275:
1293:
Vietnamese. On the other side of the country, Son Ngoc Minh returned from
Thailand with enough weapons to equip a fairly large company. In 1947 he established the Liberation Committee of South-West Kampuchea (this is particularly of note, because by the end of the civil war of 1970-75 the south-west had one of the most powerful and well organised communist armies in Cambodia, and which would form the main core of Pol Pot's support). By late 1948 many areas of the country were under the effective control of powerful Issarak organisations.
22:
1238:
Cambodia could hardly have a revolution. Later, the “First
National Congress of Khmer Resistance” was held in Cambodia, on the meeting, Khmer Issarak Association and People’s Liberation Central Committee (PLCC) was founded. Minh was the president of the PLCC, which consisted of all former ICP members. Two months later, as the Viet Minh guided-Issarak controlled one third of the Cambodian territory, Minh declared Cambodia’s independence, three years before Sihanouk’s government gained independence from France.
426:
865:
853:
126:
1095:. First of all, with Thailand cutting its assistance the Viet Minh became one of the few sources that the Issarak groups could rely on. Secondly, a permanent split in the Cambodian independent movement between communists and non-communists took place. Due to a large number of guerrilla groups being unwilling to work with the Viet Minh, some of them set up strong bases and became warlords, but the majority dissolved.
226:
1296:
By 1949, however, the
Issarak movement in this form was coming to an end: the French began to exploit the greed of some Issarak leaders by giving them colonial positions, while others went off to join more radical organisations. Chhuon's KPLC expelled Sieu Heng and the majority of the other leftists,
1292:
By this time the Viet Minh was leading a concerted attempt to foster
Issarak's anti-colonialism and to turn it into support for communism in general, and Vietnamese communism in particular. This was especially the case on the eastern side of the country, where guerrilla cells were often commanded by
1189:
in the mid-1950s, Heng was in charge of communist movements inside
Cambodia. Around 1955 election, Heng became a secret agent to Sihanouk and later openly defected to the government, with providing information about revolutionaries to Lon Nol. At the same time, he claimed that “making revolution was
1124:
Although Dap Chhuon’s army was initially jointly run with the Viet Minh, and he was the president of KPLC, Chhuon himself was not a communist neither his soldiers received Viet Minh training. In 1949, Dap Chhuon rallied with
Sihanouk, the negotiation taking a year to reach agreement. In exchange for
1116:
Before the right wing coup in
Bangkok in late 1947, a jointly Khmer Issarak-Viet Minh commanded guerrilla group was founded in the Thai capital in February. Dap (Sergeant) Chhuon became the commander of the group. Chhuon was a former Cambodian militia member and an active Issarak. With Thai support,
1107:
who took office under the guide of Pridi and his Free Thai movement. Soon a movement called Khmer
Issarak was founded by Poc Khun, who used to work in the Publicity Department in Bangkok. Poc Khun was born in a high-ranking aristocratic family in Phnom Penh and coincidentally was the uncle of Prince
1321:
Not only would the guerrilla tactics and organisation of the
Issarak forces be mimicked by the communist forces during the Cambodian Civil War, but many later communists were first introduced to the concepts of Marxist-Leninism whilst involved with the Issaraks. In the eastern area of Cambodia, the
1083:
Furthermore, short-term goal of the Thai-supported
Issarak movement was to conduct propaganda against French colonialism in the ceded provinces, which under Thai control from 1941-1946. Nevertheless, the ultimate purpose of the movement was to gain full independence for the French Indochina colony.
1250:
in 1948. At the time of his assassination, he was the secretary of the CPK’s central committee, interior minister of the Committee of Liberation of the Southeast. Years before his assassination in 1962, Tou Samouth was a patron of a young French educated Khmer, who work as Tou Samouth’s secretary.
