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Kharahostes

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601: 39: 423: 122: 529: 588:, meaning it must have been dedicated by Indravarman as a Prince in the end of the 1st century BCE, implying that Kharahostes, the previous owner of the Silver Reliquary (as shown by the inscriptions) was already king before that time (at the very least before 6 CE, date of the 704: 896: 2126:
An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman, Richard Salomon, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1996), pp. 442
2137:
A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma, by Richard Salomon, South Asian Studies 11 1995, Pages 27-32, Published online: 09 Aug 2010
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Taxila: an Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila under the Orders of the Government of India Between the Years 1913 and 1934
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Kharohostes' coinage bears a dynastic mark (a circle within three pellets), which is rather similar, although not identical, with the dynastic mark of the
1804: 294:-King" which means "Heir apparent", and therefore would push forward the years Kharahostes actually ruled to the first part of the 1st century CE. 2006: 2002: 745: 275: 2014: 1921: 1859: 1855: 1816: 1812: 1796: 1847: 1839: 1832: 955: 569: 563: 286:, suggesting that Kharahostes was already fully king by the end of the 1st century BCE, supporting a 10 BCE- 10 CE date for his reign. For 263: 1808: 1758: 1754: 330: 162: 1746: 1670: 1851: 1058: 1031: 2176: 875: 2171: 996: 2181: 600: 38: 445:
inscriptions is usually identified with the Satrap Kharaostas or Kharahostes. However, according to a recent study by
239:) in the northern Indian subcontinent around 10 BCE – 10 CE. He is known from his coins, often in the name of 2166: 780: 1036: 818: 2161: 1051: 889: 885: 438:(three pellets joined together), which has led to suggestions that they may have been contemporary rulers. 941: 906: 725: 721: 717: 914: 910: 828: 422: 937: 2127: 576:
on the reliquary. He was probably the initial owner of the reliquary, which was then rededicated by
554:, suggesting the dedication was made during his rule or that of his son, if not by them personally. 2138: 1162: 832: 1735: 1232: 1044: 649: 853: 790: 1431: 1415: 750:"An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman" 884:. Vol. 9. Kolkata: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p.  620:
Some rare square coins, also displaying the three-pellet symbol, were struck in the name of
624:, who claims in the Kharoshthi legends of these coins that he is the "son of Kharahostes". 442: 244: 8: 1026: 988: 258:. Epigraphical evidence from inscribed reliquaries show for certain that he was already " 879: 2044: 1876: 1242: 1146: 769: 1010: 931: 927: 631:
suggests that the round debased silver coins with three-pellet symbols in the name of
2115: 992: 974: 970: 1503: 1335: 761: 435: 298: 121: 2098: 1824: 1603: 1403: 1370: 1281: 982: 847: 822: 644: 450: 635:, usually attributed to Kharahostes, should actually be attributed to Mujatria. 131:ϹΤΕΙ ϹΑΤΡΑΠΕΙ ΑΡΤΑΥΟΥ ("Satrap Kharahostes, son of Arta"). Kharoahthi mint mark 2091: 2074: 1867: 1640: 1563: 1366: 1249: 1214: 978: 551: 541: 533: 488:, and a square type without the three-pellet symbol in his own name, as son of 473: 318: 156: 1066: 449:, the Kharaostes of Mathura should be considered as a different Indo-Scythian 2155: 1950: 1715: 1498: 1129: 1124: 1105: 1067: 589: 585: 489: 462: 431: 385: 366: 283: 267: 232: 141: 28: 973:(1999). "Languages and scripts in Graeco-Bactria and the Saka Kingdoms". In 2077: 2070: 1998: 1972: 1916: 1900: 1828: 1723: 1711: 1683: 1355: 1327: 1274: 1268: 404: 266:
was dedicated, which is itself positioned with certainty before the 5-6 CE
125:
Coin of Kharahostes "son of Arta". The three-pellet symbol does not appear.
