133:
370:(APDS) round. The sabot replaced the outer metal shell of the APCR. While in the gun, the shot had a large base area to get maximum acceleration from the propelling charge but once outside, the sabot fell away to reveal a heavy shot with a small cross-sectional area. APDS rounds served as the primary kinetic energy weapon of most tanks during the early-Cold War period, though they suffered the primary drawback of inaccuracy. This was resolved with the introduction of the
36:
207:
513:
The penetrator length plays a large role in determining the ultimate depth of penetration. Generally, a penetrator is incapable of penetrating deeper than its own length, as the sheer stress of impact and perforation ablates it. This has led to the current designs which resemble a long metal
355:(hard core) by the Germans. On impact, the core had a much more concentrated effect than plain metal shot of the same weight and size. The air resistance and other effects were the same as for the shell of identical size. High-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP) rounds were primarily used by
278:, raises the muzzle velocity. Once the shell clears the barrel, the sabot is no longer needed and falls off in pieces. This leaves the projectile traveling at high velocity with a smaller cross-sectional area and reduced aerodynamic drag during the flight to the target (see
298:. Before this, primitive wooden sabots had been used for centuries in the form of a wooden plug attached to or breech loaded before cannonballs in the barrel, placed between the propellant charge and the projectile. The name "sabot" (pronounced
474:
minimizing the width, since if the projectile does not tumble, it will hit the target face first. As most modern projectiles have circular cross-sectional areas, their impact area will scale with the square of the radius
273:
and concentrated force. High muzzle velocity is achieved by using a projectile with a low mass and large base area in the gun barrel. Firing a small-diameter projectile wrapped in a lightweight outer shell, called a
555:
today. Main battle tanks usually use KE-penetrators, while HEAT is mainly found in missile systems that are shoulder-launched or vehicle-mounted, and HESH is usually favored for fortification demolition.
524:
In 1982, an analytical investigation drawing from concepts of gas dynamics and experiments on target penetration led to the conclusion on the efficiency of impactors that
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507:
521:
For monobloc penetrators made of a single material, a perforation formula devised by Wili
Odermatt and W. Lanz can calculate the penetration depth of an APFSDS round.
262:
timbers, or modern tank armour. Kinetic energy ammunition, in its various forms, has consistently been the choice for those weapons due to the highly focused
844:
Cai, W. D.; Li, Y.; Dowding, R. J.; Mohamed, F. A.; Lavernia, E. J. (1995). "A review of tungsten-based alloys as kinetic energy penetrator materials".
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have been the foremost factors in the design of such weapons. Similarly, the foremost purpose of such weapons has generally been to defeat protective
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390:(particle spray) generated by the penetrator going through the armor, and the pressure wave that develops, ideally destroys the target.
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543:(HESH). They have been widely used against armour in the past and still have a role but are less effective against modern
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The principle of the kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of its
374:(APFSDS) round during the 1970s, which added stabilising fins to the penetrator, greatly increasing accuracy.
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Concentration of force into a smaller area was initially attained by replacing the single metal (usually
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and were relatively uncommon as the tungsten core was expensive and prioritized for other applications.
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The development of the modern KE penetrator combines two aspects of artillery design, high
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The opposite method of KE-penetrators uses chemical energy penetrators. Two types of such
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Bivin, Y.K.; Simonov, I.V. (2010). "Mechanics of
Dynamic Penetration into Soil Medium".
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and velocity, to force its way through armor. If the armor is defeated, the heat and
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Ben-Dor, G.; Dubinsky, A.; Elperin, T. (1997). "Area rules for penetrating bodies".
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351:(APCR) by the British, high-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP) by the US, and
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Early cannons fired kinetic energy ammunition, initially consisting of
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Between 1941 and 1943, the
British combined the two techniques in the
343:) shot with a composite shot using two metals, a heavy core (based on
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397:(kinetic energy divided by impact area) delivered to the target by:
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to penetrate the target. Modern KEP munitions are typically of the
347:) inside a lighter metal outer shell. These designs were known as
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336:(a wooden shoe traditionally worn in some European countries).
