112:
1296:" and had neighbors only in a geographical sense. He holds a mandate to which he had a valid claim to rule over (or to lead) everyone else in the world as long as he served the people well. If the ruler became immoral, then rebellion is justified and heaven would take away that mandate and give it to another. This single most important concept legitimized the dynastic cycle or the change of dynasties regardless of social or ethnic background. This principle made it possible for dynasties founded by families of non-noble origins such as the
43:
1199:, the three first of them were called 皇 (huang, "august (ruler)") and the five last were called 帝 (di, "divine ruler"), which can translate as either emperor, demigod, divine ancestor, or superhuman. This title may have been used in the Shang and Xia dynasties, though oracle bones were found from the Shang dynasty showing the title 王 (wáng, "king").
1277:. They declared that Heaven had revoked the mandate from the Shang and given it to the Zhou in retaliation for their corruption and misrule. Heaven bestowed the mandate to whoever was best fit to rule. The title held the emperor responsible for the prosperity and security of his people through the threat of losing the mandate.
1761:
Although a specific era name could be used by one monarch only, there were also many instances in which an era name was used by multiple monarchs, or a monarch could proclaim numerous era names throughout his/her reign. For this reason, it would be tedious for
Chinese monarchs before the Ming dynasty
1392:
Chinese monarchs possessed an elaborate set of monarchical titles, both when they were alive and after their death. Based on
Chinese historiographical convention, monarchs of China are typically referred to by one of their many titles, although it is not incorrect per se to reference them using other
2484:
Historians sometimes refer to certain
Chinese rulers using generic terms, mostly due to their lack of regnal name, temple name or posthumous name. These terms describe the circumstances of the monarchs and are not officially accorded by the regimes themselves. The monarchical rank held by the rulers
1246:. The title was commonly given to members of the Emperor's family and could be inherited. A poem from about 2,500 years ago said "普天之下,莫非王土.率土之賓,莫非王臣" which roughly translates as "Under the sky, nothing isn't the king's land; the people who lead the lands, no one isn't the king's subjects."
1757:
dynasties adopted only one era name throughout the entirety of their reigns, era names have come to be closely associated with Ming and Qing monarchs, to the extent that they are frequently referenced using their respective era names by historians.
1268:
comprising "all under heaven". The title was not interpreted literally. The monarch is a mortal chosen by Heaven, not its actual descendant. The title comes from the
Mandate of Heaven, created by the monarchs of the
1421:. As some of these titles were used repeatedly throughout history, historians often reference the name of the regime to avoid potential confusion. The same monarchical tradition was adopted throughout the
1312:. It was moral integrity and benevolent leadership that determined the holder of the Mandate of Heaven. Every dynasty that self-consciously adopted this administrative practice powerfully reinforced this
1316:
concept throughout the history of imperial China. Historians noted that this was one of the key reasons why imperial China in many ways had the most efficient system of government in ancient times.
2891:
Yap, Joseph P. (2009). "Official Titles and
Institutional Terms - Qin and Han" pp612–620 and Chapter 1. pp 38–39 in "Wars With The Xiongnu - A Translation From Zizhi tongjian" . AuthorHouse.
1164:
The power of the emperor varied between emperors and dynasties, with some emperors being absolute rulers and others being figureheads with actual power lying in the hands of court factions,
1176:. However, there are many exceptions to this rule. For example, because the Emperor usually had many concubines, the first born of the empress (i.e. the chief consort) is usually the
2292:) were accorded to Chinese monarchs after their death. These were adjectives originally intended to determine the achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life.
2671:
2962:
2861:
3373:
3234:
3141:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3398:
3269:
1319:
It was generally not possible for a woman to succeed to the throne and in the history of China; there has only been one reigning
Empress,
1028:
968:
3393:
3347:
2955:
2667:
2718:
2679:
2675:
1745:) were proclaimed by Chinese sovereigns for the purpose of identifying and numbering years since 140 BC, during the reign of the
2683:
658:
3514:
2930:
2911:
2896:
2732:
958:
3297:
3282:
3032:
2948:
2863:
Making Sense of Global
History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume
1529:, regnal names were the most straightforward method Chinese rulers could be referred to during the rule of his/her regime.
