6832:
6802:
6797:
6777:
6772:
6752:
6742:
6657:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6334:
6329:
6039:
5969:
5918:
5915:
5912:
5904:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5829:
5819:
5804:
5737:
5727:
5707:
5682:
5677:
5662:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5612:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5495:
5482:
5347:
5342:
5312:
5307:
5285:
5267:
5245:
4854:
3157:
3118:
2706:
2574:
2571:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
259:
243:
158:
4709:
Hair-Science.com's entry on the microscopic elements of hair
3351:
List of keratins expressed in the human integumentary system
3346:
List of cutaneous conditions caused by mutations in keratins
3266:
Keratin is highly resistant to digestive acids if ingested.
361:(CBP) has been proposed to avoid confusion with α-keratins.
30:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7661:
7632:
7547:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7318:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6885:
6880:
6747:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6079:
6074:
6032:
5945:
5935:
5930:
5824:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5697:
5622:
5617:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5327:
4129:
Voet, Donald; Voet, Judith G.; Pratt, Charlotte W. (1998).
3712:
Kreplak, L.; Doucet, J.; Dumas, P.; Briki, F. (July 2004).
3117:
on spiders' tails, and the contributions of their interior
3106:
3088:
2736:
2712:
2636:
2620:
2612:
610:
495:
486:
The acidic keratins are encoded on chromosome 17 (17q21.2).
350:
346:
310:
247:
227:
223:
212:
142:
118:
114:
110:
94:
56:
4358:
2701:
of keratins, except in a small number of solvents such as
2562:
3905:
3379:
3267:
1936:
negative regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell
1169:
obsolete Golgi to plasma membrane CFTR protein transport
222:(α-keratins) are found in all vertebrates. They form the
62:
3804:
Moll, Roland; Divo, Markus; Langbein, Lutz (June 2008).
2731:
coiled single protein strands (with regular intra-chain
2592:
The major force that keeps the coiled-coil structure is
3855:
3711:
3430:
Keratins: Their composition, structure and biosynthesis
4101:"Type II Keratin - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
4270:
3432:. Bannerstone House: Charles C Thomas. pp. 3–6.
3179:
Glues made from partially-hydrolysed keratin include
1872:
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
1776:
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
505:
The keratins include the following proteins of which
65:
50:
4271:
H Bragulla, Hermann; G Homberger, Dominique (2009).
3278:
that may be expelled orally or excreted. In humans,
3141:
regions of varying size, alternating with flexible,
2735:), which are then further twisted into superhelical
59:
4651:
3858:"New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins"
3015:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2535:The first sequences of keratins were determined by
47:
3930:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (November 1982).
3680:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3246:large cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype
2240:tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
1161:tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
1137:positive regulation of hair follicle development
645:Table of keratin genes and biological processes (
7738:
5439:
4528:
4050:
3803:
3160:, developed as a silk substitute. Silk from the
2693:. Human hair is approximately 14% cysteine. The
2088:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1976:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1504:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1193:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
1049:intermediate filament cytoskeleton organization
865:regulation of translation in response to stress
4171:Hanukoglu, Israel; Ezra, Liora (January 2014).
3851:
3849:
3326:express CK7, CK8 and CK18, while metastases of
2631:also has a high percentage of both glycine and
4164:
3993:Hanukoglu, Israel; Fuchs, Elaine (July 1983).
3992:
3981:
3929:
3923:
2600:residues along the keratins helical segments.
2104:hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation
89:. It is the key structural material making up
5425:
4734:
4616:
4569:
4170:
4128:
3298:cancers. Tumors that express keratin include
3149:. A somewhat analogous situation occurs with
2603:Limited interior space is the reason why the
1329:positive regulation of epidermis development
793:positive regulation of epidermis development
729:negative regulation of inflammatory response
641:have been used to describe keratins past 20.