1237:
In 1950, as a representative of the Cambodia communist, Son Ngoc Minh met Viet Minh’s representatives with Sieu Heng, Tou Samouth and others at Hatien, southern Vietnam, which near Cambodian border. He analysed the revolutionary situation in Cambodia and stated due to the weak “principle force”,
1075:
During the independence movement, non-communist Issaraks that were based in the northwest dominated the anti-French war which lasted for around 10 years. Those Issarak groups fought throughout the entire state. The non-communist guerrillas often coordinated battles with the Viet Minh-led Issarak
1046:
During the first decade of armed struggles, there was some coordination between factions, however in most cases, different bands fought independently. Even in 1953, the year Cambodia gained independence, the anti-French war was still led by disparate leaders, who were divided geographically and
1161:, were significant communist fighters in Cambodia and their guerrillas were heavily influenced by the Viet Minh. In provinces close to Vietnam, Vietnamese ideologies, organizations and units played critical roles in developing the anti-French resistance. Political schools were set up by the
1108:
Monireth’s wife. In August 1946, Poc Khun was the leader of the Khmer Issarak in Battambang province, and was elected as a representative to the House of Representatives from a district in Battambang. He continued to hold office until 1947, even after the province was returned to Cambodia.
953:
and anti-colonial independence movement. The movement has been labelled as “amorphous”. The Issarak was formed around 1945 and composed of several factions, each with its own leader. Most of the Issarak factions fought actively between the end of the Second World War in 1945 and Cambodia’s
52:
1280:
with Chhuon as its president. Five of its eleven leaders were sympathetic to the Vietnamese, which eliminated certain elements of the Issarak movement. Though Chhuon was nominally anti-communist, the organisation also had two important Viet Minh supporters:
1129:, and minister of interior in 1957. Ten years after his submission, Chhuon, who was the governor of Siem Reap and military commander of the northwest, was accused of attempting to overturn Sihanouk’s government, and later he was shot by a killer sent by
1234:. Son joined the ICP in 1945. He was the first Cambodian who joined the Vietnamese dominated organization. After commanding the Cambodian communist to fight the French in the First Indochina War, Son moved to northern Vietnam in 1955 and died in 1972.
1058:
or turned underground and formed communist organizations. At the same time, as Cambodia had already gained independence from the French, most nationalist Issaraks and some communist groups disarmed themselves. Several powerful Issarak leaders such as
1026:
guided-Issaraks formed the Khmer Issarak Association, continuing armed struggles against the Khmer and French authorities. In the 1950s, the Viet Minh controlled-Issarak groups eventually transformed into communist organizations: for instance, the
1117:
he had organized anti-French guerrilla forces in the ceded provinces since 1943. Chhuon believed in supernatural power and often conducted "magical" ceremonies before his battles. By early 1948, Chhuon was the leader of Viet Minh-associated
1125:
the submission, Chhuon received administrative and military carte blanche over Siem Reap, which became his fief very soon. After rallying with the King, Chhuon had been appointed as director of security, for the sake of overseeing the
978:
Poc Khun, a highborn Khmer, founded a movement in Bangkok in 1944, and called it the Khmer Issarak for the first time on record. Some of the early Issarak members were backed by the Thai authoritative government. From the end of
1205:
in Bangkok. After the independence in 1953, Long Bunruot remained revolutionary and continuously fought against the Sihanouk government as an Issarak leader. At the end of the civil war, he became the second vital figure of the
66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
1184:
was commander of communist Khmer Issaraks, who became a communist in 1945. He led the military resistance against the French in the 1950s but dropped out of politics afterward. After Son Ngoc Minh left for
2078:
Murashima, E. (2005). Opposing French Colonialism: Thailand and the Independence Movements in Indo-china in the early 1940s. South East Asia Research, 13(3), 333-383. doi:10.5367/000000005775179702
1305:, which had heavy Vietnamese involvement. Chhuon went over to the French, while Chantaraingsey eventually left the KNLC and aligned with the right-wing, anti-monarchical Khmer nationalists, the
724:
2027:
Dommen, A. J. (2001). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
983:
through to 1948, the Thai government had a policy of supporting large number of guerrilla forces, which operated along the Thai frontier and in the two Thai ruled provinces,
617:
954:
independence in 1953. The initial objective of the Khmer Issarak was to fight against the French in order to gain independence, before later focusing on overthrowing the
34:
2106:
Cambodia: Kampuchea. Gerrand, J., Littlemore, S., Jane Balfour Films Ltd and James Gerrand & investors (Directors). (1988). London: Jane Balfour Films Ltd.
