795:
596:
in a house was carefully crafted from the inside out. Japan is a country that moved from a non-industrial country to a fully industrial nation in less than 50 years, during the Meiji revolution. This sharp jump from producing goods by craftsmen to industrially realized production was so rapid that the deep-rooted tradition of fine craftsmanship as a statement of the creator did not disappear. As a result, the
Japanese maker continues to be instilled with a fastidious preoccupation for fine details, which can be seen in contemporary architecture, art and industry. The attention to detail, an integral part of Japan's tradition, forms a uniquely indigenous aesthetic.
587:
buildings. His peers followed and continued the style. Then at one point in the 1960s, Kurokawa and a small group of architects began a new wave of contemporary
Japanese architecture, believing that previous solutions and imitations were not satisfactory for the new era: life was not present in Modernism. They labeled their approach “metabolism." Kurokawa's work became receptive “to his own philosophy, the Principle of Life." (He saw architecture and cities as a dynamic process where parts needed to be ready for change. He mostly used steel in open frames and units that were prefabricated and interchangeable.)
583:
way for a small country like Japan to avoid being attacked by these empires was to make continuous attempts to absorb foreign cultures for study and, while establishing friendly relations with the larger nations, preserve its own identity. This receptivity is the aspect that allowed Japan to grow from a farming island into an imperial nation, first using
Chinese political systems and Chinese advancement, then Western techniques and knowledge. Japan eventually surpassed China and stumbled upon itself during World War II. After the war, Japan, using this same perspective absorbed American culture and technology.
562:
530:. When Western cities are destroyed, brick and stone remained as proof of their past existence. Sadly, remarks Kurokawa, Japan's cities were mostly built of wood and natural elements, so they burnt to ashes and disappeared completely. He also noted that both Edo (now Tokyo) and Kyoto were almost entirely destroyed during several battles of the Warring States period in the 15th and 16th centuries. The shifting of power caused parts of Japan to be destroyed. On the same note, historically speaking, Japan's cities have almost yearly been hit with natural disasters such as
127:
1036:
1020:
706:
507:
784:
474:. Although not elected, Kisho Kurokawa successfully established the Green Party to help provide environmental protection. Also in 2007, Kurokawa created the structure of the Anaheim University Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute, which helps to develop environmentally-conscious business practices. Kurokawa was a stakeholder and founding Chair of the Executive Advisory Board of the Anaheim, California-based university since 1998 and his wife Ayako Wakao-Kurokawa serves as Honorary Chairman of the institute.
486:
and that the traditional forms of
Japanese architecture can be recognized in his contemporary concrete or steel towers. Yet, Kurokawa's architecture evolved from the Japanese tradition, and there is a Japanese aesthetic in the context of his work. His architecture focused on keeping traditional Japanese concepts invisible, especially materiality, impermanence, receptivity and detail. Kurokawa specifically referred to these four factors in his discussions of new wave Japanese Architecture.
412:
25:
570:
backyard were preferred for the necessary timbers. All artificial colors were avoided, and the natural colors and texture of materials were shown to their best advantage. This honesty in materials stemmed from the idea that nature is already beautiful in itself. The
Japanese feel that food tastes better, wood looks better, materials are better when natural. There is a belief that maximum enjoyment comes from the natural state.
346:
301:
574:
colors." The capsule, escalator unit, elevator unit and pipe and ductwork were all exterior and exposed. Kurokawa opened structures and made no attempt to hide the connective elements, believing that beauty was inherent in each of the individual parts. This bold approach created a texture of elements that became the real materiality of the whole.