4177:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
3846:
3576:
1912:defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
34:Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells
4748:
3806:"The human keratins: biology and pathology"
3451:
3449:
2432:regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
1688:regulation of keratinocyte differentiation
1177:Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport
290:epithelial cells in genetic studies of the
5432:
5418:
4741:
4727:
274:; these are proteins which have undergone
85:(α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in
4704:Composition and β-sheet structure of silk
4677:
4593:
4552:
4485:
4296:
4188:
4076:
4057:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
3906:"GeneCards - Human Genes | Gene Database"
3881:
3829:
3745:
3473:
3075:Learn how and when to remove this message
2666:In addition to intra- and intermolecular
1185:negative regulation of apoptotic process
462:Learn how and when to remove this message
353:. These keratins are formed primarily in
194:
121:among vertebrates. Keratin also protects
4122:
4044:
3768:
3446:
3190:
2711:
2561:
2546:
2517:
481:
473:
198:
29:
4771:
4131:"Proteins: Three-Dimensional Structure"
3499:
3270:regularly ingest hair as part of their
211:are made of keratin covering a core of
7739:
3427:
3274:, leading to the gradual formation of
2607:of the (unrelated) structural protein
2288:extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
1201:extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
1009:negative regulation of cell migration
929:intermediate filament bundle assembly
841:cornea development in camera-type eye
665:complement activation, lectin pathway
5413:
4722:
4508:
3579:Arthropod Structure & Development
3121:, provide remarkable control of fast
2749:
1840:intermediate filament polymerization
250:of mammals, and the slime threads of
3687:. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill. p.
3455:
3322:typically express CK8 and CK18, and
3013:adding citations to reliable sources
2984:
2661:
2623:, likewise has a high percentage of
2530:
1920:cytolysis by host of symbiont cells
411:
5389:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
2566:Keratin (high molecular weight) in
2512:intermediate filament organization
2472:intermediate filament organization
2456:intermediate filament organization
2424:intermediate filament organization
2392:intermediate filament organization
2352:intermediate filament organization
2328:intermediate filament organization
2312:intermediate filament organization
2248:intermediate filament organization
2224:intermediate filament organization
2208:intermediate filament organization
2192:intermediate filament organization
2160:intermediate filament organization
2120:intermediate filament organization
2096:intermediate filament organization
2072:intermediate filament organization
2048:intermediate filament organization
2024:intermediate filament organization
2000:intermediate filament organization
1984:intermediate filament organization
1960:intermediate filament organization
1904:intermediate filament organization
1848:intermediate filament organization
1832:regulation of protein localization
1792:intermediate filament organization
1768:intermediate filament organization
1736:intermediate filament organization
1720:intermediate filament organization
1704:intermediate filament organization
1680:intermediate filament organization
1656:intermediate filament organization
1640:anatomical structure morphogenesis
1632:intermediate filament organization
1608:intermediate filament organization
1576:intermediate filament organization
1560:intermediate filament organization
1536:intermediate filament organization
1512:intermediate filament organization
1472:intermediate filament organization
1441:intermediate filament organization
1393:intermediate filament organization
1369:intermediate filament organization
1321:intermediate filament organization
1249:intermediate filament organization
1153:anatomical structure morphogenesis
1129:positive regulation of translation
1121:intermediate filament organization
1089:positive regulation of cell growth
1057:intermediate filament organization
961:intermediate filament organization
921:intermediate filament organization
873:intermediate filament organization
713:intermediate filament organization
301:(β-keratins) are found only in the
73:) is one of a family of structural
13:
133:, which are tough and form strong
14:
7768:
4697:
4658:Journal of Clinical Investigation
4513:. Amonline.net.au. Archived from
4157:from the original on 2006-09-17.
3408:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
3289:
2264:response to hydrostatic pressure
402:fibers that structure the nucleus
6060:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein
4289:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01066.x
4252:from the original on 13 May 2014
3683:Integrated principles of zoology
2989:
2935:
2769:end-to-end into long filaments.
