1248:. Tenses include past, present, or future; and remote, near, or current. Aspects include habitual/imperfective, completive, perfect, and progressive, which is unmarked. Sequential, a subtype of progressive, denotes events that occur in a sequence. There is also a marker for persistive events, which occur continuously until the time of speaking. Special subject agreement particles exist for 1st and 2nd person, the discourse participants, but subject agreement is otherwise based on noun class. A verb can exhibit noun class agreement for all arguments, but agrees less commonly with non-human nouns.
1829:
455:
1102:, a few body parts, and semantically unrelated others. Class 10 is the same, but plural. Because words of these classes begin with nasal or unnasalizable consonants, and lose their nasality when marked with a different class prefix, the proposed prefix is nasalization. This prefix cannot always be applied to loanwords.
2125:
1219:
Numerals 11-19 are formed with the construction 'ten and X'. The final numeral, if it inflects, agrees with the noun being counted. However, if the final numeral is 1, it agrees with the singular class of the noun being counted, because 1 is singular, even if the overall number being formed is not.
1086:
Class 5 (prefix rĩ- if stem is vowel initial, i- if consonant-initial) comprises plant/landscape words and others that don't fix the pattern, and is singular. Class 6 (prefix ma-) comprises the same words, but is plural. Occasionally, class 6 nouns have the prefix marĩ-, perhaps because the class 5
1105:
Class 11 (prefix rũ-) comprises long, thin, or string-like nouns, as well as others that don't fit the pattern. Its default plural is class 10, with occasional class 6 forms. It is hypothesized that if the prefix rũ- is added to a stem that already begins with rũ, the prefix is deleted. The class
1210:
Adjectives are comparatively rare, and don't cover even every color. Qualities are usually expressed instead as associative constructions, which connect two nouns or noun phrases where the first noun (head) is modified by the second. The associative is formed by prefixing the stem a with the
1157:
may take the place of a noun or a noun phrase. Since person and noun class are marked on verbs, they are usually only used emphatically or in response to questions. Except for those of classes 3 and 14, the pronouns are formed by adding agreement class prefixes to the stem o.
1648:) is the longest known book written in Kikuyu. Other authors writing in Kikuyu are Gatua wa Mbũgwa and Waithĩra wa Mbuthia. Mbuthia has published various works in different genres—essays, poetry, children stories and translations—in Kikuyu. The late
1094:
class with some inherent, not especially augmented members. Class 8 (prefix ci- if stem is vowel initial, i- if consonant initial) is the same, but plural. These classes' prefixes can be used to augment nouns of other classes.
1149:
with the noun via adjective class prefixes (usually identical to the noun class prefixes). Other modifiers do so via agreement class prefixes, which are often simply the vowel of the noun class prefix.
578:, which is a bustling town with so many influences from the other dialects that it is difficult to distinguish between them. The dialect is also prevalent in the rice growing area of
1113:
class with some inherent, not especially diminutive members. Class 13 (prefix tũ-) is the same, but plural. These classes' prefixes can be used to diminutize nouns of other classes.
2617:
1083:
Class 3 (prefix mũ-) comprises nature/landscape words and others that are not semantically related, and is singular. Class 4 (prefix mĩ-) comprises the same words, but is plural.
1657:
550:) and will use the "s" sound instead (Kikuyu has no letter S), hence the pronunciation of "Gĩcũgũ" as opposed to "Gĩchũgũ". To hear Ndia being spoken, one needs to be in
1106:
6/11 plurals vary just as the Class 5/6 plurals do: the Class 6 prefix, ma-, attaches sometimes to the noun stem itself, and sometimes to the class 11 form.
2610:
1847:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
2603:
3985:
2161:
3913:
2631:
298:
1905:
1752:
579:
2005:
1137:
class. Class 17 (prefix kũ-/gũ-) is an indefinite locative class. These classes can be singular or plural based on context.
324:
558:. Other home towns for the Ndia, where "purer" forms of the dialect are spoken, are located in the tea-growing areas of
3980:
1946:
502:
1116:
Class 14 (null prefix) comprises abstract concepts and semantically unrelated others, and is pluralized by class 6.
484:
3823:
2154:
1087:
form is reanalyzed as the stem. Nouns of classes 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, and 15 can be pluralized with the class 6 form.
