Karoo - Knowledge

84: 1475:(windmill) in the USA. It was perfected in 1883, and soon South Africa (and elsewhere) produced them in large numbers. These windpumps transformed the Great Karoo, making permanent settlement and stock farming (predominantly sheep) possible over large parts of the Karoo for the first time. Like the Karoo Koppie, the multibladed windpump became an iconic feature of the Great Karoo. Sheep farming and the fencing off of the land have meant that antelope numbers have dwindled significantly, and with them, the big carnivores. Leopards still occur in the mountains, but lions now only occur in nature reserves, where they have been recently reintroduced into the Great Karoo. 1269: 1723: 1753: 1291:, moved through Beaufort West. Early one morning, the town was awakened to a sound like that of a strong wind, and suddenly the town was filled with animals. They devoured every sprig of foliage in the town and surrounding countryside. The last of the continuously moving herd left the town 3 days later, to disappear towards the west. The Karoo looked as if a fire had swept through it. During these migrations, the plains and hillsides on every side were thickly covered by one vast mass of springbok, packed like sheep in a fold. As far as the eye could see, the landscape was alive with them. 64: 1170:

and grasses are deciduous, mainly in response to the irregular rainfall. Much of the Nama Karoo biome is used for sheep and goat farming, providing mutton, wool, and pelts for local and international markets, especially since livestock can frequently be provided with a regular supply of water from boreholes. Overgrazing exacerbates the erosion caused by the violent thunderstorms that occur, infrequently, in the summer. It also promotes the replacement of the grasses by shrubs, especially the less edible varieties such as the threethorn (

906: 1479: 1696: 597: 1459: 1135: 4895: 3100: 1565: 1711: 1146:, popularly known as Namaqualand daisies, which put on spectacular flower displays covering vast stretches of the landscape in the southern spring-time (August–September) after good rains in the winter. Grasses are uncommon, making most of the biome unsuitable for grazing. The low rainfall, in fact, discourages most forms of agriculture. An exception is the thriving ostrich-farming industry in the KLein Karoo, which is heavily dependent on supplementary feeding with 747: 621:. It covers two-thirds of South Africa and extends in places to 8000 m below the land surface, constituting an immense volume of rocks which was formed, geologically speaking, in a short period of time. Although almost the whole of the Great Karoo is situated on Karoo Supergroup rocks, the geological Karoo rocks extend over a very much larger area, both within South Africa and Lesotho, but also beyond its borders and onto other continents that formed part of 4908: 4698: 1150:. The difference between the succulent Karoo biome and the Nama Karoo biome is that the former receives the little rain that falls as cyclonic rainfall in winter, which has less erosive power than the infrequent but violent summer thunderstorms of the Nama Karoo. Frost is also less common in the succulent Karoo biome than in the Nama Karoo biome. The number of mainly succulent plant species is very high for an arid area of this size anywhere in the world. 1738: 336: 1245:, which always seemed to accompany them. These quagga seemed gentle and easy to domesticate. (A pair of quagga was used to draw a horse carriage through London, more for curiosity than for any superiority the quagga might have had over a horse.) They were consequently also easy prey for hunters, who hunted them for sport rather than their meat. By the middle of the 1800s, they were almost extinct, and in 1883, the last one died in an Amsterdam zoo. 312: 4920: 4710: 1514:, with the historic Lord Milner Hotel, which is still operational today. The railway reached this point in 1878, before proceeding to Beaufort West at the foot of the Great Escarpment. From there, it reached the top of the African Plateau near Three Sisters along a valley with such a low gradient that passengers were (and still are) hardly aware that they were ascending the Great Escarpment. From there it continued through the Upper Karoo, to 765:. This occurred about 180 million years ago, when huge volumes of lava were extruded over most of Southern Africa and adjoining regions of Gondwana, both on the surface and deep below the surface between the sedimentary strata. Since this massive extrusion of lava, Southern Africa has undergone a prolonged period of erosion, exposing the older, softer rocks, except where they were protected by a cap of dolerite. The genera present include: 666: 650: 1038: 83: 4734: 4932: 4722: 541: 468:, one of the main targets of this enterprise, is best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere. The Upper Karoo is indeed an ideal site for an astronomical observatory. This is not only because of the clear skies, absence of artificial lights, and high altitude, but also because it is tectonically completely inactive (meaning that there are no fault lines or volcanoes nearby, and no earth tremors or 1451:-speaking peoples, who lived in small family groups and, it is believed, remained largely in their own "territories", killing their own game, and gathering bulbs and roots and drinking from a spring or other water source within their territory. Sometimes these territories were very large and the family group moved from one part to the other. Their only domestic animals were dogs. The 1249: 1265:, or south through the Camdeboo district. These vast herds moved steadily and inexorably across the plains, trampling all before them, including their own kind. Le Vaillant gave the first eyewitness account of such a migration in 1782. He rode through the herd filling the Plains of Camdeboo, seeing neither the beginning nor end of the moving mass. 340:

upper, sharp edge of the escarpment. (In other parts of the escarpment, hard erosion-resistant geological layers similarly form the upper, abrupt edge.) Note the island remnants of the earlier extent of the plateau on the plain below the escarpment (the Lower Karoo), left behind as the escarpment has gradually eroded further inland.

