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1323:(backed by other European powers) colonized the DRC in the mid-1800s and oversaw a brutal regime of abuse, slavery, and resource extraction. After protests, democratic movements, increasing cost, and international pressure made their continued position untenable, Belgium agreed to a transition to Congolese self-governance.
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held a closed session, after which he denounced the UN's actions and declared their investigative commission unnecessary in the face of
Lundula's and Gbenye's report. Two days later Officer in charge of UN Operations in the Congo Sture Linner agreed not to disarm the Stanleyville troops. Pokassa was
1477:
dispatched two army officials, accompanied by two UN officers, to Kindu to investigate. Colonel
Pakassa refused to acknowledge their authority, and claimed that the Italians had escaped his soldiers' custody. Lundula then traveled to Kindu to insist that Pakassa file a formal report on the incident,
1409:
On
Saturday, the Congolese saw the two aircraft in the sky, increasing their fear and suspicions. Upon the arrival of the Congolese, more and more numerous and threatening, the unarmed Italians tried to barricade themselves in the building but were taken prisoner. The few Malaysian guards were soon
1405:
appeared in the sky above Kindu shortly after 2 pm. Among the 2,000 Congolese soldiers in Kindu, rumors had spread that an airdrop by
Tshombe's parachutists was imminent; Gizenga's troops, operating 500 kilometers due south in northern Katanga, had been bombed by Katangese aircraft for months.
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The two
Italian aircrews had been operating for a year and a half in the Congo, and their return to Italy was scheduled for November 23, 1961. On the morning of November 11, 1961, the two aircraft took off from the capital city Leopoldville (now
2227:
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The UN reinforced its garrison at Kindu and immediately prepared to disarm the rebellious
Congolese soldiers. News of this action infuriated the pro-Gizenga ministers in the central government, leading to violent incidents in
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The
Italians had been suspected of supplying weapons to Katangan secessionists. The militiamen spread rumors that the Italian aviators were flying towards Katanga and had been tricked into landing at Kindu by
2902:
1439:) found out a few days later that the control tower had been out of order for months ahead of the killings. It was only in February 1962 that the remains of those Italians, martyrs of a
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The DR Congo was known to have vast natural resources including, but not limited to, copper, tantalum, cobalt, gold, and diamonds. In order to gain control of these resources,
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It was not until 2007 that the victims' relatives were awarded compensation. A monument to the Kindu victims can be found at the entrance of
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Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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and financial interests played a part in making the situation even more serious by favoring the secession of two regions,
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by
Lundula after Gizenga's regime in the eastern Congo collapsed. The perpetrators of the murders were never punished.
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At dusk, the
Italian airmen were killed using small arms. Then a crowd got hold of the bodies and cut them up with
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Another
Italian had been killed in Congo some days earlier during an ambush by guerrillas. His name was
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overpowered. The first person to die was Medic Tenente Remotti, who was killed while trying to escape.
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upon which Pakassa told him that he had no information to share. Lundula and Minister of Interior
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1892:. Princeton Studies in World Politics. Vol. 4. New York & London: Frederick A. Praeger.
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A table of comparison between Italian Air Force and USAF ranks can be found in Nicola Malizia's
1607:) pilot, age 43, commanding officer of both aircrews; former member of 21° Gruppo Caccia of the
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2669:
1827:
1224:
1150:
538:
516:
497:
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2771:
2742:
2080:
1113:
1093:
757:
747:
552:
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garrison controlling the airfield not far from Kindu, on the edge of the equatorial forest.
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233:
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934:
8:
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2653:
2630:
1648:
Nicola Stigliani, Sergente Maggiore montatore (Staff Sergeant, assembly operator) age 30;
804:
693:
504:
485:
468:
46:
1979:
2555:
1572:
1197:
1165:
1051:
830:
824:
814:
809:
376:
122:
2000:
1972:
1893:
1874:
1699:
1631:
1608:
1590:
1568:
1541:
1479:
1455:
1418:
1293:
1281:
1118:
1016:
904:
698:
688:
630:
1743:
2660:
2646:
2591:
2375:
2343:
2014:
1993:
1642:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1207:
1160:
1155:
1140:
1021:
793:
778:
710:
490:
480:
439:
354:
2042:
1347:. Katanga was the richest province in the country with important mining activity.