608:
In 1958, Kisho
Kurokawa predicted a “Transition from the Age of the Machine to the Age of Life,” and has continually utilized such key words of life principles as metabolism (metabolize and recycle), ecology, sustainability, symbiosis, intermediate areas (ambiguity) and Hanasuki (Splendor of Wabi) in
582:
The notion of receptivity is a crucial
Japanese idea—possibly a “tradition." Kurokawa stated that Japan is a small country. For more than a thousand years, the Japanese had an awareness of neighboring China and Korea and, in the modern age, Portugal, Great Britain and America, to name a few. The only
599:
Similarly, Kurokawa's architecture features carefully detailed connections and finishes. He confessed: “This attention to detail is also an important key to understand my own architecture. The belief in the importance of details also suggests the new hierarchy.” Kurokawa believed that, while
Western
595:
Kurokawa explained that the attention paid to detail in
Japanese work derived essentially from the typical attempt to express individuality and expertise. In Japan the execution of details was a process of working not from the whole to the parts but from the parts to the whole. Every wood connection
485:
Looking at his architecture—particularly at metabolism—tradition may not appear to be present, but, underneath the hard skin of the surface, his work is indeed
Japanese. However, it is difficult to claim that the modern technologies and material he called on was inherited from the Japanese tradition
569:
Kurokawa explains that the Japanese tried to exploit the natural textures and colors of materials used in a building. The traditional tea room was intentionally built of only natural materials such as earth and sand, paper, the stems and leaves of plants, and small trees. Trees from a person's own
545:
In addition, the four seasons are very clearly marked in Japan, and the changes through the year are dramatic. Time, then, in Japanese culture is a precious entity that forces every candle, every being, every entity to fade at one point in time. The idea that buildings and cities should seem as
625:
Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute was conceived of by Kisho Kurokawa and established in Kisho Kurokawa's honor in 2008. The institute offers online Certificate, Diploma, Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree programs in Sustainable Management.
573:
This tradition on materiality was alive in Kurokawa's work which treated iron as iron, aluminum as aluminum, and made the most of the inherent finish of concrete. The tradition of honesty of materiality is present in Kurokawa's capsule building. In it, he showed technology with “no artificial
586:
Kurokawa's architecture follows the string of receptivity but, at one point, tries to diverge and find its own identity. At first, Kurokawa's work followed the Modern Movement that was introduced in Japan by Tange, Isozaki and their peers. Tange showed the world that Japan could build modern
613:(Grand Prix) for his creation of the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia and KLIA is the first and only airport in the world to receive the United Nations' Green Globe 21 certification for the airport's commitment to environmental responsibility each year since 2004.
477:
Kurokawa wrote extensively on philosophy and architecture and lectured widely. He wrote that there are two traditions inherent in any culture: the visible and the invisible. His work, he claimed, carried the invisible tradition of Japan. In 1972, he received a grant from the
1115:
465:
Although he had practiced the concept of sustainable and eco-minded architecture for four decades, Kisho Kurokawa became more adamant about environmental protection in his latter years. In 2007, he ran for
825:
542:. This continuous destruction of buildings and cities has given the Japanese population, in Kurokawa's words, “an uncertainty about existence, a lack of faith in the visible, a suspicion of the eternal.”
203:
546:
natural as possible and that they should be in harmony with the rest of nature, since it is only temporarily there, helped create the tradition of making buildings and cities of “temporary” structure.
600:
architecture and cities have been organized with a hierarchy from the infrastructure to the parts and details, his new approach to contemporary Japanese architecture focused on the autonomy of parts.
714:
760:
889:
748:
609:
order to call for new styles to be implemented by society. For four decades, Kisho Kurokawa created eco-friendly and sustainable architectural projects. In 2003 he was awarded the
400:
movement pursuing the merging and recycling of architecture styles within an Asian context. The movement was very successful, peaking when its members received praise for the Takara
844:
819:
981:
883:
553:. Buildings were built to be removable, interchangeable and adaptable. The concept of impermanence influence his work toward being in open systems, both in time and space.