476:
2595:
1207:- the first syllable of a relative pronoun is short, while the first syllable of a distal demonstrative is long.
314:
1127:—more semantically and syntactically motivated than other classes. It is pluralized, when possible, by class 6.
433:. The Kikuyu people usually identify their lands by the surrounding mountain ranges in Central Kenya, including
1851:
480:
1179:
pronoun is formed by adding the relevant possessive stem to the agreement class prefix of the possessed noun.
538:
The Kikuyu from Kĩrĩnyaga are composed of two main sub-dialects – the Ndia and
Gichugu who speak the dialects
237:
255:
3085:
102:
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994:
988:
965:
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934:
919:
911:
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873:
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850:
831:
823:
817:
797:
789:
723:
708:
700:
687:
679:
667:
660:
3975:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2236:
2147:
1030:
1767:
6, 49–64; G.N. Clements & Kevin C. Ford, 1979, "Kikuyu Tone Shift and its
Synchronic Consequences",
1211:
agreement class prefix of the head noun. It can also denote possession, location, and ordinal numerals.
2006:"Zerb & Sofiya Nzau Star in Dazzling 'Mwaki' Video Shot in Kenya's Hells Gate National Park: Watch"
122:
3601:
3079:
3073:
1635:
1076:/human nouns and is singular, while class 2 (prefix a-) comprises animate/human nouns but is plural.
112:
96:
1251:
In addition to active and passive voices, there is a middle voice with an intermediate connotation.
1203:
forms. Relative pronouns are written identically to distal demonstratives, but are distinguished by
3965:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3671:
3637:
3555:
3430:
2779:
1233:
1050:
516:
465:
59:
2844:
2379:
1146:
469:
1236:, reflexivity, reciprocality, causativity, intensive meanings, reversive meanings, applicative (
3794:
2832:
2399:
2291:
1200:
811:
3916:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
3904:
2931:
1237:
1054:
979:
2563:
1833:
1828:
1653:
8:
2522:
2316:
1229:
895:
841:
1913:
1832: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
3531:
3525:
3192:
3186:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
2344:
2326:
2281:
2170:
1677:
1644:
1245:
753:
743:
520:
2437:
1738:
288:
3841:
3561:
3371:
3255:
2527:
2407:
2369:
1979:
1952:
1942:
1241:
1182:
928:
808:
775:
768:
758:
2041:. London: Published for the International African Institute by Dawsons of Pall Mall.
1876:
613:
switch easily to other Kikuyu dialects in conversation with the rest of the Kikuyu.
519:
districts are divided along the traditional boundaries of these dialects, which are
320:
3876:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3442:
2915:
2879:
2856:
2708:
2537:
2517:
2497:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2452:
2442:
2354:
2276:
2189:
2034:
1005:
The prenasalised consonants are often pronounced without prenasalisation, and thus
958:
748:
555:
2625:
1971:
3970:
3847:
3806:
3765:
3643:
3631:
3619:
3584:
3578:
3460:
3448:
3424:
3412:
3400:
3377:
3359:
3342:
3308:
3290:
3261:
3249:
3232:
3226:
3180:
3126:
2897:
2808:
2802:
2755:
2737:
2627:
2542:
2532:
2512:
2507:
2492:
2477:
2432:
2422:
2417:
2374:
2349:
2296:
2266:
2241:
2208:
1119:
Class 15 (prefix gũ- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, kũ- otherwise) comprises
763:
406:
132:
127:
88:
1802:
1185:
are formed by adding the relevant agreement class prefix to the relative stem.
3897:
3870:
3853:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3625:
3543:
3537:
3477:
3418:
3406:
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3302:
3273:
3267:
3198:
3174:
3168:
3109:
3091:
3044:
3038:
2997:
2991:
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2979:
2949:
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2921:
2909:
2903:
2891:
2885:
2862:
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2838:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2785:
2773:
2749:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2547:
2502:
2447:
2427:
2389:
2384:
2364:
2339:
2334:
2311:
2301:
2271:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2231:
2216:
2184:
2103:
1780:
674:
200:
141:
1716:
3959:
3835:
3829:
3800:
3677:
3613:
3607:
3549:
3436:
3365:
3336:
3296:
3162:
3103:
3097:
3056:
3050:
3032:
3026:
3020:
2955:
2927:
2767:
2761:
2743:
2720:
2684:
2672:
2359:
2306:
2286:
2226:
2221:
2109:
1983:
1649:
1188:
1042:
901:
781:
695:
643:
590:
586:
410:
69:
1956:
1109:
Class 12 (prefix ga- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, ka- otherwise) is a
1090:
Class 7 (prefix gĩ- if stem is t, k, c, or th initial, kĩ- otherwise) is an
3454:
1204:
1091:
1034:
546:. The Gicugus and the Ndias do not have the "ch" or "sh" sound (same as in
210:
1634:
There is notable literature written in the Kikuyu language. For instance,
585:
The unmistakable tonal patterns of the Gichũgũ dialect (which sounds like
272:
2579:
1936:
1697:
1169:
1124:
1080:
terms and some other words belong to these classes but take no prefixes.
