Knowledge - Knowledge

1548:. If two beliefs mutually support each other then a person has a reason for accepting one belief if they already have the other. However, mutual support alone is not a good reason for newly accepting both beliefs at once. A closely related issue is that there can be distinct sets of coherent beliefs. Coherentists face the problem of explaining why someone should accept one coherent set rather than another. For infinitists, in contrast to foundationalists and coherentists, there is an infinite number of reasons. This view embraces the idea that there is a regress since each reason depends on another reason. One difficulty for this view is that the human mind is limited and may not be able to possess an infinite number of reasons. This raises the question of whether, according to infinitism, human knowledge is possible at all. 1420: 1508: 1636:, a cup of coffee made by a reliable coffee machine has the same value as an equally good cup of coffee made by an unreliable coffee machine. This difficulty in solving the value problem is sometimes used as an argument against reliabilism. Virtue epistemology, by contrast, offers a unique solution to the value problem. Virtue epistemologists see knowledge as the manifestation of cognitive virtues. They hold that knowledge has additional value due to its association with virtue. This is based on the idea that cognitive success in the form of the manifestation of virtues is inherently valuable independent of whether the resulting states are instrumentally useful. 806: 1283:. A traditionally common view is that introspection has a special epistemic status by being infallible. According to this position, it is not possible to be mistaken about introspective facts, like whether one is in pain, because there is no difference between appearance and reality. However, this claim has been contested in the contemporary discourse and critics argue that it may be possible, for example, to mistake an unpleasant itch for a pain or to confuse the experience of a slight ellipse for the experience of a circle. Perceptual and introspective knowledge often act as a form of fundamental or basic knowledge. According to some 1888: 1584: 40: 2190:. This includes face-to-face discussions and online communications as well as seminars and rituals. An important role in this context falls to institutions, like university departments or scientific journals in the academic context. Anthropologists of knowledge understand traditions as knowledge that has been reproduced within a society or geographic region over several generations. They are interested in how this reproduction is affected by external influences. For example, societies tend to interpret knowledge claims found in other societies and incorporate them in a modified form. 1557: 1080:, beliefs, and other mental states. A common view is that self-knowledge is more direct than knowledge of the external world, which relies on the interpretation of sense data. Because of this, it is traditionally claimed that self-knowledge is indubitable, like the claim that a person cannot be wrong about whether they are in pain. However, this position is not universally accepted in the contemporary discourse and an alternative view states that self-knowledge also depends on interpretations that could be false. In a slightly different sense, 2099: 867: 1500:

justify it by referring to their reason for holding it. In many cases, this reason depends itself on another belief that may as well be challenged. An example is a person who believes that Ford cars are cheaper than BMWs. When their belief is challenged, they may justify it by claiming that they heard it from a reliable source. This justification depends on the assumption that their source is reliable, which may itself be challenged. The same may apply to any subsequent reason they cite. This threatens to lead to an

747: 2324:, and knowledge application. Knowledge creation is the first step and involves the production of new information. Knowledge storage can happen through media like books, audio recordings, film, and digital databases. Secure storage facilitates knowledge sharing, which involves the transmission of information from one person to another. For the knowledge to be beneficial, it has to be put into practice, meaning that its insights should be used to either improve existing practices or implement new ones. 1682:. This method aims to arrive at reliable knowledge by formulating the problem in a clear way and by ensuring that the evidence used to support or refute a specific theory is public, reliable, and replicable. This way, other researchers can repeat the experiments and observations in the initial study to confirm or disconfirm it. The scientific method is often analyzed as a series of steps that begins with regular observation and data collection. Based on these insights, scientists then try to find a 1304: 766:. Truth is a widely accepted feature of knowledge. It implies that, while it may be possible to believe something false, one cannot know something false. That knowledge is a form of belief implies that one cannot know something if one does not believe it. Some everyday expressions seem to violate this principle, like the claim that "I do not believe it, I know it!" But the point of such expressions is usually to emphasize one's confidence rather than denying that a belief is involved. 1580:. Not all forms of knowledge are useful and many beliefs about trivial matters have no instrumental value. This concerns, for example, knowing how many grains of sand are on a specific beach or memorizing phone numbers one never intends to call. In a few cases, knowledge may even have a negative value. For example, if a person's life depends on gathering the courage to jump over a ravine, then having a true belief about the involved dangers may hinder them from doing so. 1482:, who argue that the possibility of error can never be fully excluded. This means that even the best-researched scientific theories and the most fundamental commonsense views could still be subject to error. Further research may reduce the possibility of being wrong, but it can never fully exclude it. Some fallibilists reach the skeptical conclusion from this observation that there is no knowledge but the more common view is that knowledge exists but is fallible. 920: 1527:. Foundationalists and coherentists deny the existence of an infinite regress, in contrast to infinitists. According to foundationalists, some basic reasons have their epistemic status independent of other reasons and thereby constitute the endpoint of the regress. Some foundationalists hold that certain sources of knowledge, like perception, provide basic reasons. Another view is that this role is played by certain self-evident truths, like the 15111: 15501: 1217: 15145: 1443:, which arises when the available evidence is not sufficient to make a rational decision between competing theories. In such cases, a person is not justified in believing one theory rather than the other. If this is always the case then global skepticism follows. Another skeptical argument assumes that knowledge requires absolute certainty and aims to show that all human cognition is fallible since it fails to meet this standard. 15162: 1603:. It is controversial whether all knowledge has intrinsic value, including knowledge about trivial facts like knowing whether the biggest apple tree had an even number of leaves yesterday morning. One view in favor of the intrinsic value of knowledge states that having no belief about a matter is a neutral state and knowledge is always better than this neutral state, even if the value difference is only minimal. 15128: 911:, and generalities, like that the color of leaves of some trees changes in autumn. Because of the dependence on mental representations, it is often held that the capacity for propositional knowledge is exclusive to relatively sophisticated creatures, such as humans. This is based on the claim that advanced intellectual capacities are needed to believe a proposition that expresses what the world is like. 500:. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies focus on justification. This includes questions like how to understand justification, whether it is needed at all, and whether something else besides it is needed. These controversies intensified in the latter half of the 20th century due to a series of thought experiments called 2047:. This is often combined with the assumption that these doctrines are true but cannot be fully understood by reason or verified through rational inquiry. For this reason, it is claimed that one should accept them even though they do not amount to knowledge. Such a view is reflected in a famous saying by Immanuel Kant where he claims that he "had to deny knowledge in order to make room for faith." 831:. Another approach defines knowledge in regard to the function it plays in cognitive processes as that which provides reasons for thinking or doing something. A different response accepts justification as an aspect of knowledge and include additional criteria. Many candidates have been suggested, like the requirements that the justified true belief does not depend on any false beliefs, that no 15083: 1640:

whether to seek knowledge about a specific matter. On a political level, this concerns the problem of identifying the most promising research programs to allocate funds. Similar concerns affect businesses, where stakeholders have to decide whether the cost of acquiring knowledge is justified by the economic benefits that this knowledge may provide, and the military, which relies on

1621:. According to Plato, knowledge is better because it is more stable. Another suggestion is that knowledge gets its additional value from justification. One difficulty for this view is that while justification makes it more probable that a belief is true, it is not clear what additional value it provides in comparison to an unjustified belief that is already true. 1237:, is identified as the most important source of empirical knowledge. Knowing that a baby is sleeping is observational knowledge if it was caused by a perception of the snoring baby. However, this would not be the case if one learned about this fact through a telephone conversation with one's spouse. Perception comes in different modalities, including 782:. For example, a person who guesses that a coin flip will land heads usually does not know that even if their belief turns out to be true. This indicates that there is more to knowledge than just being right about something. These cases are excluded by requiring that beliefs have justification for them to count as knowledge. Some 2209:

law, and technology. The sociology of knowledge studies in what sociohistorical circumstances knowledge arises, what consequences it has, and on what existential conditions it depends. The examined conditions include physical, demographic, economic, and sociocultural factors. For instance, philosopher

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of these two propositions. In this regard, if Bob has a justified belief that dogs are animals and another justified belief that cats are animals, then he is justified to believe the conjunction that both dogs and cats are animals. Other commonly discussed principles are the closure principle and the

839:, focuses on the aspect of inquiry and characterizes knowledge in terms of what works as a practice that aims to produce habits of action. There is still very little consensus in the academic discourse as to which of the proposed modifications or reconceptualizations is correct, and there are various 817:

formulated a series of counterexamples. They purport to present concrete cases of justified true beliefs that fail to constitute knowledge. The reason for their failure is usually a form of epistemic luck: the beliefs are justified but their justification is not relevant to the truth. In a well-known

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and the content of one's ideas. The view that basic reasons exist is not universally accepted. One criticism states that there should be a reason why some reasons are basic while others are not. According to this view, the putative basic reasons are not actually basic since their status would depend

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that can affect both what is knowable about the external world as well as what one can know about oneself and about what is good. Some limits of knowledge only apply to particular people in specific situations while others pertain to humanity at large. A fact is unknowable to a person if this person

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Knowledge based on perception, introspection, and memory may give rise to inferential knowledge, which comes about when reasoning is applied to draw inferences from other known facts. For example, the perceptual knowledge of a Czech stamp on a postcard may give rise to the inferential knowledge that

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leads to the formation of knowledge by acquaintance of Lake Taupō. In these cases, the person forms non-inferential knowledge based on first-hand experience without necessarily acquiring factual information about the object. By contrast, it is also possible to indirectly learn a lot of propositional

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analyze a sample by seeking a list of all the chemical elements composing it. According to a different view, knowledge is a unique state that cannot be analyzed in terms of other phenomena. Some scholars base their definition on abstract intuitions while others focus on concrete cases or rely on how

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such as direct contact with the divine or inner testimony when hearing God's voice. Evidentialists often reject that belief in religious doctrines amounts to knowledge based on the claim that there is not sufficient evidence. A famous saying in this regard is due to Bertrand Russell. When asked how

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Acquiring and transmitting knowledge often comes with certain costs, such as the material resources required to obtain new information and the time and energy needed to understand it. For this reason, an awareness of the value of knowledge is crucial to many fields that have to make decisions about

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A more specific issue in epistemology concerns the question of whether or why knowledge is more valuable than mere true belief. There is wide agreement that knowledge is usually good in some sense but the thesis that knowledge is better than true belief is controversial. An early discussion of this

