Knowledge

King's College Chapel, Cambridge

Source 📝

585: 874: 862: 896: 414: 422: 52: 630: 552:
shape (although the picture was never part of a triptych) and lend it independence of form, which is how one sees the Rubens today. The installation was designed by architect Sir Martyn Beckett, who was "philosophical about the furore this inevitably occasioned - which quickly became acceptance of a
761:
The current Chaplain is Revd Mary Kells, who has been in the post since September 2021. She was preceded in the post by Revd Ayla Lepine (2020–2021). Revd Tom McLean served as Interim Chaplain in 2020. He followed the Revd Andrew Hammond, who held the role of Chaplain from 2015 to 2019, after the
547:
The eventual installation of the Rubens was also not without problems: once seen beneath the east window, a conflict was felt between the picture's swirling colours and those of the stained glass. The Rubens was also a similar shape to the window, which "dwarfed it and made it look rather like a
749:
The Dean of the Chapel is responsible to the College Council and the Governing Body for the conduct of services within the Chapel. King's College Chapel, like other Cambridge colleges, is not formally part of the structure of the Church of England, but the Dean is customarily licensed by the
543:
During the removal of these Tudor steps, built at the Founder's specific request that the high altar should be 3 ft above the choir floor, human remains in intact lead coffins with brass plaques were discovered, dating from the 15th to 18th centuries, and were disinterred.
444:
was most likely the architect and worked on the site since 1446. Two years earlier Reginald was charged with sourcing craftsmen for the Chapel's construction. He continued to work on the site until building was interrupted in 1461, having probably designed the
592:
The windows of King's College Chapel are some of the finest in the world from their era. There are 12 large windows on each side of the Chapel, and larger windows at the east and west ends. With the exception of the west window, they are by
873: 673:
The Chapel is actively used as a place of worship and also for some concerts and college events. Notable college events include the annual King's College Music Society May Week Concert, held on the Monday of
758:, and each preaches once or twice a term. The Chapel is run by a Chapel Committee chaired by the Dean. A Use of Choirs Committee, also chaired by the Dean, organises the engagements of the Chapel choir. 1203: 488:
The first stone of the Chapel was laid, by Henry himself, on the Feast of St James the Apostle, 25 July 1446, the College having been begun in 1441. By the end of the reign of
606: 1487: 1467: 1204:"A season for crying in the chapel: Millions will enjoy today's festival of carols from King's College, Cambridge. But Graham Chainey mourns a botched 'restoration'" 1443: 572:, who had studied at Cambridge, ordered its protection. Near the altar, on the north and south walls, there is still graffiti left by the soldiers. During the 71: 469:
at the extreme east of the church's north side: the east window of the easternmost side chapel, which unlike the Perpendicular style of the others is in
1472: 605:
and three partners (two English and one Flemish) are responsible for the east window and 16 others between 1526 and 1531. The final four were made by
610: 1477: 1452: 861: 1062: 1356: 500:
visited in 1506, paying for the work to resume and even leaving money so that the work could continue after his death. In 1515, under
516: 17: 540:
the floor by 5 1/2 inches, but at the demolition of these steps, it was found that the floor instead rested on Tudor brick arches.
1285:"Historic graffiti, masons' marks and ritual protection marks in secular and religious contexts - Kings College Chapel, Cambridge" 568:
troops stationed in Cambridge used the chapel as a training ground, the building was largely untouched. Some sources suggest that
941: 482: 895: 754:. Both he and the Chaplain take a regular part in chapel services: each is normally present at services six days a week during 1482: 1305: 973: 1082: 686: 398: 340: 200: 576:, most of the chapel's stained glass was placed in storage as a precautionary measure, but the chapel again avoided damage. 1404: 689:, consists of choral scholars, organ scholars (male students at the college), and choristers (boys educated at the nearby 528:
in Belgium. The painting was installed in the Chapel in 1968 amid national controversy; this involved the lowering of the
690: 946: 820: 1440: 701:. The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts. 1032: 31: 1258: 722: 584: 1006: 693:). From 1982 until shortly before his death on 22 November 2019 the director of music for the choir was Sir 360: 1492: 440:
is very similar, but not on the scale intended by Henry). The King decided the dimensions of the Chapel.