2627:. The connective tissue protein
2496:epithelial cell differentiation
1808:response to mechanical stimulus
1784:epithelial cell differentiation
1752:epithelial cell differentiation
1728:epithelial cell differentiation
1712:epithelial cell differentiation
1696:epithelial cell differentiation
1672:epithelial cell differentiation
1648:epithelial cell differentiation
1624:epithelial cell differentiation
1592:epithelial cell differentiation
1568:epithelial cell differentiation
1552:epithelial cell differentiation
1528:epithelial cell differentiation
1488:epithelial cell differentiation
1385:epithelial cell differentiation
1377:regulation of protein secretion
1361:epithelial cell differentiation
1353:cellular response to starvation
1233:epithelial cell differentiation
1097:epithelial cell differentiation
1017:epithelial cell differentiation
953:epithelial cell differentiation
905:epithelial cell differentiation
857:epithelial cell differentiation
833:epithelial cell differentiation
785:epithelial cell differentiation
416:
286:to distinguish subsets of mouse
173:matter known to approximate the
43:
7281:Microtubule organising proteins
4645:
4610:
4502:
4453:
4410:
4367:
4352:
4313:
4264:
4238:
4213:
4111:from the original on 2023-03-28
4093:
4033:from the original on 2021-01-26
3970:from the original on 2021-01-26
3912:from the original on 2023-05-13
3898:
3810:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
3797:
3762:
3705:
3672:
3558:from the original on 1 May 2021
3482:from the original on 2022-09-19
3000:needs additional citations for
1864:morphogenesis of an epithelium
1081:morphogenesis of an epithelium
969:morphogenesis of an epithelium
809:morphogenesis of an epithelium
753:morphogenesis of an epithelium
313:. They are found in the nails,
4223:. Elmhurst.edu. Archived from
3648:
3613:
3570:
3540:
3493:
3421:
3389:
3372:
1073:establishment of skin barrier
801:protein heterotetramerization
745:establishment of skin barrier
737:protein heterotetramerization
494:encodes 54 functional keratin
270:in the hornified layer of the
137:epidermal appendages found in
129:assemble into bundles to form
1:
7328:Microtubule severing proteins
4388:10.1080/03639045.2016.1231809
3475:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2015.06.001
3462:Progress in Materials Science
3366:
3225:Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens
3220:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
3145:regions where the chains are
2296:hepatocyte apoptotic process
1816:regulation of cell migration
1209:hepatocyte apoptotic process
1001:keratinocyte differentiation
897:keratinocyte differentiation
777:keratinocyte differentiation
681:response to oxidative stress
498:, located in two clusters on
376:that have been found only in
5988:actin depolymerizing factors
5153:Cartilage associated protein
4714:Proteopedia page on keratins
4138:Fundamentals of Biochemistry
4011:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90034-x
3948:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90424-x
3634:10.1016/j.actbio.2009.06.033
3230:Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
2168:sebaceous gland development
2008:hair follicle morphogenesis
1464:hair follicle morphogenesis
1425:hair follicle morphogenesis
1105:hair follicle morphogenesis
364:Keratins (also described as
7:
7466:Plakoglobin (gamma catenin)
3738:10.1529/biophysj.103.036749
3552:Webster's Online Dictionary
3340:Keratin-associated proteins
3333:
3330:express CK20, but not CK7.
3244:Rhabdoid cell formation in
2964:ceases and cells undergo a
2951:beneath the plasma membrane
2272:response to other organism
1313:keratinocyte proliferation
721:regulation of angiogenesis
436:. The specific problem is:
10:
7773:
4511:"Spiders – Silk structure"
4330:10.1016/j.addr.2019.04.007
3251:Several diseases, such as
2772:
2555:family, and 26 are in the
2400:hair follicle development
2128:cytoskeleton organization
1744:cytoskeleton organization
1409:cytoskeleton organization
985:cytoskeleton organization
937:stem cell differentiation
849:cytoskeleton organization
262:are also made of keratin.
18:
16:Structural fibrous protein
7722:
7679:
7578:
7484:
7439:
7348:
7327:
7279:
7102:
6894:
6846:
6698:
6684:
6650:
6597:
6566:
6546:
6425:
6307:
6138:
6120:
6109:
6052:
5845:
5524:
5481:
5472:
5458:
5451:
5362:
5278:
5184:
5134:
4863:
4780:
4760:
4595:10.1038/modpathol.3880401
4554:10.1038/modpathol.3880506
4466:ACS Appl Mater Interfaces
3822:10.1007/s00418-008-0435-6
3599:10.1016/j.asd.2004.05.006
3500:Nasoori, Alireza (2020).
3320:hepatocellular carcinomas
1273:keratinocyte development
258:plates of filter-feeding
177:of keratinized tissue is
117:, and the outer layer of
7692:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
2955:terminal differentiation
2594:hydrophobic interactions
1305:keratinocyte activation
1225:Notch signaling pathway
407:
19:Not to be confused with
3428:Fraser, R.D.B. (1972).
3312:trophoblastic neoplasms
3235:Steatocystoma multiplex
3174:
2980:
2949:cornified cell envelope
2674:-containing amino acid
2570:cell and oval cells of
2256:sarcomere organization
1337:keratinocyte migration
1257:sarcomere organization
1065:keratinocyte migration
1041:innate immune response
4478:10.1021/acsami.3c09337
4140:. Wiley. p. 158.
3263:that feed on keratin.