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2007:
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1006:
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841:
836:
673:
652:
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533:
528:
523:
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2453:
1986:
1965:
1951:
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1522:
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1371:
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993:
475:
366:
2541:
2488:
2414:
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1935:
1904:
1604:
1440:
1289:
420:
1578:
Martano Marcacci, Sergente (Airman First Class) board electrician, age 27;
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2336:
2087:
1375:
1340:
444:
1600:
Francesco Paga, sergente (Airman First Class) wireless operator, age 31;
297:
2446:
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mission, were discovered in two long and tight pits in the cemetery at
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1335:) as agreed but political and administrative chaos ensued. Major
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16:
1961 murder of Italian ONUC airmen in Kindu, present-day DR Congo
2903:
20th-century mass murder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1795:
1657:
1514:
730:
1890:
Peace-keeping by U.N. Forces : From Suez to the Congo
1675:
List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1533:
1374:'s Katangan faction, with gendarmes supported by foreign
1468:
1528:
Filippo Di Giovanni, Maresciallo motorista 3° Classe (
200:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2858:Massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1626:Silvestro Possenti, sergente maggiore montatore (
294:A Fairchild C-119G of the Italian 46ÂŞ Aerobrigata
2853:1961 in the Republic of the Congo (LĂ©opoldville)
2844:
1887:
1801:
1920:
1581:Nazzareno Quadrumani, Maresciallo 3° Classe (
1507:In 1994 the murdered airmen were awarded the
1461:Raffaele Soru, and he was decorated with the
977:
872:
404:
313:
1934:
1744:"Finalmente lo stato si è ricordato di loro"
1888:Burns, Arthur Lee; Heathcote, Nina (1963).
1785:
1783:
1698:. Izzard Ink Publishing. pp. 268–269.
1513:Listed below are the names of the airmen. (
1482:submitted a formal report on the incident.
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1927:
1913:
1429:personnel; however, special correspondent
1303:, twin-engine transport aircraft known as
1268:, took place on 11 or 12 November 1961 in
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1366:with troops under the command of General
327:
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
105:Learn how and when to remove this message
2095:Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")
1780:
1768:
1670:Cannibalism in Africa § Congo Basin
289:
2221:White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)
1868:
1789:
1774:
1693:
1630:assembly operator), age 40, veteran of
1421:and sold their body parts at a market.
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1722:. vol VI 1961–1970, ed. Rizzoli p. 200
820:Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila
2790:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
2113:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1908:
1469:United Nations and Congolese response
1286:United Nations Operation in the Congo
1179:
965:
860:
775:
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582:Dissolution of the Lumumba Government
392:
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1656:in Rome, and another was erected in
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198:adding citations to reliable sources
169:
116:
61:
20:
2822:Belgian general strike of 1960–1961
1654:Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport
1203:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
650:
605:
13:
1641:Francesco Paolo Remotti, Tenente (
1565:) pilot, age 31, deputy commander;
1370:holding the eastern province, and
1307:, of the 46ÂŞ Aerobrigata based at
886:
77:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
2924:
1547:Armando Fabi, Sergente Maggiore (
1517:ranks are added for comparison).
1502:
1193:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
991:
36:This article has multiple issues.
2214:6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
2207:4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)
2200:2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)
2063:Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)
1636:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
1595:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
1333:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1299:The Italian aviators manned two
418:
174:
121:
87:guide to writing better articles
66:
25:
1845:
1820:
1381:
1354:'s, with troops led by General
1288:who were sent to deal with the
185:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
2883:November 1961 events in Africa
2797:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1828:"ken_arnold_1919 's Home Page"
1807:
1765:vol VI 1961–1970, Rizzoli 1977
1755:
1736:
1725:
1712:
1687:
1603:Amedeo Parmeggiani, Maggiore (
1554:Giulio Garbati, Sottotenente (
1521:Onorio De Luca, Sottotenente (
1350:Three factions were involved:
587:Torture and killing of Lumumba
1:
1862:
1853:Kindu, missione senza ritorno
1589:, Perugia). Former member of
1314:
1680:
1585:) engineer, age 42 (born in
1575:) wireless operator, age 28;
1551:) board electrician, age 30;
1536:in the US and member of the
1509:Gold Medal of Military Valor
1463:Gold Medal of Military Valor
1451:, on the edge of the woods.