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states that perceptual experience is not a source of knowledge since dreaming provides unreliable information and a person could be dreaming without knowing it. Because of this inability to discriminate between dream and perception, it is argued that there is no perceptual knowledge of the external

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distinguishes between biologically primary and secondary knowledge. Biologically primary knowledge is knowledge that humans have as part of their evolutionary heritage, such as knowing how to recognize faces and speech and many general problem-solving capacities. Biologically secondary knowledge is

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and only one real barn. The person is not aware of this, stops in front of the real barn by a lucky coincidence, and forms the justified true belief that they are in front of a barn. This example aims to establish that the person does not know that they are in front of a real barn, since they would

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Knowledge is often understood as a state of an individual person, but it can also refer to a characteristic of a group of people as group knowledge, social knowledge, or collective knowledge. Some social sciences understand knowledge as a broad social phenomenon that is similar to culture. The term

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Knowledge may be valuable either because it is useful or because it is good in itself. Knowledge can be useful by helping a person achieve their goals. For example, if one knows the answers to questions in an exam one is able to pass that exam or by knowing which horse is the fastest, one can earn

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Coherentists and infinitists avoid these problems by denying the contrast between basic and non-basic reasons. Coherentists argue that there is only a finite number of reasons, which mutually support and justify one another. This is based on the intuition that beliefs do not exist in isolation but

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The structure of knowledge is the way in which the mental states of a person need to be related to each other for knowledge to arise. A common view is that a person has to have good reasons for holding a belief if this belief is to amount to knowledge. When the belief is challenged, the person may

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Memory differs from perception and introspection in that it is not as independent or basic as they are since it depends on other previous experiences. The faculty of memory retains knowledge acquired in the past and makes it accessible in the present, as when remembering a past event or a friend's

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Sources of knowledge are ways in which people come to know things. They can be understood as cognitive capacities that are exercised when a person acquires new knowledge. Various sources of knowledge are discussed in the academic literature, often in terms of the mental faculties responsible. They

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Propositional knowledge takes the form of mental representations involving concepts, ideas, theories, and general rules. These representations connect the knower to certain parts of reality by showing what they are like. They are often context-independent, meaning that they are not restricted to a

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The sociology of knowledge is the subfield of sociology that studies how thought and society are related to each other. Like the anthropology of knowledge, it understands "knowledge" in a wide sense that encompasses philosophical and political ideas, religious and ideological doctrines, folklore,

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refers to a group of views that privilege the sciences and the scientific method over other forms of inquiry and knowledge acquisition. In its strongest formulation, it is the claim that there is no other knowledge besides scientific knowledge. A common critique of scientism, made by philosophers

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that explains the observations. The hypothesis is then tested using a controlled experiment to compare whether predictions based on the hypothesis match the observed results. As a last step, the results are interpreted and a conclusion is reached whether and to what degree the findings confirm or

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or deny that infallibility is required for knowledge. Very few philosophers have explicitly defended radical skepticism but this position has been influential nonetheless, usually in a negative sense: many see it as a serious challenge to any epistemological theory and often try to show how their

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and which techniques teachers may employ to transmit knowledge to students and improve their learning experience while keeping them motivated. There is a great variety of teaching methods and the most effective approach often depends on factors like the subject matter and the age and proficiency

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studies knowledge using formal tools found in mathematics and logic. An important issue in this field concerns the epistemic principles of knowledge. These are rules governing how knowledge and related states behave and in what relations they stand to each other. The transparency principle, also

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is often included as an additional source of knowledge that, unlike the other sources, is not tied to one specific cognitive faculty. Instead, it is based on the idea that one person can come to know a fact because another person talks about this fact. Testimony can happen in numerous ways, like

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Popper: Putting our ideas into words, or better, writing them down, makes an important difference. ... It is what I call 'knowledge in the objective sense'. Scientific knowledge belongs to it. It is this knowledge which is stored in our libraries rather than our heads. Magee: And you regard the

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of how people ascribe truth values to meaning contents, like when affirming an assertion, even if these contents are false. This also includes practical components: knowledge is what is employed when interpreting and acting on the world and involves diverse phenomena, such as feelings, embodied

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and interpretative procedures can be combined to achieve this goal and which formal languages can be used to express knowledge items. Some efforts in this field are directed at developing general languages and systems that can be employed in a great variety of domains while others focus on an

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Within a society, people belonging to the same social group usually understand things and organize knowledge in similar ways to one another. In this regard, social identities play a significant role: people who associate themselves with similar identities, like age-influenced, professional,

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is knowledge about knowledge. It can arise in the form of self-knowledge but includes other types as well, such as knowing what someone else knows or what information is contained in a scientific article. Other aspects of metaknowledge include knowing how knowledge can be acquired, stored,

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A common distinction among types of knowledge is between propositional knowledge, or knowledge-that, and non-propositional knowledge in the form of practical skills or acquaintance. Other distinctions focus on how the knowledge is acquired and on the content of the known information.