531:
521:
3499:
1093:
1000:
162:
3302:
2820:
2100:
152:
3191:
2871:
2844:
829:
78:
3292:
2723:
1749:. Strictly speaking, era names were not personal titles of Chinese monarchs per se. However, as most rulers of the
1463:
53:
583:
2834:
1192:, primogeniture was abandoned altogether, with the designated heir kept secret until after the Emperor's death.
3478:
3440:
3423:
3174:
1168:, the bureaucracy or noble families. In principle, the title of emperor was transmitted from father to son via
1021:
973:
3458:
3388:
3332:
3044:
1934:
995:
921:
856:
17:
3378:
3136:
2662:
2485:
is affixed to the back of these adjectives to form the full historiographical denominations. For example, "
2045:
1058:
931:
2707:
2228:
983:
740:
121:
3509:
3217:
3025:
1600:
988:
3435:
3131:
1728:
1014:
951:
916:
489:
185:
95:
695:
3169:
3060:
3015:
2657:
2275:
685:
334:
31:
1054:
3504:
3258:
2154:
1525:) were monarchical titles adopted during the reign of monarchs or after their abdication. Due to
1362:
1050:
911:
2694:
2208:
963:
941:
926:
412:
131:
1057:. Sovereigns ruling the same regime, and descended from the same paternal line, constituted a
3277:
3179:
3101:
3065:
2462:
Emperor
Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing
1856:
1813:
1654:
1188:. Disputes over succession occurred regularly and have led to a number of civil wars. In the
936:
353:
978:
191:
60:
1180:. However, Emperors could elevate another more favoured child or the child of a favourite
8:
3342:
3327:
3121:
1393:
titles that they held. Even though exceptions exist, Chinese rulers until the end of the
143:
3450:
2993:
2703:
2343:
2127:
2049:
946:
126:
3352:
3337:
3287:
3096:
2988:
2926:
2907:
2892:
2867:
2840:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2390:
2370:
1891:
1746:
1285:
1261:
1097:
1046:
874:
442:
422:
197:
1508:
1284:, Chinese political theory allowed for dynastic change, based on the concept of the
3086:
3070:
3010:
2980:
2713:
2699:
2643:
2639:
1722:
1634:
1490:
1418:
1293:
1281:
1114:
1079:
1062:
553:
111:
103:
3357:
2651:
2451:
2316:
2269:
1398:
1196:
3247:
3242:
3184:
3116:
2998:
2972:
2940:
2815:
2235:
1993:
1366:
455:
372:
3493:
3322:
3020:
2752:
2444:
1884:
1553:
1453:
1377:
1289:
1274:
1255:
1231:
1219:
1177:
1169:
1101:
245:
212:
1661:
1092:(帝 dì "divine ruler") had been used separately and never consecutively (see
3403:
3252:
2471:
2255:
2174:
2120:
2013:
1927:
1754:
1750:
1708:
1627:
1526:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1270:
1223:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1119:
820:
796:
783:
770:
714:
673:
611:
325:
315:
292:
2044:) were accorded to Chinese monarchs after their death, for the purpose of
3428:
3212:
3091:
3037:
2647:
2417:
2397:
2363:
2201:
2181:
2147:
2027:
1986:
1688:
1681:
1573:
1410:
1394:
1313:
1297:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1134:
1126:
1112:: huáng dì) for himself in 221 BCE, which is commonly translated as
727:
598:
432:
400:
387:
221:
3383:
2424:
2336:
1849:
1607:
1422:
479:
268:
1242:
and, after that, the same term was used for (and translated as) royal
3126:
3111:
2521:; "emperor"), thus is used to refer to monarchs who were overthrown.
2435:
Emperor
Peitian Zhidao Hongyi Sumu Siwen Liewu Minren Guangxiao Xiang
1580:
1320:
1181:
2904:
Heritage of China: Contemporary
Perspectives on Chinese Civilization
3222:
3207:
1339:
1288:. The theory behind this was that the Chinese emperor acted as the
2836:
Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265-618
2757:
1806:
1328:
1265:
1158:
622:
473:
467:
3106:
1786:
1373:
1165:
1118:
in English. This title continued in use until the fall of the
1109:
1061:. Several titles and naming schemes have been used throughout
3146:
1381:
1234:
is uncertain but possible: the character has been found upon
1216:
52:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
3151:
2902:
Dull, Jack (1990). "The Evolution of Government in China".
