725:
1149:
408:
1188:
716:, in which an automated instrument projects the illuminated pattern onto the cornea and determines its topography from analysis of the digital image. The topographical map indicates any distortions or scarring in the cornea, with keratoconus revealed by a characteristic steepening of curvature that is usually below the centerline of the eye. The technique can record a snapshot of the degree and extent of the deformation as a benchmark for assessing its rate of progression. It is of particular value in detecting the disorder in its early stages when other signs have not yet presented.
243:. As the disease progresses, special contact lenses (such as scleral contact lenses) may be required. In most people the disease stabilizes after a few years without severe vision problems. In 2016, the FDA approved corneal collagen cross-linking to halt the progression of keratoconus. In some cases when the cornea becomes dangerously thin or when sufficient vision can no longer be achieved by contact lenses due to steepening of the cornea, scarring or lens intolerance, corneal cross-linking is not an option and a corneal transplant may be required.
597:
428:. As the two come into contact, cellular and structural changes in the cornea adversely affect its integrity and lead to the bulging and scarring characteristic of the disorder. Within any individual keratoconic cornea, regions of degenerative thinning coexisting with regions undergoing wound healing may be found. Scarring appears to be an aspect of the corneal degradation; however, a recent, large, multicenter study suggests abrasion by contact lenses may increase the likelihood of this finding by a factor over two.
51:
463:, the damage caused by activity within the cornea likely results in a reduction in its thickness and biomechanical strength. At an ultrastructural level the weakening of the corneal tissue is associated with a disruption of the regular arrangement of the collagen layers and collagen fibril orientation. While keratoconus is considered a noninflammatory disorder, one study shows wearing rigid contact lenses by people leads to overexpression of proinflammatory
1071:
924:
1168:, and are diagnosed by the late teenage years or early 20s. The disease can, however, present or progress at any age; in rare cases, keratoconus can present in children or not until later adulthood. A diagnosis of the disease at an early age may indicate a greater risk of severity in later life. Patients' vision will seem to fluctuate over a period of months, driving them to change lens prescriptions frequently, but as the condition worsens,
973:
965:
328:
1258:
586:
274:
868:
1245:. A long-term study found a mean incidence rate of 2.0 new cases per 100,000 population per year. Some studies have suggested a higher prevalence amongst females, or that people of South Asian ethnicity are 4.4 times as likely to develop keratoconus as Caucasians, and are also more likely to be affected with the condition earlier.
660:, in which a light beam is focused on the person's retina and the reflection, or reflex, observed as the examiner tilts the light source back and forth. Keratoconus is amongst the ophthalmic conditions that exhibit a scissor reflex action of two bands moving toward and away from each other like the blades of a pair of
1021:
after the surgery, but even if the actual visual acuity does not improve, because the cornea is a more normal shape after the healing is completed, people can more easily be fitted with corrective lenses. Complications of corneal transplants are mostly related to vascularization of the corneal tissue and
356:. The visual distortion experienced by the person comes from two sources, one being the irregular deformation of the surface of the cornea, and the other being scarring that occurs on its exposed highpoints. These factors act to form regions on the cornea that map an image to different locations on the
1248:
Keratoconus is normally bilateral (affecting both eyes) although the distortion is usually asymmetric and is rarely completely identical in both corneas. Unilateral cases tend to be uncommon, and may in fact be very rare if a very mild condition in the better eye is simply below the limit of clinical
944:
Some people find good vision correction and comfort with a "piggyback" lens combination, in which RGP lenses are worn over soft lenses, both providing a degree of vision correction. One form of piggyback lens makes use of a soft lens with a countersunk central area to accept the rigid lens. Fitting a
415:
Despite considerable research, the cause of keratoconus remains unclear. Several sources suggest that keratoconus likely arises from a number of different factors: genetic, environmental or cellular, any of which may form the trigger for the onset of the disease. Once initiated, the disease normally
1172:
are required in the majority of cases. The course of the disorder can be quite variable, with some patients remaining stable for years or indefinitely, while others progress rapidly or experience occasional exacerbations over a long and otherwise steady course. Most commonly, keratoconus progresses
1055:
Rarely, a nonpenetrating keratoplasty known as an epikeratophakia (or epikeratoplasty) may be performed in cases of keratoconus. The corneal epithelium is removed and a lenticule of donor cornea is grafted on top of it. The procedure requires a greater level of skill on the part of the surgeon, and
1339:
manufactured a glass scleral shell that improved vision by compressing the cornea into a more regular shape. Since the start of the 20th century, research on keratoconus has both improved understanding of the disease and greatly expanded the range of treatment options. The first successful corneal
1012:
reports that penetrating keratoplasty has the most successful outcome of all transplant procedures, and when performed for keratoconus in an otherwise healthy eye, its success rate can be 95% or greater. The sutures used usually dissolve over a period of three to five years, but individual sutures
343:
field, such as a point of light on a dark background. Instead of seeing just one point, a person with keratoconus sees many images of the point, spread out in a chaotic pattern. This pattern does not typically change from day to day, but over time, it often takes on new forms. People also commonly
1046:
donor tissue. The freeze-drying process ensures this tissue is dead, so there is no chance of rejection. Research from two trials in Iran provide low to moderate evidence that graft rejection is more likely to occur in penetrating keratoplasty than in DALK, though the likelihood for graft failure
1139:
and other similar procedures. LASIK is absolutely contraindicated in keratoconus and other corneal thinning conditions as removal of corneal stromal tissue will further damage an already thin and weak cornea. For similar reasons, radial keratotomy has also generally not been used for people with
1107:
approved cross-linking surgery as a treatment for keratoconus and recommended that a registry system should be set-up to evaluate the long-term treatment effect. The Save Sight
Keratoconus Registry is an international database of keratoconus patients that is tracking outcomes of cross-linking in
1020:
surgery. In other countries, such as
Australia and the UK, the operation is commonly performed with the person undergoing a general anaesthetic. All cases require a careful follow-up with an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist) for a number of years. Frequently, vision is greatly improved
980:
Between 11% and 27% of cases of keratoconus will progress to a point where vision correction is no longer possible, thinning of the cornea becomes excessive, or scarring as a result of contact lens wear causes problems of its own, and a corneal transplantation or penetrating keratoplasty becomes
1086:
before the incision is closed by a suture. The segments push out against the curvature of the cornea, flattening the peak of the cone and returning it to a more natural shape. The procedure offers the benefit of being reversible and even potentially exchangeable as it involves no removal of eye
1029:
is very rare, though difficult-to-correct vision is possible. When rejection is severe, repeat transplants are often attempted, and are frequently successful. Keratoconus will not normally reoccur in the transplanted cornea; incidences of this have been observed, but are usually attributed to
490:
in identical twins. The frequency of occurrence in close family members is not clearly defined, though it is known to be considerably higher than that in the general population, and studies have obtained estimates ranging between 6% and 19%. Two studies involving isolated, largely homogenetic
908:
lenses and, most recently, silicone hydrogel lenses. A soft lens has a tendency to conform to the conical shape of the cornea, thus diminishing its effect. To counter this, hybrid lenses have been developed that are hard in the centre and encompassed by a soft skirt. However, soft or earlier
896:
conditions of the cornea, and contact lens fitters who have experience managing people with keratoconus. The irregular cone presents a challenge and the fitter will endeavor to produce a lens with the optimal contact, stability and steepness. Some trial-and-error fitting may prove necessary.
895:
filling the gap between the irregular corneal surface and the smooth regular inner surface of the lens, thereby creating the effect of a smoother cornea. Many specialized types of contact lenses have been developed for keratoconus, and affected people may seek out both doctors specialized in
529:
have been shown to influence corneal biomechanics and tissue remodeling, potentially affecting the integrity of the cornea in individuals predisposed to keratoconus. Moreover, fluctuations in hormonal levels during puberty and pregnancy have been associated with the onset or exacerbation of
3269:
Krumeich JH, Daniel J (August 1997). "Lebend-Epikeratophakie und Tiefe Lamelläre
Keratoplastik zur Stadiengerechten chirurgischen Behandlung des Keratokonus (KK) I-III" [Live epikeratophakia and deep lamellar keratoplasty for I-III stage-specific surgical treatment of keratoconus].
909:
generation hybrid lenses did not prove effective for every person. Early generation lenses have been discontinued. The fourth generation of hybrid lens technology has improved, giving more people an option that combines the comfort of a soft lens with the visual acuity of an RGP lens.
1352:
According to the findings of the
Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK), people who have keratoconus could be expected to pay more than $ 25,000 over their lifetime post-diagnosis, with a standard deviation of $ 19,396. There is limited evidence on the costs of
1432:
Posterior keratoconus, a distinct disorder despite its similar name, is a rare abnormality, usually congenital, which causes a nonprogressive thinning of the inner surface of the cornea, while the curvature of the anterior surface remains normal. Usually only a single eye is
1030:
incomplete excision of the original cornea or inadequate screening of the donor tissue. The long-term outlook for corneal transplants performed for keratoconus is usually favorable once the initial healing period is completed and a few years have elapsed without problems.