419:
Kurokawa had a daughter, potter Kako Matsuura, and a son, renowned photographer Mikio, from his first marriage to his college classmate. His second marriage was to actress
730:
939:
975:
877:
856:
669:
401:
969:
916:
663:
479:
1348:
961:
956:
434:
Kurokawa was the founder and president of Kisho Kurokawa Architect & Associates, established 8 April 1962. The enterprise's head office is in
1160:
1156:
899:
1362:
1300:
1134:
156:
1007:
1357:
1217:
920:
871:
471:
766:
736:
1343:
1430:
1425:
1405:
1053:
89:
1338:
1069:
61:
1415:
987:
1367:
1190:
Certification for a sustainable airport, Green Globe 21, United Nations, for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (2003)
68:
1440:
1289:
1047:
944:
904:
838:
178:
108:
1372:
149:
1435:
1410:
290:
Nakagin Capsule Tower, The National Art Center (Tokyo), Nagoya City Art Museum, Kuala Lumpur International Airport
850:
423:(若尾 文子 Wakao Ayako), one of Japan's biggest movie stars of the 20th century. Kurokawa's younger brother works in
42:
75:
1091:
511:
46:
330:
1187:
Dedalo-Minosse International Prize (Grand Prix) for Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia (2003–2004)
1420:
1085:
1024:
925:
57:
794:
1097:
893:
1309:
933:
689:
550:
393:
386:
139:
724:
143:
135:
1063:
378:
35:
1075:
742:
462:. The company is registered with the Japanese government as a "First Class Architects Office."
160:
1172:
Pacific Rim Award, American Institute of Architects, Los Angeles chapter (first awarded, 1997)
650:
305:
1378:
561:
82:
1400:
1395:
673:
610:
362:
1169:
Renaming The Art Institute of Chicago to the Kisho Kurokawa Gallery of Architecture (1994)
8:
1140:
865:
366:
334:
265:
1128:
1035:
680:
622:
523:
382:
374:
202:
1184:
Honorary Doctorate of Architecture by Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia (2002)
1285:
467:
424:
705:
718:
358:
260:
1279:
1103:
994:
832:
801:
754:
506:
227:
1166:
48th Art Academy Award, highest award for artists and architects in Japan (1992)
1019:
1040:
1389:
1079:
783:
490:
411:
396:
in 1960, whose members were known as Metabolists. It was a radical Japanese
1109:
1059:
950:
527:
451:
439:
428:
354:
1001:
809:
644:
459:
420:
405:
397:
370:
381:, but subsequently dropped out in 1964. Kisho Kurokawa was conferred an
1261:
1243:
531:
482:
to deliver a lecture at the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago.
1178:
Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects, United Kingdom
549:
This idea of impermanence was reflected in Kurokawa's work during the
1199:
International Architecture Award, The Chicago Athenaeum Museum (2006)
910:
805:
539:
616:
24:
643:
Takara Beautilion, Theme Pavilion, and Toshiba IHI Pavilion, for
535:
455:
345:
1175:
Doctorate Honoris Causa in Humanities, Anaheim University (1998)
1122:
1028:
447:
443:
693:
654:
519:
435:
245:
223:
1363:
Kisho Kurokawa on Building the National Art Center (Video)
1333:
300:
1218:"Wakao Ayako: The Career of a Classic Silver Screen Star"
1088:(T2 - Domestic Terminal), (Astana, Kazakhstan, 2000–2003)
1116:
Zhengzhou International Convention and Exhibition Centre
1277:
470:
and then for a seat in the House of Councillors in the
329:(April 8, 1934 – October 12, 2007) was a leading
1358:
Kisho Kurokawa on the Nakagin Capsule Building (Video)
1368:
The Anaheim University Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute
1121:
Design and Master Plan of Kazakhstan's New Capital (
1143:, cancer care centre at Singleton Hospital, Swansea
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1193:Walpole Medal of Excellence, United Kingdom (2005)
1153:Gold Medal, Académie d'Architecture, France (1986)
617:Anaheim University Kisho Kurokawa Green Institute
1387:
1224:. Nippon Communications Foundation. 6 March 2020
148:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1298:
1161:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
686:National Museum of Ethnology (Osaka, 1973–1977)
408:. The group was dismantled shortly thereafter.