2874:stratified epithelium
2763:intermediate filaments
2761:Keratin filaments are
2717:
2578:
2527:
2488:epidermis development
2440:epidermis development
2368:epidermis development
2136:epidermis development
1800:epidermis development
1616:epidermis development
1544:epidermis development
1520:epidermis development
1289:peptide cross-linking
1281:epidermis development
977:inflammatory response
945:epidermis development
889:epidermis development
825:epidermis development
769:peptide cross-linking
761:epidermis development
689:peptide cross-linking
487:
479:
398:intermediate filaments
374:intermediate filaments
372:of type I and type II
216:
195:Examples of occurrence
185:(reptiles and birds).
131:intermediate filaments
35:
6312:(hard alpha-keratins)
6143:(soft alpha-keratins)
5167:Procollagen peptidase
4105:www.sciencedirect.com
3874:10.1083/jcb.200603161
3383:2nd edition, 1989 as
3328:colorectal carcinomas
3191:Clinical significance
3133:useful properties of
3105:Silk found in insect
2944:production of keratin
2854:stratified epithelium
2742:Thiolated polymers (=
2715:
2565:
2547:Type 1 and 2 Keratins
2521:
1944:ectoderm development
1880:cell differentiation
1241:response to estrogen
485:
477:
359:corneous beta protein
305:, that is all living
202:
33:
7727:cytoskeletal defects
7687:Major sperm proteins
4376:Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm
4324:. 151–152: 191–221.
3009:improve this article
2656:chemical specificity
444:improve this section
432:to meet Knowledge's
6140:Epithelial keratins
4472:(34): 40304–40316.
4221:"Secondary Protein"
3783:10.1002/jez.b.22689
3730:2004BpJ....87..640K
3718:Biophysical Journal
3591:2004ArtSD..33..187V
3324:cholangiocarcinomas
3240:Keratosis pharyngis
2894:squamous epithelium
2678:, required for the
2336:biological_process
2176:biological_process
2056:biological_process
2032:biological_process
1664:biological_process
1480:biological_process
1456:biological_process
1401:biological_process
1217:cell-cell adhesion
673:retina homeostasis
657:Biological process
650:
284:fluorescent markers
232:outer layer of skin
5333:Matrix gla protein
5144:Prolyl hydroxylase
4631:10.1093/mmy/myx160
4322:Adv Drug Deliv Rev
4277:Journal of Anatomy
4246:"What is Keratin?"
3622:Acta Biomaterialia
3506:Biological Reviews
3456:Wang, Bin (2016).
3413:2017-09-22 at the
3401:2013-05-09 at the
2929:simple epithelium
2750:Filament formation
2718:
2579:
2528:
1345:apoptotic process
817:visual perception
644:
488:
480:
321:, in some reptile
217:
36:
7734:
7733:
7675:
7674:
7435:
7434:
6680:
6679:
6562:
6561:
6105:
6104:
6048:
6047:
5407:
5406:
5358:
5357:
5180:
5179:
5148:Lysyl hydroxylase
4939:basement membrane
4431:10.1111/ics.12284
4419:Int. J. Cosm. Sci
4190:10.1002/bmb.20746
4147:978-0-471-58650-0
4069:10.1038/nsmb.2330
3698:978-0-07-243940-3
3518:10.1111/brv.12597
3439:978-0-398-02283-9
3284:Rapunzel syndrome
3272:grooming behavior
3171:, as do spiders.
3085:
3084:
3077:
3059:
2933:
2932:
2910:ductal epithelia
2680:disulfide bridges
2662:Disulfide bridges
2531:Protein structure
2516:
2515:
2504:skin development
2416:nail development
472:
471:
464:
434:quality standards
425:This section may
264:Keratin filaments
169:. The only other
7764:
6696:
6695:
6136:
6135:
6118:
6117:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5456:
5455:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5411:
5410:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4670:10.1172/JCI37762
4664:(7): 1794–1805.
4649:
4643:
4642:
4619:Medical Mycology
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4582:Modern Pathology
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4541:Modern Pathology
4532:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4192:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
3990:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3686:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3419:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3376:
3356:List of keratins
3261:infectious fungi
3259:, are caused by
3080:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3017:
2993:
2985:
2966:programmed death
2783:(neutral-basic)
2777:
2776:
2537:Israel Hanukoglu
2480:spermatogenesis
651:
643:
467:
460:
456:
453:
447:
420:
419:
412:
266:are abundant in
75:fibrous proteins
72:
71:
68:
67:
64:
61:
58:
55:
52:
49:
7772:
7771:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7718:
7671:
7574:
7480:
7431:
7344:
7323:
7275:
7098:
6890:
6842:
6688:
6676:
6646:
6593:
6558:
6542:
6426:Ungrouped alpha
6421:
6311:
6303:
6142:
6128:
6122:
6112:
6101:
6044:
5841:
5520:
5462:
5447:
5438:
5408:
5403:
5354:
5274:
5176:
5130:
5013:transmembrane:
4859:
4763:
4756:
4747:
4700:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4615:
4611:
4574:
4570:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4458:
4454:
4415:
4411:
4372:
4368:
4361:Us20110229430A1
4357:
4353:
4318:
4314:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4230:
4228:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4169:
4165:
4154:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4049:
4045:
4036:
4034:
3991:
3982:
3973:
3971:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3854:
3847:
3802:
3798:
3767:
3763:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3677:
3673:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3618:
3614:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3554:. 22 May 2023.