246:
Keratoconus affects about 1 in 2,000 people. However, some estimates suggest that the incidence may be as high as 1 in 400 individuals. It occurs most commonly in late childhood to early adulthood. While it occurs in all populations, it may be more frequent in certain
1428:
causes thinning of a narrow (1–2 mm) band of the cornea, usually along the inferior corneal margin. It causes irregular astigmatism that, in the early stages of the disease can be corrected by spectacles. Differential diagnosis may be made by slit-lamp
1219:
solution. Although a hydrops usually causes increased scarring of the cornea, occasionally it will benefit a patient by creating a flatter cone, aiding the fitting of contact lenses. Corneal transplantation is not usually indicated during corneal hydrops.
671:
examination of the cornea. An advanced case is usually readily apparent to the examiner, and can provide for an unambiguous diagnosis prior to more specialized testing. Under close examination, a ring of yellow-brown to olive-green pigmentation known as a
931:
Scleral lenses are sometimes prescribed for cases of advanced or very irregular keratoconus; these lenses cover a greater proportion of the surface of the eye and hence can offer improved stability. Easier handling can find favor with people with reduced
883:
can suffice to correct for the mild astigmatism. As the condition progresses, these may no longer provide the person with a satisfactory degree of visual acuity, and most practitioners will move to manage the condition with rigid contact lenses, known as
232:. Diagnosis is most often by topography. Topography measures the curvature of the cornea and creates a colored "map" of the cornea. Keratoconus causes very distinctive changes in the appearance of these maps, which allows doctors to make the diagnosis.
1240:
populations, ages three to 18, the prevalence of keratoconus was found to be as high as one in 334 children. The inconsistency may be due to variations in diagnostic criteria, with some cases of severe astigmatism interpreted as those of keratoconus,
1307:
into a vertical slit, like that of a cat. He reported that he had had a measure of success with the technique, restoring vision to an 18-year-old woman who had previously been unable to count fingers at a distance of 8 inches (20 cm).
1249:
detection. It is common for keratoconus to be diagnosed first in one eye and not until later in the other. As the condition then progresses in both eyes, the vision in the earlier-diagnosed eye will often remain poorer than that in its fellow.
1033:
One way of reducing the risk of rejection is to use a technique called deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). In a DALK graft, only the outermost epithelium and the main bulk of the cornea, the stroma, are replaced; the person's rearmost
223:
factors. Patients with a parent, sibling, or child who has keratoconus have 15 to 67 times higher risk in developing corneal ectasia compared to patients with no affected relatives. Proposed environmental factors include rubbing the eyes and
287:
People with early keratoconus often notice a minor blurring or distortion of their vision, as well as an increased sensitivity to light, and visit their clinician seeking corrective lenses for reading or driving. At early stages, the
1090:
Corneal intrastromal implantation surgery involving the implantation of a full ring is also available as a treatment option for keratoconus. Evidence supports that the full-ring implant improves vision outcomes for at least a year.
1211:
Although disconcerting to the patient, the effect is normally temporary and after a period of six to eight weeks, the cornea usually returns to its former transparency. The recovery can be aided nonsurgically by bandaging with an
688:, fine stress lines within the cornea caused by stretching and thinning. The striae temporarily disappear while slight pressure is applied to the eyeball. A highly pronounced cone can create a V-shaped indentation in the lower
1207:
seeps into the cornea before
Descemet's membrane reseals. The patient experiences pain and a sudden severe clouding of vision, with the cornea taking on a translucent milky-white appearance known as a corneal hydrops.
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4966:
4951:
1575:
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of keratoconus will normally have presented themselves long before Munson's sign becomes apparent, and so this finding, though a classic sign of the disease, tends not to be of primary diagnostic importance.
3937:
Janani L, Tanha K, Najafi F, Jadidi K, Nejat F, Hashemian SJ, Dehghani M, Sadeghi M (1 June 2019). "Efficacy of complete rings (MyoRing) in treatment of
Keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
2252:
Barr JT, Wilson BS, Gordon MO, et al. (January 2006). "Estimation of the incidence and factors predictive of corneal scarring in the
Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study".
1102:
is a developing treatment that aims to strengthen the cornea, however, according to a 2015 Cochrane review, there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus. In 2016, however, the
1117:
1056:
is less frequently performed than a penetrating keratoplasty, as the outcome is generally less favorable. However, it may be seen as an option in a number of cases, particularly for young people.
1986:
Pantanelli S, MacRae S, Jeong TM, Yoon G (November 2007). "Characterizing the wave aberration in eyes with keratoconus or penetrating keratoplasty using a high-dynamic range wavefront sensor".
1299:) to diagnose keratoconus, and described how to angle the instrument's mirror so as to best see the conical shape of the cornea. Bowman also attempted to restore vision by pulling on the
1078:
A possible surgical alternative to corneal transplant is the insertion of intrastromal corneal ring segments. A small incision is made in the periphery of the cornea and two thin arcs of
1008:
The acute recovery period can take four to six weeks, and full postoperative vision stabilization often takes a year or more, but most transplants are very stable in the long term. The
981:
required. Keratoconus is the most common grounds for conducting a penetrating keratoplasty, generally accounting for around a quarter of such procedures. The corneal transplant surgeon
4723:
2427:
Lema I, Durán JA, Ruiz C, DĂez-Feijoo E, Acera A, Merayo J (August 2008). "Inflammatory response to contact lenses in patients with keratoconus compared with myopic subjects".
561:. A number of studies suggest vigorous eye rubbing contributes to the progression of keratoconus, and people should be discouraged from the practice. Keratoconus differs from
1422:
is a very rare condition that causes corneal thinning primarily at the margins, resulting in a spherical, slightly enlarged eye. It may be genetically related to keratoconus.
399:
Patients with a parent, sibling, or child who has keratoconus have 15 to 67 times higher risk in developing corneal ectasia compared to patients with no affected relatives.
751:
The morphology of the cone: 'nipple' (small: 5 mm and near-central), 'oval' (larger, below-center and often sagging), or 'globus' (more than 75% of cornea affected);
628:
and other visual symptoms, the presence of any history of ocular disease or injury that might affect vision, and the presence of any family history of ocular disease. An
3400:
308:
is often poor. Some individuals have vision in one eye that is markedly worse than the other eye. The disease is often bilateral, though asymmetrical. Some develop
3343:
1283:
of the cornea. Nottingham reported the cases of "conical cornea" that had come to his attention, and described several classic features of the disease, including
712:
visualization of the surface of the cornea by projecting a series of concentric rings of light onto the cornea. A more definitive diagnosis can be obtained using
3202:
2357:
Gondhowiardjo TD, van
Haeringen NJ, Völker-Dieben HJ, et al. (March 1993). "Analysis of corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase patterns in pathologic corneas".
4628:
Godefrooij DA, van Geuns P, de Wit GA, Wisse RP (1 May 2016). "What Are the Costs of
Corneal Cross-linking for the Treatment of Progressive Keratoconus?".
4753:
1331:-causing agent with a pressure dressing. In 1888, the treatment of keratoconus became one of the first practical applications of the then newly invented
502:
model of inheritance. A rare, autosomal dominant form of severe keratoconus with anterior polar cataract is caused by a mutation in the seed region of
2021:
Nakagawa T, Maeda N, Kosaki R, et al. (June 2009). "Higher-order aberrations due to the posterior corneal surface in patients with keratoconus".
968:
Corneal transplant for keratoconus, approximately one week after surgery – multiple light reflections indicate folds in the cornea that later resolved
6116:
4347:"Prevalence of Keratoconus Based on Scheimpflug Corneal Tomography Metrics in a Pediatric Population From a Chicago-Based School Age Vision Clinic"
904:
Traditionally, contact lenses for keratoconus have been the 'hard' or RGP variety, although manufacturers have also produced specialized 'soft' or
1279:. However, it was not until 1854 that British physician John Nottingham (1801–1856) clearly described keratoconus and distinguished it from other
3805:
Wagoner MD, Smith SD, Rademaker WJ, Mahmood MA (2001). "Penetrating keratoplasty vs. epikeratoplasty for the surgical treatment of keratoconus".
3315:
2130:
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suggesting a possibility of keratoconus. Severe cases can exceed the instrument's measuring ability. A further indication can be provided by
6185:
6111:
1809:
348:
distortion around light sources. Some even notice the images moving relative to one another in time with their heartbeat. The predominant
3911:
2514:
945:
piggyback lens combination requires experience on the part of the lens fitter, and tolerance on the part of the person with keratoconus.
667:
If keratoconus is suspected, the ophthalmologist or optometrist will search for other characteristic findings of the disease by means of
1131:
procedure where the surgeon makes a spoke-like pattern of incisions into the cornea to modify its shape. This early surgical option for
4731:
4264:
1950:
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within the corneal epithelium, is subtle and may not be readily detectable in all cases, but becomes more evident when viewed under a
3234:
Krumeich JH, Kezirian GM (April 2009). "Circular keratotomy to reduce astigmatism and improve vision in stage I and II keratoconus".
2941:
Ioannidis AS, Speedwell L, Nischal KK (February 2005). "Unilateral keratoconus in a child with chronic and persistent eye rubbing".
486:
A genetic predisposition to keratoconus has been observed, with the disease running in certain families, and incidences reported of
5064:
3450:
Pullum KW, Buckley RJ (November 1997). "A study of 530 patients referred for rigid gas permeable scleral contact lens assessment".