322:
1181:Honorary Member, Union of Architects, Bulgaria
427:but has also cooperated with Kurokawa on some
377:in 1959. Kurokawa then went on to study for a
316:
1373:Capsule Inn Osaka, designed by Kisho Kurokawa
526:, most Japanese cities were destroyed during
496:
1339:Exhibition"Kisho Kurokawa" Official Website
826:Okinawa Prefectural Government Headquarters
518:Kurokawa noted that, with the exception of
472:2007 Japanese House of Councillors election
201:
1334:Kisho Kurokawa architect & associates
1308:. Digitalarti. p. 16. Archived from
767:Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Japanese Metabolist architect (1934–2007)
1034:
1018:
862:Pacific Tower (Paris, France, 1988–1992)
715:Saitama Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
709:Saitama Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
704:
660:Capsule House K, Karuizawa, Japan (1974)
560:
505:
410:
344:
299:
1203:
1388:
1196:Shungdu Friendship Award, China (2005)
634:(organized by the year of completion)
415:Entrance to the Nagoya City Art Museum
1054:Osaka International Convention Center
385:of Architecture by the Chancellor of
761:Osaka Prefectural Government Offices
657:, Tokyo, 1970–1972, demolished 2022)
120:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1262:"Find your nearest Maggie's centre"
997:(Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1990–1998)
357:, Kurokawa studied architecture at
13:
1284:. Images Publishing. p. 130.
988:Kuala Lumpur International Airport
611:Dedalo-Minosse International Prize
565:The Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama
392:With colleagues, he cofounded the
389:(UPM), Malaysia in Sept. 7, 2002.
14:
1452:
1327:
1125:, delayed due to budget problems)
1048:Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum
972:(Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, 1994–1997)
890:The Museum of Modern Art Wakayama
841:(Melbourne, Australia, 1986–1991)
603:
1281:Architects of the new millennium
1278:Images Publishing Group (2000).
793:
782:
749:Japanese-German Center of Berlin
493:on October 12, 2007; he was 73.
125:
23:
1062:(Ōita, 1996–2001, used for the
851:Nara City Museum of Photography
501:
333:and one of the founders of the
34:needs additional citations for
1431:Tokyo gubernatorial candidates
1254:
1236:
1210:
1092:The National Art Center, Tokyo
845:Miki House New Office Building
577:
556:
1:
1426:Japanese political candidates
1118:(Zhengzhou, China, 2002–2005)
1094:, Roppongi, Tokyo, 2000–2005)
990:(Sepang, Malaysia, 1992–1998)
820:Chinese-Japanese Youth Center
1406:People from Aichi Prefecture
1086:Astana International Airport
1025:Astana International Airport
982:Shiga Kogen Roman Art Museum
884:Ishibashi Junior High School
340:
7:
1131:(St. Petersburg, 2006–2017)
1098:Campus of Kyushu University
894:Wakayama Prefectural Museum
629:
369:, under the supervision of
323:
10:
1457:
1416:University of Tokyo alumni
1381:. C.B.Liddell. 2007-05-02.
1344:Sketches by Kisho Kurokawa
1023:T2 - Domestic Terminal of
683:Society (Tokyo, 1975–1977)
497:Key architectural concepts
365:in 1957. He then attended
1147:
1072:(Kuala Lumpur, 1994-2001)
731:Wacoal Kojimachi Building
590:
387:Universiti Putra Malaysia
317:
294:
286:
282:
274:
253:
234:
209:
200:
193:
1441:Kisho Kurokawa buildings
1299:Digitalarti Mag (2009).
1014:
940:Fukui City Museum of Art
773:
725:National Bunraku Theater
700:
637:
134:This article includes a
1436:Members of Nippon Kaigi
1411:Kyoto University alumni
1064:Football World Cup 2002
984:(Yamanouchi, 1994–1997)
976:Kashima-machi City Hall
878:Ehime Museum of Science
857:Louvain-La-Neuve Museum
438:with branch offices in
379:doctorate of philosophy
163:more precise citations.