2037: 1976: 1934: 1890: 1666: 1436: 1420: 1359: 1176: 1169: 1100: 499:
XAPAHWCTEI ϹΑΤΡΑΠΕΙ ARTAYOY (Greek for "Satrap Kharahostes, son of Arta")
1769: 2033: 1980: 1927: 1871: 1820: 1779: 1727: 1615: 1509: 1475: 1467: 1397: 1264: 1236: 1006: 609: 581: 573: 504: 477: 466: 412: 408: 306: 90: 773: 749: 584:. The Indravarman Silver Reliquary is dated with certainty before the 2029: 2024: 2010: 1954: 1946: 1895: 1881: 1731: 1719: 1707: 1688: 1607: 1536: 1515: 1481: 1455: 1426: 1391: 1374: 1339: 1302: 1199: 1109: 685: 628: 605: 446: 336: 322: 302: 287: 188: 182: 167: 689: 16:
Indo-Scythian king who ruled in northern India (r. c.10 BCE-c.10 CE)
2061: 1964: 1800: 1774: 1695: 1676: 1661: 1632: 1442: 1385: 1317: 1192: 1119: 1096: 765: 621: 613: 547: 485: 416: 127:
Obverse: King on horseback, with levelled spear. Greek legend ΧΑΡΑΗ
77: 45: 290:, this is a misspelling by a careless scribe, and should be read " 2056: 1657: 1461: 1321: 1134: 632: 528: 454: 397: 255: 248: 240: 49: 472:
Kharaosta's known coins are of two types, presenting legends in
1542: 1486: 1296: 1114: 577: 495:
The Greek and Kharoshthi legends in the square coins run thus:
458: 411:, who was the daughter of Ayasia Kamuia. However, according to 393: 236: 98: 1032:
The Early Kushan Kings: New Evidence for Chronology: Para (63)
457:
with his own specific coinage and was probably a successor of
2048: 1569: 1218: 1090: 1012:
Kharoshṭhī Inscriptions: with the Exception of Those of Aśoka
484:
and three-pellet symbol, also recently attributed to his son
389: 328: 297:
Coin finds suggest that Kharahostes ruled in the area of the
173: 160: 86: 247:, although another satrap Kharaostes has been discovered in 1984: 481: 270:. There is some dispute however about the exact meaning of 102: 73: 57: 1015:. Kolkata: Government of India Central Publication Branch. 801: 799: 89:
standing left holding cornucopia and raised right hand.
520:
Kharahostes is known for several Buddhist dedications.
796: 709: 707: 690:"Dating and Locating Mujatria and the Two Kharahostes" 568:
Kharahostes is also known as one of the owners of the
384:
Kharahostes's own coins attest that he was the son of
354: 340: 226: 220: 207: 201: 536:, suggesting the dedication was made during his rule. 512:
Some of his coins write "Ortas" in place of "Artas".
72:
N ΙΟϹΑΑϹ) for ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΑΖΟΥ "King of Kings
557: 95:Maharajasa mahatasa Dhramakisa Rajatirajasa Ayasa 2153: 1874:, Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 230 – 250) 532:Unworn coins of Kharahostes were found in the 370: 360: 346: 214: 193: 1052: 480:in the reverse: a round type in the name of 874: 282:means "tribal chief", in the manner of the 1059: 1045: 694:Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 501:Kṣatrapasa Pra Kharaoṣtasa Artasa Putrasa 407:and Hendrik Willem Obbink, his mother was 243:, and possibly from an inscription on the 956:Apracaraja Indravarman's Silver Reliquary 740: 738: 736: 734: 564:Apracaraja Indravarman's Silver Reliquary 138:Chatrapasa pra Kharaustasa Artasa putrasa 44:Coin of Kharahostes (or possibly his son 984:History of civilizations of Central Asia 969: 817: 805: 786: 754:Journal of the American Oriental Society 599: 546:Unworn coins of Kharahostes, or his son 527: 421: 305:, probably based on the ancient city of 120: 2027:Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (c. 325) 744: 680: 678: 676: 674: 672: 670: 668: 666: 664: 655: 515: 461:just before the conquest of Mathura by 2154: 926: 845: 731: 317:Kharahostes's name is recorded in the 60:riding, with corrupted Greek legend ( 1040: 1005: 902: 839: 713: 684: 608:(2015), this coin type may belong to 2042:Peroz III "Kushanshah" (c. 350 –360) 989:Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House 661: 572:as described by the inscriptions in 507:for "Satrap Kharaosta, son of Arta") 415:, Ayasia Kamuia, the chief queen of 361: 309:, located to the west of Jalalabad. 