1165:. Occurrent knowledge is knowledge that is actively involved in cognitive processes. Dispositional knowledge, by contrast, lies dormant in the back of a person's mind and is given by the mere ability to access the relevant information. For example, if a person knows that cats have 1204:. It belongs neither to the external world of physical objects nor to the internal world of the experience of emotions and concepts. Many spiritual teachings stress the importance of higher knowledge to progress on the spiritual path and to see reality as it truly is beyond the 2194:

religious, and ethnic identities, tend to embody similar forms of knowledge. Such identities concern both how a person sees themselves, for example, in terms of the ideals they pursue, as well as how other people see them, such as the expectations they have toward the person.

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that receives electrical stimuli. These stimuli give the brain the false impression of having a body and interacting with the external world. Since the person is unable to tell the difference, it is argued that they do not know that they have a body responsible for reliable

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phone number. It is generally seen as a reliable source of knowledge. However, it can be deceptive at times nonetheless, either because the original experience was unreliable or because the memory degraded and does not accurately represent the original experience anymore.

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knowledge is possible and some empiricists deny it exists. It is usually seen as unproblematic that one can come to know things through experience, but it is not clear how knowledge is possible without experience. One of the earliest solutions to this problem comes from

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faculties. Some people may lack the cognitive ability to understand highly abstract mathematical truths and some facts cannot be known by any human because they are too complex for the human mind to conceive. A further limit of knowledge arises due to certain logical

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Knowledge by acquaintance is familiarity with something that results from direct experiential contact. The object of knowledge can be a person, a thing, or a place. For example, by eating chocolate, one becomes acquainted with the taste of chocolate, and visiting

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is a multi-disciplinary field of inquiry. It studies how knowledge is acquired, stored, retrieved, and communicated. Special interest is given to how knowledge is reproduced and changes in relation to social and cultural circumstances. In this context, the term

1632:. Reliabilism can be defined as the thesis that knowledge is reliably formed true belief. This view has difficulties in explaining why knowledge is valuable or how a reliable belief-forming process adds additional value. According to an analogy by philosopher 2406:

give a more active role to students with the teacher acting as a coach to facilitate the process. Further methodological considerations encompass the difference between group work and individual learning and the use of instructional media and other forms of

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is knowledge that can be fully articulated, shared, and explained, like the knowledge of historical dates and mathematical formulas. It can be acquired through traditional learning methods, such as reading books and attending lectures. It contrasts with

1020:. Some non-sensory experiences, like memory and introspection, are often included as well. Some conscious phenomena are excluded from the relevant experience, like rational insight. For example, conscious thought processes may be required to arrive at 2131:. The ignorance of the impermanent nature of things is seen as the factor responsible for this craving. The central goal of Buddhist practice is to stop suffering. This aim is to be achieved by understanding and practicing the teaching known as the 1749:. Qualitative research gathers non-numerical data, often with the goal of arriving at a deeper understanding of the meaning and interpretation of social phenomena from the perspective of those involved. This approach can take various forms, such as 2277:, states that it is impossible for someone to know something without knowing that they know it. According to the conjunction principle, if a person has justified beliefs in two separate propositions, then they are also justified in believing the 2063:, which gave them the knowledge of good and evil. This is seen as a rebellion against God since this knowledge belongs to God and it is not for humans to decide what is right or wrong. In the Christian literature, knowledge is seen as one of the 1389:, which exist independently of humans and lie beyond the realm of appearances. Based on the observation that metaphysics aims to characterize the things in themselves, he concludes that no metaphysical knowledge is possible, like knowing whether 1323:

consists in clarifying why and under what circumstances testimony can lead to knowledge. A common response is that it depends on the reliability of the person pronouncing the testimony: only testimony from reliable sources can lead to knowledge.

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Distinct religions often differ from each other concerning the doctrines they proclaim as well as their understanding of the role of knowledge in religious practice. In both the Jewish and the Christian traditions, knowledge plays a role in the

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Despite agreements about the general characteristics of knowledge, its exact definition is disputed. Some definitions only focus on the most salient features of knowledge to give a practically useful characterization. Another approach, termed

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argue for rational intuition as a further source of knowledge that does not rely on observation and introspection. They hold for example that some beliefs, like the mathematical belief that 2 + 2 = 4, are justified through pure reason alone.

585:. Various religions hold that humans should seek knowledge and that God or the divine is the source of knowledge. The anthropology of knowledge studies how knowledge is acquired, stored, retrieved, and communicated in different cultures. The 2213:

claimed that the dominant ideology in a society is a product of and changes with the underlying socioeconomic conditions. Another example is found in forms of decolonial scholarship that claim that colonial powers are responsible for the

1151:, which is not easily articulated or explained to others, like the ability to recognize someone's face and the practical expertise of a master craftsman. Tacit knowledge is often learned through first-hand experience or direct practice. 1768:

The progress of scientific knowledge is traditionally seen as a gradual and continuous process in which the existing body of knowledge is increased at each step. This view has been challenged by some philosophers of science, such as

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starting in the 16th and 17th centuries. It led to an explosion of knowledge in fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and the social sciences. The technological advancements that accompanied this development made possible the

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is knowledge specific to a particular situation. It is closely related to practical or tacit knowledge, which is learned and applied in specific circumstances. This especially concerns certain forms of acquiring knowledge, such as

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The main controversy surrounding this definition concerns its third feature: justification. This component is often included because of the impression that some true beliefs are not forms of knowledge, such as beliefs based on

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argue that one consequence of fallibilism is that inquiry should not aim for truth or absolute certainty but for well-supported and justified beliefs while remaining open to the possibility that one's beliefs may need to be

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form a complex web of interconnected ideas that is justified by its coherence rather than by a few privileged foundational beliefs. One difficulty for this view is how to demonstrate that it does not involve the fallacy of

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or the theory of knowledge. It examines the nature of knowledge and justification, how knowledge arises, and what value it has. Further topics include the different types of knowledge and the limits of what can be known.