2100:
Chandler, D. (1997). From `Cambodge' to `Kampuchea': State and revolution in Cambodia 1863-1979. Thesis Eleven, 50(1), 35-49. doi:10.1177/0725513697050000004
1326:. Until purged by Pol Pot in 1976, their forces not only wore differing uniforms to those of Pol Pot loyalists, but were noted to be exemplary in their
69:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
1286:
905:
1054:
in 1954, due to terms of the "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam", most Viet Minh guided-Issaraks were either exiled to the
608:
1369:
Murashima, Eiji (November 1, 2005). "Opposing French colonialism Thailand and the independence movements in Indo-China in the early 1940s".
2149:
2081:
Tully, J. A. (2002). France on the Mekong: A history of the protectorate in Cambodia, 1863-1953. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
1282:
1181:
1146:
1000:
295:
2159:
2112:
Fretter, J., & Bercovitch, J. (2004). France-indochina: Independence struggle December 1945-July 1954. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
1169:
and significance of cooperating with the Vietnamese. However, as Khmer communist organizations had to subordinate to the victory of
1165:
in those bordering provinces. Most of the students were Cambodian who were recruited by the Vietnamese, and they were taught about
794:
757:
2044:
2133:
Shinde, B. E. (1982). Outline history of kampuchean communism 1930-78. China Report, 18(1), 11-47. doi:10.1177/000944558201800102
2030:
Grant, J. S., Moss, L. A. G., & Unger, J. (1971). Cambodia; the widening war in Indochina. New York: Washington Square Press.
744:
740:
641:
1309:, under Son Ngoc Thanh. The Khmer Issarak were notorious for their violence during this period, known for torture, banditry and
2179:
2164:
878:
702:
383:
190:
789:
775:
162:
1277:
1118:
955:
495:
243:
898:
592:
77:
1067:
allied with the Sihanouk government in different periods of time. The Khmer Issarak movement then faded into history.
2154:
2130:
Peou, S. (2001). Cambodia: Change and continuity in contemporary politics. Aldershot, Hants; Burlington, Vt: Ashgate.
830:
692:
687:
508:
239:
209:
169:
836:
90:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing Khmer Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
2121:
Kiernan, B., & Boua, C. (1982). Peasants and politics in kampuchea, 1942-1981. Armonk, N.Y; London: Zed Press.
1088:
was overthrown, and the new Thai government reduced support its and forced the Issaraks to come back to Cambodia.
658:
653:
2174:
1425:
675:
670:
176:
147:
143:
2115:
Jackson, K. D. (1989). Cambodia, 1975-1978: Rendezvous with death. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press.
1322:
leaders of those Viet Minh-influenced forces remained largely unchanged up to and beyond the establishment of
1301:, with Prince Chantaraingsey as its military commander. Tou Samouth and the other leftist Issaraks formed the
891:
715:
2045:"Ethnicity, Violence, and Khmer-Vietnamese Relations: The Significance of the Lower Mekong Delta, 1757–1954"
1207:
603:
332:
158:
1103:
The first time that the term "Khmer Issarak" was employed was in 1944, after the new Thai Prime Minister
1028:
456:
2127:
Nguyen-Vo, T. (1992). Khmer-viet relations and the third indochina conflict. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland.