238: 985: 731: 507:
The Chapel features the world's largest fan vault, constructed between 1512 and 1515 by master mason
437: 446: 709: 532:
floor leading up to the High Altar. It had been believed that gradations were created in 1774 by
364: 1284: 808: 738: 698: 489: 330: 158: 123: 1331: 1386: 974:
Images of Medieval Art and Architecture — Britain: England, Cambridge (King's College Chapel)
790: 501: 163: 1135: 1364: 1306:
http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/cambridgeshire/az/cambridge/kings-college-chapel.htm
1074: 778: 662: 658: 646: 497: 458: 371: 368: 8: 657:. The screen is an example of early Renaissance architecture: a striking contrast to the 454: 429: 300: 233: 548:
dependent postage stamp". Plain shutters were proposed, one on each side, to give it a
379: 613:. The one modern window is that in the west wall, which was donated by King's alumnus 1078: 784: 557: 521: 493: 383: 128: 601:, the first non-Englishman appointed as the King's Glazier, completed four windows. 1070: 937: 880: 727: 694: 618: 573: 417:
The world's largest fan vault, built between 1512 and 1515 in King's College Chapel
344: 665:
said it is "the most exquisite piece of Italian decoration surviving in England".
413: 397:
was erected in 1532–36. The Chapel is an active house of worship, and home of the
1447: 1118: 826: 569: 1137:
Observations on the Construction of the Roof of King's College Chapel, Cambridge
1435: 737:
The chapel is widely seen as a symbol of Cambridge (for example in the logo of
614: 598: 564:
sought to remove or deface iconography they considered inappropriate. Although
474: 450: 167: 138: 116: 1461: 844: 751: 713: 650: 421: 387: 86: 73: 814: 717: 508: 441: 433: 174: 1036: 1150: 802: 796: 654: 653:, was erected in 1532–36 by Henry VIII in celebration of his marriage to 642: 634: 602: 533: 394: 391: 56:
King's College Chapel (partly obscured by the Gibbs' Building) seen from
678:. The event is popular with students, alumni, and visitors to the city. 835: 831:
January to September 2002 – The Revd Canon Martin Shaw (temporary Dean)
504:, the building was complete but the great windows had yet to be made. 917: 755: 682: 565: 529: 462: 402: 375: 215: 106: 57: 51: 675: 594: 561: 549: 325: 310: 1183:
Chainey, Graham (1994). "The East End of King's College Chapel".
1105:
King's college chapel: notes on its history and present condition
1010: 466: 629: 525: 478: 465:
was constructed instead. Reginald probably designed the window
356: 1120:
The Yale Edition of Horace Walpole's Correspondence, Volume 1
401:. It is a landmark and a commonly used symbol of the city of 378:. The Chapel was built in phases by a succession of kings of 285: 726:. There is also a chapel choir of male and female students, 477:(or Cloos) was recorded as the "surveyor", having been the 496:, five bays had been completed and a timber roof erected. 705: 1159:
Anti-Ugly: Excursions in English Architecture and Design
920:(Cambridge 1994, reprinted 1997, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2014) 762:
Revd Richard Lloyd Morgan who served from 2003 to 2014.
1349: 1228:
Plommer, Hugh (12 June 1965). "King's College Chapel".
1067:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
524:, painted in 1634 for the Convent of the White Nuns at 461:
were built to conform with them. Ultimately, a complex
1308:
King's College Chapel, Cambridge at britainexpress.com
367:. It is considered one of the finest examples of late 879:
King's College Chapel, Cambridge, South Entrance, by
1488:
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1515
1453:
A history of the choristers of King's College Chapel