215: 419:, was the daughter of Kharahostes. 80:symbol behind the head of the king. 13: 2114:From the dated inscription on the 1070:kings, territories and chronology 595: 97:"The Great king followower of the 14: 2193: 1027:Mathura Lion Capital Inscriptions 1020: 523: 476:characters on the obverse and in 136:Reverse: Lion. Kharoshthi legend 37: 2131: 2120: 2108: 948: 920: 846:Obbink, Hendrik Willem (1949). 254:He was probably a successor of 1967:, "Kushanshah" (c. 300 – 325) 1930:, "Kushanshah" (c. 295 – 300) 868: 811: 570:Indravarman's Silver Reliquary 558:Indravarman's Silver Reliquary 379: 365:), which are derived from the 1: 2177:1st-century BC Iranian people 1884:, "Kushanshah" (c. 265 – 295) 1879:, "Kushanshah" (c. 250 – 265) 426:Dynastic mark of Kharahostes. 376:, meaning "splendid, mighty" 140:("Satrap Kharahostes, son of 2172:1st-century monarchs in Asia 2040:"Kushanshahs" (c. 325 – 350) 1601:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 1353:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 1333:Indo-Scythian dynasty of the 355: 341: 323: 264:Indravarman Silver Reliquary 227: 221: 208: 202: 183: 168: 7: 849:Orientalia Rheno-traiectina 638: 10: 2198: 2182:1st-century Iranian people 1782:(c. 190 – to at least 230) 963: 938:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 829:Cambridge University Press 561: 539: 347: 329: 194: 174: 161: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2068: 2054: 2022: 2020: 1996: 1993: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1944: 1941: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1912: 1888: 1865: 1837: 1794: 1791: 1767: 1744: 1705: 1702: 1681: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1645: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1613: 1611: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1513: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1441: 1430: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1402: 1389: 1378: 1365: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1332: 1325: 1316: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1286: 1279: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1222: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1188: 1181: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1158: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1078: 981:; Etemadi, G. F. (eds.). 852:. Brill Archive. p.  627:A recent study (2015) by 111: 36: 26: 21: 1363:(ruled 12 BCE - 15 CE) 372: 312: 987:. Vol. 2. Delhi: 650:India and Central Asia 617: 537: 510: 427: 145: 2167:Indo-Scythian satraps 1432:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 1416:INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM 1383:(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE) 1215:INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM 954:Inscription Nb II in 603: 531: 497: 441:The Kharaosta of the 425: 124: 656:References and notes 550:, were found in the 516:Buddhist dedications 443:Mathura lion capital 388:, a brother of king 245:Mathura lion capital 2162:Indo-Scythian kings 856:. GGKEY:S6C77GP5KP7 115:10 BCE – 10 CE 1471:(ruled c.0-20 CE) 1147:INDO-GREEK KINGDOM 933:Philologica Indica 618: 538: 428: 235:ruler (probably a 146: 48:), in the name of 2149: 2148: 2116:Rukhana reliquary 2104: 2103: 1777:(c. 160 – c. 190) 1772:(c. 140 – c. 160) 998:978-8-120-81408-0 881:Epigraphia Indica 262:-King", when the 119: 118: 106: 2189: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2112: 1504:Kujula Kadphises 1336:NORTHERN SATRAPS 1081: 1080: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1038: 1037: 1016: 1002: 958: 952: 946: 945: 928:Lüders, Heinrich 924: 918: 900: 894: 893: 872: 866: 865: 863: 861: 843: 837: 836: 