3423:
385:
3982:
6666:
5125:
4345:
Harthan JS, Gelles JD, Block SS, Tullo W, Morgenstern AS, Su B, Chung D, Yu A, Greenstein SA, Hersh PS, Eiden SB (1 March 2024).
3485:
Yeung K, Eghbali F, Weissman BA (September 1995). "Clinical experience with piggyback contact lens systems on keratoconic eyes".
1469:
4865:"After 15 yrs of wearing hard contact lenses to treat an eye condition called Keratoconus, I've now been prescribed soft lenses"
3868:
Poulsen DM, Kang JJ (July 2015). "Recent advances in the treatment of corneal ectasia with intrastromal corneal ring segments".
1862:
6133:
6128:
5953:
1776:
2976:
Lindsay RG, Bruce AS, Gutteridge IF (July 2000). "Keratoconus associated with continual eye rubbing due to punctal agenesis".
1236:
in the United States, affecting about one in 2,000 Americans, but some reports place the figure as high as one in 500. In the
3852:
3071:
2757:
2598:
2570:
2180:
1916:
1320:
4789:
1550:
5993:
3556:
Javadi MA, Motlagh BF, Jafarinasab MR, et al. (November 2005). "Outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus".
3404:
1763:
4886:
Jinabhai A, Radhakrishnan, Hema, O'Donnell, Clare (23 December 2010). "Pellucid corneal marginal degeneration: A review".
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for a period of 10 to 20 years before the course of the disease generally ceases in the third and fourth decades of life.
506:, a microRNA that is highly expressed in the cornea and anterior lens. Keratoconus is diagnosed more often in people with
6106:
4996:
2400:
Daxer A, Fratzl P (1997). "Collagen fibril orientation in the human corneal stroma and its implications in keratoconus".
1494:
1319:, the disorder had acquired its current name. The treatment at that time, endorsed by the leading German ophthalmologist
1148:
1042:
are left, giving some additional structural integrity to the postgraft cornea. Furthermore, it is possible to transplant
549:, and it is not uncommon for several or all of these diseases to affect one person. Keratoconus is also associated with
3331:
1357:, a cost-effectiveness study estimated the costs of the total treatment for one person as ÂŁ928 ($ 1,392 U.S.) in the UK
6101:
5988:
5555:
4842:
4328:
2314:
Spoerl E, Wollensak G, Seiler T (July 2004). "Increased resistance of crosslinked cornea against enzymatic digestion".
1759:<403::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-a "Genetic epidemiological study of keratoconus: Evidence for major gene determination"
1065:
4924:
3209:
2225:
1287:, weakness of the cornea, and difficulty matching corrective lenses to the patient's vision. In 1859, British surgeon
1016:
In the US, corneal transplants (also known as corneal grafts) for keratoconus are usually performed under sedation as
888:, (RGP) lenses. RGP lenses provide a good level of visual correction, but do not arrest progression of the condition.
407:
283:"... a candle, when looked at, appears like a number of lights, confusedly running into one another" — Nottingham
5856:
5716:
4392:
Fink BA, Wagner H, Steger-May K, et al. (September 2005). "Differences in keratoconus as a function of gender".
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3744:
4033:
724:
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5914:
5826:
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Practical observations on conical cornea: and on the short sight, and other defects of vision connected with it.
513:
Researches also have shed light on the role of hormones in the pathophysiology of keratoconus. Hormones such as
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5545:
4764:
1425:
1099:
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can be observed in around half of keratoconic eyes. The
Fleischer ring, caused by deposition of the iron oxide
4082:
Jabbur NS, Stark WJ, Green WR (November 2001). "Corneal ectasia after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis".
4057:
3128:
Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW (1984). "Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders".
5909:
5800:
5666:
3981:
Sykakis E, Karim R, Evans JR, Bunce C, Amissah-Arthur KN, Patwary S, McDonnell PJ, Hamada S (24 March 2015).
3694:
Rubinfeld RS, Traboulsi EI, Arentsen JJ, Eagle RC (June 1990). "Keratoconus after penetrating keratoplasty".
411:
A specimen of keratoconic cornea taken out six years after diagnosis: thin stroma, wrinkled posterior surface
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5998:
5983:
5091:
205:
4286:
Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA (March 1986). "A 48-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus".
1187:
5195:
5153:
5118:
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2059:
Rong SS, Ma S, Yu XT, Ma L, Chu WK, Chan T, Wang YM, Young AL, Pang CP, Jhanji V, Chen LJ (4 July 2017).
1275:
provided an early description in a 1748 doctoral dissertation of a case of keratoconus, which he called
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5584:
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324:. It may cause luminous objects to appear as cylindrical pipes with the same intensity at all points.
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6190:
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5943:
5788:
5589:
5535:
2138:
1412:
1361:, but this may be as high as $ 6,500 per eye in other countries. A 2013 cost-benefit analysis by the
1907:
Feder R, Kshettry P (2005). "Non-inflammatory Ectactic Disorders, Chapter 78". In Krachmer J (ed.).
5841:
5812:
5436:
5401:
5007:
2898:
Jafri B, Lichter H, Stulting RD (August 2004). "Asymmetric keratoconus attributed to eye rubbing".
331:
Multiple images made by extremely high contrast light sources as seen by a person with keratoconus
6312:
6066:
5866:
5386:
5379:
1358:
1079:
4152:
Bergmanson JP, Farmer EJ (1999). "A return to primitive practice? Radial keratotomy revisited".
3514:"[Efficacy and low cost in keratoconus treatment with rigid gas-permeable contact lens]"
1651:
Romero-Jiménez M, Santodomingo-Rubido J, Wolffsohn JS (1 August 2010). "Keratoconus: a review".
6581:
6551:
6486:
6481:
6208:
5486:
5351:
5111:
3365:
Rubinstein MP, Sud S (1999). "The use of hybrid lenses in management of the irregular cornea".
3313:
Vogt's striae in keratoconus, University of Iowa Health Care, Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences
1593:
Kandel H, Pesudovs K, Watson SL (March 2020). "Measurement of Quality of Life in Keratoconus".
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of the eye. As the disease progresses, vision deteriorates, sometimes rapidly due to irregular
5080:
5047:
3745:"Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty versus penetrating keratoplasty for treating keratoconus"
2534:
2207:
6671:
6524:
6200:
4960:
1354:
1296:
6168:
2515:"Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study"
997:. The cornea does not have a direct blood supply, so the donor tissue is not required to be
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1961:
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605:
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A number of studies have indicated keratoconic corneas show signs of increased activity by
1341:
335:
The classic symptom of keratoconus is the perception of multiple "ghost" images, known as
8:
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5303:
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3616:
2614:
Hughes AE, Bradley DT, Campbell M, Lechner J, Dash DP, Simpson DA, Willoughby CE (2011).
2131:"Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Keratoconus: New Thoughts and New Understandings"
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cornea to the existing eye tissue, usually using a combination of running and individual
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240:
50:
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can be removed during the healing process if they are causing irritation to the person.
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4675:"Cost effectiveness of collagen crosslinking for progressive keratoconus in the UK NHS"
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4605:
4581:"The Lifetime Economic Burden of Keratoconus: A Decision Analysis Using a Markov Model"
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2640:
2615:
2561:
Rabonitz Y (2004). "Ectatic Disorders of the Cornea". In Foster C, et al. (eds.).
2495:
2452:
2382:
2339:
2278:
2266:
2093:
2060:
1731:
1698:
1626:
1436:
1366:
1128:
713:
570:
507:
349:
336:
93:
4990:
4819:
4200:
4165:
4130:
3378:
2676:
2483:
1834:
1461:
732:
Once keratoconus has been diagnosed, its degree may be classified by several metrics:
6556:
6453:
6218:
6078:
5861:
5518:
5424:
5069:
5018:
4903:
4860:
4704:
4655:
4610:
4552:
4511:
4507:
4450:
4409:
4374:
4366:
4303:
4299:
4240:
4169:
4134:
4099:
4015:
3967:
3955:
3885:
3848:
3822:
3787:
3703:
3676:
3620:
3573:
3535:
3494:
3467:
3463:
3382:
3287:
3251:
3180:
3176:
3145:
3141:
3099:
3067:
3036:
3032:
2993:
2989:
2958:
2915:
2880:
2831:
2790:
2753:
2731:
2719:
2680:
2645:
2616:"Mutation Altering the miR-184 Seed Region Causes Familial Keratoconus with Cataract"
2594:
2566:
2526:
2487:
2444:
2409:
2374:
2370:
2331:
2282:
2270:
2176:
2098:
2038:
2003:
1912:
1848:
1788:
1780:
1758:
1736:
1718:
1676:
1668:
1630:
1618:
1610:
1399:
1272:
1233:
1216:
1161:
1124:
959:
653:
609:
417:
340:
201:
129:
106:
77:
3897:
3585:
3530:
3513:
3299:
3048:
2927:
2499:
2456:
2386:
2343:
1653:
Contact Lens & Anterior Eye: The Journal of the British Contact Lens Association
1365:
for Eye Bank Association of America, estimated an average cost of $ 16,500 for each
6344:
6334:
6180:
6155:
6088:
6054:
5973:
5604:
5594:
5491:
5346:
5233:
5223:
4895:
4694:
4686:
4645:
4637:
4600:
4592:
4542:
4503:
4440:
4401:
4358:
4295:
4230:
4196:
4161:
4126:
4091:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3947:
3877:
3814:
3777:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3666:
3658:
3612:
3565:
3525:
3459:
3374:
3279:
3243:
3172:
3137:
3028:
3005:
2985:
2950:
2907:
2870:
2862:
2821:
2782:
2711:
2672:
2635:
2627:
2565:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 889–911.