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However, religious teachings about the existence and nature of God are not always seen as knowledge claims by their defenders. Some explicitly state that the proper attitude towards such doctrines is not knowledge but

14327: 9923: 1192:. Lower knowledge is based on the senses and the intellect. It encompasses both mundane or conventional truths as well as discoveries of the empirical sciences. Higher knowledge is understood as knowledge of God, 943:

theorem, but this is not generally the case. Some types of knowledge-how do not require a highly developed mind, in contrast to propositional knowledge, and are more common in the animal kingdom. For example, an

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knowledge about chocolate or Lake Taupō by reading books without having the direct experiential contact required for knowledge by acquaintance. The concept of knowledge by acquaintance was first introduced by

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The scientific approach is usually regarded as an exemplary process of how to gain knowledge about empirical facts. Scientific knowledge includes mundane knowledge about easily observable facts, for example,

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Propositional knowledge, also referred to as declarative and descriptive knowledge, is a form of theoretical knowledge about facts, like knowing that "2 + 2 = 4". It is the paradigmatic type of knowledge in

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According to some philosophers, these counterexamples show that justification is not required for knowledge and that knowledge should instead be characterized in terms of reliability or the manifestation of

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reject this claim and contend that a sufficient degree of coherence among all the mental states of the believer is necessary for knowledge. According to infinitism, an infinite chain of beliefs is needed.

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in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 20th century, the development of computers and the Internet led to a vast expansion of knowledge by revolutionizing how knowledge is stored, shared, and created.

8578: 1358:. For instance, there are some ideas that will never occur to anyone. It is not possible to know them because if a person knew about such an idea then this idea would have occurred at least to them. 13363: 9518:

Castilho, Luciana V.; Lopes, Heitor S. (2009). "An Ontology-Based System for Knowledge Management and Learning in Neuropediatric Physiotherapy". In Szczerbicki, Edward; Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh (eds.).

1796:, is that the fixed requirement of following the scientific method is too rigid and results in a misleading picture of reality by excluding various relevant phenomena from the scope of knowledge. 835:

are present, or that the person would not have the belief if it was false. Another view states that beliefs have to be infallible to amount to knowledge. A further approach, associated with

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to multiply two numbers. The same is the case for the experience needed to learn the words through which the claim is expressed. For example, knowing that "all bachelors are unmarried" is

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is knowledge that is publicly known and shared by most individuals within a community. It establishes a common ground for communication, understanding, social cohesion, and cooperation.

1745:, examine social phenomena on the level of human behavior, relationships, and society at large. While they also make use of quantitative research, they usually give more emphasis to 1132:

or learning from experience. In this regard, situated knowledge usually lacks a more explicit structure and is not articulated in terms of universal ideas. The term is often used in

13186: 10633: 678:. The English word includes various meanings that some other languages distinguish using several words. In ancient Greek, for example, four important terms for knowledge were used: 8743:

Aqil, Moulay Driss; Babekri, El Hassane; Nadmi, Mustapha (2020). "Morocco: Contributions to Mathematics Education From Morocco". In Vogeli, Bruce R.; Tom, Mohamed E. A. El (eds.).

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since the epistemic status at each step depends on the epistemic status of the previous step. Theories of the structure of knowledge offer responses for how to solve this problem.

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occurs. According to this view, some basic assumptions are changed due to the paradigm shift, resulting in a radically new perspective on the body of scientific knowledge that is

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Turuthi, David Gitau; Njagi, Kageni; Chemwei, Bernard (2017). "How Does Technology Influence Students'Motivation Towards Learning Kiswahili Proverbs?". In Jared, Keengwe (ed.).

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The history of knowledge is the field of inquiry that studies how knowledge in different fields has developed and evolved in the course of history. It is closely related to the

939:, like knowing how to ride a bicycle or knowing how to swim. Some of the abilities responsible for knowledge-how involve forms of knowledge-that, as in knowing how to prove a 14291: 9907: 7934: 7512: 2387:

to represent facts or concepts and edges to represent the relations between them. Frames provide complex taxonomies to group items into classes, subclasses, and instances.

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is the process of storing organized information, which may happen using various forms of media and also includes information stored in the mind. It plays a key role in the

1880:. During this time, the first developments in scientific fields like mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were made. They were later formalized and greatly expanded by the 1032:

knowledge because no sensory experience is necessary to confirm this fact even though experience was needed to learn the meanings of the words "bachelor" and "unmarried".