1133: 936: 1468:Chapels of Colleges of the University of Cambridge 485:, a church demolished to make way for the Chapel. 1061:Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. (2015), 511:. It also features fine medieval stained glass. 386:and three subsequent decades. The Chapel's large 1459: 1185:Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 942:"King's College Chapel (Grade I) (1139003)" 556:Many religious sites suffered damage during the 1387:"Richard Lloyd-Morgan (Bass) - Short Biography" 867:Side view of the Chapel from inside the college 1441:3D model of the Chapel for use in Google Earth 1116: 774:1890 to 1893 – The Revd Dr. Alfred Hands Cooke 641:This large wooden screen, which separates the 390:windows were completed by 1531, and its early 382:from 1446 to 1515, a period which spanned the 849:2014 to present – The Revd Dr. Stephen Cherry 968: 966: 964: 840:2005 to 2009 – The Revd Ian Malcolm Thompson 1060: 473:Gothic style. The priest and later bishop 50: 1473:Grade I listed churches in Cambridgeshire 1242: 1069:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 994:Victoria County History of Cambridgeshire 961: 1414:. King's College Cambridge. October 2014 628: 583: 420: 412: 1227: 1182: 14: 1460: 1478:Grade I listed buildings in Cambridge 1357:"Job vacancies » Dean of Chapel" 1336:The Choir of King's College Cambridge 996:, Volume III, ed. J.P.C. Roach, 1959) 744: 681:The Chapel is noted for its splendid 1123:. Yale University Press. p. 18. 1075:10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 825:1991 to 2001 – The Revd Canon Prof. 432:planned a university counterpart to 1319:An Outline of European architecture 1127: 39:Church in Cambridge, United Kingdom 27:Church at King's College, Cambridge 24: 1259:"Obituary: Sir Martyn Beckett, Bt" 1201: 947:National Heritage List for England 901:The vault of King's College Chapel 687:Choir of King's College, Cambridge 597:hands and date from 1515 to 1531. 553:solution to a difficult problem." 25: 1504: 1429: 1405:"King's College Deans Since 1860" 1043: 807:1966 to 1970 – The Very Revd Dr. 374:and features the world's largest 1173:by L.P. Wilkinson, 1980: 130–131 914:A Guide to King's College Chapel 894: 872: 860: 579: 449:. The original plans called for 1397: 1379: 1324: 1311: 1299: 1277: 1251: 1236: 1221: 1195: 1176: 1164: 1144: 906: 791:Archibald Rollo Graham Campbell 765: 408: 1247:. Cambridge. pp. 130–131. 1171:A Century of King's, 1873–1972 1110: 1097: 1025: 999: 979: 930: 834:2002 to 2004 – The Revd Prof. 668: 624: 277:Interior: 80 feet (24 m) 32:King's Chapel (disambiguation) 13: 1: 1107:(Macmillan and Co, 1867), 10 924: 884: 819:1981 to 1991 – The Very Revd 813:1970 to 1981 – The Very Revd 783:1918 to 1941 – The Very Revd 734:on Mondays during term-time. 621:company and dates from 1879. 279:Exterior: 94 feet (29 m) 1134:Frederick Mackenzie (1840). 916:. Photography and design by 843:2010 to 2014 – The Revd Dr. 801:1956 to 1966 – The Revd Dr. 797:Ivor Erskine St Clair Ramsay 777:1894 to 1918 – The Revd Dr. 7: 1332:"Choral and Organ Scholars" 789:1942 to 1948 – The Rt Revd 10: 1509: 1436:King's College: the Chapel 853: 723:Once in Royal David's City 708:has broadcast the Choir's 326:Organist/Director of music 269:Vault: 40 feet (12 m) 29: 1483:King's College, Cambridge 1361:King's College, Cambridge 1243:Wilkinson, L. P. (1980). 1161:, London 2013 pp.141-145. 720:sings the first verse of 536:, when Essex had in fact 517:The Adoration of the Magi 336: 324: 319: 309: 299: 294: 283: 273: 265: 257: 252: 244: 232: 224: 214: 206: 196: 188: 183: 173: 157: 149: 144: 134: 122: 112: 102: 68: 64: 49: 44: 1033:"Cambridge City Council" 795:1949 to 1956 – The Revd 1446:1 December 2008 at the 1117:Horace Walpole (1937). 1103:Thomas John P. Carter, 710:Nine Lessons and Carols 365:University of Cambridge 305:The Revd Stephen Cherry 1363:. 2014. Archived from 809:David Lawrence Edwards 803:Alexander Roper Vidler 739:Cambridge City Council 716:, during which a solo 638: 637:, organ, and fan vault 589: 426: 418: 1391:www.bach-cantatas.com 836:Christopher John Ryan 691:King's College School 632: 588:The Great East Window 587: 424: 416: 353:King's College Chapel 135:Previous denomination 45:King's College Chapel 18:King’s College Chapel 912:Warrior, Josephine. 815:Michael Stanley Till 663:Sir Nikolaus Pevsner 659:Perpendicular Gothic 492:(1485), despite the 425:Fan vaulting diagram 399:King's College Choir 372:English architecture 369:Perpendicular Gothic 341:King's College Choir 261:289 feet (88 m) 197:Heritage designation 30:For other uses, see 1263:The Daily Telegraph 1245:A Century of King's 1039:on 7 November 2012. 