2479:
2436:
2366:
2323:
2262:
2088:
2080:
2030:
1995:
1772:
1726:
1710:
1660:
1602:
1323:, was an attempt to physically reshape the cornea by chemical cauterization with a
1204:
986:
693:
574:
448:
425:
372:
Six genes have been found to be associated with the condition. These genes include
293:
5058:
4187:
Davis L (1997). "Keratoconus: Current understanding of diagnosis and management".
3818:
3647:"Repeat penetrating keratoplasty: indications, graft survival, and visual outcome"
2715:
648:
may proceed to measurement of the localized curvature of the cornea with a manual
596:
6411:
6375:
6339:
5958:
5783:
5770:
5704:
5661:
5579:
5391:
5323:
5243:
5228:
5012:
4641:
4362:
4332:
4268:
4095:
3881:
3319:
3247:
2786:
2698:
Jamali H, Heydari M, Masihpour N, Khosravi A, Zare M, Shams M, Omrani GR (2023).
2440:
2211:
1999:
1606:
1182:
994:
758:
Increasing use of corneal topography has led to a decline in use of these terms.
645:
625:
621:
613:
558:
550:
534:
444:
229:
193:
102:
3163:
Maguire LJ, Bourne WM (August 1989). "Corneal topography of early keratoconus".
2226:"What is Keratoconus Disease - Bulging Eye Disease Causes, Symptoms | NKCF"
6641:
6493:
6438:
6281:
6049:
5978:
5760:
5730:
5676:
5630:
5501:
5374:
5308:
5298:
4899:
4885:
3951:
2631:
2297:"The Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Archive"
2084:
1857:
1664:
1393:
1324:
1300:
1292:
990:
880:
673:
259:
252:
209:
5023:
4975:
4596:
4405:
4117:
Colin J, Velou S (February 2003). "Current surgical options for keratoconus".
2954:
2327:
1483:
1336:
1195:
In advanced cases, bulging of the cornea can result in a localized rupture of
923:
6660:
6561:
6416:
6356:
6073:
6021:
5968:
5898:
5807:
5694:
5671:
5599:
5508:
5313:
5218:
4370:
2470:
Edwards M, McGhee CN, Dean S (December 2001). "The genetics of keratoconus".
2223:
Warren, Catherine. What Causes Keratoconus? National Keratoconus Foundation.
2061:"Genetic associations for keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1784:
1722:
1672:
1614:
1381:
1312:
1269:
1200:
1043:
697:
641:
633:
554:
499:
468:
353:
301:
189:
185:
98:
82:
5103:
4346:
4325:
3662:
3599:
Mamalis N, Anderson CW, Kreisler KR, Lundergan MK, Olson RJ (October 1992).
3555:
2699:
1542:
891:
In people with keratoconus, rigid contact lenses improve vision by means of
215:
While the cause is unknown, it is believed to occur due to a combination of
6426:
6254:
5635:
5550:
5458:
5336:
5331:
5276:
5271:
4907:
4815:
4708:
4659:
4614:
4556:
4454:
4413:
4378:
4244:
4173:
4138:
4103:
4019:
3959:
3889:
3826:
3791:
3680:
3577:
3539:
3386:
3283:
3255:
2997:
2962:
2919:
2884:
2835:
2794:
2773:
Koenig SB (November 2008). "Bilateral recurrent self-induced keratoconus".
2723:
2649:
2491:
2448:
2335:
2274:
2229:
2102:
2042:
2007:
1792:
1740:
1680:
1622:
1419:
1387:
1332:
1169:
918:
526:
460:
456:
305:
248:
4515:
4307:
3707:
3624:
3498:
3471:
3291:
3184:
3149:
3103:
3040:
2684:
2530:
2413:
2378:
1650:
6625:
6576:
6519:
6514:
6471:
6449:
6360:
6351:
6271:
6249:
6061:
6033:
5831:
5699:
5361:
5238:
5190:
5137:
5042:
4690:
4445:
4428:
2866:
2034:
1362:
1026:
905:
705:
681:
677:
657:
649:
617:
600:
Corneal topographer, used for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea
309:
297:
197:
4569:
Castroviejo, R.: International Abstract of Surgery, 65:5, December 1937.
4494:
Pearson RM (September 1989). "Kalt, keratoconus, and the contact lens".
4429:"Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus?"
4219:"Acute hydrops in the corneal ectasias: associated factors and outcomes"
3724:
Sugita J (1997). "Advances in Corneal Research: Selected Transactions".
754:
The corneal thickness from mild (> 506 ÎĽm) to advanced (< 446 ÎĽm).
6546:
6509:
6433:
6421:
6365:
6326:
6147:
6037:
5396:
5261:
4650:
4427:
Pearson AR, Soneji B, Sarvananthan N, Sandford-Smith JH (August 2000).
4426:
1237:
1070:
1017:
998:
492:
421:
345:
313:
208:. Usually both eyes are affected. In more severe cases a scarring or a
4943:
3772:
2300:
1777:
10.1002/1096-8628(20000828)93:5<403::aid-ajmg11>3.0.co;2-a
1714:
1377:
The following individuals have publicly stated they have keratoconus:
6597:
6571:
6445:
6391:
6379:
6264:
6259:
6244:
6240:
5778:
5476:
5453:
5266:
5213:
5208:
5185:
5053:
4391:
976:
Cornea transplant after one year of healing; two stitches are visible
933:
668:
629:
542:
518:
496:
472:
360:. The effect can worsen in low light conditions, as the dark-adapted
177:
134:
86:
22:
1005:
check the donor corneas for any disease or cellular irregularities.
972:
964:
6636:
6401:
5935:
5738:
5369:
5086:
3512:
Schirmbeck T, Paula JS, Martin LF, CrĂłsio Filho H, RomĂŁo E (2005).
2700:"Serum androgens and prolactin levels in patients with keratoconus"
1284:
1002:
982:
661:
637:
522:
514:
464:
451:. Other studies have suggested that reduced activity by the enzyme
440:
432:
278:
220:
216:
149:
2512:
6463:
6406:
5948:
5755:
5686:
5656:
5646:
5253:
4872:
4827:
3601:"Changing trends in the indications for penetrating keratoplasty"
3511:
1280:
1213:
1165:
876:
777:
Eccentric steepening Induced myopia and/or astigmatism of ≤ 5.0 D
745:
741:
737:
562:
510:, though the reasons for this link have not yet been determined.
503:
327:
289:
236:
153:
145:
5001:
3598:
1303:
with a fine hook inserted through the cornea and stretching the
1257:
1160:
Patients with keratoconus typically present initially with mild
1082:
are slid between the layers of the stroma on either side of the
273:
6566:
5468:
5445:
5165:
4970:
4955:
4928:
3693:
1810:"FDA approves first corneal cross-linking system for treatment"
1328:
1132:
850:
Corneal thickness is the thinnest measured spot of the cornea.
689:
685:
590:
546:
538:
480:
476:
436:
393:
389:
377:
373:
364:
dilates to expose more of the irregular surface of the cornea.
357:
228:. The underlying mechanism involves changes of the cornea to a
181:
4627:
2748:
Kumar V (2007). "Eye: Cornea, Degenerations and Dystrophies".
2513:
Zadnik K, Barr JT, Edrington TB, et al. (December 1998).
585:
491:
communities have contrarily mapped putative gene locations to
58:
The "cone shaped cornea" that is characteristic of keratoconus
6538:
4471:
Ophthalmic Hosp Rep and J R Lond Ophthalmic Hosp. 1859;9:157.
2020:
1440:
1304:
1136:
1083:
892:
566:
381:
361:
225:
4578:
3804:
2810:"Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance"
2613:
2251:
1491:
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
708:, sometimes known as "Placido's disk", can provide a simple
573:
has been associated with the excessive removal of the eye's
320:
in the eye, but there is normally little or no sensation of
5618:
5180:
5075:
4579:
Rebenitsch RL, Kymes SM, Walline JJ, Gordon MO (May 2011).
3339:
321:
317:
292:
of keratoconus may be no different from those of any other
3019:
Nordan LT (1997). "Keratoconus: diagnosis and treatment".
867:
847:
Stage is determined if one of the characteristics applies.
813:
Induced myopia and/or astigmatism between 8.01 and 10.00 D
443:
cross-linkages in the stroma, with a simultaneous reduced
4216:
3983:"Corneal collagen cross-linking for treating keratoconus"
2940:
1985:
1340:
transplantation to treat keratoconus was done in 1936 by
1104:
795:
Induced myopia and/or astigmatism between 5.00 and 8.00 D
736:
The steepness of greatest curvature from 'mild' (< 45
684:
filter. Similarly, around 50% of subjects exhibit Vogt's
4673:
Salmon HA, Chalk D, Stein K, Frost NA (28 August 2015).