1370:
1292:. As the only legitimate ruler, his authority extended to "
27:
Ruler of a particular regime in ancient and imperial China
1357:
1260:"Son of Heaven" was a title of the Emperor based on the
2610:
2592:
2574:
2556:
2538:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2287:
2065:
2053:
2039:
1740:
1520:
1494:
1484:
1472:
1457:
1447:
1435:
1264:. The Son of Heaven is a universal emperor who rules
2798:
2796:
839:
761:
641:
574:
504:
378:
2781:
1304:or non-ethnic Han dynasties such as the Mongol-led
30:"Chinese monarch" redirects here. For a list, see
2793:
2479:
3491:
2970:
1699:Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao
1431:Name of regime + regnal/temple/posthumous name
63:to make improvements to the overall structure.
3374:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
2956:
2616:
2598:
2580:
2562:
2544:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2464:
2455:
2437:
2428:
2410:
2401:
2383:
2374:
2356:
2347:
2329:
2320:
2281:
2248:
2239:
2221:
2212:
2194:
2185:
2167:
2158:
2140:
2131:
2113:
2104:
2071:
2059:
2033:
2006:
1997:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1895:
1877:
1869:
1860:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1817:
1799:
1790:
1734:
1701:
1692:
1674:
1665:
1647:
1638:
1620:
1611:
1593:
1584:
1566:
1557:
1514:
1478:
1441:
1349:
1343:
1022:
2925:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2525:Examples of historiographical denominations
2963:
2949:
2923:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
2509:; "deposed") and the abbreviated form of "
1029:
1015:
3348:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
2048:. Temple names consisted of two or three
1323:(624–705), who usurped the throne of the
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2719:List of recipients of tribute from China
1280:Unlike with over sovereigns such as the
2853:
2826:
1645:Emperor Yingtian Zundao Qinming Renxiao
14:
3492:
2859:
2497:) is formed from the amalgamation of "
1762:to be referred to by their era names.
1358:Non-Han titles taken by Chinese rulers
2944:
2920:
2787:
2733:List of tributaries of Imperial China
1417:onwards are typically known by their
1387:
1354:, lit. Hegemon-King of Western Chu).
2901:
2802:
1591:Emperor Cishi Yuegu Jinlun Shengshen
1428:General format in Mandarin Chinese:
36:
3366:
1334:
1096:). The character was reserved for
1094:Three August Ones and Five Emperors
1068:
24:
2906:. University of California Press.
2832:
2263:
2052:, with the last word being either
1499:" refers to his rank as an emperor
25:
3526:
2921:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010) .
2724:Succession to the Chinese throne
1397:are mainly referred to by their
1249:
1100:until the first emperor of Qin (
110:
41:
1088:(皇 huáng "august (ruler)") and
3175:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
2808:
2617:
2599:
2581:
2563:
2545:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2480:Historiographical denomination
2465:
2456:
2438:
2429:
2411:
2402:
2384:
2375:
2357:
2348:
2330:
2321:
2282:
2249:
2240:
2222:
2213:
2195:
2186:
2168:
2159:
2141:
2132:
2114:
2105:
2072:
2060:
2034:
2021:
2007:
1998:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1939:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1896:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1818:
1800:
1791:
1735:
1702:
1693:
1675:
1666:
1648:
1639:
1621:
1612:
1594:
1585:
1567:
1558:
1515:
1502:
1479:
1442:
1145:. The former nobility titles
1045:was the ruler of a particular
969:Science and technology history
13:
1:
3389:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2769:
2296:Examples of posthumous names
1509:Regnal name § Sinosphere
1462:" was the posthumous name of
1409:are generally known by their
1238:. It was abolished under the
1049:in the historical periods of
339:
298:
274:
251:
227:
168:
3515:Chinese government officials
2774:
2663:Chinese emperors family tree
7:
2629:
2611:
2593:
2575:
2557:
2539:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2288:
2066:
2054:
2040:
1741:
1716:
1521:
1495:
1485:
1473:
1468:Era name + monarchical rank
1458:
1448:
1436:
1344:
1104:), who created a new title
10:
3531:
3500:Political history of China
3218:Bureau of Military Affairs
3142:Territorial administration
3026:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
2884:
2729:
2691:
2273:
2267:
2025:
1726:
1720:
1506:
1253:
1077:
1073:
29:
3449:
3436:Embroidered Uniform Guard
3416:
3315:
3268:
3233:
3200:
3162:
3079:
3053:
2979:
2080:Examples of temple names
1729:List of Chinese era names
1533:Examples of regnal names
1350:
843:
765:
645:
578:
508:
382:
3399:Administrative divisions
2866:. Universitetsforlaget.