638:
622:
547:
524:
434:
107:
1721:
1661:
1176:
1166:
1110:
1066:
1046:
1038:
1017:
Kikuyu has two level tones (high and low), a low-high rising tone, and
862:
655:
648:
606:
602:
2139:
2072:
Kihara, Claudius P. "Middle and
Antipassive Voices in Gĩkũyũ (E51)."
1938:
Decolonising the Mind: The
Politics of Language in African Literature
1682:
1162:
1099:
716:
281:
265:
247:
229:
454:
3788:
3782:
1259:
Kikuyu is written in a Latin alphabet. It does not use the letters
1196:
1154:
1134:
1131:
1018:
598:
571:
551:
401:
332:
38:
2678:
2120:
Muigwithania 2.0 – First Kikuyu
Newspaper revived on the Internet
1077:
1073:
610:
563:
426:
328:
117:
2133:
3921:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
2412:
1192:
594:
559:
532:
430:
2118:
2584:
575:
567:
528:
422:
418:
49:
1045:
pronouns, which can coexist in that order, and subsequently
1693:
1673:
331:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1276:
a b c d e g h i ĩ j k m n o r t u ũ w y
515:
Kikuyu has four main mutually intelligible dialects. The
1972:"In Kenya, Audiences Roar at Language in 'Jedi' Film"
1763:
Kevin C. Ford, 1975. "The tones of nouns in Kikuyu,"
621:Symbols shown in parentheses are those used in the
593:, sister languages to Kikuyu) can be heard in the
1934:
1801:Wa-Ngatho, Wambũi Mũringo; Englebretson, Robert.
1800:
1037:rather than postpositions. Nouns are followed by
3957:
1614:mumbi wa Iguru na Thi na muheani wa indo ciothe
1281:Some sounds are represented by digraphs such as
1871:
1869:
421:. Kikuyu is mainly spoken in the area between
2611:
2155:
2074:Arusha Working Papers in African Linguistics,
1165:pronoun - 'and/with X' - is formed by adding
2065:Gecaga B. M. and Kirkaldy-Willis W.H. 1953.
1899:
1897:
1866:
3945:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)
3940:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)
3935:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)
3930:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)
3925:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)
2044:Barlow, A. Ruffell and T. G. Benson. 1975.
1029:The canonical word order of Gĩkũyũ is SVO (
483:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2618:
2604:
2162:
2148:
2090:. Stanford, California: CSLI publications.
2055:. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons,
2039:The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu
1140:
2067:English–Kikuyu, Kikuyu–English Vocabulary
1894:
503:Learn how and when to remove this message
1969:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1678:Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
1057:, which have no order among themselves.
325:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3958:
2169:
1745:
1652:also sometimes wrote in Kikuyu. Also,
2599:
2143:
1903:
1785:
1667:
1098:Class 9 comprises most animals, most
400:
37:
2003:
481:adding citations to reliable sources
448:
2083:. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
2053:Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom
1172:to the relevant personal pronouns.
13:
3903:Languages between parentheses are
2130:(vol. 1; see ref. for v2 & v3)
2104:"A Basic Sketch Grammar of Gĩkũyũ"
1810:Rice Working Papers in Linguistics
1803:"A Basic Sketch Grammar of Gĩkũyũ"
1710:
14:
3997:
2110:Gikuyu alphabet and pronunciation
2095:
1941:. London: J. Currey. p. 24.
1620:Letter from the Hen to the Eagle
1605:the creator of heaven and earth,
1292:
2088:A Paradigmatic Grammar of Gikuyu
1970:Feldmann, Linda (28 July 1983).