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of the projectile, as kinetic energy scales with the mass
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is deeper using unconventional three-dimensional shapes.
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734:(1982). "Optimization of star-shaped penetrators".
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286:). Germany developed modern sabots under the name "
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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290:" ("thrust mirror") to give extra altitude to its
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730:Bondarchuk, V.S.; Vedernikov, Y.; Dulov, V.G.;
393:The modern kinetic energy weapon maximizes the
372:armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
196:armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
736:LZV. Sib. Otd. Akad. Nauk SSSR Ser. Tekh. Nauk
405:metals practical, which is one of the reasons
752:
707:"Long Rod Penetrators. Perforation Equation"
186:, this type of ammunition does not contain
401:maximizing the mass – that is, using the
332:in English usage) is the French word for
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
205:
131:
14:
860:
234:. From the beginning, combining high
136:French anti-tank round with its sabot
27:High density non-explosive projectile
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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210:A partly cut-away 30 × 173 mm
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622:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
368:armour-piercing discarding sabot
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34:
846:Review of Particulate Materials
689:from the original on 2021-12-11
421:and the square of the velocity
349:armour-piercing composite rigid
45:needs additional citations for
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761:(6). Allerton Press: 892–920.
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567:Compact Kinetic Energy Missile
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1:
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818:10.1016/S0167-8442(96)00049-3
812:(3). Elsevier Ltd.: 193–198.
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465:{\displaystyle (mv^{2}/2).}
238:with projectile weight and
69:"Kinetic energy penetrator"
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806:Applied Fracture Mechanics
541:high-explosive squash head
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775:10.3103/S0025654410060130
502:{\displaystyle \pi r^{2}}
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190:payloads and uses purely
142:kinetic energy penetrator
659:"Heat Rounds and Sabots"
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537:high-explosive anti-tank
682:M829A3 penetration test
639:Encyclopedia Britannica
479:(the impact area being
624:(2007) 6th Ed. p. 2641
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254:, whether it is stone
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663:xbradtc.wordpress.com
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184:kinetic energy weapon
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413:is often used – and
252:defensive structures
54:improve this article
767:2010MeSol..45..892B
755:Mechanics of Solids
592:Kinetic bombardment
284:terminal ballistics
280:external ballistics
264:terminal ballistics
150:long-rod penetrator
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425:of the projectile
292:anti-aircraft guns
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18:Kinetic penetrator
635:"Tank - Armament"
553:main battle tanks
173:sectional density
148:), also known as
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16:(Redirected from
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248:armored vehicles
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669:on 2011-07-18.
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65:Find sources:
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43:This article
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714:. Retrieved
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691:, retrieved
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667:the original
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642:. Retrieved
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587:Impact depth
582:Hellfire R9X
535:are in use:
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288:treibspiegel
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232:dense metals
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171:-like, high-
160:designed to
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110:October 2007
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
873:Projectiles
732:Minin, V.F.
551:as used on
539:(HEAT) and
526:penetration
294:during the
224:heavy balls
878:Ammunition
862:Categories
837:References
716:2020-02-22
693:2020-02-22
644:2020-02-22
547:, such as
226:of worked
176:projectile
158:ammunition
80:newspapers
883:Collision
852:: 71–131.
826:0167-8442
791:120416067
783:0025-6544
577:Flechette
487:π
250:or other
188:explosive
178:. Like a
169:flechette
162:penetrate
742:: 60–64.
687:archived
560:See also
388:spalling
353:hartkern
345:tungsten
260:sailship
240:hardness
167:using a
763:Bibcode
549:Chobham
403:densest
361:US Army
359:in the
202:History
94:scholar
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789:
781:
533:shells
395:stress
378:Design
244:shells
212:APFSDS
180:bullet
96:
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787:S2CID
609:Notes
516:arrow
341:steel
276:sabot
256:walls
228:stone
218:round
101:JSTOR
87:books
822:ISSN
779:ISSN
384:mass
334:clog
282:and
73:news
814:doi
771:doi
409:or
329:-oh
327:SAB
246:of
182:or
154:LRP
146:KEP
56:by
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317:oʊ
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314:b
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