2658:List of Chinese monarchs
2276:List of posthumous names
1489:" being the era name of
1413:, while rulers from the
1327:by establishing her own
1273:to justify deposing the
32:List of Chinese monarchs
3259:Secretariat-Chancellery
2530:Historiographical term
2466:同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝
1423:Chinese cultural sphere
1376:", after defeating the
1363:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1202:
2860:Sogner, Sølvi (2001).
2695:Chinese historiography
2304:(Surname + given name)
2088:(Surname + given name)
1774:(Surname + given name)
1766:Examples of era names
1541:(Surname + given name)
3333:Imperial Commissioner
3278:Ministry of Personnel
3180:Three Ducal Ministers
3102:Imperial examinations
3066:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
1454:Northern Zhou dynasty
1226:. Its use during the
1161:for court officials.
834:(mainland, 1912–1949)
3441:Qing Imperial Guards
3424:Tang Imperial Guards
1401:, monarchs from the
3343:Imperial Clan Court
3328:Remonstrance Bureau
3298:Ministry of Justice
3283:Ministry of Revenue
3137:Historical capitals
3122:Academies (Shuyuan)
2833:Lü, Zongli (2003).
2526:
2452:Aisin Gioro Zaitian
2439:配天至道弘毅肅穆思文烈武敏仁廣孝襄皇帝
2297:
2081:
2064:; "progenitor") or
1767:
1534:
1437:Běi Zhōu Xiàomǐn Dì
1308:and the Manchu-led
1098:mythological rulers
61:editing the article
2524:
2295:
2280:Posthumous names (
2236:Aisin Gioro Xuanye
2079:
2050:Chinese characters
1765:
1532:
1388:Monarchical titles
1047:monarchical regime
849:
659:Five Dynasties and
651:
586:Southern dynasties
514:
413:Chu–Han Contention
405:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
3510:Emperors of China
3487:
3486:
3412:
3411:
3353:Viceroys in China
3338:Grand Secretariat
3311:
3310:
3303:Ministry of Works
3288:Ministry of Rites
3235:Three Departments
3192:Translated titles
3097:Five Directorates
2932:978-0-521-12433-1
2913:978-0-520-06441-6
2897:978-1-4490-0605-1
2767:
2766:
2748:Monarchy of China
2743:Taiping Rebellion
2738:Mandate of Heaven
2627:
2626:
2477:
2476:
2261:
2260:
2019:
2018:
1747:Emperor Wu of Han
1714:
1713:
1286:Mandate of Heaven
1262:Mandate of Heaven
1184:to the status of
1172:, as endorsed by
1043:Chinese sovereign
1039:
1038:
996:Transport history
922:Education history
894:
893:
889:
888:
875:Republic of China
857:People's Republic
830:Republic of China
809:
808:
758:
757:
753:
752:
638:
637:
571:
570:
566:
565:
502:
501:
335:Spring and Autumn
198:Liao civilization
89:
88:
81:
54:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
3522:
3364:
3363:
3231:
3230:
3132:Tributary system
3087:Nine-rank system
3071:Scholar-official
3061:Grand Chancellor
2965:
2958:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2917:
2878:
2877:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2830:
2824:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2714:Chinese nobility
2700:History of China
2640:Emperor of China
2634:
2633:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2308:Posthumous name
2305:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2252:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2046:ancestor worship
2043:
2037:
2036:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1953:Tianyouchuisheng
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1898:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1723:Chinese era name
1705:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1641:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1399:posthumous names
1353:
1352:
1347:
1335:Self-made titles
1294:all under heaven
1282:Emperor of Japan
1080:Emperor of China
1069:Sovereign titles
1031:
1024:
1017:
959:Military history
917:Economic history
905:Related articles
882:
864:
846:
845:
841:
840:
835:
802:
789:
776:
763:
762:
746:
733:
720:
701:
691:
679:
666:
648:
647:
643:
642:
627:
617:
604:
591:
576:
575:
559:
554:Sixteen Kingdoms
537:
527:
511:
510:
506:
505:
495:
461:
448:
438:
428:
427:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
418:
406:
393:
380:
379:
358:
350:
348:
344:
341:
331:
321:
309:
307:
303:
300:
285:
283:
279:
276:
262:
260:
256:
253:
238:
236:
232:
229:
179:
177:
173:
170:
114:
104:History of China
91:
90:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3445:
3417:Imperial guards
3408:
3362:
3358:Mandarin square
3307:
3293:Ministry of War
3264:
3229:
3201:Middle Imperial
3196:
3158:
3075:
3049:
2975:
2969:
2939:
2933:
2914:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2652:Posthumous name
2632:
2615:
2597:
2579:
2561:
2543:
2482:
2463:
2454:
2436:
2427:
2409:
2400:
2382:
2373:
2355:
2346:
2328:
2319:
2303:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2270:Posthumous name
2266:
2264:Posthumous name
2247:
2238:
2220:
2211:
2193:
2184:
2166:
2157:
2139:
2130:
2112:
2103:
2087:
2086:
2076:; "ancestor").