491:
1246:
Achar Sok was an outstanding Buddhist scholar and active communist, who took a revolutionary name of
1162:
1051:
819:
85:
2124:
Kissi, E. (2006). Revolutions and genocides in Ethiopia and Cambodia. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
2169:
1170:
824:
762:
136:
2109:
Eanes, J. (2002). The rise and fall of the khmer rouge. ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing).
1064:
578:
482:
274:
2136:
Thion, S. (1993). Watching Cambodia: Ten paths to enter the Cambodian tangle. Bangkok: Cheney.
1011:
in 1945. After 1948, several of the Thai sponsored Issaraks dissolved or cooperated with the
784:
632:
388:
106:
1323:
1302:
1260:
1202:
1036:
980:
799:
437:
411:
378:
183:
8:
2118:
Keyes, C. (1990). Buddhism and revolution in Cambodia. Cambridge: Cultural Survival, Inc.
1040:
565:
2067:
1386:
1327:
752:
364:
359:
99:
2071:
1421:
1390:
1310:
587:
553:
467:
337:
81:
958:. The term Issarak originally referred to non-communist, but in the early 1950s the
2059:
1378:
1166:
1104:
518:
461:
449:
341:
1330:
of the civilian population and to retain a certain degree of loyalty to Sihanouk.
995:, some of the members later established right-wing and left-wing bands, including
1085:
1016:
869:
857:
538:
513:
1173:, only at most 5700 soldiers fought the French with the Vietnamese in Cambodia.
2089:. Hemel Hempstead; North Sydney: Allen and Unwin in association with South End.
1382:
1227:
923:
233:
2063:
2143:
2103:
Chandler, D. P. (2000). A history of Cambodia. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press.
1223:
1154:
1126:
1055:
996:
303:
942:
730:
612:
548:
533:
282:
247:
2012:
The Tragedy of Cambodian history: Politics, War, and Revolution since 1945
1190:
impossible”. In 1975, Heng was killed by his wife’s nephew, Long Bunruot.
1306:
1247:
1231:
1158:
1032:
1004:
425:
307:
1416:
Grant, Jonathan S.; Moss, Laurence A. G.; Unger, Jonathan, eds. (1971).
1084:
However, in the rightist military coup in Thailand in November 1947 the
864:
1252:
1142:
1060:
1012:
984:
543:
291:
88:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
1339:
1211:
1198:
1150:
988:
967:
963:
959:
528:
523:
501:
349:
345:
299:
1201:, joined the Thai Communist Party in 1946, when he was a student at
125:
1285:, who was the head of the ICP North-Western branch, and his nephew
1077:
992:
558:
368:
287:
1256:
1130:
1091:
There were two consequences of the return of Thai Prime Minister
1023:
1008:
596:
63:
1092:
1080:, Dap Chhuon, Prince Chantaraingsey’s were the most prominent.
966:
branded themselves Issaraks for the sake of unifying other non-
950:
2003:
When The War Was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution
1186:
1043:, were closely related to the Viet Minh influenced-Issaraks.
1226:, in order to link with the former Cambodian Prime Minister
1668:
1979:
1943:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1542:
1540:
725:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation
1919:
1810:
1808:
1764:
1656:
1588:
1564:
949:
or 'Independent Khmer') was a "loosely structured" anti-
1752:
1644:
1967:
1931:
1907:
1880:
1856:
1844:
1788:
1692:
1680:
1632:
1617:
1600:
1537:
1465:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1895:
1832:
1805:
1776:
1728:
1576:
1489:
1477:
1316:
1820:
1740:
1716:
1704:
1552:
1525:
1513:
1276:
On 1 February 1948, the Issarak movement formed the
59:
1955:
1501:
1434:
1397:
1007:. These guerrillas formed a government in exile in
150:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1420:. New York: Washington Square Press. p. 314.
55:a machine-translated version of the Khmer article.