3546:
3545:
3541:
3512:(4): 986–1019.
3498:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3426:
3422:
3415:Wayback Machine
3403:Wayback Machine
3396:Entry "keratin"
3394:
3390:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3336:
3318:. For example,
3292:
3215:Alopecia areata
3193:
3177:
3147:randomly coiled
3081:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3018:
3016:
3006:
2994:
2983:
2938:
2816:stratum corneum
2775:
2752:
2664:
2549:
2533:
2464:keratinization
2448:keratinization
2408:keratinization
2376:keratinization
2344:keratinization
2320:keratinization
2304:keratinization
2232:keratinization
2216:keratinization
2200:keratinization
2184:keratinization
2144:keratinization
2112:keratinization
2080:keratinization
2064:keratinization
2040:keratinization
2016:keratinization
1992:keratinization
1968:keratinization
1952:keratinization
1888:keratinization
1824:keratinization
1760:keratinization
1496:keratinization
1297:keratinization
1113:keratinization
1025:keratinization
697:keratinization
468:
457:
451:
448:
441:
421:
417:
410:
349:, and claws of
317:, and claws of
197:
46:
42:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7770:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7732:
7731:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7689:
7683:
7681:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7642:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7625:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7591:Corneodesmosin
7582:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7530:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7490:
7488:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7375:
7370:
7369:
7368:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6892:
6891:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6704:
6702:
6693:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6658:Nuclear lamins
6654:
6652:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6612:
6607:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6315:
6313:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6146:
6144:
6133:
6115:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6067:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5984:
5982:Arp2/3 complex
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5907:
5896:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5702:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5530:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5467:
5460:Microfilaments
5453:
5449:
5448:
5437:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5414:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5150:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5101:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4990:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4867:
4865:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4823:
4816:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4784:
4782:
4781:Fibril forming
4775:
4766:
4762:Extracellular
4758:
4757:
4754:scleroproteins
4746:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4698:External links
4696:
4694:
4693:
4644:
4609:
4588:(9): 854–861.
4568:
4547:(2): 146–153.
4527:
4501:
4452:
4425:(3): 257–265.
4409:
4382:(2): 204–212.
4366:
4351:
4312:
4283:(4): 516–559.
4263:
4237:
4212:
4163:
4146:
4121:
4092:
4063:(7): 707–715.
4043:
4005:(3): 915–924.
3980:
3942:(1): 243–252.
3922:
3897:
3845:
3816:(6): 705–733.
3796:
3777:(6): 338–351.
3761:
3724:(1): 640–647.
3704:
3697:
3671:
3647:
3628:(2): 319–330.
3612:
3585:(3): 187–199.
3569:
3539:
3492:
3445:
3438:
3420:
3388:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3332:
3291:
3290:Diagnostic use
3288:
3253:athlete's foot
3249:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3201:hyperkeratosis
3192:
3189:
3176:
3173:
3083:
3082:
2997:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2751:
2748:
2668:hydrogen bonds
2663:
2660:
2557:Keratin type 2
2553:Keratin type 1
2548:
2545:
2532:
2529:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1896:wound healing
1894:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
979:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
963:
962:
959:
955:
954:
951:
947:
946:
943:
939:
938:
935:
931:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
915:
914:
911:
907:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
891:
890:
887:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
851:
850:
847:
843:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
827:
826:
823:
819:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
803:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
787:
786:
783:
779:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
739:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
723:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:
707:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
691:
690:
687:
683:
682:
679:
675:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
659:
658:
655:
470:
469:
424:
422:
415:
409:
406:
341:), and in the
276:keratinization
220:Alpha-keratins
196:
193:
79:scleroproteins
77:also known as
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7769:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7729:
7728:
7721:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7471:Delta catenin
7469:
7467:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7449:Alpha catenin
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7408:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:cytoplasmic:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7101:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6845:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6615:Neurofilament
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6486:
6485:chromosome 12
6482:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6434:chromosome 17
6431:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6384:chromosome 12
6381:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6324:chromosome 17
6321:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6309:Hair keratins
6306:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6246:chromosome 12
6243:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6214:chromosome 12
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6155:chromosome 17
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6126:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:Intermediate
6108:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5172:Lysyl oxidase
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4739:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4517:on 2009-05-08
4516:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4227:on 2010-09-22
4226:
4222:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3868:(2): 169–74.