1904:Rwígí, Kúrí (17 December 2018).
1827:
574:hills. Lower down the slopes is
453:
405:) (also known as Gĩgĩkũyũ) is a
2027:
2004:Bain, Katie (29 January 2024).
1997:
1963:
1928:
1753:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1685:speaks in the Kikuyu language.
1587:
1072:Class 1 (prefix mũ-) comprises
1060:
3907:of the language on their left.
1840:
1774:
1765:Studies in African Linguistics
1757:
1731:
1696:, features the Kenyan artist,
1526:Thengiũ / Nĩ wega / Nĩ ngaatho
81:6.6 million (2009 census)
1:
3986:Subject–verb–object languages
1739:"Glottolog 4.8 - Gikuyu-Temi"
1703:
1629:
1406:Tigwo na wega/Tigwo na thaayũ
733:
616:
7:
2102:Robert Englebretson (ed.),
2069:. Nairobi: The Eagle Press.
1906:"MARŨA MA NGŨKŨ KŨRĨ RWĨGĨ"
1658:Mau Mau Author in Detention
1254:
1130:Class 16 (prefix ha-) is a
444:
10:
4002:
2134:My First Gikuyu Dictionary
2062:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2051:Barlow, A. Ruffell. 1951.
2048:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1935:Ngũgĩ wa Thiongʼo (1986).
1877:"Kikuyu Language Products"
1623:Marũa Ma Ngũkũ Kũrĩ Rwĩgĩ
1603:The Gikuyu believe in God
1271:. The Kikuyu alphabet is:
1214:
1024:
3981:Northeast Bantu languages
3889:
3862:
3815:
3774:
3663:
3656:
3593:
3570:
3469:
3392:
3351:
3328:
3321:
3282:
3241:
3218:
3211:
3118:
3065:
3006:
2871:
2794:
2729:
2646:
2639:
2572:
2556:
2465:
2398:
2325:
2207:
2198:
2177:
2060:Kikuyu–English Dictionary
2046:English-Kikuyu Dictionary
1976:Christian Science Monitor
1612:Gikuyu ni gitikitie Ngai
1608:the giver of all things.
978:
957:
894:
861:
840:
774:
740:
628:
376:
365:
354:
343:
311:
295:
279:
263:
245:
227:
222:
197:
173:
85:
75:
65:
55:
45:
33:
28:
23:
1751:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1656:wrote his popular book,
1232:, noun class agreement,
1228:Verbs can be marked for
1223:
1012:
1009:are often realised as .
2081:First Lessons in Kikuyu
1727:(subscription required)
1692:, by the Brazilian DJ,
1263:, and adds the letters
1141:Adjectives and pronouns
409:language spoken by the
16:Bantu language in Kenya
3914:Guthrie classification
2632:Guthrie classification
2127:First Course in Kikuyu
2079:Leakey L. S. B. 1989.
1850:. 2006. Archived from
1848:"Langue : kikuyu"
1490:Tiga wana / tiga ũrimũ
1123:body parts and verbal
554:, the largest town in
397:
313:This article contains
1700:, singing in Kikuyu.
2564:Kenyan Sign Language
2058:Benson, T. G. 1964.
2035:Armstrong, Lilias E.
1285:for the velar nasal
1261:l f p q s v x z
477:improve this section
2466:Immigrant languages
1916:on 21 December 2023
1442:Nĩngũkũhũrĩra thimũ
1031:subject–verb–object
3976:Languages of Kenya
2237:Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki
2178:Official languages
2171:Languages of Kenya
2086:Mugane John 1997.
1769:Linguistic Inquiry
1668:In popular culture
1645:Wizard of the Crow
1578:Ancestral Spirits
1478:He mbeca / He mbia
1337:How are you doing?
1238:valency increasing
597:-growing areas of
437:, which they call
3953:
3952:
3898:extinct languages
3885:
3884:
3652:
3651:
3317:
3316:
3207:
3206:
2593:
2592:
2461:
2460:
1881:WorldLanguage.com
1725:(18th ed., 2015)
1654:Gakaara wa Wanjaũ
1636:Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o
1627:
1626:
1585:
1584:
1454:Nĩndacokia ngatho
1389:Are you a friend?