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The First World War brought about a slump in the ostrich feather market, but the industry recovered in later years, when not only the feathers were sought after, but also ostrich leather, and its meat, which is very tasty, and a major export item. Today, several farms can be visited by tourists, near

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district was apparently the first person to demonstrate that the ostrich could successfully be domesticated, bred in captivity, and the eggs hatched in incubators, while still producing the magnificent feathers. This idea was quickly adopted by farmers in the Little Karoo, where they started growing

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to the south and the savannah biome to the north. It is defined primarily by the dominance of dwarf (less than 1 m high) shrubs with a co-dominance of grasses especially towards the north-east and east where it grades into the grassland biome of the highveld and the Eastern Midlands. The shrubs

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The Nama Karoo biome is located entirely on the central plateau mostly at altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m. It incorporates nearly the whole of the historical and geographical Great Karoo, but also includes a portion of southern Namibia's Namaqualand, and South Africa's Bushmanland (both local

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The lava outpourings that ended the Karoo deposition of rocks, not only covered the African surface, and other parts of Gondwana with a 1.6 km thick layer basaltic lava, but it also forced its way, under high pressure, between the horizontal layers of sedimentary rocks belonging to the Ecca and

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The Great Karoo straddles the 30° S parallel on the west of the continent, in a similar position to other semidesert areas on earth, north and south of the equator. It is furthermore in the rainfall shadow of the Cape Fold Mountains along the western coastline. The western "Lower Karoo" (the Tankwa

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The mountain zebra occurred in the mountain regions of the Cape Fold Belt and along the southern portion of the Great Escarpment. Thus, they were endemic to, amongst others, the western Lower Karoo and the Klein Karoo. However, they were hunted to near extinction, leaving fewer than 100 individuals

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The introduction of the windpump to tap the Great Karoo's underground water resources in the late 1800s made permanent human habitation and sheep farming possible over large parts of the Great Karoo for the first time. As a result, the teeming number of large antelope in the Karoo has dwindled into

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The Klein Karoo contains two other geological features that give the landscape a special character. During the erosion of the African interior following the bulging of the continent during the massive lava outpourings that ended the Karoo sedimentation 180 million years ago, some of the eroded

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from the air. From about 150 million years ago the South African surface has been subjected to an almost uninterrupted period of erosion, particularly during the past 20 million years, shaving off many kilometers of sediments. This exposed the dolerite sills, which were more resistant to

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The Klein Karoo's boundaries are sharply defined by mountain ranges to the west, north, and south. The road between Uniondale and Willowmore is considered, by convention, to form the approximate arbitrary eastern extremity of the Klein Karoo. Its extent is much smaller than that of the Great Karoo.

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A stylized illustration of the Great Escarpment, based particularly on its appearance in the Great Karoo, where thick erosion resistant dolerite sills (see below; represented here by the thick black lines. The thinner dolerite sills are not drawn in this diagram to avoid clutter) generally form the

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The Klein Karoo, and especially Oudtshoorn, became synonymous with the ostrich-feather industry in the 1880s. The resulting "feather millionaires" built Victorian "Feather Palaces" all over town, using the red rocks belonging to the Enon Conglomerate, and related Kirkwood Formation, to build them.

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The ostrich is found throughout Africa, but the most handsome specimens came from the Klein Karoo, where the dry weather, but plentiful water in the streams formed an ideal habitat for these large, flightless birds. Here, they grow to over 2 m in height, and weigh over 100 kg. The male's

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During these migrations, the springbok never ran or trotted. On the whole, they were silent, except for the shudder of their stamping hoofs. Nothing could divert them, and hunters could ride amongst them, shooting them at random, without apparently causing alarm. People could move amongst them and

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The second special geological feature that marks the Kelin Karoo is the 300 km-long fault line along the southern edge of the Swartberg Mountains. The Swartberg Mountains were lifted up along this fault, to such an extent that in the Oudtshoorn region, the rocks that form the base of the Cape

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The geology of the Klein Karoo bears no resemblance to that of the Great Karoo (see the diagram on the left, of a NS geological cross-section through the Klein and Great Karoos). The valley is an integral part of the Cape Fold Mountain Belt, with the two ranges on either side composed of extremely

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The Karoo Supergroup was formed in a vast inland basin starting 320 million years ago, at a time when that part of Gondwana which would eventually become Africa, lay over the South Pole. Icebergs that had calved off the glaciers and ice sheets to the north deposited a 1 km-thick layer of

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and the Highveld. The boundary to the east grades into the grasslands of the Eastern Midlands. The Great Karoo is itself divided by the Great Escarpment into the Upper Karoo (generally above 1200–1500 m) and the Lower Karoo on the plains below at 700–800 m. A great many local names, each

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unanimously denounced it as a frightening place of great heat, great frosts, great floods, and great droughts. Today, it is still a place of great heat and frosts, and an annual rainfall of between 50 and 250 mm, though on some of the mountains it can be 250 to 500 mm higher than on the

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and the Seweweekspoort defiles, were subject to periodic flooding, after heavy thunderstorms in the Great Karoo. The Swartberg Pass is not tarred and can be treacherously slippery after rain. It also becomes impassable after heavy snowfalls on the mountain, a not infrequent occurrence in winter.

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of the mid-1700s, who led a nomadic existence, enduring great hardships in the relentless aridity, the intense heat (such that even their dogs could not walk on the scorching ground and had to be lifted into the overcrowded wagons), and the bitter cold in winter, especially at night. Before that

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Probably the strangest and most puzzling zoological phenomenon in the Great Karoo was the periodic, unpredictable appearance of massive springbok migrations. These migrations always came from the north, and could either go west towards Namaqualand and the sea, south-west through towns such as

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The first European settlers landed in the Cape of Good Hope in 1652, and between 1659 and 1664, made several unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the Great Karoo from the south-west. The Europeans who first entered the Great Karoo did so from the south-east (traveling north from

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Karoo and Moordenaarskaroo) contain remnants of the Cape Fold Mountains (e.g. the Witteberg and Anysberg Mountains) which give it a moderate hilly appearance, but further east, the Lower Karoo becomes a monotonously flat plain. The "Upper Karoo" has been intruded by

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range to the south. The northern strip of the valley, within 10–20 km from the foot of the Swartberg mountains is least karoo-like, in that it is a well-watered area both from the rain and the many streams that cascade down the mountain, or through narrow

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The Klein Karoo can only be accessed by road through the narrow defiles cut through the surrounding Cape Fold Mountains by ancient, but still flowing, rivers. A few roads traverse the mountains over passes, the most famous and impressive of which is the

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and many others in the Western Cape. The main motivation for building the pass was to provide an all-weather road connection between the southern Great Karoo, and Oudtshoorn (and from there to the sea). The two alternative roads, through the

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Sunset in the Great Karoo, near Sutherland, showing a multibladed windpump, which has made permanent settlement and farming possible in this thirsty land. These windpumps are as iconic of the Great Karoo as are the flat-topped Karoo

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Weishampel, David B; et al (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, Africa)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 535–536.