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3850:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3675:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3079:
3076:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026: –
3025:
3021:
3020:Find sources:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2998:This article
2996:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:Cornification
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:keratinocytes
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2524:Clustal Omega
2520:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:pigmentation
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
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741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
705:fibrinolysis
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
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664:
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356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:beta-keratins
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:keratinocytes
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
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214:
210:
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190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
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164:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:unmineralized
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:Alpha-keratin
80:
76:
70:
40:
32:
26:
22:
7757:Skin anatomy
7752:Cytoskeleton
7724:
7499:Dystroglycan
7454:Beta catenin
6686:Microtubules
6554:Beta-keratin
6483:
6432:
6378:
6318:
6240:
6226:
6212:
6149:
6124:
5986:
5853:Tropomodulin
5445:cytoskeleton
5369:
5296:Tropoelastin
5252:
5225:
5193:
5103:
5093:
5076:
5066:
5037:
4992:
4942:
4896:
4874:
4825:
4818:
4806:
4787:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4625:(1): 13–22.
4622:
4618:
4612:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:the original
4504:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4360:
4354:
4321:
4315:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4248:. WiseGEEK.
4240:
4229:. Retrieved
4225:the original
4215:
4183:(1): 93–94.
4180:
4176:
4166:
4158:
4137:
4124:
4113:. Retrieved
4104:
4095:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4035:. Retrieved
4002:
3998:
3972:. Retrieved
3939:
3935:
3925:
3914:. Retrieved
3900:
3865:
3862:J. Cell Biol
3861:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3682:
3674:
3663:. Retrieved
3659:
3650:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3551:
3542:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3484:. Retrieved
3465:
3461:
3429:
3423:
3406:
3391:
3378:
3374:
3293:
3282:may lead to
3280:trichophagia
3265:
3250:
3209:
3194:
3178:
3131:commercially
3127:biologically
3104:
3094:produced by
3086:
3071:
3065:January 2022
3062:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3019:
3007:Please help
3002:verification
2999:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2939:
2786:
2780:
2760:
2756:cytokeratins
2753:
2741:
2719:
2703:dissociating
2699:insolubility
2684:crosslinking
2665:
2650:with small,
2605:triple helix
2602:
2591:
2583:superhelical
2580:
2550:
2541:Elaine Fuchs
2534:
504:
492:human genome
489:
458:
452:October 2022
449:
442:Please help
437:
426:
390:urochordates
366:cytokeratins
363:
358:
296:
263:
218:
187:
78:
38:
37:
7645:Plakophilin
7596:Desmoplakin
7356:Tau protein
6130:Cytokeratin
5926:Tropomyosin
5474:Myofilament
5374:Cytokeratin
5303:Vitronectin
4984:multiplexin
4509:Australia.
3468:: 229–318.
3205:keratoderma
3139:crystalline
3135:silk fibers
3111:spider webs
2792:Occurrence
2729:α-helically
2725:fingernails
2652:nonreactive
2648:amino acids
2611:, found in
2384:hair cycle
1600:hair cycle
1433:hair cycle
1145:cell cycle
1033:hair cycle
913:hair cycle
500:chromosomes
446:if you can.
382:vertebrates
355:beta sheets
297:The harder
226:(including
189:Spider silk
87:vertebrates
7741:Categories
7725:See also:
7697:Crescentin
7616:Periplakin
7606:Envoplakin
7494:Dystrophin
7111:axonemal:
6605:Internexin
6584:Peripherin
5005:Endostatin
4994:type XVIII
4521:2010-09-23
4231:2010-09-23
4115:2023-03-28
4037:2019-07-03
3974:2019-07-03
3916:2023-05-08
3665:2022-01-07
3486:2019-07-03
3385:/ˈkɛrətɪn/
3367:References
3361:Keratinase
3316:metastases
3300:carcinomas
3296:anaplastic
3115:spinnerets
3035:newspapers
2925:keratin 20
2921:keratin 18
2906:keratin 19
2889:keratin 17
2885:keratin 16
2870:keratin 15
2866:keratin 14
2849:keratin 13
2832:keratin 12
2811:keratin 10
2688:vulcanized
2559:family.