1191:pronouns come in
1183:Relative pronouns
1003:
1002:
731:
730:
513:
512:
505:
387:
386:
339:
338:
321:rendering support
317:phonetic symbols.
3993:
3661:
3660:
3326:
3325:
3216:
3215:
2644:
2643:
2630:(Zones E–H) (by
2620:
2613:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2205:
2204:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1912:. Archived from
1901:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1816:(special): 36–70
1807:
1798:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1681:, the character
1640:Mũrogi wa Kagogo
1592:
1591:
1437:I will phone you
1297:
1296:
1288:
1008:
996:
990:
967:
950:
942:
936:
931:
921:
913:
904:
887:
881:
875:
869:
852:
833:
825:
819:
814:
799:
791:
784:
738:
737:
725:
710:
702:
689:
681:
669:
662:
633:
632:
609:, Marigiti. The
556:Kirinyaga County
517:Central Province
508:
501:
497:
494:
488:
457:
449:
404:
402:[ɣēkōjó]
341:
340:
307:
301:
291:
275:
268:
259:
258:
250:
241:
240:
232:
203:
123:Southern Bantoid
91:
60:Central Province
41:
39:[ɣēkōjó]
21:
20:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3966:Kikuyu language
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3881:
3858:
3811:
3770:
3744:Southeast Kongo
3648:
3589:
3566:
3556:Socotra Swahili
3465:
3388:
3347:
3313:
3278:
3237:
3203:
3114:
3061:
3051:Mwimbi-Muthambi
3002:
2867:
2790:
2725:
2635:
2628:Bantu languages
2624:
2594:
2589:
2573:Urban languages
2568:
2552:
2457:
2394:
2321:
2200:
2194:
2173:
2168:
2138:
2098:
2093:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1968:
1964:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1883:
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1867:
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1805:
1799:
1786:
1779:
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1762:
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1732:
1726:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1688:The 2023 song,
1670:
1632:
1590:
1509:You are learned
1401:Bye, be blessed
1295:
1257:
1226:
1217:
1143:
1063:
1027:
1015:
927:
900:
807:
780:
752:
736:
631:
619:
509:
498:
492:
489:
474:
458:
447:
319:Without proper
305:
302:
297:
287:
271:
264:
254:
253:
246:
236:
235:
228:
218:
204:
199:
191:Southern Gikuyu
188:Northern Gikuyu
169:
133:Northeast Bantu
92:
89:Language family
87:
78:
77:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3951:
3950:
3948:
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3932:
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3909:
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3264:
3258:
3252:
3245:
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3235:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3106:
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3094:
3088:
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3023:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3004:
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2681:
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2641:
2637:
2636:
2623:
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2600:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
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2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2557:Sign languages
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
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2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
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2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Southern Oromo
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
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2299:
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2229:
2224:
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2213:
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2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
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2187:
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2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2096:External links
2094:
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2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
1996:
1962:
1947:
1927:
1910:Kikuyuland.com
1893:
1865:
1854:on 9 June 2020
1839:
1784:
1773:
1771:10.2, 179–210.
1756:
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1708:
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1705:
1702:
1669:
1666:
1660:, which won a
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1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1553:
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1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:Thiĩ na thaayũ
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:Ndĩĩ mũrathime
1463:
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1433:
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1427:
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1355:
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1348:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1293:Sample phrases
1291:
1279:
1278:
1256:
1253:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1142:
1139:
1065:Gĩkũyũ has 17
1062:
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1026:
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992:
986:
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719:
713:
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685:
683:
677:
671:
670:
665:
663:
658:
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651:
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641:
636:
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615:
511:
510:
461:
459:
452:
446:
443:
385:
384:
378:
374:
373:
367:
363:
362:
356:
352:
351:
345:
337:
336:
323:, you may see
309:
308:
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296:
293:
292:
285:
277:
276:
269:
261:
260:
251:
243:
242:
233:
225:
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223:Language codes
220:
219:
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216:
215:Gicandi script
213:
207:
205:
201:Writing system
198:
195:
194:
193:
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103:Atlantic–Congo
95:
93:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
47:
46:Native to
43:
42:
35:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3998:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
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3808:
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3802:
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3739:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:Central Kongo
3705:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3666:
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3659:
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3645:
3641:
3639:
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3629:
3627:
3623:
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3611:
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3599:
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3333:
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3304:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3288:
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3269:
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3257:
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2745:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:Talinga-Bwisi
2706:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2674:
2670:
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2656:
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2206:
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2197:
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2180:
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2172:
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2151:
2146:
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2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1948:0-435-08016-4
1944:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1872:
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1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Wahome Mutahi
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
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1563:
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1558:
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1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
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1536:
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1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
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1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Stop nonsense
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:Give me money
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:I give thanks
1447:
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1371:
1368:
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34:Pronunciation
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2932:Suba-Simbiti
2400:Nilo-Saharan
2256:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2087:
2080:
2076:6(1): 17-39.