779:Alan England Brooke 712:from the chapel on 685:. The world-famous 514:Above the altar is 315:The Revd Mary Kells 83: /  1493:Tudor architecture 745:Dean of the Chapel 697:. It is currently 639: 607:Francis Williamson 590: 453:vaulting, and the 427: 419: 225:Architectural type 87:52.2048°N 0.1165°E 1202:GRAHAM, CHAINEY. 1084:978-0-19-967498-5 1007:"Visit Cambridge" 785:Eric Milner-White 649:and supports the 558:English Civil War 494:Wars of the Roses 384:Wars of the Roses 350: 349: 189:Functional status 153:Collegiate chapel 129:Church of England 16:(Redirected from 1500: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1367:on 20 April 2014 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230:Cambridge Review 1225: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1180: 1174: 1168: 1162: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1114: 1108: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1058: 1041: 1040: 1035:. Archived from 1029: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1009:. Archived from 1003: 997: 983: 977: 970: 959: 958: 956: 954: 938:Historic England 934: 898: 889: 886: 881:Henry Fox Talbot 876: 864: 821:John Henry Drury 695:Stephen Cleobury 619:Clayton and Bell 574:Second World War 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 88: 84: 81: 80: 79: 76: 54: 42: 41: 21: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1458: 1457: 1448:Wayback Machine 1432: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1412:kings.cam.ac.uk 1407: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1265:. 6 August 2001 1257: 1256: 1252: 1241: 1237: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1208:The Independent 1200: 1196: 1181: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1155:Sell The Rubens 1149: 1145: 1132: 1128: 1115: 1111: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1063:"Ely, Reginald" 1059: 1044: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1013:on 4 April 2013 1005: 1004: 1000: 986:Saltmarsh, John 984: 980: 972:Alison Stones, 971: 962: 952: 950: 935: 931: 927: 909: 902: 899: 890: 887: 877: 868: 865: 856: 827:George Pattison 768: 747: 671: 627: 582: 570:Oliver Cromwell 566:Parliamentarian 483:St John Zachary 411: 278: 92:52.2048; 0.1165 91: 89: 85: 82: 77: 74: 72: 70: 69: 60: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1506: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1438: 1431: 1430:External links 1428: 1426: 1425: 1396: 1378: 1348: 1323: 1310: 1298: 1287:. Raking Light 1276: 1250: 1235: 1220: 1194: 1175: 1163: 1143: 1126: 1109: 1096: 1083: 1042: 1024: 998: 990:King's College 978: 960: 928: 926: 923: 922: 921: 908: 905: 904: 903: 900: 893: 891: 878: 871: 869: 866: 859: 855: 852: 851: 850: 847: 841: 838: 832: 829: 823: 817: 811: 805: 799: 793: 787: 781: 775: 767: 764: 746: 743: 730:, which sings 670: 667: 626: 623: 617:and is by the 615:Francis Stacey 611:Symon Symondes 599:Barnard Flower 581: 578: 475:Nicholas Close 410: 407: 361:King's College 348: 347: 338: 337:Music group(s) 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 317: 316: 313: 307: 306: 303: 297: 296: 292: 291: 288: 281: 280: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 259: 255: 254: 253:Specifications 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 239:English Gothic 236: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 201:Grade I listed 198: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 181: 180: 177: 171: 170: 168:Saint Nicholas 161: 155: 154: 151: 147: 146: 142: 141: 139:Roman Catholic 136: 132: 131: 126: 120: 119: 117:United Kingdom 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 66: 65: 62: 61: 55: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1505: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1320: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1286: 1280: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1246: 1239: 1231: 1224: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1113: 1106: 1100: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1047: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1012: 1008: 1002: 995: 991: 987: 982: 975: 969: 967: 965: 949: 948: 943: 939: 933: 929: 919: 915: 911: 910: 897: 892: 882: 875: 870: 863: 858: 857: 848: 846: 845:Jeremy Morris 842: 839: 837: 833: 830: 828: 824: 822: 818: 816: 812: 810: 806: 