3742:
2426:
1756:
1264:, Nottingham's ground-breaking text on keratoconus, 1854
235:
Initially the condition can typically be corrected with
4344:
3936:
3090:
Edrington TB, Zadnik K, Barr JT (1995). "Keratoconus".
3064:
The ocular examination : measurements and findings
1372:
692:
when the person's gaze is directed downwards, known as
3980:
2975:
2204:
2128:
4843:"Mandy Patinkin saves sight with corneal transplants"
4820:"I have an hereditary eye disease called keratoconus"
4724:"Corneal cross-linking patients need Medicare rebate"
4672:
4563:
4535:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
4223:
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
2313:
1576:"Cornea Research Foundation of America - Keratoconus"
251:
such as those of Asian descent. The word is from the
4933:
3484:
2897:
2848:
2743:
2741:
1592:
6167:
4217:Grewal S, Laibson PR, Cohen EJ, Rapuano CJ (1999).
3089:
2202:
National Keratoconus Foundation: Research Overview.
1311:By 1869, when the pioneering Swiss ophthalmologist
3127:
2697:
459:and oxidising species in the cornea. Whatever the
6112:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
4484:Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde. 1869.
4469:On conical cornea and its treatment by operation.
4285:
3912:"Intracorneal ring: A good alternative to LASIK?"
3644:
2752:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
2738:
2591:Inherited Eye Disorders: Diagnosis and Management
2469:
6658:
4151:
4081:
3838:
3836:
3233:
2851:"Atopy and keratoconus: a multivariate analysis"
2849:Bawazeer AM, Hodge WG, Lorimer B (August 2000).
2807:
2519:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
2023:Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
1074:A pair of Intacs after insertion into the cornea
4859:
4531:"Keratoplasty for the Treatment of Keratoconus"
3743:Keane M, Coster D, Ziaei M, Williams K (2014).
1757:Wang Y, Rabinowitz Y, Rotter J, Yang H (2000).
1466:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
728:Corneal topography showing stage II keratoconus
339:. This effect is most clearly seen with a high
3487:Journal of the American Optometric Association
3268:
1696:
1454:
495:16q and 20q. Most genetic studies agree on an
5133:
5119:
4754:"Cost-Benefit Analysis of Corneal Transplant"
4528:
3833:
3449:
3401:"SoftPerm Hybrid Contact Lenses Discontinued"
3364:
3332:"Corneal Dystrophies (including Keratoconus)"
3162:
2662:
1906:
1882:
1880:
6186:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
4522:
3085:
3083:
2420:
2014:
1979:
1543:"Facts About the Cornea and Corneal Disease"
180:that results in progressive thinning of the
5514:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
5173:
3990:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3867:
3842:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2399:
2054:
2052:
5126:
5112:
4814:
4790:"Warriors' Stephen Curry fixed his vision"
4493:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4259:Facts About The Cornea and Corneal Disease
4119:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
4116:
2808:McMonnies CW, Boneham GC (November 2003).
2560:
2173:Grayson's Diseases of the Cornea. Chap. 17
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2129:Caroline P, Andre M, Kinoshita B, Choo J.
2058:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1877:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
49:
4698:
4649:
4604:
4546:
4444:
4234:
4212:
4210:
4009:
3781:
3771:
3719:
3717:
3670:
3551:
3549:
3529:
3080:
3018:
2874:
2825:
2772:
2639:
2472:Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology
2092:
1948:
1730:
1699:"Pediatric genetic disease of the cornea"
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
640:, is then used to determine the person's
612:of keratoconus frequently begins with an
3196:
3194:
3110:
3061:
2584:
2582:
2549:
2049:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1262:Practical observations on conical cornea
1256:
1186:
1147:
1115:
1069:
1059:
971:
963:
922:
866:
723:
595:
584:
406:
326:
272:
4621:
4274:
3645:Al-Mezaine H, Wagoner MD (March 2006).
2588:
2307:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2170:
2153:
2135:Pacific University College of Optometry
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1925:
1232:reports keratoconus is the most common
985:a lenticule of corneal tissue and then
416:develops by progressive dissolution of
304:becomes impaired at all distances, and
6659:
4207:
3723:
3714:
3546:
2620:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1637:
1570:
1568:
1504:
1500:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1472:from the original on 19 February 2017.
1347:
589:A schematic diagram showing change in
6623:
6019:
5422:
5151:
5107:
4840:
4186:
4058:"The Save Sight Keratoconus Registry"
3736:
3191:
2814:Clinical & Experimental Optometry
2747:
2663:Rabinowitz YS (1998). "Keratoconus".
2579:
1893:
1697:Fecarotta C, Huang W (27 July 2015).
1553:from the original on 22 November 2016
1164:and myopia, commonly at the onset of
953:
533:Keratoconus has been associated with
455:may be responsible for a build-up of
268:
5994:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
3651:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
3617:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080220071023
3518:Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia
2855:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
2593:. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
2189:
2109:
1804:
1802:
1764:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1752:
1750:
1692:
1690:
1406:
1373:Notable individuals with keratoconus
1111:
316:from squinting in order to read, or
6117:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
5954:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
3200:
3021:International Ophthalmology Clinics
1951:"Keratoconus and related disorders"
1865:from the original on 8 January 2016
1565:
1415:also cause thinning of the cornea:
1047:were similar with both procedures.
16:Medical condition involving the eye
13:
5989:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
4721:
3570:10.1097/01.ico.0000159730.45177.cd
3346:from the original on 24 April 2014
2912:10.1097/01.ico.0000121711.58571.8d
2827:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03082.x
2267:10.1097/01.ico.0000164831.87593.08
1191:Corneal hydrops due to keratoconus
1176:
1066:Intrastromal corneal ring segments
1050:
402:
281:seen by a person with keratoconus.
14:
6683:
5717:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
4918:
4585:American Journal of Ophthalmology
4394:American Journal of Ophthalmology
4288:American Journal of Ophthalmology
3165:American Journal of Ophthalmology
2943:American Journal of Ophthalmology
2484:10.1046/j.1442-9071.2001.d01-16.x
1799:
1747:
1687:
912:
420:, which lies between the corneal
5822:Central retinal artery occlusion
4508:10.1097/00006324-198909000-00011
3870:Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
3464:10.1097/00003226-199711000-00003
3203:"Keratoconus: A clinical update"
3033:10.1097/00004397-199703710-00005
2990:10.1097/00003226-200007000-00034
2371:10.1097/00003226-199303000-00010
1199:, an inner layer of the cornea.
1094:
899:
875:In early stages of keratoconus,
783:Vogt's lines, typical topography
5827:Branch retinal artery occlusion
5556:Terrien's marginal degeneration
4888:Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
4879:
4853:
4834:
4808:
4782:
4746:
4715:
4666:
4572:
4487:
4482:Zur Behandlung des Keratoconus.
4474:
4461:
4420:
4385:
4338:
4314:
4251:
4180:
4154:Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
4145:
4110:
4075:
4050:
4026:
3974:
3930:
3904:
3861:
3798:
3687:
3638:
3592:
3531:10.1590/S0004-27492005000200012
3505:
3478:
3443:
3411:
3393:
3367:Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
3358:
3324:
3306:
3262:
3227:
3156:
3066:. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
3055:
3012:
2969:
2934:
2891:
2842:
2801:
2766:
2691:
2656:
2607:
2506:
2463:
2393:
2350:
2289:
2245:
2217:
1841:
1827:
1317:On the treatment of keratoconus
1223:
1135:has been largely superseded by
1010:National Keratoconus Foundation
939:
312:(sensitivity to bright light),
212:may be seen within the cornea.
6667:Disorders of sclera and cornea
6624:
5857:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
5817:Central retinal vein occlusion
5546:Pellucid marginal degeneration
4229:: 187–98, discussion 198–203.
4002:10.1002/14651858.CD010621.pub2
3764:10.1002/14651858.CD009700.pub2
3419:Hybrid Contact Lens Management
1586:
1476:
1426:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1327:solution and application of a
1100:Corneal collagen cross-linking
871:Rigid gas permeable (RGP) lens
652:, with detection of irregular
620:'s assessment of the person's
1:
5910:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
5801:Posterior vitreous detachment
5667:Persistent pupillary membrane
4630:Journal of Refractive Surgery
4201:10.1016/S0953-4431(96)00201-9
4166:10.1016/S1367-0484(99)80024-1
4131:10.1016/S0886-3350(02)01968-5
3819:10.3928/1081-597X-20010301-08
3807:Journal of Refractive Surgery
3379:10.1016/S1367-0484(99)80044-7
2716:10.1080/08164622.2022.2081067
2677:10.1016/S0039-6257(97)00119-7
1703:Journal of Pediatric Genetics
1447:
819:Pachymetry 200 to 400 ÎĽm
638:progressively smaller letters
352:of the eye in keratoconus is
6397:Leber's congenital amaurosis
6308:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
6020:
5999:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
5984:Persistent fetal vasculature
5915:Leber's congenital amaurosis
4642:10.3928/1081597X-20160318-01
4496:Optometry and Vision Science
4363:10.1097/ICL.0000000000001072
4335:. Accessed 24 December 2011.
4300:10.1016/0002-9394(86)90817-2
4271:. Accessed 12 February 2006.