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2028:Bibliography
2013:. Retrieved
2009:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1975:
1965:
1937:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1909:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:the original
1842:
1826:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1809:
1776:
1768:
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1759:
1747:
1733:
1720:
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1689:
1687:
1676:
1672:In the 1983
1671:
1643:
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1633:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1588:Sample texts
1571:
1561:
1556:
1549:
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1418:Nĩngwendete.
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1318:kũhana atĩa?
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1275:
1268:
1264:
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1258:
1250:
1240:) meanings,
1227:
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1205:vowel length
1187:
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1160:
1152:
1144:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:augmentative
1089:
1085:
1082:
1071:
1067:noun classes
1064:
1061:Noun classes
1035:prepositions
1028:
1016:
1004:
812:prenasalised
620:
584:
543:
539:
537:
514:
499:
490:
475:Please help
463:
438:
414:
393:
389:
388:
380:
369:
358:
347:
312:
299:Guthrie code
280:
211:Latin script
146:
18:
3702:South Kongo
1886:21 December
1698:Sofiya Nzau
1533:Go in peace
1497:Don't laugh
1461:I'm blessed
1353:I am hungry
1309:How are you
1170:preposition
1145:Adjectives
1125:infinitives
1051:quantifiers
1033:). It uses
1007:/ᵐbⁿdᶮdʒᵑɡ/
980:Approximant
623:orthography
435:Mount Kenya
327:instead of
113:Benue–Congo
108:Volta-Congo
97:Niger–Congo
3960:Categories
3738:East Kongo
3461:Mushungulu
2523:Portuguese
2317:West Nyala
2199:Indigenous
2015:1 February
1722:Ethnologue
1704:References
1662:Noma Award
1630:Literature
1514:Wĩ mũthomu
1502:Ndũgatheke
1413:I love you
1394:Wĩ mũrata?
1358:Ndĩ mũhũtu
1342:Ũrĩ mwega?
1314:Ũhoro waku
1177:possessive
1167:comitative
1111:diminutive
1047:adjectives
1039:possessive
734:Consonants
607:Kathũngũri
570:, and the
493:April 2024
3905:varieties
3896:indicate
2345:Daasanach
2282:Mijikenda
2201:languages
2010:Billboard
1989:19 August
1984:0882-7729
1834:CC BY 3.0
1781:Wals.info
1683:Nien Nunb
1664:in 1984.
1521:Thank you
1425:Come here
1382:Ndĩ mwega
1377:I am good
1201:anaphoric
1163:dependent
1153:Personal
1100:loanwords
902:voiceless
896:Fricative
842:Affricate
782:voiceless
617:Phonology
521:Kĩrĩnyaga
464:does not
439:Kĩrĩnyaga
396:(Gikuyu:
381:Bũrũrĩ Wa
282:Glottolog
266:ISO 639-3
248:ISO 639-2
230:ISO 639-1
66:Ethnicity
3877:Hunganna
3842:Mbangala
3783:Kimbundu
3372:Shambala
3256:Nyamwezi
2916:Nguruimi
2667:Nyankore
2528:Japanese
2408:Kipsigis
2370:Rendille
2327:Cushitic
2114:Omniglot
1957:13333403
1920:25 April
1858:21 March
1836:license.