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No one knew how, why, or where these migrations started, nor where they ended, nor did anyone know if these animals ever returned to where they had started. The migrations were always unidirectional, from north of the Great Karoo.

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A schematic geological map of the outcrops (surface exposures) of the Karoo Supergroup rocks in Southern Africa: The location and approximate structure of the Cape Fold Mountains are also diagrammatically indicated for reference

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belonging to the 450- to 510-million-year-old Table Mountain Group (i.e. the oldest layer of the Cape Supergroup). The valley floor is covered, in the main, by the next (younger) layer of the Supergroup, namely the much softer

1341:. Its numbers have been consistently lowering due to destruction of its habitat. They are unique relative to similar species through how they are polygamous and how each female can only produce one or two offspring per year. 224:

and climate, and above all, its low rainfall, arid air, cloudless skies, and extremes of heat and cold. The Karoo also hosted a well-preserved ecosystem hundreds of million years ago which is now represented by many fossils.

284:, which receives only 75 mm of rain annually. The eastern and north-eastern Karoo are often covered by large patches of grassland. The typical Karoo vegetation used to support large game, sometimes in vast herds. 552:

The southern 30– to 50 km-wide strip, north of the Langeberg range, is as arid as the western Lower Karoo, except in the east, where the Langeberg range (arbitrarily) starts to be called the Outeniqua Mountains.

925:. The colour code for the Karoo rocks is the same as those used in the above diagram. The heavy black line flanked by opposing arrows is the fault that runs for nearly 300 km along the southern edge of the 1393:

by the 1930s. Conservation efforts since then brought their numbers up to 1200 by 1998, mainly by concentrating these zebra in nature reserves and protected areas, the most well-known of these being the

1389:), which lives on the plains. The two species are, therefore, rarely seen in the same habitat. The quagga is closely related to Burchell's zebra, and appears also to have been confined to the plains. 1510:, where it followed a course almost midway between the Swartberg Mountains to the south and the Great Escarpment to the north. Along the way, it passed through the quaint Victorian village of 327:, looking south across the plains of the Lower Karoo: Note the remnants of the former extent of the central plateau on the plain below the escarpment (see diagram on the right). Also note the 1073:, are more extensive than the geographical or historical Karoo described in South African atlases and guide books (compare the map on the right with the map at the beginning of the article). 1006: 1619:

This area was explored by European settlers in the late 17th century, who encountered the Khoisan people as the original inhabitants of this area. The latter called the Swartberg Mountains

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tusks have been found by farmers in the Camdeboo district, but no records exist of any having been seen alive in that region. The quagga roamed the Karoo in great numbers together with

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activity took place on a titanic scale, which brought an end to a flourishing reptile evolution. These genera represent some of the extinct, mainly predinosaur, animals of the Karoo:

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on the other side of the Swartberg mountains in the Great Karoo. Also, the main road between Oudtshoorn and George, on the coastal plain, crosses the mountains to the south via the

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The Klein Karoo is separated from the Great Karoo by the Swartberg Mountain range. Geographically, it is a 290 km-long valley, only 40–60 km wide, formed by two parallel

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have been established in many parts of the Great Karoo, turning what was once regarded as a forbiddingly desolate and unattractive geographical barrier into a tourist destination.

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Highveld do at times experience lower temperatures than Sutherland, but not as consistently as Sutherland does. Snowfalls are not infrequent during the southern winter months. The

365:. The Hantam, Kareeberge, Roggeveld, and uweveldare the better known subregions of the Upper Karoo, though most of it is simply known as the Upper Karoo, especially in the north. 1333:, a critically endangered animal, lives exclusively in seasonal river basins and a very particular set of scrubland in the central semiarid region in the Karoo. It is hunted by 1001:", as they are known, were deposited by high energy, fast flowing rivers, and are found between Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn, where they form the strikingly red "Redstone Hills". 1888: 2335: 220:

of South Africa. No exact definition of what constitutes the Karoo is available, so its extent is also not precisely defined. The Karoo is partly defined by its topography,

440:, at 1456 m above sea level, which is reputedly the coldest town in South Africa with average minimum temperatures of −6.1 °C during winter. Parts of the eastern 357:

denoting different subregions of the Great Karoo, exist, some more widely, or more generally, known than others. In the Lower Karoo, going from west to east, they are the

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After the Beaufort period, Southern Africa (still part of Gondwana) became an arid sand desert with only ephemeral rivers and pans. These sands consolidated to form the

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struggle over the Karoo's vast expanses, it was a bloody war of attrition wherein both sides used newly developed technologies to their advantage. Numerous abandoned

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The ǃ’Aukarob formed an almost impenetrable barrier to the interior from Cape Town, and the early adventurers, explorers, hunters, and travelers on the way to the

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erosion than the Karoo sediments, forming one of the most characteristic features of the Karoo landscape, namely the flat topped hills, called "Karoo Koppies".

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refers to an extensive and geologically recent (180–310 million years old) sequence of sedimentary and igneous rocks, which is flanked to the south by the

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and Moordenaarskaroo regions of the Lower Karoo, and adjoining Upper Karoo region of the geographic Great Karoo. It also occurs to the south, in part of the

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plains. However, underground water is found throughout the Karoo, which can be tapped by boreholes, making permanent settlements and sheep farming possible.

1455:-speaking agriculturalists to the east of the Great Karoo did not occupy this arid region due to the scarce rainfall which prevented the farming of cattle. 3256: 1596:

can still be seen at strategic locations, especially along the railway line, throughout the Great Karoo. A prime example still "guards" a bridge over the

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kill them with sticks, or cripple them by seizing a leg and breaking it. Not only people followed these herds for the easy meat they provided, but also

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lucerne as the birds' favorite food. During 1880, no less than 74,000 kg of feathers were exported, and in 1904, it passed the 210,000-kg mark.