1266:
2141:
1222:Achar Mean, a Khmer monk took his name later as
1070:
1415:
84:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
899:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
2038:. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
1136:
931:
991:. Among those groups, which were aided by
906:
892:
273:
1368:
1351:
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
2018:
2009:
1913:
1874:
1850:
1799:
1758:
1698:
1674:
1650:
1638:
1611:
1546:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
2084:
2033:
1985:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1901:
1889:
1862:
1838:
1814:
1782:
1770:
1734:
1686:
1662:
1626:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1418:Cambodia: the Widening War in Indochina
1076:forces. Among the non-communist bands,
404:This article is part of a series on the
244:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2142:
2042:
2000:
1826:
1746:
1722:
1710:
1558:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1447:
1403:
1145:and his army, who were not communist,
1029:Khmer People’s Revolution Party (KPRP)
1031:. Several significant figures in the
2023:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
1056:Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV)
148:adding citations to reliable sources
119:
15:
2150:Factions of the First Indochina War
2014:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1299:Khmer National Liberation Committee
1278:Khmer People's Liberation Committee
1119:Khmer People’s Liberation Committee
13:
2094:
1317:Foundation of Democratic Kampuchea
1208:Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK)
424:
14:
2191:
2160:Organizations established in 1945
1133:near Siem Reap in February 1959.
1217:
863:
851:
224:
124:
20:
2019:Chandler, David Porter (2008).
2010:Chandler, David Porter (1991).
1193:
1163:Indochina Communist Party (ICP)
255:Political party in Cambodia
135:needs additional citations for
1409:
1267:Legacy of the Issarak movement
1241:
973:
94:You may also add the template
1:
2180:National liberation movements
2165:Political history of Cambodia
1297:and remodelled itself as the
1111:
1065:Prince Norodom Chantaraingsey
831:Cambodian–Thai border dispute
96:{{Translated|km|ខ្មែរឥស្សរៈ}}
2052:The Journal of Asian Studies
1176:
1071:Non-Communist Issarak Groups
837:2013–2014 Cambodian protests
7:
1333:
1271:
1259:after the establishment of
1098:
642:National Election Committee
319:; 79 years ago
10:
2196:
2005:. New York: PublicAffairs.
2001:Becker, Elizabeth (1998).
1994:
1383:10.5367/000000005775179702
58:Machine translation, like
2085:Vickery, Michael (1984).
2064:10.1017/s0021911813000016
2036:How Pol Pot Came to Power
1230:and the Viet Minh leader
927:
374:
358:
331:
313:
281:
272:
260:
35:the corresponding article
2155:Rebel groups in Cambodia
1371:South East Asia Research
1345:
1137:Communist Issarak Groups
1039:who participated in the
777:Administrative divisions
1171:the First Indochina War
360:Political position
105:For more guidance, see
2043:McHale, Shawn (2013).
1210:, and better known as
741:Diplomatic missions of
509:Deputy Prime Ministers
429:
232:This article contains
2175:Communism in Cambodia
2021:A History of Cambodia
1022:Soon afterwards, the
428:
107:Knowledge:Translation
78:copyright attribution
2034:Kiernan, B. (2004).
1324:Democratic Kampuchea
1303:United Issarak Front
1261:Democratic Kampuchea
1203:Thammasat University
1086:Pridi administration
1037:Democratic Kampuchea
981:the Second World War
956:Cambodian government
566:Council of Ministers
379:Politics of Cambodia
144:improve this article
2087:Cambodia, 1975-1982
1041:Cambodian Civil War
1015:government, led by
870:Politics portal
858:Cambodia portal
1988:, p. 255-258.
1952:, p. 155-157.
1677:, p. 101-107.