1820:20 April
1595:English
1550:Mũthenya
1430:Ũka haha
1370:Ndeithia
1346:Wĩ mwega
1255:Alphabet
1234:negation
1197:proximal
1155:pronouns
1135:locative
1132:definite
1055:numerals
1019:downstep
754:Alveolar
744:Bilabial
675:Mid-high
599:Kianyaga
572:Kangaita
552:Kerugoya
548:Mũrang'a
544:Gĩgĩcũgũ
525:Mũrang'a
445:Dialects
366:Language
333:Help:IPA
289:kiku1240
174:Dialects
137:Thagiicu
29:Gĩgĩkũyũ
3894:Italics
3750:Hangala
3526:Ngazija
3514:Tumbatu
3443:Vidunda
3291:Nilamba
3133:Gyriama
2980:Simbiti
2914:[JE401
2880:Logooli
2857:Marachi
2849:[JE341
2766:[JE221
2750:Dzindza
2701:[JE101
2626:Narrow
2538:Russian
2518:Chinese
2498:Italian
2488:Spanish
2483:Punjabi
2473:English
2453:Turkana
2443:Samburu
2355:El Molo
2277:Marachi
2190:Swahili
2185:English
2106:, 2015.
1598:Kikuyu
1365:Help me
1330:He maaĩ
1303:Gĩkũyũ
1300:English
1215:Numbers
1078:Kinship
1074:animate
1025:Grammar
776:Plosive
769:Glottal
759:Palatal
696:Mid-low
644:Central
611:Gichugu
603:Gĩthũre
564:Baricho
485:removed
470:sources
427:Nairobi
415:Agĩkũyũ
377:Country
329:Unicode
182:Mathira
179:Gichugu
140:Kikuyu-
118:Bantoid
70:Agĩkũyũ
3971:Kikuyu
3854:Soonde
3852:[H321
3789:Mbamba
3766:Suundi
3760:Doondo
3748:[H111
3726:Bwende
3690:Ndingi
3672:Beembe
3657:Zone H
3644:Magoma
3642:[G651
3620:Pangwa
3585:Ndamba
3579:Pogolo
3562:Mwiini
3536:[G402
3532:Njuani
3520:Hadimu
3508:Phemba
3502:Unguja
3453:[G301
3449:Sagala
3425:Ruguru
3413:Zaramo
3407:Ngwele
3401:Zigula
3382:[G221
3378:Bondei
3360:Tubeta
3343:Kaguru
3322:Zone G
3309:Mbugwe
3262:Sumbwa
3250:Sukuma
3227:Tongwe
3212:Zone F
3193:Degere
3187:Segeju
3181:Elwana
3179:[E701
3175:Sagala
3169:Dabida
3151:Duruma
3127:Pokomo
3049:[E531
3033:Saraka
3015:Kikuyu
2996:JE434
2990:JE433
2984:JE432
2978:JE431
2974:Tiriki
2972:JE413
2966:JE412
2960:JE411
2954:JE407
2948:JE406
2942:JE405
2938:Shashi
2936:JE404
2926:JE403
2920:JE402
2898:Zanaki
2861:JE343
2855:JE342
2839:Saamia
2827:Tsotso
2815:Bukusu
2784:JE253
2778:JE252
2772:JE251
2756:Kerebe
2738:Nyambo
2719:JE121
2713:JE103
2707:JE102
2640:Zone E
2543:Danish
2533:Romani
2513:Arabic
2508:Hebrew
2493:German
2478:French
2438:Pökoot
2433:Omotik
2423:Naandi
2418:Maasai
2375:Somali
2350:Dahalo
2297:Pokomo
2267:Logoli
2257:Kikuyu
2242:Ilwana
2217:Bajuni
2037:1967.