815: 809: 803: 794: 784: 778: 777: 746:Salomon, Richard 742: 729: 711: 702: 701: 682: 436:Kujula Kadphises 375: 364: 363: 358: 352: 351: 344: 334: 333: 326: 299:Darunta district 230: 224: 218: 217: 211: 205: 199: 198: 186: 181: 180: 171: 166: 165: 101:, King of Kings 76:", and Buddhist 43: 41: 19: 18: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2132: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2099:Chandragupta II 2082: 2073: 2065: 2060: 2043: 2041: 2028: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1988: 1987:(c. 310? – 325) 1983: 1979: 1975: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1937:(c. 275 – 310) 1907: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1831: 1827: 1825:Damajadasri III 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1669: 1660: 1606: 1604:WESTERN SATRAPS 1602: 1501: 1470: 1459: 1434: 1418: 1384: 1382: 1373: 1371:Patika Kusulaka 1369: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1346:25 BCE – 10 CE 1338: 1334: 1320: 1267: 1235: 1217: 1108: 1099: 1085: 1074: 1065: 1023: 999: 975:Harmatta, János 971:Harmatta, János 966: 961: 953: 949: 925: 921: 901: 897: 873: 869: 859: 857: 844: 840: 827:. 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W. 871: 855: 851: 850: 842: 834: 830: 826: 825: 820: 814: 807: 806:Harmatta 1999 802: 800: 792: 788: 787:Harmatta 1999 783: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 741: 739: 737: 735: 727: 723: 719: 715: 710: 708: 699: 695: 691: 687: 681: 679: 677: 675: 673: 671: 669: 667: 665: 660: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 636: 634: 630: 625: 623: 615: 611: 607: 604:According to 602: 593: 591: 590:Bajaur casket 587: 586:Bajaur casket 583: 579: 575: 571: 565: 555: 553: 549: 543: 535: 530: 521: 513: 509: 508: 506: 496: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 424: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 403:According to 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 377: 374: 368: 357: 350: 343: 338: 332: 325: 320: 310: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268:Bajaur casket 265: 261: 257: 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 233:Indo-Scythian 229: 223: 222:Kha-ra-yo-sta 219: 210: 204: 200: 197: 190: 185: 170: 164: 158: 154: 150: 143: 139: 134: 123: 114: 110: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85:City goddess 84: 79: 75: 59: 56: 51: 47: 40: 35: 32: 30: 29:Indo-Scythian 25: 20: 2133: 2122: 2110: 2081: 2078:Samudragupta 2071:GUPTA EMPIRE 2069: 2055: 2023: 2015:Rudrasena IV 1999:Yasodaman II 1997: 1973:Vasudeva III 1971: 1963: 1945: 1926: 1917:Bhratadarman 1906: 1901:Kanishka III 1889: 1866: 1838: 1829:Rudrasena II 1795: 1785: 1768: 1763: 1745: 1740: 1724:Rudrasimha I 1712:Rudradaman I 1706: 1694: 1684:Kharapallana 1675: 1639: 1614: 1568: 1541: 1514: 1502: 1474: 1460: 1454: 1435: 1419: 1396: 1390: 1379: 1356:APRACHARAJAS 1328:Apollophanes 1326: 1301: 1280: 1275:Hippostratos 1273: 1269:Spalagadames 1248: 1241: 1198: 1191: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1145: 1084:Territories/ 1071: 1011: 983: 950: 932: 922: 898: 880: 870: 858:. Retrieved 848: 841: 823: 813: 782: 757: 753: 697: 693: 626: 619: 567: 545: 519: 511: 502: 498: 494: 471: 440: 429: 405:F. W. Thomas 402: 383: 316: 296: 291: 279: 271: 259: 253: 213: 203:Kha-ra-o-sta 192: 152: 148: 147: 137: 132: 94: 82: 54: 27: 2088:388-395 CE 2045:HEPHTHALITE 2038:Varhran III 1994:320-388 CE 1977:Vasudeva IV 1942:300-320 CE 1935:Vasudeva II 1922:Datayola II 1913:280-300 CE 1891:Kanishka II 1860:Datarvharna 1856:Datarvharna 1817:Yasodaman I 1813:Isvaradatta 1797:Samghadaman 1792:230-280 CE 1736:Rudrasena I 1703:130-230 CE 1687:and Satrap 1667:PARATARAJAS 1629:100-120 CE 1437:Gondophares 1421:Gondophares 1380:Kharahostes 1360:Vijayamitra 1177:Artemidoros 1170:Menander II 1101:Balochistan 1007:Konow, Sten 