804: 800: 798: 794: 792: 788: 786: 782: 780: 776: 773: 772: 771: 763: 759: 757: 753: 752:Bishop of Ely 742: 740: 735: 733: 729: 728:King's Voices 725: 724: 719: 715: 714:Christmas Eve 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 636: 631: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 586: 580:Great windows 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518: 512: 510: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 443: 439: 435: 431: 423: 415: 406: 404: 400: 396: 393: 389: 388:stained glass 385: 381: 377: 373: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 346: 345:King's Voices 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 327: 323: 318: 314: 312: 308: 304: 302: 298: 293: 289: 287: 282: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 247: 243: 240: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 217: 213: 210:26 April 1950 209: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 178: 176: 172: 169: 165: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 140: 137: 133: 130: 127: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 96: 67: 63: 59: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 1416:. Retrieved 1411: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1369:. Retrieved 1365:the original 1360: 1351: 1339:. Retrieved 1335: 1326: 1318: 1313: 1301: 1289:. Retrieved 1279: 1267:. Retrieved 1262: 1253: 1244: 1238: 1229: 1223: 1211:. Retrieved 1207: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1136: 1129: 1119: 1112: 1104: 1099: 1088:, retrieved 1066: 1037:the original 1027: 1015:. Retrieved 1011:the original 1001: 993: 989: 981: 951:. Retrieved 945: 932: 913: 907:Bibliography 769: 766:Recent deans 760: 748: 736: 721: 703: 680: 672: 640: 591: 555: 546: 542: 537: 515: 513: 509:John Wastell 506: 487: 470: 442:Reginald Ely 434:Eton College 428: 409:Construction 352: 351: 216:Architect(s) 184:Architecture 124:Denomination 36: 1269:2 September 1151:Gavin Stamp 1017:20 November 953:9 September 888: 1845 699:Daniel Hyde 669:Current use 655:Anne Boleyn 643:ante-chapel 635:rood screen 625:Rood screen 603:Galyon Hone 534:James Essex 490:Richard III 471:curvilinear 395:rood screen 392:Renaissance 331:Daniel Hyde 311:Chaplain(s) 245:Years built 175:Consecrated 90: / 1462:Categories 1341:2 November 1321:1963:292f. 1291:13 January 1191:: 141–168. 925:References 502:Henry VIII 447:elevations 284:Number of 207:Designated 159:Dedication 75:52°12′17″N 1418:8 January 1317:Pevsner, 918:Tim Rawle 756:Full Term 683:acoustics 645:from the 530:Sanctuary 498:Henry VII 463:fan vault 403:Cambridge 376:fan vault 248:1446–1515 107:Cambridge 78:0°06′59″E 58:The Backs 1444:Archived 1213:14 March 770:Source: 732:Evensong 676:May Week 661:Chapel; 562:Puritans 550:triptych 430:Henry VI 220:Disputed 164:Our Lady 103:Location 1371:12 June 1189:LXXXIII 854:Gallery 595:Flemish 538:lowered 526:Louvain 467:tracery 457:of the 436:(whose 380:England 363:in the 355:is the 145:History 113:Country 1090:17 May 1081:  718:treble 522:Rubens 479:curate 451:lierne 438:Chapel 357:chapel 295:Clergy 286:spires 274:Height 258:Length 228:Church 192:Active 150:Status 1408:(PDF) 1157:, in 651:organ 647:choir 459:choir 455:piers 320:Laity 266:Width 234:Style 1420:2021 1373:2014 1343:2023 1293:2021 1271:2019 1215:2017 1092:2020 1079:ISBN 1019:2012 992:(in 955:2022 704:The 633:The 609:and 301:Dean 179:1443 166:and 1071:doi 741:). 706:BBC 560:as 520:by 481:of 359:of 1464:: 1410:. 1389:. 1359:. 1334:. 1261:. 1206:. 1187:. 1153:, 1077:, 1065:, 1045:^ 988:: 963:^ 944:. 940:. 885:c. 883:, 405:. 343:, 1422:. 1393:. 1375:. 1345:. 1295:. 1273:. 1232:. 1217:. 1140:. 1073:: 1021:. 976:. 957:. 290:4 34:. 20:)

Index

King’s College Chapel
King's Chapel (disambiguation)

The Backs
52°12′17″N 0°06′59″E / 52.2048°N 0.1165°E / 52.2048; 0.1165
Cambridge
United Kingdom
Denomination
Church of England
Roman Catholic
Dedication
Our Lady
Saint Nicholas
Consecrated
Grade I listed
Architect(s)
Style
English Gothic
spires
Dean
Chaplain(s)
Organist/Director of music
Daniel Hyde
King's College Choir
King's Voices
chapel
King's College
University of Cambridge
Perpendicular Gothic
English architecture

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.