2030:
2024:
2005:
1996:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:Fushengchengdao
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1816:
1798:
1789:
1773:
1772:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1700:
1691:
1689:Borjigin Kublai
1673:
1672:Emperor Tianyou
1664:
1646:
1637:
1619:
1610:
1592:
1583:
1565:
1556:
1540:
1539:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1469:
1466:
1432:
1390:
1360:
1342:styled himself
1337:
1258:
1252:
1205:
1197:San Huang Wu Di
1084:The characters
1082:
1076:
1071:
1063:Chinese history
1035:
1006:
1005:
1001:Women's history
907:
906:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:
867:
862:
858:
838:
833:
824:
823:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
792:
787:
779:
774:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
736:
731:
723:
718:
710:
704:
699:
689:
677:
669:
664:
660:
640:
639:
634:
625:
615:
607:
602:
594:
589:
585:
573:
572:
567:
562:
557:
549:
546:
540:
535:
525:
503:
498:
493:
485:
459:
451:
446:
436:
426:
416:
404:
396:
391:
376:
375:
364:
363:
356:
346:
342:
337:
329:
319:
305:
301:
296:
288:
281:
277:
272:
259: 1046 BCE
258:
254:
249:
241:
235: 1600 BCE
234:
230:
225:
216:
215:
204:
203:
176: 2000 BCE
175:
171:
166:
158:
147:
146:
85:
74:
68:
65:
59:Please help by
58:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3505:Heads of state
3502:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3270:Six Ministries
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3248:Zhongshu Sheng
3245:
3243:Shangshu Sheng
3239:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:Nine Ministers
3182:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3163:Early Imperial
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3117:Hanlin Academy
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3008:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2973:Imperial China
2971:Government of
2968:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2912:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2852:
2845:
2839:. Peter Lang.
2825:
2816:Zizhi Tongjian
2807:
2792:
2790:, p. 179.
2779:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2672:Warring States
2660:
2655:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2381:Emperor Xiaohe
2379:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2352:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2268:Main article:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2032:Temple names (
2026:Main article:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1865:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1822:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1721:Main article:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:Emperor Yingwu
1616:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1513:Regnal names (
1507:Main article:
1504:
1501:
1470:
1467:
1433:
1430:
1389:
1386:
1359:
1356:
1336:
1333:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1204:
1201:
1133:could also be
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1055:imperial China
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
966:
961:
956:
955:
954:
944:
939:
934:
932:Jewish history
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
904:
903:
902:
899:
898:
892:
891:
887:
886:
884:
883:
870:
868:
866:
865:
863:(1949–present)
852:
850:
844:
837:
836:
825:
819:
818:
817:
814:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
791:
790:
778:
777:
766:
756:
755:
751:
750:
748:
747:
737:
734:
724:
721:
711:
707:
705:
703:
702:
692:
681:
680:
668:
667:
654:
652:
646:
636:
635:
633:
632:
631:
630:
629:
628:
606:
605:
593:
592:
579:
569:
568:
564:
563:
561:
560:
550:
547:
543:
541:
539:
538:
528:
517:
515:
509:
500:
499:
497:
496:
484:
483:
463:
462:
456:Three Kingdoms
450:
449:
439:
429:
419:
408:
407:
395:
394:
383:
377:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:Warring States
351:
347: 476 BCE
322:
320:(1046–771 BCE)
311:
310:
306: 256 BCE
287:
286:
264:
263:
240:
239:
217:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
201:
181:
180:
157:
156:
148:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
135:
134:
132:Historiography
129:
124:
116:
115:
107:
106:
100:
99:
87:
86:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3527:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Grand Council
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Three Bureaus
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:Late Imperial
3314:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Son of Heaven
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2875:
2873:9788215001067
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2846:9783906769561
2842:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2805:, p. 59.