1311:summary executions
1255:, better known as
1251:The young man was
430:
86:interlanguage link
1052:Geneva Conference
916:
915:
758:Visa requirements
717:Foreign relations
703:Political parties
646:Recent elections
604:National Assembly
554:Sok Chenda Sophea
468:House of Sisowath
415:
397:
396:
384:Political parties
354:
338:Khmer nationalism
240:rendering support
220:
219:
212:
194:
118:
117:
47:
43:
2187:
2090:
2075:
2049:
2039:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1928:, p. 83-85.
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1878:
1877:, p. 49-50.
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1773:, p. 82-84.
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:, p. 58-61.
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1597:, p. 53-54.
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1573:, p. 30-32.
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1167:Marxism-Leninism
1105:Khuang Aphaiwong
948:
945:
939:
936:
933:
929:
908:
901:
894:
868:
867:
856:
855:
854:
814:
778:
718:
635:
581:
519:Aun Pornmoniroth
485:
471:
462:House of Norodom
450:Norodom Sihamoni
440:
418:
413:
405:
399:
398:
352:
342:Anti-colonialism
327:
325:
320:
277:
258:
257:
246: instead of
228:
227:
215:
208:
204:
201:
195:
193:
152:
128:
120:
97:
91:
64:Google Translate
45:
42:(September 2012)
41:
24:
23:
16:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2140:
2139:
2097:
2095:Further reading
2047:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1435:
1428:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1336:
1319:
1274:
1269:
1244:
1220:
1196:
1179:
1139:
1114:
1101:
1073:
1047:ideologically.
1017:Prince Sihanouk
976:
946:
940:
937:
934:
912:
883:
879:Other countries
874:
862:
852:
850:
842:
841:
833:
815:
812:
805:
804:
780:
776:
768:
767:
749:
737:
720:
716:
708:
707:
697:
680:
663:
637:
633:
625:
624:
583:
579:
571:
570:
539:Hangchuon Naron
514:Vongsey Vissoth
487:
483:
475:
474:
466:
442:
438:
416:
412:
403:
393:
348:
344:
340:
323:
321:
318:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
268:
267:
264:
256:
253:
252:
251:
238:Without proper
229:
225:
216:
205:
199:
196:
159:"Khmer Issarak"
153:
151:
141:
129:
114:
113:
112:
95:
89:
48:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:Decolonization
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1976:, p. 178.
1966:
1954:
1942:
1940:, p. 297.
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1892:, p. 127.
1879:
1867:
1865:, p. 100.
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1804:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1761:, p. 111.
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 156.
1679:
1667:
1655:
1653:, p. 101.
1643:
1631:
1629:, p. 101.
1616:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 212.
1464:
1462:, p. 221.
1452:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1396:
1377:(3): 333–383.
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1318:
1315:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1243:
1240:
1228:Son Ngoc Thanh
1219:
1216:
1195:
1192:
1178:
1175:
1138:
1135:
1113:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1072:
1069:
975:
972:
914:
913:
911:
910:
903:
896:
888:
885:
884:
882:
881:
875:
873:
872:
860:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
834:
829:
827:
822:
816:
813:Related issues
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
781:
774:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
760:
755:
748:
747:
736:
735:
734:
733:
721:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
683:
681:
679:
678:
673:
666:
664:
662:
661:
656:
649:
644:
638:
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
621:
620:
615:
601:
600:
599:
584:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
506:
505:
504:
492:Prime Minister
488:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
464:
459:
457:Throne Council
454:
453:
452:
443:
436:
435:
432:
431:
421:
420:
408:
407:
395:
394:
392:
391:
386:
381:
375:
372:
371:
362:
356:
355:
335:
329:
328:
315:
311:
310:
285:
279:
278:
270:
269:
265:
262:
261:
254:
242:, you may see
230:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
132:
130:
123:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
92:
70:
67:
56:
49:
30:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 66.
1915:
1914:Chandler 1991
1910:
1904:, p. 74.
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1875:Chandler 1991
1871:
1864:
1859:
1853:, p. 48.
1852:
1851:Chandler 1991
1847:
1841:, p. 66.