1109:M23 offensive (2022–present)
1032:2009 Eastern Congo offensive
704:Assassination of Habyarimana
7:
2863:Italian Air Force personnel
1663:
1561:Giorgio Gonelli, Capitano (
1532:engineer) age 42 (a former
1447:, a small village near the
1433:(for the Italian newspaper
1245:Child soldiers in the Congo
763:Ascension of Laurent Kabila
638:Non-aggression pact of 1979
10:
2929:
1873:. New York: Nova Science.
1802:Burns & Heathcote 1963
1732:Prima pagina de La Nazione
716:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2813:
2804:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
2781:
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2533:
2438:
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2360:
2321:
2314:
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2104:
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1943:
1869:Packham, Eric S. (1996).
1855:, He-Herald editore, 2008
1694:Skousen, W. Cleo (2014).
1188:
1180:
1042:2014 North Kivu offensive
1001:
896:
788:
684:War in Uganda (1986–1994)
679:Second Sudanese Civil War
662:
617:
592:Death of Dag Hammarskjöld
428:
338:
2908:Mass stabbings in Africa
2893:Incidents of cannibalism
2829:Decolonisation of Africa
2482:Hubert Fauntleroy Julian
2155:Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt
1473:On November 13, General
1284:who were members of the
1240:Western DR Congo clashes
1220:2011 coup d'etat attempt
2913:Knife attacks in Africa
2580:Force Publique mutinies
2549:William "Rip" Robertson
2305:Cuban Exile Naval Force
1959:Egide Bocheley-Davidson
1235:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1037:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
1027:2008 Nord-Kivu campaign
432:Force Publique mutinies
130:Some of this article's
2695:Port Francqui incident
1763:L'Italia del XX secolo
1749:7 January 2011 at the
1720:L'Italia del XX secolo
1391:) to supply the small
1151:Kasindi church bombing
925:October 2020 offensive
517:Port Francqui incident
295:
2888:Cannibalism in Africa
2772:Stanleyville mutinies
2401:Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur
2298:211th Makasi Squadron
2081:Katangese Gendarmerie
1230:2013 Kinshasa attacks
1114:Anti-MONUSCO protests
731:Formation of the AFDL
293:
2753:Violettes Imperiales
2376:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
2330:Conor Cruise O'Brien
2228:5 Mechanised Brigade
2015:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1832:webspace.webring.com
1417:and then the locals
1356:Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
1331:(today known as the
1047:2017 CNPSC offensive
561:Violettes Imperiales
194:improve this article
2868:Mass murder in 1961
2429:Frédéric Vandewalle
1871:Freedom and Anarchy
1742:Luciano Scalettari
1696:The Naked Communist
1611:and veteran of the
1146:August 2022 attacks
805:Gbadolite Agreement
758:Overthrow of Mobutu
694:Burundian Civil War
2873:History of Katanga
2782:Other major events
2615:Congo-Stanleyville
2088:South Kasai forces
1817:, IBN, Rome, 2005.