4189:Clinical Eye and Vision Care
4096:10.1001/archopht.119.11.1714
3882:10.1097/icu.0000000000000163
3726:World Congress on the Cornea
3248:10.3928/1081597x-20090401-07
3177:10.1016/0002-9394(89)90001-9
3142:10.1016/0039-6257(84)90094-8
2787:10.1097/ICL.0b013e31818c25eb
2441:10.1097/ICO.0b013e31816a3591
2214:. Accessed 12 February 2006.
2000:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.01.008
1607:10.1097/ICO.0000000000002170
1384:, American basketball player
1335:, when the French physician
1143:
857:
580:
530:keratoconus in some cases.
396:. Others likely also exist.
7:
5196:Meibomian gland dysfunction
4257:US National Eye Institute,
3940:International Ophthalmology
3916:Ophthalmology Times, Europe
3417:Davis Robert, Eiden Barry.
2175:. Mosby. pp. 452–454.
1890:London: J. Churchill, 1854.
1108:patients with keratoconus.
367:
10:
6688:
5920:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
5894:Central serous retinopathy
5712:Focal choroidal excavation
5585:Corneal neovascularization
5402:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
5152:
4900:10.1016/j.clae.2010.11.007
3952:10.1007/s10792-019-01121-9
3843:Yanoff M, Duker J (2004).
3752:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2632:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.014
2085:10.1038/s41598-017-04393-2
1665:10.1016/j.clae.2010.04.006
1252:
1180:
1063:
957:
948:
916:
69:KEHR-uh- toh-KOH-nus
20:
6632:
6619:
6590:
6537:
6502:
6462:
6387:
6374:
6325:
6303:Convergence insufficiency
6290:
6231:
6199:
6176:
6146:
6087:
6045:
6032:
6028:
6015:
5944:Primary juvenile glaucoma
5928:
5789:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
5769:
5729:
5685:
5626:
5617:
5467:
5444:
5435:
5431:
5423:
5418:
5360:
5322:
5289:
5252:
5204:
5164:
5160:
5147:
5138:Diseases of the human eye
5033:
4937:
4841:Moran WR (6 March 2001).
4597:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.10.034
4406:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.078
4084:Archives of Ophthalmology
3605:Archives of Ophthalmology
3421:. Contact Lens Spectrum:
3272:Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd.
2955:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.07.044
2402:Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
2328:10.1080/02713680490513182
1413:corneal ectatic disorders
1120:Diagram of MARK incisions
862:
846:
840:Pachymetry ≤ 200 μm
831:Refraction not measurable
719:
159:
141:
128:
120:
112:
92:
76:
62:
57:
48:
40:
35:
5813:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1958:North Shore Contact Lens
1659:(4): 157–166, quiz 205.
1315:wrote a thesis entitled
801:Pachymetry ≥ 400 μm
740:), 'advanced' (up to 52
21:Not to be confused with
6313:One and a half syndrome
6067:Foster Kennedy syndrome
4331:12 January 2006 at the
4320:Weissman BA, Yeung KK.
4267:31 October 2005 at the
3847:(2nd ed.). Mosby.
3663:10.1136/bjo.2005.079624
3424:"Contact Lens Spectrum"
3130:Survey of Ophthalmology
2750:Robbins Basic Pathology
2665:Survey of Ophthalmology
1359:National Health Service
1080:polymethyl methacrylate
936:, such as the elderly.
744:) or 'severe' (> 52
577:tissue during surgery.
439:that break some of the
258:meaning cornea and the
176:) is a disorder of the
44:KC, KCN, conical cornea
6552:Argyll Robertson pupil
5352:Periorbital cellulitis
4529:Castroviejo R (1948).
4351:Eye & Contact Lens
3318:13 August 2016 at the
3284:10.1055/s-2008-1035103
2775:Eye & Contact Lens
1402:, British TV presenter
1295:(recently invented by
1265:
1230:National Eye Institute
1192:
1157:
1121:
1075:
977:
969:
928:
872:
834:K-reading > 55.00 D
816:K-reading > 53.00 D
729:
601:
593:
461:pathogenetical process
453:aldehyde dehydrogenase
412:
332:
284:
6525:Scintillating scotoma
6191:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
6134:Toxic and nutritional
6107:posterior (PION)
5590:Kayser–Fleischer ring
4062:Keratoconus Australia
2210:22 March 2004 at the
1439:is a complication of
1355:corneal cross-linking
1297:Hermann von Helmholtz
1260:
1190:
1151:
1119:
1073:
1060:Corneal ring implants
1025:of the donor cornea.
975:
967:
926:
870:
727:
632:, such as a standard
599:
588:
565:, which is caused by
410:
344:notice streaking and
330:
276:
219:, environmental, and
198:irregular astigmatism
184:. This may result in
6298:Conjugate gaze palsy
6169:Paralytic strabismus
6102:anterior (AION)
5884:Retinitis pigmentosa
5879:Macular degeneration
5652:Intermediate uveitis
5568:Keratoconjunctivitis
4691:10.1038/eye.2015.151
4446:10.1038/eye.2000.154
2867:10.1136/bjo.84.8.834
2316:Current Eye Research
2035:10.1167/iovs.08-2754
1835:"Keratoconus - NORD"
1277:staphyloma diaphanum
886:rigid, gas-permeable
606:physical examination
6603:Childhood blindness
6582:Parinaud's syndrome
6152:Extraocular muscles
5940:Ocular hypertension
5904:Epiretinal membrane
5889:Retinal haemorrhage
5744:Congenital cataract
4734:on 12 November 2016
4728:Optometry Australia
3430:on 23 December 2010
3407:on 12 October 2010.
2232:on 11 December 2013
2205:http://www.nkcf.org
2077:2017NatSR...7.4620R
1390:, American musician
1348:Society and culture
1321:Albrecht von Graefe
1197:Descemet's membrane
1154:Descemet's membrane
1152:A small rupture of
1040:Descemet's membrane
798:K-reading ≤ 53.00 D
780:K-reading ≤ 48.00 D
624:, particularly the
483:in the tear fluid.
241:soft contact lenses
6129:Leber's hereditary
5796:Retinal detachment
5749:Childhood cataract
5561:Post-LASIK ectasia
5342:Orbital cellulitis
5291:Lacrimal apparatus
5034:External resources
4863:(26 August 2021).
3696:Ophthalmic Surgery
2065:Scientific Reports
1967:on 8 February 2012
1949:Epstein A (2000).
1437:Post-LASIK ectasia
1367:corneal transplant
1266:
1193:
1158:
1129:refractive surgery
1122:
1076:
978:
970:
954:Corneal transplant
929:
873:
730:
714:corneal topography
602:
594:
571:Post-LASIK Ectasia
413:
350:optical aberration
337:monocular polyopia
333:
285:
277:Simulation of the
269:Signs and symptoms
163:~1 in 2,000 people
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6557:Marcus Gunn pupil
6533:
6532:
6454:Visual impairment
6321:
6320:
6227:
6226:
6214:Fourth-nerve (IV)
6142:
6141:
6079:Optic disc drusen
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
5725:
5724:
5613:
5612:
5519:Corneal dystrophy
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5285:
5284:
5101:
5100:
4685:(11): 1504–1511.
4591:(5): 768–773.e2.
4034:"203324Orig2s000"
3946:(12): 2929–2946.
3854:978-0-323-01634-6
3520:(in Portuguese).
3092:Optometry Clinics
3073:978-0-7216-5209-2
3062:Zadnik K (1997).
2759:978-1-4160-2973-1
2600:978-1-57444-839-9
2572:978-0-7817-4206-1
2537:on 3 October 2016
2182:978-0-8151-3654-5
2141:on 7 January 2009
1918:978-0-323-02315-3
1715:10.3233/PGE-14102
1407:Related disorders
1400:Michaela Strachan
1342:RamĂłn Castroviejo
1273:Burchard Mauchart
1234:corneal dystrophy
1125:Radial keratotomy
1112:Radial keratotomy
960:Cornea transplant
855:
854:
294:refractive defect
202:light sensitivity
167:
166:
130:Diagnostic method
107:light sensitivity
30:Medical condition
6679:
6621:
6620:
6385:
6384:
6376:Vision disorders
6335:Refractive error
6277:Brown's syndrome
6233:Other strabismus
6219:Sixth-nerve (VI)
6209:Oculomotor (III)
6181:Ophthalmoparesis
6174:
6173:
6165:
6164:
6156:Binocular vision
6089:Optic neuropathy
6055:optic papillitis
6043:
6042:
6030:
6029:
6017:
6016:
5906:(Macular pucker)
5624:
5623:
5605:Band keratopathy
5442:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5420:
5419:
5347:Orbital lymphoma
5234:Blepharophimosis
5224:Blepharochalasis
5171:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5105:
5104:
4935:
4934:
4912:
4911:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4861:@michaelastracha
4857:
4851:
4850:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4818:(5 March 2019).
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4763:. Archived from
4761:Restoresight.org
4758:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4730:. Archived from
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4550:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4448:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4342:
4336:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4272:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4024:
4023:
4013:
3987:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3918:. 1 October 2007
3908:
3902:
3901:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3775:
3749:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3426:. Archived from
3415:
3409:
3408:
3403:. Archived from
3397:
3391:
3390:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3328:
3322:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3236:J. Refract. Surg
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3208:. Archived from
3207:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3108:
3107:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2589:Merin S (2005).