1840:
1835:
1829:, p. 47.
1828:
1823:
1817:, p. 59.
1816:
1811:
1809:
1802:, p. 35.
1801:
1800:Chandler 1991
1796:
1794:
1792:
1785:, p. 97.
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1759:Chandler 1991
1755:
1749:, p. 81.
1748:
1743:
1737:, p. 48.
1736:
1731:
1725:, p. 79.
1724:
1719:
1713:, p. 72.
1712:
1707:
1701:, p. 34.
1700:
1699:Chandler 1991
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1675:Chandler 1991
1671:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1651:Chandler 1991
1647:
1641:, p. 80.
1640:
1639:Chandler 1991
1635:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1614:, p. 33.
1613:
1612:Chandler 1991
1608:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1585:, p. 29.
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1561:, p. 69.
1560:
1555:
1549:, p. 24.
1548:
1547:Chandler 1991
1543:
1541:
1534:, p. 76.
1533:
1528:
1522:, p. 78.
1521:
1516:
1510:, p. 73.
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 43.
1497:
1496:Chandler 1991
1492:
1486:, p. 28.
1485:
1484:Chandler 1991
1480:
1473:
1472:Chandler 2008
1468:
1461:
1460:Chandler 2008
1456:
1450:, p. 70.
1449:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1406:, p. 51.
1405:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:Son Ngoc Minh
1218:Son Ngoc Minh
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Son Ngoc Minh
1152:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:1955 election
1122:
1120:
1109:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Son Ngoc Minh
994:
990:
986:
982:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
944:
925:
921:
920:Khmer Issarak
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
887:
886:
880:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
859:
849:
848:
846:
845:
838:
835:
832:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
809:
808:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
779:
772:
771:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
742:
739:
738:
732:
728:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
712:
711:
704:
701:
694:
691:
689:
685:
684:
682:
677:
674:
672:
668:
667:
665:
660:
657:
655:
651:
650:
648:
647:
645:
643:
640:
639:
636:
629:
628:
619:
616:
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
585:
582:
575:
574:
567:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
497:
493:
490:
489:
486:
479:
478:
469:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
445:
444:
441:
434:
433:
427:
423:
422:
419:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
357:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:
334:
330:
316:
312:
309:
305:
304:Son Ngoc Minh
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
263:Khmer Issarak
259:
249:
245:
241:
237:
235:
214:
211:
203:
200:November 2013
192:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
164:
161: –
160:
156:
155:Find sources:
149:
145:
139:
138:
133:This article
131:
127:
122:
121:
108:
104:
101:
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
51:
50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
2086:
2055:
2051:
2035:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1986:Kiernan 2004
1981:
1974:Kiernan 2004
1969:
1962:Vickery 1984
1957:
1950:Kiernan 2004
1945:
1938:Kiernan 2004
1933:
1926:Kiernan 2004
1921:
1909:
1902:Kiernan 2004
1897:
1890:Kiernan 2004
1870:
1863:Kiernan 2004
1858:
1846:
1839:Kiernan 2004
1834:
1822:
1815:Kiernan 2004
1783:Kiernan 2004
1778:
1771:Kiernan 2004
1766:
1754:
1742:
1735:Kiernan 2004
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1687:Kiernan 2004
1682:
1670:
1663:Kiernan 2004
1658:
1646:
1634:
1627:Kiernan 2004
1595:Kiernan 2004
1590:
1583:Kiernan 2004
1578:
1571:Kiernan 2004
1566:
1554:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1417:
1411:
1399:
1374:
1370:
1320:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:Long Bunruot
1275:
1245:
1236:
1221:
1199:Long Bunruot
1197:
1194:Long Bunruot
1180:
1151:Long Bunruot
1140:
1123:
1115:
1102:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1049:
1045:
1021:
977:
919:
917:
820:Human rights
731:Prak Sokhonn
613:Khuon Sodary
549:Neth Savoeun
534:Sun Chanthol
402:
300:Long Bunruot
248:Khmer script
231:
206:
197:
187:
180:
173:
166:
154:
142:Please help
137:verification
134:
82:edit summary
73:
40:
32:
1827:Becker 1998
1747:Becker 1998
1723:Becker 1998
1711:Becker 1998
1559:Becker 1998
1532:Becker 1998
1520:Becker 1998
1508:Becker 1998
1448:Becker 1998
1404:Becker 1998
1307:Khmer Serai
1248:Tou Samouth
1242:Tou Samouth
1232:Ho Chi Minh
1159:Tou Samouth
1033:Khmer Rouge
1005:Tou Samouth
974:The Issarak
928:ខ្មែរឥស្សរៈ
825:LGBT rights
763:Visa policy
745:in Cambodia
414:Politics of
308:Tou Samouth
266:ខ្មែរឥស្សរៈ
2144:Categories
2058:(2): 367.