1106:(Singapore, 2005–2008)
1050:(Katsuyama, 1996–2000)
1043:
1039:Krestovsky Stadium in
1032:
936:(Singapore, 1986–1995)
868:(Singapore, 1990–1993)
769:(Hiroshima, 1988–1989)
743:Nagoya City Art Museum
710:
696:, Bulgaria, 1974–1979)
566:
515:
416:
373:. Kurokawa received a
350:
308:
1379:"Kurokawa Art Center"
1137:(Yekaterinburg, 2007)
1038:
1022:
978:(Kumamoto, 1995–1997)
930:(Wakayama, 1993–1995)
896:(Wakayama, 1990–1994)
831:The Sporting Club at
757:, Brisbane, Australia
708:
670:Tateshina Planetarium
651:Nakagin Capsule Tower
564:
509:
414:
406:Osaka World Expo 1970
402:Cotillion Beautillion
348:
306:Nakagin Capsule Tower
303:
1204:Notes and references
1157:Richard Neutra Award
1110:Fusionopolis Phase 1
1100:(Fukuoka, 2003–2005)
970:Fujinomiya Golf Club
886:(Tochigi, 1992–1994)
859:(Belgium, 1990–1992)
835:(Chicago, 1987–1990)
828:(Okinawa, 1988–1990)
822:(Beijing, 1987–1990)
679:Headquarters of the
361:, graduating with a
43:improve this article
1421:Japanese architects
866:Lane Crawford Place
751:(Berlin, 1985–1988)
745:(Nagoya, 1983–1987)
551:Metabolism Movement
512:National Art Center
394:Metabolist Movement
367:University of Tokyo
335:Metabolist Movement
266:University of Tokyo
1302:Digitalarti Mag #0
1129:Krestovsky Stadium
1056:(Osaka, 1994–2000)
1044:
1033:
1010:(Tokyo, 1997–1999)
917:Kibi-cho City Hall
880:(Ehime, 1991–1994)
874:(Hyōgo, 1992–1993)
847:(Osaka, 1985–1991)
739:(Tokyo, 1985–1987)
733:(Tokyo, 1982–1984)
727:(Osaka, 1979–1983)
711:
681:Japanese Red Cross
666:(Osaka, 1972–1976)
623:Anaheim University
567:
540:volcanic eruptions
516:
417:
383:Honorary Doctorate
351:
331:Japanese architect
309:
136:list of references
1353:, 24 October 2007
1112:(Singapore, 2006)
966:(Gifu, 1990–1996)
853:(Nara, 1989–1991)
839:Melbourne Central
690:Vitosha New Otani
480:Graham Foundation
468:governor of Tokyo
425:industrial design
363:bachelor's degree
298:
297:
189:
188:
181:
119:
118:
111:
93:
1448:
1382:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1307:
1295:
1270:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1244:"KISHO KUROKAWA"
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1214:
993:New Wing of the
965:
948:
929:
908:
800:New Wing of the
797:
786:
359:Kyoto University
328:
326:
320:
319:
261:Kyoto University
241:
219:
217:
205:
191:
190:
184:
177:
173:
170:
164:
159:this article by
150:inline citations
129:
128:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Kisho Kurokawa"
51:
27:
19:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1330:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1292:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1248:www.kisho.co.jp
1242:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1150:
1104:Singapore Flyer
1017:
995:Van Gogh Museum
959:
942:
923:
902:
833:Illinois Center
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
802:Van Gogh Museum
798:
789:
788:
787:
776:
755:Central Plaza 1
703:
640:
632:
619:
606:
593:
580:
559:
504:
499:
375:master's degree
343:
314:
270:
254:Alma mater
249:
243:
239:
238:12 October 2007
230:
228:Empire of Japan
221:
215:
213:
196:
185:
174:
168:
165:
154:
140:related reading
130:
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1328:External links
1326:
1325:
1324:
1296:
1290:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1235:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1076:Toyota Stadium
1073:
1067:
1057:
1051:
1041:St. Petersburg
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
998:
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
957:Softopia Japan
954:
937:
934:Republic Plaza
931:
914:
897:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
829:
823:
799:
792:
791:
790:
781:
780:
779:
778:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
702:
699:
698:
697:
687:
684:
677:
667:
661:
658:
648:
639:
636:
631:
628:
618:
615:
605:
604:Sustainability
602:
592:
589:
579:
576:
558:
555:
503:
500:
498:
495:
349:Kisho Kurokawa
342:
339:
324:Kurokawa Kishō
312:Kisho Kurokawa
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
257:
255:
251:
250:
244:
242:(aged 73)
236:
232:
231:
222:
211:
207:
206:
198:
197:
195:Kisho Kurokawa
194:
187:
186:
144:external links
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1453:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1315:on 2011-07-10
1311:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1291:1-86470-079-3
1287:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
963:
958:
955:
952:
946:
941:
938:
935:
932:
927:
922:
918:
915:
912:
906:
901:
900:Hotel Kyocera
898:
895:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
811:
807:
803:
796:
785:
768:
765:
763:(Osaka, 1988)
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
713:
712:
707:
695:
691:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:(Osaka, 1970)
646:
642:
641:
635:
627:
624:
614:
612:
601:
597:
588:
584:
575:
571:
563:
554:
552:
547:
543:
541:
538:, floods and
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
508:
494:
492:
491:heart failure
487:
483:
481:
475:
473:
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
338:
336:
332:
325:
313:
307:
302:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
256:
252:
247:
237:
233:
229:
225:
212:
208:
204:
199:
192:
183:
180:
172:
162:
158:
152:
151:
145:
141:
137:
132:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1350:
1349:Obituary in
1317:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1301:
1280:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1135:Trade Center
1082:, 1997–2001)
1060:Oita Stadium
1031:, Kazakhstan
1004:, 1996–1999)
1000:Amber Hall (
953:, 1993–1996)
913:, 1991–1995)
721:, 1978–1982)
633:
620:
607:
598:
594:
585:
581:
572:
568:
548:
544:
528:World War II
517:
502:Impermanence
488:
484:
476:
464:
452:Kuala Lumpur
433:
429:architecture
418:
391:
355:Kanie, Aichi
352:
311:
310:
240:(2007-10-12)
224:Kanie, Aichi
220:8 April 1934
175:
166:
155:Please help
147:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1401:2007 deaths
1396:1934 births
1266:maggies.org
1080:Toyota City
1008:O Residence
960: [
943: [
924: [
903: [
810:Netherlands
578:Receptivity
557:Materiality
532:earthquakes
489:He died of
460:Los Angeles
421:Ayako Wakao
398:avant-garde
371:Kenzo Tange
161:introducing
1390:Categories
1319:2010-01-07
1222:Nippon.com
1070:KL Sentral
664:Sony Tower
431:projects.
275:Occupation
216:1934-04-08
169:March 2024
99:April 2009
69:newspapers
1351:The Times
921:Kibi Dome
911:Kagoshima
872:Senkantei
806:Amsterdam
674:Hiroshima
341:Biography
287:Buildings
278:Architect
1228:30 March
1141:Maggie's
645:Expo '70
630:Projects
536:typhoons
524:Kanazawa
353:Born in
737:Chokaso
719:Saitama
676:, 1976)
514:, Tokyo
456:Beijing
404:at the
248:, Japan
157:improve
83:scholar
1288:
1163:(1988)
1148:Awards
1123:Astana
1029:Astana
591:Detail
448:Astana
444:Nagoya
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1313:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1015:2000s
964:]
951:Fukui
947:]
928:]
907:]
774:1990s
701:1980s
694:Sofia
655:Ginza
638:1970s
520:Kyoto
440:Osaka
436:Tokyo
318:黒川 紀章
246:Tokyo
142:, or
90:JSTOR
76:books
1286:ISBN
1230:2020
1002:Kuji
621:The
522:and
510:The
458:and
304:The
235:Died
210:Born
62:news
1027:in
804:in
45:by
1392::
1264:.
1246:.
1220:.
1159:,
962:jp
945:jp
926:jp
905:jp
808:,
534:,
454:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
337:.
321:,
226:,
146:,
138:,
1322:.
1294:.
1268:.
1250:.
1232:.
1078:(
1066:)
949:(
919:/
909:(
892:/
717:(
692:(
672:(
653:(
327:)
315:(
218:)
214:(
182:)
176:(
171:)
167:(
153:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