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As in the Great Karoo, antelope and other big game inhabited the Klein Karoo in the past. However, the dominant zebra was not the quagga, but the

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to the south and south-west. The extent of the Karoo to the north is vague, fading gradually and almost imperceptibly into the increasingly arid

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magisterial district, in particular, contributing a significant number of fighters to the Republican cause. Fought both conventionally and as a

761:. This is solidified lava that was forced under high pressure between the horizontal strata of the sedimentary rocks that make up most of the 3141: 2311: 1119:. None of these regions is ever referred to, either geographically or locally, as "Karoo". However, it has a major extension inland into the 929:

Mountains. The Swartberg range owes some of its great height to upliftment along this fault line. The subsurface structures are not to scale.

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which will, 2500 in total, be scattered in other parts of South Africa and Australia, to survey the southern skies at radio frequencies. Our

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geographical names, not names of biomes). It is the second-largest biome in South Africa, and forms the botanical transition between the

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sills which top the escarpment and mountains in the middle distance, giving these structures their characteristic flat-topped appearance.

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which delimits the Central South African Plateau. To the immediate south and south-west the solid lines trace the parallel ranges of the

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A diagrammatic 400 km north–south cross-section through the southern portion of the country at approximately 21° 30' E (i.e. near

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has an emplacement of telescopes about 20 km east of the town, on a small plateau 1798 m above sea level, and is home to the

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has classified the Great Karoo and Klein Karoo as almost entirely within two of what they consider South Africa's eight botanical

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in the Great Karoo. Cape mountain zebras are still found in protected areas managed by Cape Nature, including the Kamanassie and

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in the Swartberg from the Great Karoo. The main towns of the region are situated along this northern strip of the Klein Karoo:

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feathers have been prized by many cultures in Africa, Europe, and Asia over thousands of years. In the 1860s, a farmer in the

569:. The only exit from the Klein Karoo that does not involve crossing a mountain range is through the 150 km-long, narrow 452:, the largest optical telescope in the Southern Hemisphere. To the north, still on the Plateau, and 75 km north-west of 287:

Today, sheep thrive on the xerophytes, though each sheep requires about 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of grazing to sustain itself.

1526:, was found. The Orange River, at this point, forms the local unofficial boundary between the Great Karoo and the Highveld. 3493: 3466: 3370: 3069: 109: 4936: 3340: 1799: 1221:, the famous French explorer, naturalist, and ornithologist, who traveled through the Great Karoo in the 1780s, killed a 971:

shales. The dolerite of the Great Karoo did not penetrate these rocks, so Karoo Koppies are not seen in the Klein Karoo.

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Flat-topped hills (called Karoo Koppies) are highly characteristic of the southern and southwestern Karoo landscape.

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in the Great Fish River in the Karoo (and ate its foot for breakfast). He also recorded that he saw the spoor of a

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Great locust swarms also frequently invaded or arose in the Great Karoo, and still occur from time to time today.

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through a hub at De Aar, in the Great Karoo. Further branch lines were later built from points further north to

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The Karoo is divided into the Great Karoo and the Klein Karoo. The Klein Karoo is delimited in the south by the

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A railway line was built to connect Calitzdorp and Oudtshoorn, to Willowmore and from there, via Klipplaat, to

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McCarthy, T.S. (2013) The Okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa.

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The vegetation of the Upper is similar to the Lower Karoo, so few people make a distinction between the two.

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Supergroup are exposed. These are locally known as the Cango Group, but are probably continuous with the

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The main highway (the N1) and railway line from Cape Town to the north enter the Lower Karoo from the

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The succulent Karoo biome is dominated by dwarf, leafy-succulent shrubs, and annuals, predominantly

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towards the north-west. To the north and north-east, it fades into the savannah and grasslands of

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The only sharp and definite boundary of the Great Karoo is formed by the most inland ranges of

31: 2836: 1965:. (5th Ed. 1993). pp. 78–89. Reader’s Digest Association of South Africa Pty. Ltd., Cape Town. 1710: 1268: 698: 4582: 4422: 4394: 4275: 4125: 3999: 3964: 3959: 3821: 3806: 3801: 3776: 3738: 3638: 3191: 1872: 1744: 1398: 502: 4973: 4600: 4572: 4473: 4409: 4309: 4180: 4170: 4140: 4110: 4080: 4065: 4049: 3856: 3211: 2281: 1650: 1218: 1172: 994: 8: 4792: 4681: 4666: 4361: 4266: 4207: 4190: 4165: 4115: 4004: 3920: 3456: 1774: 1769: 1507: 1382: 1374: 1354: 1350: 1345:

insignificance, and with them, the large carnivores have all but disappeared. Today, the

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Bulpin, Thomas Victor (1985). "7. The lost world of the dinosaurs: The Karoo sequence".

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These grand red palaces and other buildings in Oudtshoorn can still be admired today.

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material was trapped in the valleys of the Cape Fold Mountains, especially during the

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Farmlands along the well-watered, fertile foothills of the more than 2000 m-high

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Walton, Christopher, ed. (1984). "Anatomy of South Africa: 200 million years ago".

1996: 1988: 1166: 1070: 918: 762: 713:

prospered in the wet forests, and their remains have made the Karoo famous amongst

682: 634: 606: 591: 410: 272:. The driest region of the Karoo, however, is its southwestern corner, between the 245: 221: 159: 2225:

p. 89-90, 102–107, 134–136,159–161, 195–211, 248–254. Struik Publishers, Cape Town

1283:

In 1849, a massive herd of springbok, amongst which were intermingled wildebeest,

264:, spaced 50 cm or more apart, and becoming very sparse going northwards into 4818: 4495: 4288: 4195: 4097: 3246: 2735: 2661: 2630: 2608: 2564: 2339: 1892: 1853: 1686: 1674: 1573: 1468: 1452: 1330: 1128: 1103:

geographical region, about 250 km north of Cape Town, and continues through

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This article is about the semidesert region of South Africa. For other uses, see

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Moodley, Y. & Harley, E.H. (2006) Population structuring in mountain zebra (

2389:

Reid, R., ed. (2005). "7. The lost world of the dinosaurs: The Karoo sequence".