1982:
1955:
1945:
1717:Kikuyu
1581:Ngomi
1246:aspect
1244:, and
1199:, and
1193:distal
1053:, and
959:Liquid
929:voiced
888:(ng')
809:voiced
749:Dental
629:Vowels
595:coffee
560:Kagumo
540:Kĩndia
533:Kiambu
431:Nakuru
411:Gĩkũyũ
398:Gĩkũyũ
394:Gikuyu
390:Kikuyu
383:Gĩkũyũ
372:Gĩkũyũ
361:Gĩkũyũ
355:People
350:Gĩkũyũ
344:Person
147:Kikuyu
56:Region
24:Kikuyu
3871:Mbala
3848:Sinji
3836:Hungu
3834:H33
3807:Songo
3787:H21b
3781:H21a
3764:H131
3756:Kamba
3754:H112
3742:H16h
3736:H16g
3732:Laadi
3730:H16f
3724:H16e
3720:Fiote
3718:H16d
3714:Yombe
3712:H16c
3706:H16b
3700:H16a
3696:Mboka
3684:Kunyi
3632:Wanji
3626:Kinga
3602:Sango
3560:G412
3554:G411
3548:G404
3544:Mwani
3542:G403
3538:Makwe
3530:G44b
3524:G44a
3518:G43c
3512:G43b
3506:G43a
3500:G42d
3496:Mrima
3494:G42c
3490:Mvita
3488:G42b
3482:G42a
3478:Tikuu
3459:G311
3419:Ngulu
3384:Mbugu
3303:Langi
3274:Bungu
3268:Kimbu
3233:Bende
3199:Taita
3191:E732
3185:E731
3173:E74b
3167:E74a
3157:Rabai
3155:E72e
3149:E72d
3145:Conyi
3143:E72c
3139:Kauma
3137:E72b
3131:E72a
3110:Gweno
3092:Rombo
3090:E62c
3086:Wunjo
3084:E62b
3078:E62a
3055:E541
3045:Daiso
3039:Kamba
2998:Sweta
2992:Surwa
2986:Hacha
2968:Isuxa
2962:Idaxo
2950:Singa
2944:Kabwa
2922:Ikizu
2910:Sonjo
2892:Koria
2886:Gusii
2863:Songa
2851:Xaayo
2845:Nyuli
2833:Nyore
2825:E32b
2821:Hanga
2819:E32a
2813:E31c
2807:E31b
2801:E31a
2774:Kwaya
2768:Rashi
2703:Gungu
2697:Nyala
2691:Gwere
2679:Ganda
2661:Tooro
2655:Nyoro
2585:Engsh
2580:Sheng
2548:Dutch
2503:Hindi
2448:Tugen
2428:Ogiek
2390:Yaaku
2385:Waata
2365:Oromo
2340:Burji
2335:Aweer
2312:Taita
2302:Samia
2292:Nyole
2272:Luhya
2262:Kuria
2252:Khayo
2247:Kamba
2232:Gusii
2209:Bantu
1806:(PDF)
1690:Mwaki
1674:movie
1562:Ũtukũ
1557:Night
1242:tense
1230:focus
1224:Verbs
1147:agree
1013:Tones
943:(th)
882:(ny)
863:Nasal
853:(nj)
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820:(mb)
764:Velar
639:Front
576:Kutus
568:Kagio
529:Nyeri
423:Nyeri
419:Kenya
417:) of
407:Bantu
128:Bantu
50:Kenya
3912:The
3875:H42
3869:H41
3846:H35
3840:H34
3830:Suku
3828:H32
3824:Yaka
3822:H31
3805:H24
3801:Bolo
3799:H23
3795:Sama
3793:H22
3694:H15
3688:H14
3682:H13
3678:Vili
3676:H12
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3624:G65
3618:G64
3614:Bena
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3606:G62
3600:G61
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3577:G51
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3429:G36
3423:G35
3417:G34
3411:G33
3405:G32
3399:G31
3376:G24
3370:G23
3364:G22
3358:G21
3341:G12
3337:Gogo
3335:G11
3307:F34
3301:F33
3297:Remi
3295:F32
3289:F31
3272:F25
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3225:F11
3197:E74
3163:Digo
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3125:E71
3108:E65
3104:Kahe
3102:E64
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3072:E61
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3037:E55
3031:E54
3027:Meru
3025:E53
3021:Embu
3019:E52
3013:E51
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2928:Suba
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2904:Nata
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2890:E43
2884:E42
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2843:E35
2837:E34
2831:E33
2809:Kisu
2803:Gisu
2786:Ruri
2780:Kara
2762:Jita
2760:E25
2754:E24
2748:E23
2744:Ziba
2742:E22
2736:E21
2721:Hema
2715:Ruli
2695:E18
2689:E17
2685:Soga
2683:E16
2677:E15
2673:Ciga
2671:E14
2665:E13
2659:E12
2653:E11
2360:Orma
2307:Suba
2287:Meru
2227:Embu
2222:Digo
2017:2024
1991:2024
1980:ISSN
1953:OCLC
1943:ISBN
1922:2024
1888:2023
1860:2009
1822:2024
1694:Zerb
1572:Ngai
1267:and
1175:The
1161:The
1121:only
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997:(w)
991:(y)
968:(r)
951:(g)
937:(b)
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682:(ĩ)
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