329:, such as
327:Testudines
303:sauropsids
280:antibodies
183:sauropsids
171:biological
163:armadillos
147:amphibians
123:epithelial
7314:Centrin 3
7309:Centrin 2
7304:Centrin 1
6642:Syncoilin
6547:Not alpha
6113:filaments
6065:Fibrillin
5384:Reticulin
5077:type VIII
4346:135464452
3656:"Keratin"
3548:"Keratin"
3534:216556342
3276:hairballs
3197:keratosis
3185:horn glue
3181:hoof glue
3151:synthetic
3143:amorphous
3123:extrusion
3109:, and in
3024:"Keratin"
2916:keratin 8
2901:keratin 7
2880:keratin 6
2861:keratin 5
2844:keratin 4
2827:keratin 3
2807:keratin 9
2802:keratin 2
2798:keratin 1
2789:(acidic)
2767:annealing
2733:H-bonding
2722:mammalian
2617:cartilage
2568:bile duct
647:GeneCards
394:Nematodes
378:chordates
272:epidermis
175:toughness
167:osteoderm
7747:Keratins
7680:Nonhuman
7640:Vinculin
7601:Dystonin
7533:Spectrin
7506:Utrophin
7486:Membrane
7441:Catenins
7373:Stathmin
7361:Dynactin
7241:DYNC2LI1
7236:DYNC1LI2
7231:DYNC1LI1
6896:Kinesins
6700:Tubulins
6589:Vimentin
6121:Type 1/2
6023:Profilin
6018:Gelsolin
5880:Troponin
5441:Proteins
5399:diseases
5395:See also
5338:Tectorin
5157:Leprecan
5067:type VII
4897:type XII
4820:type III
4773:Collagen
4688:19587454
4639:29361043
4604:11557780
4563:11850543
4496:37594415
4487:10472333
4447:38357104
4439:26444859
4404:19045608
4396:27585266
4338:31028759
4307:19422428
4250:Archived
4207:30720797
4199:24265184
4152:Archived
4109:Archived
4087:22705788
4031:Archived
4027:21490380
3968:Archived
3964:35796315
3910:Archived
3892:16831889
3840:18461349
3791:27506161
3756:15240497
3642:19577667
3607:18089034
3562:9 August
3556:Archived
3526:32338826
3480:Archived
3411:Archived
3399:Archived
3342:(KRTAPs)
3334:See also
3308:sarcomas
3304:thymomas
3257:ringworm
3156:such as
3154:polymers
3092:fibroins
2744:thiomers
2709:agents.
2707:reducing
2676:cysteine
2609:collagen
2596:between
439:keratin.
427:require
386:amphioxi
370:polymers
343:feathers
339:terrapin
331:tortoise
319:reptiles
307:reptiles
139:reptiles
127:monomers
103:feathers
25:Creatine
21:Carotene
7667:PLEKHA7
7621:Plectin
7586:Plakins
7511:Ankyrin
7410:Dynamin
7340:Spastin
7335:Katanin
7299:CAMSAP3
7294:CAMSAP2
7289:CAMSAP1
7261:DYNLRB2
7256:DYNLRB1
7226:DYNC1I2
7221:DYNC1I1
7216:DYNC2H1
7211:DYNC1H1
7104:Dyneins
6828:TUBGCP6
6823:TUBGCP5
6818:TUBGCP4
6813:TUBGCP3
6808:TUBGCP2
6637:Synemin
6380:type II
6242:type II
6125:Keratin
6070:Filamin
6011:Destrin
5994:Cofilin
5955:Actinin
5526:Myosins
5443:of the
5379:Gelatin
5370:Keratin
5318:Decorin
5291:Elastin
5186:Laminin
5162:ADAMTS2
5136:Enzymes
5126:COL28A1
5121:COL27A1
5114:COL11A2
5109:COL11A1
5104:type XI
5098:COL10A1
5039:type VI
5036:other:
5030:COL25A1
5025:COL23A1
5020:COL17A1
5015:COL13A1
5000:COL18A1
4988:COL15A1
4944:type IV