2586:
2577:
2576:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:. Archived from
2510:
2504:
2503:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2303:on 30 June 2007.
2299:. Archived from
2293:
2287:
2286:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2228:. Archived from
2221:
2215:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2171:Arffa R (1997).
2168:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2137:. Archived from
2126:
2107:
2106:
2096:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1960:. Archived from
1955:
1946:
1923:
1922:
1904:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1648:
1635:
1634:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1539:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1458:
1396:, American actor
1205:anterior chamber
1156:(magnified view)
767:Characteristics
761:
760:
537:, which include
204:leading to poor
53:
33:
32:
6687:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6646:
6628:
6607:
6586:
6529:
6498:
6458:
6412:Color blindness
6378:
6370:
6317:
6291:Other binocular
6286:
6223:
6195:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6138:
6083:
6036:
6024:
6003:
5959:Ocular hypotony
5924:
5784:Chorioretinitis
5765:
5721:
5705:Chorioretinitis
5681:
5662:Rubeosis iridis
5640:
5609:
5580:Corneal opacity
5536:Corneal ectasia
5463:
5427:
5406:
5392:Pseudopterygium
5356:
5318:
5281:
5248:
5244:Ankyloblepharon
5200:
5156:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5029:
5028:
4946:
4921:
4916:
4915:
4884:
4880:
4858:
4854:
4839:
4835:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4770:on 5 March 2017
4767:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4720:
4716:
4671:
4667:
4626:
4622:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4527:
4523:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4466:
4462:
4425:
4421:
4390:
4386:
4343:
4339:
4333:Wayback Machine
4319:
4315:
4284:
4275:
4269:Wayback Machine
4256:
4252:
4215:
4208:
4185:
4181:
4150:
4146:
4115:
4111:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4027:
3996:(3): CD010621.
3985:
3979:
3975:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3841:
3834:
3803:
3799:
3758:(7): CD009700.
3747:
3741:
3737:
3722:
3715:
3692:
3688:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3611:(10): 1409–11.
3597:
3593:
3554:
3547:
3510:
3506:
3483:
3479:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3320:Wayback Machine
3311:
3307:
3267:
3263:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3161:
3157:
3126:
3111:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3060:
3056:
3017:
3013:
2974:
2970:
2939:
2935:
2896:
2892:
2847:
2843:
2806:
2802:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2746:
2739:
2696:
2692:
2661:
2657:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2559:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2525:(13): 2537–46.
2511:
2507:
2468:
2464:
2425:
2421:
2398:
2394:
2355:
2351:
2312:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2250:
2246:
2242:(14 March 2015)
2235:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:Wayback Machine
2199:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2110:
2057:
2050:
2019:
2015:
1994:(11): 2013–21.
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1894:
1885:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1755:
1748:
1695:
1688:
1649:
1638:
1591:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1541:
1540:
1505:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1409:
1375:
1350:
1255:
1226:
1203:from the eye's
1185:
1183:Corneal hydrops
1179:
1177:Corneal hydrops
1146:
1114:
1097:
1068:
1062:
1053:
1051:Epikeratophakia
962:
956:
951:
942:
921:
915:
902:
865:
860:
848:
722:
646:eye examination
626:chief complaint
622:medical history
614:ophthalmologist
583:
569:eye surgery.
559:Marfan syndrome
551:Alport syndrome
535:atopic diseases
508:Down's syndrome
405:
403:Pathophysiology
370:
282:
279:multiple images
271:
206:quality-of-life
194:nearsightedness
116:Early adulthood
103:nearsightedness
72:
31:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6685:
6675:
6674:
6669:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6642:Onchocerciasis
6639:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6617:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6494:Quadrantanopia
6491:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6439:Oguchi disease
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6354:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6294:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6282:Duane syndrome
6279:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6177:
6171:
6162:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6093:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6050:Optic neuritis
6046:
6040:
6026:
6025:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5979:Phthisis bulbi
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Coats' disease
5859:
5854:
5852:of prematurity
5849:
5844:
5839:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5775:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5761:Ectopia lentis
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5619:Vascular tunic
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5502:Photokeratitis
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5473:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5375:Conjunctivitis
5372:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5309:Dacryocystitis
5306:
5301:
5299:Dacryoadenitis
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5168:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5108:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5083:
5072:
5061:
5050:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5015:
5004:
4993:
4978:
4963:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:Classification
4932:
4931:
4920:
4919:External links
4917:
4914:
4913:
4878:
4871:) – via
4852:
4833:
4826:) – via
4807:
4796:. 5 April 2019
4781:
4745:
4714:
4665:
4620:
4571:
4562:
4521:
4486:
4473:
4460:
4419:
4384:
4357:(3): 121–125.
4337:
4313:
4273:
4250:
4206:
4179:
4144:
4109:
4090:(11): 1714–6.
4074:
4049:
4025:
3973:
3929:
3903:
3860:
3853:
3832:
3797:
3735:
3713:
3686:
3637:
3591:
3545:
3504:
3477:
3442:
3410:
3392:
3357:
3323:
3305:
3261:
3226:
3215:on 15 May 2006
3190:
3155:
3136:(4): 293–322.
3109:
3079:
3072:
3054:
3011:
2968:
2933:
2890:
2841:
2800:
2765:
2758:
2737:
2710:(5): 484–488.
2704:Clin Exp Optom
2690:
2671:(4): 297–319.
2655:
2606:
2599:
2578:
2571:
2548:
2505:
2462:
2419:
2408:(1): 121–129.
2392:
2349:
2306:
2288:
2244:
2216:
2188:
2181:
2152:
2108:
2048:
2013:
1978:
1924:
1917:
1892:
1886:Nottingham J.
1876:
1858:dictionary.com
1840:
1826:
1798:
1771:(5): 403–409.
1746:
1709:(4): 195–207.
1686:
1636:
1601:(3): 386–393.
1585:
1580:www.cornea.org
1564:
1503:
1475:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1411:Several other
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1394:Mandy Patinkin
1391:
1385:
1374:
1371:
1349:
1346:
1325:silver nitrate
1293:ophthalmoscope
1289:William Bowman
1254:
1251:
1225:
1222:
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1170:contact lenses
1145:
1142:
1113:
1110:
1096:
1093:
1064:Main article:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1038:layer and the
958:Main article:
955:
952:
950:
947:
941:
938:
917:Main article:
914:
913:Scleral lenses
911:
901:
898:
881:contact lenses
864:
861:
859:
856:
853:
852:
844:
843:
842:
841:
838:
835:
832:
827:
823:
822:
821:
820:
817:
814:
809:
805:
804:
803:
802:
799:
796:
791:
787:
786:
785:
784:
781:
778:
773:
769:
768:
765:
756:
755:
752:
749:
721:
718:
698:clinical signs
674:Fleischer ring
582:
579:
418:Bowman's layer
404:
401:
369:
366:
270:
267:
265:meaning cone.
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
143:
139:
138:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
96:
90:
89:
80:
74:
73:
71:
70:
66:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6684:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6562:Adie syndrome
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Achromatopsia
6415:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6357:Anisometropia
6355:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6160:Accommodation
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6074:Optic atrophy
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:Keratomycosis
5972:
5970:
5969:Globe rupture
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Macular edema
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Retinoschisis
5806:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5695:Choroideremia
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:Iridodialysis
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:Arcus senilis
5598:
5596:
5595:Haab's striae
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5509:Corneal ulcer
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:acanthamoebic
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5466:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Fibrous tunic
5434:
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5314:Xerophthalmia
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Lagophthalmos
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5124:
5122:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4566:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4477:
4470:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:(3): 459–68.
4399:
4395:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4324:. eMedicine:
4323:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:(3): 267–73.
4293:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4211:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:(2): 379–86.
4124:
4120:
4113:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4035:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3845:Ophthalmology
3839:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3813:(2): 138–46.
3812:
3808:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3524:(2): 219–22.
3523:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3493:(9): 539–43.
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3458:(6): 612–22.
3457:
3453:
3446:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:(2): 94–100.
3277:
3274:(in German).
3273:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:(4): 357–65.
3241:
3237:
3230:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3171:(2): 107–12.
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2820:(6): 376–84.
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:(5): 628–33.
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:(6): 345–51.
2477:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:(7): 758–63.
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:(2): 146–54.
2364:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:(6): 2660–5.
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1988:Ophthalmology
1982:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1484:"Keratoconus"
1479:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:"Keratoconus"
1457:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:Stephen Curry
1380:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:Johann Horner
1309:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:Aqueous humor
1198:
1189:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1140:keratoconus.