2354:(1975); Macropaedia, Vol. 17. p. 60. Helen Hemingway Benton Publishers, Chicago. 4958: 4805: 4557: 4552: 4517: 4437: 4379: 4240: 3942: 3241: 1635: 1546: 1523: 1511: 1483: 1478: 1131:. From here, it continues eastwards into the western half of the Klein Karoo. 1014: 1010: 942: 938: 899: 878: 807: 795: 783: 758: 722: 610: 566: 558: 481: 429: 400: 217: 198: 97: 69: 3001: 2458: 2308:"273 Precision Actuators for the Largest Telescope in the Southern Hemisphere" 941:. The long vertical fissures through which the lava welled up solidified into 596: 4952: 4894: 4860: 4855: 4522: 4485: 4314: 4261: 3952: 3881: 3876: 3103: 2909: 2068:. Micropaedia, Vol. 6. (2007). p. 750. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., Chicago. 1804: 1729: 1702: 1671:

wrote of the Karoo in his 1899 poem "Drummer Hodge" (or "The Dead Drummer").

1458: 1448: 1410: 1358: 1308: 1262: 1189: 1184: 894: 694: 418: 324: 124: 111: 2271:. pp. 271–274, 301–314. Discovering Southern Africa Productions, Muizenberg. 4832: 4827: 4801: 4661: 4500: 4337: 4256: 4245: 4230: 4155: 3891: 3886: 3871: 3866: 3226: 3150: 3046: 2010: 1992: 1668: 1641:

The Swartberg Pass was built, with convict labor, between 1881 and 1888 by

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that also runs east–west. The Great Karoo lies to the north the Swartberg.

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and follow a course about 50 km south of the Great Escarpment up to

3119: 2541:

Van Deventer, L. & McLennan, B. (eds) (2010). "The Little Karoo" in

1842:. (1984). p. 13, 98–106, 114–119. Reader’s Digest Association, Cape Town 717:. The first of these Karoo fossils was discovered in 1838 by Scots-born 4865: 4845: 4840: 4595: 4345: 4323: 4298: 4293: 3925: 3913: 1678: 1593: 1444: 1334: 1238: 1226: 1159: 1143: 1066: 976: 910: 867: 770: 518: 514: 441: 335: 3114: 2624: 2129:. p. 206-223, 243–247, 252–273, 300–311. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 1436:), which is slightly less arid than the western Karoo. These were the 311: 4874: 4870: 4750: 4567: 4389: 4369: 4332: 4328: 4046: 3937: 3261: 3083: 1608: 1438: 1433: 1273: 1210: 1022: 981: 963: 960: 926: 849: 814: 710: 570: 545: 510: 506: 489: 485: 465: 379: 300: 277: 253: 237: 2195:. (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa. 1529:

The line reached Kimberley in 1885, and has since been extended via

1217:, and other large game, especially on the grassy flats in the east. 988: 428:

Turning north from the N1 between Touws River and Beaufort West, at

88:

Extent of the Karoo (olive-green) and Klein Karoo (bright green) in

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recognised the Karoo fossils' mammal-like characteristics in 1897.

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at a road cutting near Fort Beaufort. He sent his specimens to the

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that run east–west parallel to the coast, and in the north by the

4850: 4505: 4374: 4318: 4302: 4235: 3903: 1542: 1346: 1304: 1300: 1284: 1242: 1147: 1116: 1096: 1045:, or botanical regions, of South Africa bear the name Karoo: the 833: 819: 706: 690: 665: 649: 522: 2436:. The Reader's Digest Association South Africa. pp. 14–15. 2282:"Deep Space Observatories: The Southern African Large Telescope" 1604:, in the Lower Karoo, between Matjiesfontein and Beaufort West. 697:

and on the Highveld. This 3 km-thick layer is known as the

1554: 1538: 1515: 1316: 1214: 548:(in the background) along the northern strip of the Klein Karoo 461: 214: 174: 3109: 1685:

while guarding the Karoo railway track, a lifeline during the

1627:

in the Swartberg Mountains are named after this Khoisan word.

685:

of varying origins and sizes into this basin. This became the

613:, and to the north by the more ancient Ventersdorp Lavas, the 540: 2898: 1977:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" 1312: 1115:, and on into the Namaqualand or Namaland region of southern 1058: 1042: 628: 1296: 241: 210: 177: 165: 2417:. p. 6-7. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. 1580:

units, reinforced by the sympathizers ("rebels") from the

1049:

to the west of green line, and the Nama Karoo to the east.

913:

in the Klein Karoo), showing the relationship between the

754:

Karoo Koppies hills are capped by hard, erosion-resistant

2514: 1248: 2084:. (5th Ed.) pp. 106–117. Conolly Publishers, Scottburgh. 2056:. p. 12-13, 120, 126, 140–146. Fontana/ Collins, London. 1276:, one of Southern Africa's most well-known antelopes or 2310:. Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co. KG. May 2003. 1981:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2962:

Hockey, P.A.R., Dean, W.R.J. & Ryan, P.G. (2005).

1974: 1600:, 12 km (7.5 mi) to the east of the town of 525:, as well as such well-known mission stations such as 361:, the Moordenaarskaroo, the Koup, the Vlakte, and the 2992:):the molecular consequences of divergent histories. 2193:

Geological Map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

186: 162: 1963:

Reader’s Digest Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa

1256:'s menagerie at Versailles by Nicolas Marechal, 1793 432:, the road ascends the Great Escarpment through the 171: 1205:The Great Karoo used to support a large variety of 168: 1852: 1490:In 1872, construction was started to connect the 1021:. In the Klein Karoo, the outcrop is composed of 4950: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1447:-speaking clans migrating through the area, and 1418:Oudtshoorn, the center of the ostrich industry. 2977:Raptor Identification Guide for Southern Africa 1968: 1851: 1918:Potgieter, D.J. & du Plessis, T.C. (1972) 573:valley between Uniondale and Humansdorp, near 4766: 4626:Geographic data and information organizations 4031: 3135: 2924:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3326A45176532.en 2575: 2573: 2173: 1095:northwards to over 200 km into southern 953: 701:, which is overlain by the 5.6 km-thick 3045: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 194:; from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South 3034:Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute 2979:. pp. 62, 82. Rollerbird Press, Pinegowrie. 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 1099:. It starts in the south just north of the 4773: 4759: 4038: 4024: 3142: 3128: 3016:. Cape Town. Human & Rousseau, p. 95. 2945: 2943: 2941: 2899:Collins, K.; Bragg, C.; Birss, C. (2019). 2870:"Bunolagus monticularis (Riverine rabbit)" 2582:. (1999) p. 90. Times Books Group, London. 2580:The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World 2570: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1522:, where South Africa's first diamond, the 629:Geological history of the Karoo Supergroup 561:between Oudtshoorn in the Klein Karoo and 4677:National Council for Geographic Education 3149: 2951:Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa 2922: 2667: 2585: 2545:. p. 58-61. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. 2459:"Early dinosaurs crawled before they ran" 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2132: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2087: 2076: 2074: 2059: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2000: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1920:Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa 1087:The succulent Karoo biome runs along the 917:(and their geological structure) and the 68:Typical Karoo vegetation to the south of 2975:Oberprieler, U. & Cillié, B. (2002) 2837:"Bunolagus monticularis riverine rabbit" 2198: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1922:. Vol. 6. pp. 306–307. Nasou, Cape Town. 1563: 1506:and entered the Lower Karoo through the 1477: 1457: 1267: 1247: 1133: 1076: 1036: 904: 745: 595: 539: 334: 310: 2956: 2938: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2537: 2535: 2450: 2420: 2393:. Struik Publishers. pp. 199–221. 1897: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1192:plant species in the Nama Karoo biome. 580: 14: 4951: 4780: 3063: 2982: 2820:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2776:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2711:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2543:South Africa by Road, a Regional Guide 2502:from the original on 28 September 2007 2481: 2456: 2431: 2363: 2228: 2165:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2102: 2071: 1925: 1662: 739:Finally, about 180 million years ago, 456:, seven radio dishes form part of the 446:South African Astronomical Observatory 4754: 4019: 3123: 3066:""Bridge-Guard in the Karroo": Notes" 2864: 2862: 2847:from the original on 14 December 2014 2487: 2368:. Books of Africa. pp. 199–221. 2314:from the original on 29 February 2012 2017: 1623:meaning "a place rich in water". The 1069:, although both, like the geological 4931: 4721: 4045: 3852:South African Bantu-speaking peoples 2636: 2532: 2388: 1873:participating institution membership 1816: 1443:time, the only inhabitants were the 919:geology of the Klein and Great Karoo 278:Cederberg-Skurweberg mountain ranges 4733: 2953:p. 136, 170, 176. Struik, Cape Town 2949:Stuart, C. & Stuart, T (2007). 2910:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2221:McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). 1800:Central Karoo District Municipality 1681:soldiers at Ketting station on the 1494:'s coastal railway system with the 1153: 1041:Two separate and independent Karoo 76:Mountains visible in the background 24: 2859: 2469:from the original on 17 April 2009 2082:Conolly’s Guide to Southern Africa 1518:, and crossed the Orange River at 1188:). However, there are few rare or 934:Beaufort groups, to solidify into 585: 27:Semi-desert region in South Africa 25: 4995: 3092: 2880:from the original on 28 June 2015 2413:Jackson, A.A., Stone, P. (2008). 2366:Scenic Wonders of Southern Africa 2288:from the original on 4 March 2012 2125:Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) 1975:Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). 1568:A blockhouse in the eastern Karoo 1421: 1252:Painting of a quagga stallion in 921:, as well as the position of the 488:to the north, and the continuous 472:occur, even at great distances). 4930: 4918: 4907: 4906: 4893: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4672:International Geography Olympiad 3098: 3082:The poem was first published in 3072:from the original on 28 May 2012 2964:Roberts Birds of Southern Africa 2096:South African Journal of Geology 1751: 1736: 1721: 1709: 1694: 1614: 1426: 1368: 1200: 1061:, they have coined their biomes 664: 648: 475: 450:Southern African Large Telescope 390: 158: 82: 62: 4969:Natural regions of South Africa 3057: 3039: 3026: 3006: 2969: 2892: 2829: 2785: 2741: 2720: 2614: 2548: 2407: 2382: 2357: 2345: 2326: 2300: 2274: 2066:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 1576:of 1899–1902, three Republican 4385:Geographic information science 1879: 1845: 1758:Farmhouse in the Tankwa Karoo. 1728:The Valley of Desolation near 1607:Recently, nature reserves and 1195: 1032: 1017:, and similar outcrops in the 368: 306: 39:Natural region in South Africa 13: 1: 4491:Geographic information system 2457:Knight, Will (28 July 2005). 