2804:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Heavenly King
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2501:
2489:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:Southern Ming
2443:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2408:Prince Wuyuan
2407:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2326:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2301:Personal name
2300:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2271:
2257:
2254:
2245:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2085:Personal name
2084:
2083:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2029:
2015:
2012:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1866:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1771:Personal name
1770:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1707:
1703:憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝
1698:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:Northern Song
1653:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1538:Personal name
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1438:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Son of Heaven
1287:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:Shang dynasty
1272:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:Son of Heaven
1250:Son of Heaven
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:head of state
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:heir apparent
1175:
1171:
1170:primogeniture
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:Qin Shi Huang
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:ancient China
1048:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
965:
964:Naval history
962:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:Music history
945:
943:
942:Media history
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Legal history
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
901:
900:
881:1949–present)
877:
876:
872:
871:
869:
861:
860:
854:
853:
851:
848:
847:
842:
832:
831:
827:
826:
822:
816:
815:
799:
798:
794:
793:
786:
785:
781:
780:
773:
772:
768:
767:
764:
743:
742:
738:
735:
730:
729:
725:
722:
717:
716:
712:
709:
708:
706:
698:
697:
696:Southern Song
693:
688:
687:
686:Northern Song
683:
682:
676:
675:
671:
670:
663:
662:
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
644:
624:
621:
620:
619:
618:
614:
613:
609:
608:
601:
600:
596:
595:
588:
587:
581:
580:
577:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
542:
534:
533:
529:
524:
523:
519:
518:
516:
513:
512:
507:
492:
491:
487:
486:
482:
481:
476:
475:
470:
469:
465:
464:
458:
457:
453:
452:
445:
444:
440:
435:
434:
430:
425:
424:
420:
417:(206–202 BCE)
415:
414:
410:
409:
403:
402:
398:
397:
392:(221–207 BCE)
390:
389:
385:
384:
381:
374:
368:
367:
357:(475–221 BCE)
355:
352:
336:
333:
332:
330:(771–256 BCE)
328:
327:
323:
318:
317:
313:
312:
295:
294:
290:
289:
271:
270:
266:
265:
248:
247:
243:
242:
224:
223:
219:
218:
214:
208:
207:
200:
199:
194:
193:
188:
187:
183:
182:
165:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
150:
149:
145:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
118:
117:
113:
109:
108:
105:
102:
101:
97:
93:
92:
83:
80:
72:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:King of China
3404:Zongli Yamen
3253:Menxia Sheng
3080:Institutions
3005:
2922:
2903:
2862:
2855:
2835:
2828:
2814:
2810:
2783:
2605:"Abdicated"
2483:
2398:Qifu Qiangui
2279:
2209:Wanyan Sheng
2121:Northern Wei
2092:Temple name
2031:
1945:Yansiningguo
1928:Southern Han
1857:Xiao Fangzhi
1778:Era name(s)
1760:
1732:
1682:Western Liao
1628:Northern Han
1545:Regnal name
1527:naming taboo
1512:
1491:Zhu Jianshen
1452:" being the
1427:
1415:Ming dynasty
1411:temple names
1407:Yuan dynasty
1403:Tang dynasty
1391:
1365:was crowned
1361:
1345:Xīchǔ Bàwáng
1338:
1325:Tang dynasty
1318:
1310:Qing dynasty
1306:Yuan dynasty
1302:Ming dynasty
1279:
1271:Zhou dynasty
1259:
1243:
1236:oracle bones
1224:Zhou dynasty
1212:
1208:
1206:
1194:
1190:Qing dynasty
1186:Crown Prince
1174:Confucianism
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1130:
1129:, the title
1124:
1120:Qing dynasty
1113:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1042:
1040:
937:LGBT history
873:
855:
828:
795:
782:
769:
739:
726:
713:
694:
684:
672:
661:Ten Kingdoms
657:
610:
597:
584:Northern and
582:
552:
530:
520:
488:
478:
472:
466:
460:(220–280 CE)
454:
441:
431:
421:
411:
399:
386:
326:Eastern Zhou
324:
316:Western Zhou
314:
291:
267:
244:
220:
196:
190:
184:
161:
151:
75:
66:
51:
3429:Shence Army
3213:Jimi system
3092:Nine Courts
3038:Consort kin
2648:Temple name
2418:Western Qin
2391:Eastern Han
2354:King Kaolie
2182:Wang Jipeng
2028:Temple name
2022:Temple name
1987:Western Xia
1935:Li Liangzuo
1733:Era names (
1564:Shi Huangdi
1503:Regnal name
1474:Chénghuà Dì
1395:Sui dynasty
1314:Sinocentric
1298:Han dynasty
1222:during the
1157:(仕) became
1135:abbreviated
1127:Han dynasty
984:Discoveries
979:Cartography
974:Archaeology
912:Art history
801:(1644–1912)
788:(1368–1644)
775:(1271–1368)
745:(1115–1234)
732:(1038–1227)
728:Western Xia
700:(1127–1279)
532:Eastern Jin
522:Western Jin
447:(25–220 CE)
443:Eastern Han
423:Western Han
302: 1046
282: 1046
278: 1250
255: 1600
231: 2070
172: 8500
153:Paleolithic
144:Prehistoric
69:August 2024
3494:Categories
3384:Lifan Yuan
2788:Ebrey 2010
2770:References
2587:"Deposed"
2425:Zhu Yujian
2274:See also:
2101:Yuan Ziyou
1994:Zhu Zhanji
1850:Former Qin
1727:See also:
1662:Yelü Dashi
1649:應天尊道欽明仁孝皇帝
1608:Liu Jiyuan
1595:慈氏越古金輪聖神皇帝
1554:Ying Zheng
1459:Xiàomǐn Dì
1367:Tian Kehan
1215:) was the
989:Inventions
719:(916–1125)
690:(960–1127)
678:(960–1279)
345: – c.
343: 770
304: – c.
280: – c.
269:Late Shang
257: – c.
233: – c.
174: – c.
3451:Dynasties
3127:Censorate
3112:Guozijian
2803:Dull 1990
2775:Citations
2706:) & (
2704:dynasties
2644:Era names
2327:Duke Huan
2128:Yang Jian
1635:Zhao Heng
1493:, while "
1464:Yuwen Jue
1456:, while "
1419:era names
1369:天可汗, or "
1331:dynasty.
1321:Wu Zetian
1182:concubine
1153:(大夫) and
1125:From the
1122:in 1912.
665:(907–979)
626:(690–705)
616:(618–907)
603:(581–618)
590:(420–589)
558:(304–439)
536:(317–420)
526:(266–316)
494:(266–420)
437:(9–23 CE)
163:Neolithic
127:Dynasties
3223:Shumishi
3208:Jiedushi
2989:Monarchy
2981:Nobility
2821:vol. 249
2708:timeline
2630:See also
2623:"Final"
2569:"Young"
2551:"Young"
2533:Meaning
2371:Liu Zhao
2311:Dynasty
2192:Kangzong
2111:Jingzong
2095:Dynasty
2041:miào hào
1902:Qianheng
1840:Jianyuan
1824:Yongxing
1797:Huangchu
1781:Dynasty
1742:nián hào
1717:Era name
1694:孛兒只斤·忽必烈
1548:Dynasty
1486:Chénghuà
1449:Běi Zhōu
1378:Gokturks
1371:heavenly
1340:Xiang Yu
1300:and the
1159:synonyms
952:Timeline
879:(Taiwan,
859:of China
373:Imperial
122:Timeline
96:a series
94:Part of
3054:Offices
3033:Empress
3011:Emperor
2994:Dynasty
2885:Sources
2758:Gurkhan
2668:Ancient
2512:huángdì
2457:愛新覺羅·載湉
2289:shì hào
2246:Shengzu
2241:愛新覺羅·玄燁
2219:Taizong
2165:Ruizong
1977:Gonghua
1910:Bailong
1892:Liu Yan
1875:Taiping
1867:Shaotai
1814:Fu Jian
1807:Cao Wei
1601:Wu Zhou
1581:Wu Zhao
1522:zūn hào
1405:to the
1329:Wu Zhou
1266:tianxia
1244:princes
1217:Chinese
1195:Of the
1166:eunuchs
1131:Huangdi
1115:Emperor
1108:(皇帝 in
1106:Huangdi
1074:Emperor
1059:dynasty
623:Wu Zhou
213:Ancient
192:Yangtze
3107:Taixue
3006:Titles
2929:
2910:
2895:
2870:
2843:
2680:Middle
2344:Mi Wan
2317:Ji Yun
2155:Li Dan
2004:Xuande
1787:Cao Pi
1374:Khagan
1110:pinyin
821:Modern
477:, and
195:, and
186:Yellow
98:on the
3394:Ranks
3147:Yamen
3045:Harem
2999:Cycle
2676:Early
2488:Fèidì
2138:Gaozu
1969:Duodu
1918:Dayou
1885:Liang
1832:Ganlu
1471:E.g.
