124:
shortly thereafter, the Office of
Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services implemented two "safe harbor" exemptions to the Federal Antikickback Statute for "rebates" paid by pharmaceutical companies to Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) to secure preferred placement on drug formularies, and a second "safe harbor" exemption for Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs). Lawmakers in both U.S. political parties have enabled these legally-exempted kickbacks to continue in the U.S. healthcare space.
73:"Kickback brokers" are individuals who may not receive the kickback personally, but who help link the individual or company providing the goods or services with individuals capable of assisting with the illegal payments. For helping to link the two colluding parties, either or both parties may make a payment to this "broker".
123:
to prevent such schemes. The Anti-Kickback
Statute (“AKS”) prohibits medical providers and physicians from paying or receiving kickbacks or any financial benefits in return for referrals of patients who are covered under federal healthcare programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and TRICARE. However,
69:
or inflated invoice (often for goods or services which were not needed, of inferior quality, or both), with an employee of the victim company assisting in securing payment. For their assistance in securing payment, the individual receives some sort of payment (cash, goods, services) or favor (the
99:
was publicly known as "Mr. Ten
Percent" for a similar reason; after coming into the government, he started taking 10% of all major contract investments before he would approve the contract. However, kickbacks differ from other forms of corruption, such as diversion of assets, as in
81:
Kickbacks are one of the most common forms of government corruption. In some cases, the kickback takes the form of a "cut of the action," and can be so well known as to be common knowledge—and even become part of a nation's culture. For example, in
38:
is paid to the bribe-taker in exchange for services rendered. Generally speaking, the remuneration (money, goods, or services handed over) is negotiated ahead of time. The kickback varies from other kinds of bribes in that there is implied
90:
was publicly known as "Mr. Twenty-Five
Percent" because he required that all major contracts throughout the nation provide him with 25 percent of the income before he would approve the contract. Also, in
1040:
867:
1162:
1101:
959:
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900:
397:
57:, and describes the way a recipient of illegal gain "kicks back" a portion of it to another person for that person's assistance in obtaining it.
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patients were paying doctors to send patients to them, whether or not the patient needed the treatment, diagnosis, or test. In 1987, the
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the bribe from the other. The purpose of the kickback is usually to encourage the other party to cooperate in the scheme.
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1107:
1005:
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267:"The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA): what it is and what it means for physicians"
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1157:
1051:
941:
496:
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scandals in the 1990s, which uncovered widespread use of kickbacks in the national and local governments.
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862:
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381:
Albrecht, W. Steve; Albrecht, Conan C.; Albrecht, Chad O.; and
Zimbelman, Mark F.
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355:
842:
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762:
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108:
51:
803:
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101:
398:
The Many Faces of
Corruption: Tracking Vulnerabilities at the Sector Level
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720:
685:
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162:
133:
1220:
1041:
Commission for the
Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia
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690:
647:
446:
211:
Bribery and
Extortion: Undermining Business, Governments, and Security.
66:
657:
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83:
44:
40:
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700:
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92:
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Form of bribery in which payment is received for services rendered
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31:
332:"Kickbacks in Healthcare | Top Whistleblower Lawyer | Brown LLC"
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The most common form of kickback involves a vendor submitting a
970:
19:
This article is about the form of bribery. For other uses, see
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590:
415:
213:
Westport, Conn.: Praeger
Security International, 2007. p. 14.
177:
128:
575:
966:
405:
Kranacher, Mary-Jo; Riley, Richard; and Wells, Joseph T.
43:
between agents of the two parties, rather than one party
1163:
International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities
131:, the political scene was realigned dramatically by the
107:
Kickback schemes can be pervasive. For example, in the
960:
Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program
919:
Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)
901:
Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory
246:
Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht, and Zimbelman, p. 517.
1102:
Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011
1247:
104:, because of the collusion between two parties.
271:Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center)
1070:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption
937:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption
868:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations
431:
1173:United Nations Convention against Corruption
1153:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption
1211:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity
1046:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission
890:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission
388:Buchbinder, Sharon B. and Shanks, Nancy H.
1058:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine
954:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau
438:
424:
264:
111:, companies providing medical services to
408:Forensic Accounting and Fraud Examination
298:
221:
219:
205:
203:
70:hiring of a relative, employment, etc.).
988:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission
233:
231:
1030:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission
895:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)
390:Introduction to Health Care Management.
1248:
1118:Freedom of information laws by country
1035:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
216:
200:
982:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar
924:Commission Against Corruption (Macau)
853:International Anti-Corruption Academy
419:
228:
1201:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement
1196:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement
977:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission
907:National Anti-Corruption Observatory
385:Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning, 2012.
225:Kranacher, Riley, and Wells, p. 387.
60:
1123:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
1018:National Anticorruption Directorate
1012:Anti-Corruption General Directorate
402:Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2007.
392:Boston: Jones & Bartlett, 2007.
265:Zibulewsky, Joseph (October 2001).