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encompasses common knowledge but also includes knowledge that many people have been exposed to but may not be able to immediately recall. Common knowledge contrasts with

651:, but intelligence is more about the ability to acquire, process, and apply information, while knowledge concerns information and skills that a person already possesses. 2034:, which states that belief in religious doctrines is justified if it is supported by sufficient evidence. Suggested examples of evidence for religious doctrines include 11832: 961:. He holds that knowledge by acquaintance is more basic than propositional knowledge since to understand a proposition, one has to be acquainted with its constituents. 1001:

knowledge is possible without any experience to justify or support the known proposition. Mathematical knowledge, such as that 2 + 2 = 4, is traditionally taken to be

1261:. It is an active process in which sensory signals are selected, organized, and interpreted to form a representation of the environment. This leads in some cases to 12630:

Meirmans, Stephanie; Butlin, Roger K.; Charmantier, Anne; Engelstädter, Jan; Groot, Astrid T.; King, Kayla C.; Kokko, Hanna; Reid, Jane M.; Neiman, Maurine (2019).

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lacks access to the relevant information, like facts in the past that did not leave any significant traces. For example, it may be unknowable to people today what

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Non-propositional knowledge is knowledge in which no essential relation to a proposition is involved. The two most well-known forms are knowledge-how (know-how or

2379:. For rule-based systems, each unit of information is expressed using a conditional production rule of the form "if A then B". Semantic nets model knowledge as a 2253:

and rewards on the scientific process, which leads some areas of research to flourish while others languish. Further topics focus on selection processes, such as

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about how each one should live their lives are found in almost every culture. However, such knowledge claims are often controversial and are commonly rejected by

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A key aspect of most forms of science is that they seek natural laws that explain empirical observations. Scientific knowledge is discovered and tested using the

2334:, where the term is used for the field of inquiry that studies how computer systems can efficiently represent information. This field investigates how different 728:. There is also disagreement about whether knowledge is a rare phenomenon that requires high standards or a common phenomenon found in many everyday situations. 9335:

Bukoye, Roseline Olufunke (2019). "Utilization of Instruction Materials as Tools for Effective Academic Performance of Students: Implications for Counselling".

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to identify and prevent threats. In the field of education, the value of knowledge can be used to choose which knowledge should be passed on to the students.

1044:, who argues that the soul already possesses the knowledge and just needs to recollect, or remember, it to access it again. A similar explanation is given by 8612: 10417: 9686:

Christopher, Jabez; Prasath, Rajendra; Vanga, Odelu (2018). "Expert Intelligence: Theory of the Missing Facet". In Groza, Adrian; Prasath, Rajendra (eds.).

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For instance, to know whether Ben is rich can be understood as knowing that Ben is rich, in case he is, and knowing that Ben is not rich, in case he is not.

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Wang, Victor C. X.; Cranton, Patricia (2013). "Adapting Adult Educator's Teaching Philosophies to Foster Adult Learners' Transformation and Emancipation".

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Attie-Picker, Mario (2020). "Does Skepticism Lead to Tranquility? Exploring a Pyrrhonian Theme". In Lombrozo, Tania; Knobe, Joshua; Nichols, Shaun (eds.).

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Foundationalism, coherentism, and infinitism are theories of the structure of knowledge. The black arrows symbolize how one belief supports another belief.

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is impossible, meaning that one cannot know what is morally good or whether a certain behavior is morally right. An influential theory about the limits of

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knowledge that certain reactants become hot when mixed together. It also encompasses knowledge of less tangible issues, like claims about the behavior of

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Schneider, W. Joel; McGrew, Kevin S. (2022). "The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities". In Flanagan, Dawn P.; McDonough, Erin M. (eds.).

2402:

level of the learner. In teacher-centered education, the teacher acts as the authority figure imparting information and directing the learning process.

2249:, which investigates the social factors involved in the production and validation of scientific knowledge. This encompasses examining the impact of the 1617:

and, therefore, have apparently the same value. For example, it seems that mere true belief is as effective as knowledge when trying to find the way to

1229:

include perception, introspection, memory, inference, and testimony. However, not everyone agrees that all of them actually lead to knowledge. Usually,

1072:

Various other types of knowledge are discussed in the academic literature. In philosophy, "self-knowledge" refers to a person's knowledge of their own

561:, which studies what people know, how they come to know it, and what it means to know something. It discusses the value of knowledge and the thesis of 11885: 2627:

It is controversial to what extent there is a single scientific method that applies equally to all sciences rather than a group of related approaches.

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combines quantitative and qualitative methods to explore the same phenomena from a variety of perspectives to get a more comprehensive understanding.

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in the form of believing certain facts, as in "I know that Dave is at home". Other types of knowledge include knowledge-how in the form of practical

12808: 9316:

Boyer, Dominic (2007). "1. Of Dialectical Germans and Dialectical Ethnographers: Notes from an Engagement with Philosophy". In Harris, Mark (ed.).

2288:

is the process of creating, gathering, storing, and sharing knowledge. It involves the management of information assets that can take the form of

1876:

in this period significantly increased the amount of stable knowledge within society since it could be stored and shared without being limited by

903:

they are coming. These expressions are normally understood as types of propositional knowledge since they can be paraphrased using a that-clause.

883:

in the sense that it involves a relation to a proposition. Since propositions are often expressed through that-clauses, it is also referred to as

12376:

knowledge stored in our libraries as more important than the knowledge stored in our heads. Popper: Much more important, from every point of view

12296:

Low, Renae; Jin, Putai; Sweller, John (2008). "Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design in a Multimedia Context". In Zheng, Robert (ed.).