2391:The Story of Earth & Life 2223:The Story of Earth and Life. 1810: 1533:(then Bechuanaland) to reach 1138:Spring flowers in Namaqualand 890:herbivorous, bipedal dinosaur 297:Outeniqua–Langeberg Mountains 4418:Environmental social science 3106:travel guide from Wikivoyage 1780:Mountain Zebra National Park 1701:The Nuweveld Mountains near 1395:Mountain Zebra National Park 385: 290: 7: 3110:http://www.karoospace.co.za 2269:Discovering Southern Africa 1795:Karoo District Municipality 1763: 1743:Typical Karoo koppies near 1111:, immediately south of the 315:A view from the top of the 10: 5000: 3014:Early Railways at the Cape 1790:Tankwa Karoo National Park 1502:, The new line started in 1357:(3.0–5.8 kg) and the 1157: 1080: 954:Geology of the Klein Karoo 632: 589: 268:and, from there, into the 29: 4964:Geography of South Africa 4902: 4891: 4788: 4692: 4649: 4618: 4581: 4533:Global Positioning System 4459: 4450: 4408: 4360: 4221: 4096: 4089: 4056: 3977: 3842: 3752: 3629: 3620: 3515: 3506: 3417: 3408: 3314: 3305: 3280: 3170: 3161: 3002:10.1007/s10592-005-9083-8 1860:Oxford English Dictionary 1482:The Lord Milner Hotel in 1471:invented the multibladed 1403:Gamkaberg Nature Reserves 959:hard, erosion-resistant, 774:, aquatic Dwyka carnivore 642:Extinct Karoo vertebrates 605:In geological terms, the 140: 105: 81: 61: 54: 44: 3032:Royal Colonial Society: 2633:. Accessed 30 April 2014 2434:Atlas of Southern Africa 2415:Bedrock Geology UK South 1840:Atlas of Southern Africa 725:, where fellow Scotsman 689:consisting primarily of 301:Swartberg Mountain Range 4979:Physiographic provinces 4641:National mapping agency 4606:Survey (human research) 4548:Participant observation 3573:State-owned enterprises 3272:Democratic South Africa 2352:Encyclopædia Britannica 1865:Oxford University Press 1387:Equus quagga burchellii 1233:(eastern Lower Karoo). 1229:near Cranemere, in the 1009:that forms the base of 984: million years ago 240:vegetation consists of 4631:Geographical societies 4428:Landscape architecture 2903:Bunolagus monticularis 2660:8 January 2014 at the 2611:Accessed 30 April 2014 2555:Biomes of South Africa 2342:. Accessed 2014-04-24. 2284:. Space Today Online. 2054:The Plains of Camdeboo 1993:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 1891:17 August 2021 at the 1785:Camdeboo National Park 1569: 1487: 1464: 1280: 1257: 1139: 1050: 930: 751: 602: 549: 458:Square Kilometer Array 341: 332: 32:Karoo (disambiguation) 4984:South African English 4423:Environmental studies 4395:Statistical geography 4276:Environmental science 3192:Kingdom of Mapungubwe 3012:Burman, Jose (1984). 2994:Conservation Genetics 2874:Biodiversity Explorer 2826:. Accessed 2 May 2014 2782:. Accessed 2 May 2014 2738:. Accessed 2 May 2014 2734:27 April 2014 at the 2717:. Accessed 2 May 2014 2664:. Accessed 2 May 2014 2490:"Rhebok Hiking Trail" 2338:26 April 2014 at the 2267:Bulpin, T.V. (1992). 1567: 1557:, and, of course, to 1481: 1461: 1271: 1251: 1137: 1091:, from approximately 1077:Succulent Karoo biome 1040: 908: 863:carnivorous therapsid 749: 599: 543: 425:and the Upper Karoo. 338: 314: 4636:Geoscience societies 4601:Interview (research) 4573:Land change modeling 4474:Computer cartography 4452:Techniques and tools 4310:Earth system science 3827:World Heritage Sites 3603:Water and sanitation 3212:Mthethwa Paramountcy 2917:: e.T3326A45176532. 2841:Animal Diversity Web 2683:The Nama Karoo Biome 2652:The Nama Karoo Biome 2567:Accessed 13 May 2014 2080:Conolly, D. (1992). 1886:English – Kora index 1645:, son of the famous 1219:Francois Le Vaillant 1182:), and sweet thorn ( 1173:Rhigozum trichotomum 619:Waterberg Supergroup 615:Transvaal Supergroup 581:Geology of the Karoo 4793:Atmospheric science 4682:Spatial citizenship 4667:Geographers on Film 4657:Geography education 4267:Atmospheric science 3115:Karoo, South Africa 2563:25 May 2013 at the 2127:Geological Journeys 1863:(Online ed.). 1775:Karoo National Park 1770:People of the Karoo 1663:Karoo in literature 1375:Cape mountain zebra 1351:black-backed jackal 1125:Breede River Valley 1055:World Wildlife Fund 997:) ago. These "Enon 947:Great Wall of China 945:which resemble the 915:Cape Fold Mountains 611:Cape Fold Mountains 546:Swartberg Mountains 346:Cape Fold Mountains 321:Karoo National Park 121: / 4885:Quaternary science 4782:Physical geography 4563:Statistical survey 4513:Geologic modelling 4352:Quaternary science 3237:Transvaal Republic 3051:"The Dead Drummer" 2802:on 18 October 2014 2693:on 18 October 2014 2629:2 May 2014 at the 2607:5 May 2017 at the 2147:on 18 October 2014 2052:Palmer, E. (1966) 1647:Andrew Geddes Bain 1572:During the Second 1570: 1488: 1465: 1281: 1258: 1209:(particularly the 1179:Chrysocoma ciliata 1140: 1051: 931: 752: 719:Andrew Geddes Bain 603: 550: 482:Cape Fold Mountain 434:Verlatenkloof Pass 382:for Little Karoo. 374:It is called the 342: 333: 4946: 4945: 4880:Landscape ecology 4824:Coastal geography 4748: 4747: 4614: 4613: 4446: 4445: 4433:Landscape ecology 4253:Coastal geography 4013: 4012: 3973: 3972: 3616: 3615: 3608:Wealth inequality 3555:Income inequality 3502: 3501: 3477:Political parties 3442:Foreign relations 3404: 3403: 3301: 3300: 3232:Orange Free State 3207:Dutch Cape Colony 3197:Kingdom of Mutapa 2138:Grassland biome. 1871:(Subscription or 1687:South African War 1651:Bain's Kloof Pass 1379:Equus zebra zebra 1339:Verreaux's eagles 1309:African wild dogs 977:Cretaceous period 262:desert ephemerals 246:mesembryanthemums 150: 149: 16:(Redirected from 4991: 4934: 4933: 4922: 4910: 4909: 4897: 4815:Paleoclimatology 4775: 4768: 4761: 4752: 4751: 4736: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4700: 4699: 4528:Geovisualization 4457: 4456: 4400:Spatial analysis 4285:Paleoclimatology 4094: 4093: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4016: 3993: 3986: 3812:National symbols 3734:Social movements 3627: 3626: 3568: 3540:Economic history 3513: 3512: 3415: 3414: 3381:Populated places 3312: 3311: 3252:Great Depression 3168: 3167: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3102: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3010: 3004: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2967: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2833: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2798:. Archived from 2789: 2783: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2758:on 17 April 2014 2754:. Archived from 2745: 2739: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2689:. Archived from 2680: 2665: 2649: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2596: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2552: 2546: 2539: 2530: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2501: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2429: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2332:The Great Karoo 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2226: 2219: 2196: 2190: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143:. Archived from 2136: 2130: 2123: 2100: 2091: 2085: 2078: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2050: 2015: 2014: 2004: 1987:(1636): 759–65. 