4932:COL22A1
4927:COL21A1
4922:COL20A1
4917:COL19A1
4912:COL16A1
4907:COL14A1
4901:COL12A1
4875:type IX
4855:COL26A1
4850:COL24A1
4808:type II
4750:Protein
4679:2701867
4298:2736122
4078:3864793
4019:6191871
3956:6186381
3883:2064177
3831:2386534
3747:1304386
3726:Bibcode
3660:VEDANTU
3587:Bibcode
3100:spiders
3096:insects
3049:scholar
2773:Pairing
2695:pungent
2640:fibroin
2633:alanine
2629:elastin
2625:glycine
2587:monomer
1605:KRT33B
1597:KRT33B
1589:KRT33B
1581:KRT33B
1573:KRT33A
1565:KRT33A
654:Symbol
429:cleanup
252:hagfish
230:), the
207:of the
151:mammals
39:Keratin
7568:SPTBN5
7563:SPTBN4
7558:SPTBN2
7553:SPTBN1
7543:SPTAN1
7378:Tektin
7271:DYNLT3
7266:DYNLT1
7251:DYNLL2
7246:DYNLL1
7193:DNALI1
7178:DNAH17
7173:DNAH14
7168:DNAH13
7163:DNAH12
7158:DNAH11
7153:DNAH10
7074:KIF26B
7069:KIF26A
7044:KIF21B
7039:KIF21A
7034:KIF20B
7029:KIF20A
7019:KIF18B
7014:KIF18A
7004:KIF16B
6989:KIF13B
6984:KIF13A
6783:TUBB4Q
6768:TUBB2C
6763:TUBB2B
6758:TUBB2A
6738:TUBA4A
6733:TUBA3E
6728:TUBA3D
6723:TUBA3C
6718:TUBA1C
6713:TUBA1B
6708:TUBA1A
6651:Type 5
6610:Nestin
6598:Type 4
6574:Desmin
6567:Type 3
6320:type I
6151:type I
6097:TRIOBP
5763:MYO18B
5758:MYO18A
5754:XVIII
5748:MYO15A
5483:Actins
5323:FAM20C
5094:type X
5087:COL8A2
5082:COL8A1
5071:COL7A1
5060:COL6A5
5055:COL6A3
5050:COL6A2
5045:COL6A1
4975:COL4A6
4970:COL4A5
4965:COL4A4
4960:COL4A3
4955:COL4A2
4950:COL4A1
4890:COL9A3
4885:COL9A2
4880:COL9A1
4843:COL5A3
4838:COL5A2
4833:COL5A1
4827:type V
4813:COL2A1
4800:COL1A2
4795:COL1A1
4789:type I
4764:matrix
4686:
4676:
4637:
4602:
4561:
4494:
4484:
4445:
4437:
4402:
4394:
4344:
4336:
4305:
4295:
4256:11 May
4205:
4197:
4144:
4085:
4075:
4025:
4017:
3962:
3954:
3890:
3880:
3838:
3828:
3789:
3754:
3744:
3695:
3640:
3605:
3532:
3524:
3436:
3165:cocoon
3162:hornet
3119:glands
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3022:
2837:cornea
2691:rubber
2672:sulfur
2644:serine
2598:apolar
2469:KRT86
2461:KRT86
2453:KRT85
2445:KRT85
2437:KRT85
2429:KRT84
2421:KRT84
2413:KRT84
2405:KRT84
2397:KRT84
2389:KRT83
2381:KRT83
2373:KRT83
2365:KRT83
2360:aging
2357:KRT83
2349:KRT82
2341:KRT82
2333:KRT82
2325:KRT81
2317:KRT81
2309:KRT80
2301:KRT80
2221:KRT79
2213:KRT79
2205:KRT78
2197:KRT78
2189:KRT77
2181:KRT77
2173:KRT77
2165:KRT76
2157:KRT76
2149:KRT76
2141:KRT76
2133:KRT76
2125:KRT76
2117:KRT75
2109:KRT75
2101:KRT75
2093:KRT74
2085:KRT74
2077:KRT74
2069:KRT73
2061:KRT73
2053:KRT73
2045:KRT72
2037:KRT72
2029:KRT72
2021:KRT71
2013:KRT71
2005:KRT71
1981:KRT6C
1973:KRT6C
1965:KRT6C
1957:KRT6B
1949:KRT6B
1941:KRT6B
1933:KRT6A
1925:KRT6A
1917:KRT6A
1909:KRT6A
1901:KRT6A
1893:KRT6A
1885:KRT6A
1877:KRT6A
1869:KRT6A
1861:KRT6A
1853:KRT6A
1789:KRT40
1781:KRT40
1733:KRT39
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