13:
848:Group of States Against Corruption
14:
1272:
1024:Investigative Committee of Russia
1216:Russian anti-corruption campaign
1206:Anti-austerity movement in Spain
1113:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act
76:
1052:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera
913:National Supervisory Commission
375:
50:The term "kickback" comes from
1000:Investigation Task Force Sweep
994:National Accountability Bureau
466:Corruption in local government
454:Corruption in different fields
445:
348:
324:
321:Buchbinder and Shanks, p. 365.
315:
283:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927785
258:
249:
240:
1:
1108:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
1006:Central Anticorruption Bureau
194:
121:Anti-Kickback Enforcement Act
1168:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
1158:International asset recovery
942:Central Vigilance Commission
497:Corruption Perceptions Index
7:
1226:2017–2019 Romanian protests
412:Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2010.
140:
10:
1277:
1231:2017–2018 Russian protests
863:Transparency International
838:Global Financial Integrity
209:Wrage, Alexandra Addison.
153:Anti-competitive practices
97:President Asif Ali Zardari
18:
1191:2011 Azerbaijani protests
1181:
1141:
1092:
1083:
876:
830:
821:
776:
678:
668:Offshore financial centre
519:
510:
489:
471:Interest group corruption
453:
21:Kickback (disambiguation)
1133:Whistleblower protection
621:Cryptocurrency and crime
30:is a form of negotiated
502:Economics of corruption
1128:UK Bribery Act of 2010
884:Oficina AnticorrupciĂłn
633:Noble cause corruption
490:Measures of corruption
395:Campos, Jose Edgardo.
168:Charbonneau Commission
117:United States Congress
858:Mo Ibrahim Foundation
638:Professional courtesy
601:Honest services fraud
119:passed the stringent
822:Institutions dealing
556:Conflict of interest
481:Political corruption
173:Conflict of interest
663:Offshore investment
255:Campos, p. 299-300.
1064:Warioba Commission
1002:(Papua New Guinea)
746:Regulatory capture
551:Commercial bribery
383:Fraud Examination.
86:, former dictator
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817:
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794:Election security
741:Political scandal
476:Police corruption
61:Types and methods
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1090:
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828:
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809:Vote suppression
696:Crony capitalism
626:Hawala and crime
616:Money laundering
596:Graft (politics)
576:Confidence trick
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511:Forms or aspects
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1085:Anti-corruption
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789:Electoral fraud
784:Ballot stuffing
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461:Corporate crime
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237:Campos, p. 299.
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843:Global Witness
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799:Gerrymandering
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277:(4): 339–346.
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1048:(South Korea)
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831:International
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763:State capture
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734:
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706:Elite capture
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513:of corruption
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109:United States
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77:In government
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42:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1261:Contract law
973:(Madagascar)
897:(Bangladesh)
804:Vote pairing
756:Rent-setting
751:Rent-seeking
711:Failed state
611:Match fixing
605:
581:Embezzlement
560:Corporation
532:Black market
406:
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389:
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376:Bibliography
363:. Retrieved
359:
350:
339:. Retrieved
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317:
274:
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210:
188:Tangentopoli
134:Tangentopoli
132:
126:
106:
102:embezzlement
80:
72:
64:
49:
27:
25:
1146:and efforts
1144:instruments
1095:enforcement
1037:(Singapore)
950:(Indonesia)
886:(Argentina)
768:State crime
726:Mafia state
721:Kleptocracy
686:Clientelism
653:Tax evasion
536:Grey market
163:Bid rigging
34:in which a
1250:Categories
1221:Yo Soy 132
1066:(Tanzania)
996:(Pakistan)
909:(Cameroon)
736:Plutocracy
691:Coronelism
648:Slush fund
447:Corruption
365:2021-12-17
356:"Kickback"
341:2024-07-22
336:Brown, LLC
195:References
67:fraudulent
52:colloquial
36:commission
1184:movements
1104:(pending)
1072:(Vietnam)
1060:(Ukraine)
1020:(Romania)
1014:(Romania)
990:(Nigeria)
984:(Myanmar)
962:(Liberia)
933:(Croatia)
903:(Burundi)
777:Elections
658:Tax haven
586:Extortion
546:Collusion
527:Baksheesh
291:0899-8280
183:Kickbacks
158:Baksheesh
84:Indonesia
45:extorting
41:collusion
1093:Laws and
1026:(Russia)
1008:(Poland)
956:(Latvia)
915:(China)
877:National
731:Nepotism
701:Cronyism
606:Kickback
360:frontend
309:16369643
141:See also
113:Medicare
93:Pakistan
28:kickback
1256:Bribery
1182:Protest
1054:(Spain)
944:(India)
643:Scandal
541:Bribery
520:General
300:1305897
148:Annates
88:Suharto
32:bribery
971:BIANCO
307:
297:
289:
931:USKOK
679:State
591:Fraud
569:Shell
564:Dummy
178:Fraud
129:Italy
305:PMID
287:ISSN
948:KPK
295:PMC
279:doi
127:In
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303:.
293:.
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275:14
273:.
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230:^
218:^
202:^
95:,
26:A
439:e
432:t
425:v
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400:.
368:.
344:.
311:.
281::
23:.
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