754:

An often-discussed definition characterizes knowledge as justified true belief. This definition identifies three essential features: it is (1) a

11456: 8680:

Antonio, Cartelli (2008). "Higher Education's New Frontier for the E-University and Virtual Campus". In Antonio, Cartelli; Marco, Palma (eds.).

4812: 15541: 11784:

Kitchener, Richard F. (1996). "Genetic Epistemology and Cognitive Psychology of Science". In O'Donohue, William; Kitchener, Richard F. (eds.).

10929: 457: 14831: 14589: 13273:

Payne, William Harold (2003). "Contributions to the Science of Education and The Education of Teachers". In Salvatori, Mariolina Rizzi (ed.).

12896: 11249: 1595:. This means that some forms of knowledge are good in themselves even if they do not provide any practical benefits. According to philosopher 16361: 12410: 2039:

he would justify his lack of belief in God when facing his judgment after death, he replied "Not enough evidence, God! Not enough evidence."

1295:

one's friend is visiting the Czech Republic. This type of knowledge depends on other sources of knowledge responsible for the premises. Some

13141: 1852:, knowledge about social conduct and survival skills was passed down orally and in the form of customs from one generation to the next. The 13232: 10747: 9546: 907:

specific use or purpose. Propositional knowledge encompasses both knowledge of specific facts, like that the atomic mass of gold is 196.97

13162: 12852: 10609: 7530: 3163: 2528:

A distinction similar to the one between knowledge-that and knowledge-how was already discussed in ancient Greece as the contrast between

15723: 14045: 1846:, and everyday practices. It investigates not only how knowledge is created and employed, but also how it is disseminated and preserved. 1400:, which states that it is impossible to know the exact magnitudes of certain certain pairs of physical properties, like the position and 11591: 8472: 2257:

whether to publish an article and how academic institutions recruit researchers, and the general values and norms characteristic of the

11064: 10554: 9204: 8447: 14916: 16811: 14766: 13091: 13030: 11274: 11222: 10962: 2503: 12382:

Mahadevan, Kanchana (2007). "Gadamerian Hermeneutics: Between Strangers and Friends". In Ghosh, Manjulika; Ghosh, Raghunath (eds.).

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means to know it based on experience. For example, by seeing that it rains outside or hearing that the baby is crying, one acquires

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Faber, Niels R.; Maruster, Laura; Jorna, René J. (2017). "Assessing and Determining Social Sustainability". In Jorna, René (ed.).

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but it was knowable to him and some contemporaries. Another factor restricting knowledge is given by the limitations of the human

17132: 15205: 14482: 14398: 13587: 8514: 6881:, 1. Knowledges and Their Histories: § History and Its Neighbours, 3. Processes: § Four Stages, 3. Processes: § Oral Transmission 2141:

or "path of knowledge". It aims to achieve oneness with the divine by fostering an understanding of the self and its relation to

1884:

starting in the 6th century BCE. Other ancient advancements concerned knowledge in the fields of agriculture, law, and politics.

1722:

to perform these measurements and to setup experiments. Another common feature of their approach is to use mathematical tools to

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to argue that many forms of knowledge are not absolute but depend on the concrete historical, cultural, and linguistic context.

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of each human. A further approach posits a special mental faculty responsible for this type of knowledge, often referred to as

14274: 13213:. Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. Vol. 324. Springer International Publishing. pp. 93–102. 12961: 823:

not have been able to tell the difference. This means that it is a lucky coincidence that this justified belief is also true.

16371: 15579: 14994: 14960: 14941: 14875: 14856: 14745: 14716: 14697: 14652: 14633: 14614: 14570: 14526: 14507: 14461: 14442: 14423: 14352: 14253: 14168: 14149: 14080: 13981: 13962: 13918: 13874: 13855: 13785: 13766: 13745: 13726: 13700: 13669: 13650: 13631: 13612: 13568: 13528: 13497: 13476: 13432: 13407: 13388: 13349: 13320: 13301: 13282: 13226: 13180: 13055: 13011: 12940: 12921: 12877: 12833: 12802: 12779: 12760: 12732: 12711: 12692: 12620: 12548: 12495: 12466: 12391: 12360: 12324: 12305: 12286: 12267: 12221: 12202: 12183: 12164: 12124: 12105: 12086: 12028: 12004: 11985: 11966: 11910: 11871: 11793: 11774: 11755: 11736: 11717: 11698: 11679: 11660: 11641: 11585: 11554: 11535: 11516: 11497: 11466: 11445: 11320: 11301: 11146: 11113: 10987: 10956: 10885: 10842: 10823: 10699: 10668: 10627: 10598: 10579: 10506: 10487: 10411: 10275: 10248: 10184: 10165: 10146: 10100: 10081: 9986: 9967: 9948: 9917: 9896: 9877: 9858: 9784: 9695: 9664: 9643: 9624: 9571: 9527: 9508: 9489: 9443: 9363: 9325: 9306: 9260: 9241: 9179: 9121: 9054: 9035: 8971: 8913: 8894: 8875: 8831: 8800: 8779: 8752: 8733: 8689: 8670: 8639: 8598: 8567: 8548: 2600:, which states that knowledge has limits because denying this claim leads to the absurd conclusion that every truth is known. 2230:

explored this issue and examined how knowledge and the institutions responsible for it control people through what he termed

1172:

Many forms of Eastern spirituality and religion distinguish between higher and lower knowledge. They are also referred to as

178: 13937: 11804: 2812: 948:

knows how to walk even though it presumably lacks a mind sufficiently developed to represent the corresponding proposition.