979:Puri, B. N. 380:Son of Arta 324:Kharahṓstēs 274:-King. For 184:Kharahōstei 169:Kharahṓstēs 149:Kharahostes 22:Kharahostes 2156:Categories 2051:invasions 2034:Varhran II 1981:Vasudeva V 1928:Hormizd II 1872:Ardashir I 1848:Bhimarjuna 1840:Miratakhma 1833:Visvasimha 1821:Vijayasena 1780:Vasudeva I 1728:Satyadaman 1696:Kanishka I 1677:Kanishka I 1616:Vima Takto 1598:75-100 CE 1510:Indravarma 1476:Sarpedones 1468:Vispavarma 1398:Strato III 1312:55–35 BCE 1291:55–35 BCE 1265:Spalirises 1259:65–55 BCE 1237:Spalahores 1227:75–70 BCE 1209:85-60 BCE 1186:90–70 BCE 1156:90–85 BCE 1072:(in green) 940:. p.  905:, p.  903:Konow 1929 831:. p.  789:, p.  716:, p.  714:Konow 1929 686:Cribb, Joe 610:Kharaostes 582:Indravarma 574:Kharoshthi 505:Kharoshthi 478:Kharoshthi 467:Vima Takto 413:Sten Konow 409:Nada Diaka 356:Kharayosta 335:) and the 331:Χαραηώστης 307:Nagarahara 231:;) was an 228:Kharayosta 163:Χαραηώστης 91:Kharoshthi 2030:Varhran I 2025:Shapur II 2011:Simhasena 1955:Jivadaman 1947:Visvasena 1896:Vashishka 1882:Hormizd I 1809:Viradaman 1759:Mirahvara 1755:Hvaramira 1732:Jivadaman 1720:Jivadaman 1708:Jayadaman 1689:Vanaspara 1583:50-75 CE 1556:45-50 CE 1537:Aspavarma 1529:40-45 CE 1516:Abdagases 1493:30-40 CE 1482:Bhadayasa 1456:Ubouzanes 1449:20-30 CE 1427:Indravasu 1410:10-20 CE 1392:Strato II 1375:Zeionises 1340:Hagamasha 1303:Zoilos II 1282:Dionysios 1243:Telephos 1200:Archebius 1110:Arachosia 726:PLATE VII 629:Joe Cribb 606:Joe Cribb 447:Joe Cribb 373:Xārahōsta 342:Kharaosta 337:Kharosthi 303:Jalalabad 288:Joe Cribb 209:Kharaosta 189:Kharosthi 153:Kharaosta 2062:Kipunada 1965:Peroz II 1801:Damasena 1775:Huvishka 1770:Vāsishka 1747:Bagamira 1671:Yolamira 1662:Nahapana 1633:Abhiraka 1608:Chastana 1443:Rajuvula 1386:Mujatria 1318:Azilises 1193:Hermaeus 1120:Gandhara 1097:Pakistan 1095:Western 1089:Western 1009:(1929). 930:(1940). 821:(1951). 748:(1996). 700:: 26–48. 688:(2015). 639:See also 622:Mujatria 614:Mujatria 548:Mujatria 486:Mujatria 417:Rajuvula 78:Triratna 46:Mujatria 2057:Shaka I 1877:Peroz I 1658:Bhumaka 1654:120 CE 1462:Pakores 1322:Azes II 1233:Vonones 1135:Mathura 964:Sources 860:8 March 612:'s son 455:Mathura 398:Chukhsa 284:Kushans 256:Azes II 249:Mathura 241:Azes II 93:legend 1852:Koziya 1844:Kozana 1751:Arjuna 1543:Gadana 1487:Sodasa 1404:Hagana 1297:Azes I 1163:Nicias 1115:Bajaur 1086:dates 995:  774:605147 772:  580:ruler 578:Apraca 463:Kushan 459:Sodasa 434:ruler 432:Kushan 394:Satrap 392:, and 353:) and 339:forms 237:satrap 99:Dharma 64:ΕΙΛΟN 2049:HUNAS 1570:Sases 1564:Sasan 1219:Maues 1091:India 915:xxxvi 770:JSTOR 474:Greek 465:king 390:Maues 371:* 369:name 321:form 319:Greek 280:Yabgu 272:Yabgu 260:Yabgu 175:ΧΑΡΑΗ 157:Greek 112:Reign 87:Tyche 1985:Chhu 1649:... 1646:... 1624:... 1621:... 1593:... 1590:... 1578:... 1575:... 1551:... 1548:... 1524:... 1521:... 1395:and 993:ISBN 911:xxxv 862:2012 633:Azes 490:Arta 482:Azes 386:Arta 367:Saka 313:Name 292:yuva 179:ϹΤΕΙ 142:Arta 103:Azes 83:Rev. 74:Azes 68:ΕΟΛΛ 58:Azes 55:Obv. 50:Azes 31:king 1692:for 942:252 890:141 886:140 854:333 791:412 762:doi 758:116 698:223 592:). 396:of 151:or 144:"). 133:sam 2158:: 2047:/ 2036:, 2032:, 991:. 977:; 909:, 907:36 833:85 798:^ 768:. 756:. 752:. 733:^ 724:, 722:49 718:30 706:^ 696:. 692:. 663:^ 492:. 469:. 400:. 278:, 251:. 225:, 212:, 206:, 191:: 172:, 159:: 1060:e 1053:t 1046:v 1001:. 944:. 917:. 913:- 892:. 888:- 864:. 835:. 793:. 776:. 764:: 728:. 720:- 616:. 503:( 359:( 345:( 327:( 177:ω 155:( 129:ω 105:" 70:ω 66:ω 62:ω 52:.

Index

Indo-Scythian

Mujatria
Azes
Azes
Azes
Triratna
Tyche
Kharoshthi
Dharma
Azes

Arta
Greek
Χαραηώστης
Kharosthi
𐨑𐨪𐨀𐨆𐨯𐨿𐨟
Indo-Scythian
satrap
Azes II
Mathura lion capital
Mathura
Azes II
Indravarman Silver Reliquary
Bajaur casket
Richard Salomon
Kushans
Joe Cribb
Darunta district
Jalalabad

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