1427:0671481142
1253:Saloth Sar
1143:Dap Chhuon
1112:Dap Chhuon
1061:Dap Chhuon
1050:After the
1024:Vietnamese
1013:Phnom Penh
985:Battambang
964:guerrillas
729:Minister:
686:Communal:
580:Parliament
544:Say Sam Al
484:Government
353:(factions)
292:Dap Chhuon
170:newspapers
2072:162830836
1391:147391206
1340:Katipunan
1328:treatment
1283:Sieu Heng
1212:Nuon Chea
1182:Sieu Heng
1177:Sieu Heng
1147:Sieu Heng
1001:Sieu Heng
989:Siem Reap
968:communist
960:Việt Minh
795:Districts
785:Provinces
652:General:
634:Elections
609:President
593:President
529:Tea Seiha
524:Sar Sokha
502:Hun Manet
470:(1904–41)
389:Elections
365:Left-wing
350:Communism
346:Socialism
296:Sieu Heng
100:talk page
1334:See also
1272:The KPLC
1099:Poc Khun
1078:Poc Khun
993:Thailand
970:forces.
962:-guided
800:Communes
753:Passport
669:Senate:
559:Hun Many
439:Monarchy
417:Cambodia
369:Far-left
333:Ideology
288:Poc Khun
76:provide
37:in Khmer
1995:Sources
1257:Pol Pot
1141:Unlike
1131:Lon Nol
1009:Bangkok
935:
618:Members
597:Hun Sen
322: (
314:Founded
184:scholar
98:to the
80:in the
39:.
2070:
1424:
1389:
1093:Phibun
951:French
790:Cities
588:Senate
283:Leader
186:
179:
172:
165:
157:
2068:S2CID
2048:(PDF)
1387:S2CID
1346:Notes
1187:Hanoi
943:Khmer
941:Free
924:Khmer
446:King
236:text.
234:Khmer
191:JSTOR
177:books
60:DeepL
1422:ISBN
1157:and
1063:and
1035:and
1003:and
987:and
932:lit.
918:The
693:2022
688:2017
676:2024
671:2018
659:2023
654:2018
496:list
324:1945
317:1945
163:news
74:must
72:You
53:View
2060:doi
1379:doi
367:to
146:by
62:or
2146::
2066:.
2056:72
2054:.
2050:.
1882:^
1807:^
1790:^
1619:^
1602:^
1539:^
1436:^
1385:.
1375:13
1373:.
1353:^
1313:.
1289:.
1263:.
1214:.
1153:,
1149:,
1121:.
1019:.
999:,
930:,
926::
743:/
611::
595::
498:)
2074:.
2062::
1964:.
1430:.
1393:.
1381::
947:'
938:'
922:(
907:e
900:t
893:v
494:(
326:)
250:.
213:)
207:(
202:)
198:(
188:·
181:·
174:·
167:·
140:.
109:.
102:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