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1095:Cross-linking
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
974:
966:
961:
946:
937:
935:
925:
920:
910:
907:
900:Hybrid lenses
897:
894:
889:
887:
882:
878:
869:
851:
845:
839:
837:Central scars
836:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
824:
818:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
806:
800:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
788:
782:
779:
776:
775:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
762:
759:
753:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
733:
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
694:Munson's sign
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:visual acuity
639:
635:
634:Snellen chart
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:Prior to any
598:
592:
587:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:Down syndrome
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
498:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:free radicals
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:, a class of
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
409:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Visual acuity
299:
295:
291:
280:
275:
266:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
249:ethnic groups
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:double vision
187:
186:blurry vision
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
99:Blurry vision
97:
95:
91:
88:
84:
83:Ophthalmology
81:
79:
75:
68:
67:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
28:
24:
19:
6672:Eye diseases
6452: /
6448: /
6427:Monochromacy
6359: /
6255:Heterophoria
6243: /
5942: /
5938: /
5842:hypertensive
5815: /
5636:Ciliary body
5551:Keratoglobus
5540:
5459:Episcleritis
5337:Enophthalmos
5332:Exophthalmos
5277:Trichomegaly
5272:Distichiasis
5174:Inflammation
5085:
5074:
5063:
5052:
5041:
5017:
5006:
4995:
4980:
4965:
4950:
4894:(2): 56–63.
4891:
4887:
4881:
4855:
4846:
4836:
4810:
4798:. Retrieved
4793:
4784:
4772:. Retrieved
4765:the original
4760:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4732:the original
4727:
4717:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4565:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4502:(9): 643–6.
4499:
4495:
4489:
4481:
4476:
4468:
4463:
4439:(4): 625–8.
4436:
4432:
4422:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4321:
4316:
4291:
4287:
4258:
4253:
4226:
4222:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4028:
3993:
3989:
3976:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3915:
3906:
3876:(4): 273–7.
3873:
3869:
3863:
3844:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3755:
3751:
3738:
3729:
3725:
3702:(6): 420–2.
3699:
3695:
3689:
3657:(3): 324–7.
3654:
3650:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3608:
3604:
3594:
3564:(8): 941–6.
3561:
3557:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3432:. Retrieved
3428:the original
3418:
3413:
3405:the original
3395:
3373:(3): 87–90.
3370:
3366:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3335:
3326:
3308:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3217:. Retrieved
3210:the original
3168:
3164:
3158:
3133:
3129:
3098:(3): 65–73.
3095:
3091:
3063:
3057:
3027:(1): 51–63.
3024:
3020:
3014:
2984:(4): 567–9.
2981:
2977:
2971:
2949:(2): 356–7.
2946:
2942:
2936:
2906:(6): 560–4.
2903:
2899:
2893:
2861:(8): 834–6.
2858:
2854:
2844:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2781:(6): 343–4.
2778:
2774:
2768:
2749:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2590:
2562:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2522:
2518:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2322:(1): 35–40.
2319:
2315:
2309:
2301:the original
2291:
2261:(1): 16–25.
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:the original
2219:
2201:
2172:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2134:
2068:
2064:
2026:
2022:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1957:
1908:
1887:
1867:. Retrieved
1856:
1850:
1843:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1768:
1762:
1706:
1702:
1656:
1652:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1555:. Retrieved
1549:. May 2016.
1546:
1490:
1478:
1465:
1456:
1443:eye surgery.
1429:examination.
1420:Keratoglobus
1410:
1388:Ashton Irwin
1376:
1351:
1333:contact lens
1316:
1310:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1247:
1242:
1227:
1224:Epidemiology
1210:
1194:
1159:
1123:
1098:
1089:
1077:
1054:
1044:freeze-dried
1032:
1015:
1007:
979:
943:
940:Piggybacking
930:
927:Scleral lens
919:Scleral lens
903:
890:
874:
849:
757:
731:
703:
666:
603:
532:
527:progesterone
512:
485:
447:of protease
430:
414:
398:
371:
334:
306:night vision
286:
262:
255:
245:
234:
214:
173:
169:
168:
27:
18:
6577:Cycloplegia
6520:Photophobia
6515:Hemeralopia
6472:Hemianopsia
6450:Vision loss
6361:Aniseikonia
6352:Astigmatism
6272:Cyclotropia
6250:Hypertropia
6062:Papilledema
6034:Optic nerve
5867:Sickle cell
5847:Purtscher's
5832:Retinopathy
5700:Choroiditis
5541:Keratoconus
5362:Conjunctiva
5239:Xanthelasma
5191:Blepharitis
5081:Keratoconus
5070:Keratoconus
5043:MedlinePlus
4925:Keratoconus
4816:@Ashton5SOS
4774:12 November
4738:12 November
4651:1874/336232
4480:Horner JF,
4326:Keratoconus
4322:Keratoconus
4262:Keratoconus
4160:(1): 2–10.
2145:15 December
2071:(1): 4620.
1971:8 September
1851:Keratoconus
1814:www.aoa.org
1363:Lewin Group
1337:Eugène Kalt
1268:The German
1162:astigmatism
1036:endothelium
1027:Vision loss
906:hydrophilic
710:noninvasive
706:keratoscope
704:A handheld
682:cobalt blue
678:hemosiderin
658:retinoscopy
654:astigmatism
650:keratometer
618:optometrist
575:stromal bed
493:chromosomes
488:concordance
394:RXRA-COL5A1
374:BANP-ZNF469
310:photophobia
298:astigmatism
170:Keratoconus
113:Usual onset
41:Other names
36:Keratoconus
6661:Categories
6626:Infections
6547:Anisocoria
6510:Asthenopia
6503:subjective
6487:homonymous
6482:bitemporal
6434:Nyctalopia
6422:Dichromacy
6366:Presbyopia
6327:Refraction
6148:Strabismus
6038:Optic disc
5397:Pinguecula
5262:Trichiasis
5019:DiseasesDB
4722:Walker N.
4636:(5): 355.
4541:: 127–53.
4467:Bowman W,
3773:2328/36030
3732:: 163–166.
3434:12 October
3350:20 January
2563:The Cornea
1869:2 November
1557:5 November
1448:References
1243:vice versa
1018:outpatient
999:blood type
893:tear fluid
467:, such as
449:inhibitors
445:expression
422:epithelium
314:eye strain
230:cone shape
6598:Nystagmus
6572:Mydriasis
6446:Blindness
6392:Amblyopia
6380:Blindness
6340:Hyperopia
6265:Exophoria
6260:Esophoria
6245:Exotropia
6241:Esotropia
5779:Retinitis
5477:Keratitis
5454:Scleritis
5387:Pterygium
5267:Madarosis
5214:Ectropion
5209:Entropion
5186:Chalazion
5054:eMedicine
4847:USA Today
4794:ABC7 News
4371:1542-233X
4195:: 13–22.
3968:172136088
3201:Gupta D.
2732:249545241
2283:220574540
2200:Brown D.
1911:. Mosby.
1785:0148-7299
1723:2146-4596
1673:1476-5411
1631:204029105
1615:0277-3740
1433:affected.
1238:pediatric
1144:Prognosis
1023:rejection
1003:Eye banks
1001:matched.
983:trephines
934:dexterity
858:Treatment
669:slit lamp
630:eye chart
610:diagnosis
581:Diagnosis
543:allergies
519:prolactin
497:autosomal
473:TNF-alpha
465:cytokines
433:proteases
226:allergies
160:Frequency
142:Treatment
135:Slit lamp
87:optometry
78:Specialty
23:Ketyconus
6637:Trachoma
6402:Diplopia
6097:Ischemic
6022:Pathways
5936:Glaucoma
5837:diabetic
5739:Cataract
5677:Synechia
5529:Meesmann
5497:Exposure
5482:herpetic
5380:allergic
5370:Chemosis
5304:Epiphora
5087:Orphanet
4908:21185225
4709:26315704
4660:27163622
4615:21310384
4557:16693468
4455:11040911
4414:16083843
4379:38345011
4329:Archived
4265:Archived
4245:10703124
4174:16303397
4139:12648653
4104:11709027
4020:25803325
4011:10645161
3960:31154563
3898:23437970
3890:26058024
3827:11310764
3792:25055058
3783:10714035
3681:16488955
3630:16 April
3586:45054428
3578:16227837
3540:15905944
3387:16303411
3344:Archived
3336:Eye Info
3316:Archived
3300:72600086
3256:19431926
3219:26 March
3049:38203263
2998:10928781
2963:15734005
2928:40534579
2920:15256993
2885:10906086
2836:14632614
2795:18997547
2724:35680612
2650:21996275
2500:46643398
2492:11778802
2457:25238570
2449:18650659
2387:45104769
2344:22361390
2336:15370365
2275:16331035
2236:30 March
2208:Archived
2103:28676647
2043:19029032
2008:17553566
1863:Archived
1793:10951465
1741:27625877
1681:20537579
1623:31599780
1551:Archived
1495:Archived
1470:Archived
1291:used an
1285:polyopia
1281:ectasias
1087:tissue.
879:or soft
826:Stage 4
808:Stage 3
790:Stage 2
772:Stage 1
696:. Other
662:scissors
523:estrogen
515:androgen
500:dominant
441:collagen
368:Genetics
341:contrast
290:symptoms
221:hormonal
150:contacts
94:Symptoms
6477:binasal
6464:Anopsia
6407:Scotoma
6201:palsies
5964:Red eye
5949:Floater
5756:Aphakia
5687:Choroid
5657:Hyphema
5647:Uveitis
5254:Eyelash
5059:oph/104
5013:D007640
4961:9A78.50
4873:Twitter
4828:Twitter
4800:26 July
4700:4645452
4606:4714341
4548:1312756
4516:2677884
4308:3513592
4236:1298260
3708:2381677
3672:1856933
3625:1417539
3499:7490414
3472:9395869
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