1761:Denis Mack Smith,
1718:Denis Mack Smith,
1573:Airman First Class
1329:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
1274:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
1225:Batwa–Luba clashes
1198:Katanga insurgency
1166:Kirindera massacre
940:Nyamamba and Mbogi
831:Effacer le tableau
825:Kisangani massacre
810:Sun City Agreement
736:Massacres of Hutus
576:Other major events
457:Congo-Stanleyville
384:LĂ©opoldville riots
377:1944 Kivu uprising
296:
2838:
2837:
2570:Main operations /
2565:
2564:
2193:White mercenaries
2055:government forces
1973:Christophe Gbenye
1944:Political leaders
1632:Regia Aeronautica
1609:Regia Aeronautica
1591:Regia Aeronautica
1542:Regia Aeronautica
1490:. Prime Minister
1480:Christophe Gbenye
1456:Italian Red Cross
1270:Kindu Port-Émpain
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1175:
1174:
1119:Kishishe massacre
1017:Makobola massacre
961:
960:
957:
956:
910:North Night Final
852:ICC investigation
771:
770:
699:Rwandan Civil War
689:1991 Zaire unrest
645:
644:
631:Battle of Kolwezi
600:
599:
436:Secession crisis
288:
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81:used on Knowledge
79:encyclopedic tone
59:
2920:
2898:History of Kindu
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2774:
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2665:
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2649:
2647:Battle of Kabalo
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2594:
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2586:Secession crisis
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2505:
2498:
2496:Siegfried MĂĽller
2491:
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2449:
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2424:
2417:
2410:
2408:Jules Crèvecoeur
2403:
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2344:Dewan Prem Chand
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2083:
2065:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2029:Gaston Soumialot
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1994:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1989:
1982:
1980:Dag Hammarskjöld
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1884:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1815:F-47 Thunderbolt
1811:
1805:
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1759:
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1740:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1691:
1645:) medic, age 29;
1643:First Lieutenant
1621:Italian Campaign
1558:) pilot, age 22;
1525:) pilot, age 25;
1352:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
1292:were killed and
1208:Operation Shujaa
1183:
1177:
1176:
1161:Mukondi massacre
1156:Makugwe massacre
1141:Otomabere attack
1022:Makombo massacre
996:
986:
979:
972:
963:
962:
891:
881:
874:
867:
858:
857:
800:Lusaka Ceasefire
794:Operation Kitona
783:
781:
780:Second Congo War
773:
772:
711:Rwandan genocide
657:
655:
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646:
612:
610:
602:
601:
481:Battle of Kabalo
423:
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355:Congo Free State
333:
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209:"Kindu atrocity"
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117:
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99:
96:
90:
89:for suggestions.
85:See Knowledge's
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2741:
2732:
2723:
2718:Simba rebellion
2716:
2711:Kwilu rebellion
2709:
2704:Kanyarwanda War
2702:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2624:UN intervention
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2613:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2585:
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2554:
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2540:
2529:
2522:
2517:Roger Trinquier
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2461:Charles Gardien
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2185:mercenary units
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2027:
2020:
2013:
2008:Patrice Lumumba
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1881:
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1851:Elena Mollica,
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1821:
1812:
1808:
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1756:
1751:Wayback Machine
1741:
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1717:
1713:
1706:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1666:
1583:Master Sergeant
1530:Master Sergeant
1512:
1505:
1471:
1431:Alberto Ronchey
1384:
1364:Antoine Gizenga
1362:faction led by
1317:
1258:
1249:
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1012:Kasika massacre
1007:Lemera massacre
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885:
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842:Pretoria Accord
837:Bogoro massacre
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658:
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529:Kwilu rebellion
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1569:Antonio Mamone
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1556:2nd Lieutenant
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1549:Staff Sergeant
1545:
1538:Torpedo Bomber
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1523:2nd Lieutenant
1504:
1503:Commemorations
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1492:Cyrille Adoula
1475:Victor Lundula
1470:
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1396:United Nations
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1368:Victor Lundula
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1282:Italian airmen
1266:Kindu Atrocity
1262:Kindu Massacre
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2022:Pierre Mulele
2019:
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1278:Belgian Congo
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1129:2nd Kitshanga
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1125:
1124:1st Kitshanga
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
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1111:
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1105:
1104:Kagogo ambush
1102:
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1052:Uvira clashes
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476:Niemba ambush
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367:Belgian Congo
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329:Conflicts in
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211: –
210:
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205:Find sources:
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183:This article
181:
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133:
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73:
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63:
58:
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49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
2878:Congo Crisis
2840:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2726:Dragon Rouge
2725:
2687:
2679:
2670:Camp Massart
2661:
2631:
2542:Larry Devlin
2489:Jack Malloch
2468:Hans Germani
2415:Marc Goosens
2383:Norbert Moke
2369:Louis Bobozo
2073:Rebel forces
2001:Théo Lefèvre
1936:Congo Crisis
1889:
1870:
1852:
1847:
1837:19 September
1835:. Retrieved
1831:
1822:
1814:
1809:
1797:
1792:, p. 48
1790:Packham 1996
1777:, p. 49
1775:Packham 1996
1770:
1762:
1757:
1738:
1727:
1719:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1651:
1571:, Sergente (
1506:
1484:
1472:
1453:
1444:
1441:peacekeeping
1434:
1423:
1412:
1408:
1400:
1385:
1382:The massacre
1349:
1318:
1304:
1298:
1290:Congo Crisis
1280:). Thirteen
1276:(the former
1265:
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829:
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741:
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666:
575:
574:
567:
560:
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546:
540:Dragon Rouge
539:
511:
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498:Camp Massart
491:
469:
421:Congo Crisis
350:Colonization
342:
274:
256:
247:
237:
230:
223:
216:
204:
192:Please help
187:verification
184:
154:
145:
134:
101:
92:
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
2744:White Giant
2735:Dragon Noir
2599:South Kasai
2556:Che Guevara
2510:Jerry Puren
2503:John Peters
2351:Pat Quinlan
2337:K.A.S. Raja
2291:15 Commando
2284:14 Commando
2277:13 Commando
2270:12 Commando
2263:11 Commando
1938:(1960–1965)
1540:arm of the
1376:mercenaries
1341:South Kasai
1296:by locals.