1443:北周孝閔帝
1434:E.g.
1382:Tujue
1232:Shang
1151:Daifu
1149:(卿),
1139:huang
1086:Huang
246:Shang
3479:Qing
3474:Yuan
3469:Liao
3464:Tang
3367:Qing
3170:King
3152:Tusi
3016:List
2927:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2684:Late
2540:Shào
2472:Qing
2403:乞伏乾歸
2385:孝和皇帝
2256:Qing
2175:Tang
2067:zōng
2014:Ming
1965:福聖承道
1957:天祐垂聖
1949:延嗣寧國
1755:Qing
1753:and
1751:Ming
1709:Yuan
1676:天祐皇帝
1667:耶律大石
1622:英武皇帝
1483:), "
1446:), "
1351:西楚霸王
1230:and
1213:wáng
1211:(王,
1209:king
1207:The
1203:King
1147:Qing
1053:and
1041:The
797:Qing
784:Ming
771:Yuan
715:Liao
674:Song
612:Tang
293:Zhou
284:BCE)
3459:Han
2594:Xùn
2576:Fèi
2558:Yòu
2515:" (
2503:" (
2500:fèi
2491:" (
2430:朱聿鍵
2412:武元王
2364:Chu
2358:考烈王
2229:Jin
2214:完顏晟
2202:Min
2187:王繼鵬
2148:Sui
2106:元子攸
1999:朱瞻基
1940:李諒祚
1862:蕭方智
1640:劉繼元
1613:劉繼元
1574:Qin
1568:始皇帝
1480:成化帝
1384:).
1380:, (
1240:Qin
1228:Xia
1155:Shi
1141:or
1137:to
741:Jin
599:Sui
490:Jin
474:Shu
468:Wei
433:Xin
401:Han
388:Qin
222:Xia
3496::
2819:,
2795:^
2682:–
2678:–
2674:–
2670:–
2650:,
2646:,
2612:Mò
2518:皇帝
2494:廢帝
2376:劉肇
2349:芈完
2337:Lu
2331:桓公
2322:姬允
2286:;
2283:謚號
2250:聖祖
2223:太宗
2196:康宗
2169:睿宗
2160:李旦
2142:高祖
2133:楊堅
2115:敬宗
2055:zǔ
2038:;
2035:廟號
2008:宣德
1981:拱化
1973:奲都
1922:大有
1914:白龍
1906:乾亨
1897:劉龑
1879:太平
1871:紹泰
1844:建元
1836:甘露
1828:永興
1819:苻堅
1801:黃初
1792:曹丕
1739:;
1736:年號
1586:武曌
1559:嬴政
1519:;
1516:尊號
1496:Dì
1425:.
1143:di
1090:Di
1065:.
480:Wu
471:,
340:c.
299:c.
275:c.
252:c.
228:c.
189:,
169:c.
3261:)
3257:(
2964:e
2957:t
2950:v
2935:.
2916:.
2876:.
2849:.
2823:.
2710:)
2702:(
2654:)
2642:(
2618:末
2600:遜
2582:廢
2564:幼
2546:少
2506:廢
2073:宗
2070:(
2061:祖
2058:(
1477:(
1440:(
1348:(
1030:e
1023:t
1016:v
349:)
338:(
308:)
297:(
273:(
261:)
250:(
237:)
226:(
178:)
167:(
82:)
76:(
71:)
67:(
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