1972: 1966: 1960: 1923: 1916: 1895: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1856: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1755: 1740: 1725: 1713: 1698: 1508:Hex River valley 1383:Burchell's zebra 1355:Verreaux's eagle 1353:(6–10 kg), 1349:(7–19 kg), 1319:preyed on them. 1154:Nama Karoo biome 1071:Karoo Supergroup 1007:Malmesbury Group 992: 985: 923:Great Escarpment 715:palaeontologists 668: 652: 635:Karoo Supergroup 607:Karoo Supergroup 592:Karoo Supergroup 411:Hex River Valley 317:Great Escarpment 274:Great Escarpment 190: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 136: 135: 133: 132: 131: 126: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 94:Great Escarpment 86: 66: 42: 41: 21: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4898: 4889: 4819:Palaeogeography 4784: 4779: 4749: 4744: 4688: 4645: 4610: 4577: 4496:Distributed GIS 4442: 4404: 4356: 4289:Palaeogeography 4217: 4085: 4052: 4044: 4014: 4009: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3969: 3838: 3817:Public holidays 3748: 3714:Sexual violence 3694:Life expectancy 3612: 3566: 3560:Mining industry 3498: 3462:Law enforcement 3400: 3366:Mountain ranges 3297: 3276: 3247:Second Boer War 3157: 3148: 3095: 3090: 3086:of 5 June 1901. 3075: 3073: 3062: 3058: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3011: 3007: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2868: 2867: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2813: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2796:"Archived copy" 2794: 2792:Grassland Biome 2790: 2786: 2769: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2752:"Archived copy" 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736:Wayback Machine 2725: 2721: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2687:"Archived copy" 2685: 2681: 2668: 2662:Wayback Machine 2650: 2637: 2631:Wayback Machine 2621:Succulent Karoo 2619: 2615: 2609:Wayback Machine 2599:Succulent Karoo 2597: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2565:Wayback Machine 2553: 2549: 2540: 2533: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2470: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2340:Wayback Machine 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2229: 2220: 2199: 2191: 2174: 2158: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2141:"Archived copy" 2139: 2137: 2133: 2124: 2103: 2092: 2088: 2079: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2018: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1926: 1917: 1898: 1893:Wayback Machine 1884: 1880: 1870: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1817: 1813: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1747: 1741: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1716:The Lower Karoo 1714: 1705: 1699: 1675:Rudyard Kipling 1665: 1617: 1469:Daniel Halladay 1429: 1424: 1371: 1331:riverine rabbit 1231:Camdeboo Plains 1203: 1198: 1162: 1156: 1129:Robertson Karoo 1085: 1083:Succulent Karoo 1079: 1063:succulent Karoo 1047:Succulent Karoo 1035: 987: 980: 956: 763:Karoo's geology 734:Stormberg Group 681:mud containing 678: 677: 676: 675: 674: 669: 660: 659: 658: 653: 644: 643: 637: 631: 594: 588: 586:The Great Karoo 583: 575:Plettenberg Bay 478: 423:Central Plateau 393: 388: 371: 363:Camdeboo Plains 354:Griqualand West 309: 293: 270:Kalahari Desert 188: 161: 157: 129: 127: 125:32.27°S 22.31°E 123: 120: 115: 112: 110: 108: 107: 101: 77: 57: 50: 47: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4830: 4821: 4808: 4806:Phytogeography 4799: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4777: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4558:Remote sensing 4555: 4553:Photogrammetry 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4518:Geomathematics 4515: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4465: 4463: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4440: 4438:Time geography 4435: 4430: 4425: 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3731: 3726: 3721: 3719:Slum clearance 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3578:Stock exchange 3575: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3535:Communications 3532: 3527: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3496: 3494:State security 3491: 3490: 3489: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3376:National parks 3373: 3371:Municipalities 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3331: 3329:Climate change 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3242:First Boer War 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3094: 3093:External links 3091: 3089: 3088: 3056: 3038: 3025: 3005: 2981: 2968: 2955: 2937: 2891: 2858: 2828: 2784: 2740: 2719: 2666: 2635: 2613: 2584: 2569: 2547: 2531: 2513: 2480: 2449: 2443:0-947-008-02-0 2442: 2419: 2406: 2399: 2381: 2374: 2356: 2344: 2325: 2299: 2273: 2227: 2197: 2172: 2131: 2101: 2086: 2070: 2058: 2016: 1967: 1924: 1896: 1878: 1844: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1693: 1664: 1661: 1636:Port Elizabeth 1616: 1613: 1574:Anglo-Boer War 1547:Port Elizabeth 1524:Eureka Diamond 1512:Matjiesfontein 1496:diamond fields 1484:Matjiesfontein 1428: 1425: 1423: 1422:Modern history 1420: 1370: 1367: 1287:, quagga, and 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1176:), bitterbos ( 1158:Main article: 1155: 1152: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1034: 1031: 1015:Cape Peninsula 1011:Table Mountain 955: 952: 903: 902: 891: 879:Massospondylus 875: 864: 852: 837: 825: 811: 808:Beaufort Group 799: 796:Beaufort Group 787: 784:Beaufort Group 775: 723:British Museum 703:Beaufort Group 670: 663: 662: 661: 654: 647: 646: 645: 641: 640: 639: 638: 633:Main article: 630: 627: 590:Main article: 587: 584: 582: 579: 567:Outeniqua Pass 559:Swartberg Pass 477: 474: 430:Matjiesfontein 392: 389: 387: 384: 370: 367: 308: 305: 292: 289: 218:natural region 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 103: 102: 98:Cape Fold Belt 87: 79: 78: 70:Matjiesfontein 67: 59: 58: 56:Natural region 55: 52: 51: 48: 45: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4996: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4939: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4861:Geostatistics 4859: 4857: 4856:Geomorphology 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4764: 4762: 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2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Savanna Biome 2744: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2528: 2527:0-520-24209-2 2524: 2517: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2468: 2464: 2463:New Scientist 2460: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2410: 2402: 2400:1-77007-148-2 2396: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2375:0-949956-26-0 2371: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2270: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2168: 2162: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 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