935:Plaine Savo
815:Six-Day War
742:Thunderbolt
554:White Giant
547:Dragon Noir
445:South Kasai
372:during WWII
135:may not be
2847:Categories
2654:Jadotville
2475:Mike Hoare
2447:Bob Denard
2315:Commanders
2256:9 Commando
2249:6 Commando
2242:5 Commando
2235:4 Commando
1863:References
1587:Montefalco
1488:Parliament
1459:Lieutenant
1358:, the pro-
1315:Background
753:Kinsangani
748:Lubumbashi
667:Background
486:Jadotville
360:Atrocities
343:Background
220:newspapers
95:April 2015
41:improve it
2680:Grandslam
2632:Rum Punch
2439:Mercenary
2361:Congolese
2183:Belgian /
2053:Congolese
1898:186378493
1681:Citations
1544:in WWII);
1436:La Stampa
1393:Malaysian
1272:, in the
506:Grandslam
470:Rum Punch
250:June 2022
148:June 2022
47:talk page
2606:Invasion
2148:Ethiopia
1747:Archived
1664:See also
1497:arrested
1445:Tokolote
1419:ate them
1415:machetes
1401:The two
1389:Kinshasa
1337:Cold War
1074:Kangbayi
945:Response
626:Shaba II
450:Invasion
331:DR Congo
137:reliable
2814:Related
2592:Katanga
2572:battles
2393:Belgian
2127:Ireland
2036:U Thant
1613:Russian
1563:Captain
1360:Lumumba
1345:Katanga
1325:Belgium
1321:Belgium
1099:Maimoya
1094:Bulongo
1064:Virunga
949:UN 1484
915:Marabho
905:Artemis
847:MONUSCO
621:Shaba I
440:Katanga
234:scholar
2662:UNOKAT
2134:Sweden
2120:Canada
1896:
1877:
1702:
1619:, and
1617:Sicily
1495:later
1403:C-119s
1301:C-119s
1089:Mwenda
1084:Tingwe
1079:Lisasa
920:Ndjala
900:Bogoro
492:UNOKAT
236:
229:
222:
215:
207:
2762:South
2534:Other
2141:India
1605:Major
1327:left
1294:eaten
1264:, or
1182:Other
1059:Oicha
568:South
241:JSTOR
227:books
1894:OCLC
1875:ISBN
1839:2017
1700:ISBN
1658:Pisa
1634:and
1593:and
1515:USAF
1343:and
1260:The
213:news
2173:CIA
1534:POW
724:War
196:by
2849::
1830:.
1782:^
1660:.
1615:,
1511:.
1465:.
1378:.
1311:.
50:.
1928:e
1921:t
1914:v
1900:.
1883:.
1841:.
1708:.
1638:;
1623:;
1597:;
985:e
978:t
971:v
880:e
873:t
866:v
412:e
405:t
398:v
321:e
314:t
307:v
281:)
275:(
263:)
257:(
252:)
248:(
238:·
231:·
224:·
217:·
190:.
161:)
155:(
150:)
146:(
140:.
108:)
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97:)
93:(
83:.
57:)
53:(
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