16404: 14371: 12523: 11854: 11129: 8708: 813:

The definition of knowledge as justified true belief came under severe criticism in the 20th century, when epistemologist

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Klenke, Karin (2014). "Sculpting the Contours of the Qualitative Landscape of Leadership Research". In Day, David (ed.).

11415: 11388: 11244: 11217: 11059: 11032: 10116: 9594: 9459: 2658:

This principle implies that if Heike knows that today is Monday, then she also knows that she knows that today is Monday.

2558:

However, it is controversial to what extent goal-directed behavior in lower animals is comparable to human knowledge-how.

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Individuals may lack a deeper understanding of their character and feelings and attaining self-knowledge is one step in

16180: 15534: 15198: 13151: 10287:"Practical Theology and the Call for the Decolonisation of Higher Education in South Africa: Reflections and Proposals" 450: 203: 17341: 17092: 17076: 16932: 16151: 16028: 15268: 14812: 9081: 2597: 2246: 840: 13398:

Plantinga, Alvin (2018). "Scientism: Who Needs It?". In Ridder, Jeroen de; Peels, Rik; Woudenberg, Rene van (eds.).

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skills, information, and concepts. It is used to understand and anticipate events to prepare and react accordingly.

1931:

from the 8th to 13th centuries. Centers of higher learning were established in this period in various regions, like

15466: 15423: 15408: 15258: 14667: 9833: 9251:

Bosančić, Saša (2018). "Self-positioning of Semi-skilled Workers: Analysing Subjectification Processes with SKAD".

8904:

Barnett, Michael (2006). "Vocational Knowledge and Vocational Pedagogy". In Young, Michael; Gamble, Jeanne (eds.).

1568: 1412:

that even the slightest of variations may produce a completely different behavior. This phenomenon is known as the

1279:

is often seen in analogy to perception as a source of knowledge, not of external physical objects, but of internal

589:

examines under what sociohistorical circumstances knowledge arises, and what sociological consequences it has. The

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methods to arrive at knowledge about natural phenomena. Quantitative research happens by making precise numerical

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knowledge acquired because of specific social and cultural circumstances, such as knowing how to read and write.

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It is controversial how radical the difference between paradigms is and whether they truly are incommensurable.

2372: 2064: 1773:, who holds that between phases of incremental progress, there are so-called scientific revolutions in which a 989:

knowledge depends on the role of experience in the processes of formation and justification. To know something

79: 13451: 8850: 1177: 1169:

then this knowledge is dispositional most of the time and becomes occurrent while they are thinking about it.

549:, some of these sources are basic in that they can justify beliefs, without depending on other mental states. 17156: 16492: 15656: 15620: 15610: 15527: 15504: 15474: 15272: 15224: 2076: 1587:

The value of knowledge plays a key role in education for deciding which knowledge to pass on to the students.

635:

as a familiarity with the known object based on previous direct experience, like knowing someone personally.

443: 198: 15117: 9253:

The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse: Investigating the Politics of Knowledge and Meaning-making

17361: 16940: 16826: 16538: 16230: 15574: 15478: 15454: 14545: 11849: 11420: 11366: 11331: 11037: 9759: 2380: 2223: 2174:. In epistemology, by contrast, knowledge is usually restricted to forms of true belief. The main focus in 1997: 1993: 1962:

was invented in the 15th century and significantly increased the availability of written media and general

936: 763: 628: 497: 249: 12061: 10121: 8621: 7904: 7868: 7838: 7799: 7781: 7737: 3610:, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 4. No False Lemmas, § 5. Modal Conditions, § 6. Doing Without Justification? 2839: 2339:

optimized representation method within one specific domain. Knowledge representation is closely linked to

1408:, for which it is not practically possible to predict how they will behave since they are so sensitive to 623:

success or an epistemic contact with reality, like making a discovery. Many academic definitions focus on

17140: 16972: 16789: 16225: 16131: 16041: 15413: 14688:

Walton, Linda (2015). "Educational Institutions". In Kedar, Benjamin Z.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (eds.).

13622:

Reginster, Bernard (2017). "Self-knowledge as Freedom in Schopenhauer and Freud". In Renz, Ursula (ed.).

12790: 8005:, § 3.1 Histories of Madness and Medicine, § 3.4 History of the Prison, § 3.5 History of Modern Sexuality 2398: 2219: 2127:. This is often explained in relation to the claim that humans suffer because they crave things that are 1419: 1081: 11291: 2135:

and thereby overcoming ignorance. Knowledge plays a key role in the classical path of Hinduism known as

1927:. Many intellectual achievements of the ancient period were preserved, refined, and expanded during the 809:

The Gettier problem is grounded in the idea that some justified true beliefs do not amount to knowledge.

17100: 16996: 16980: 16964: 16764: 15749: 15458: 15073: 8590: 2587:

that consists remembering events that did not happen, often provoked by an attempt to fill memory gaps.

2297: 1434:, which holds that humans lack any form of knowledge or that knowledge is impossible. For example, the 1307:

Knowledge by testimony relies on statements given by other people, like the testimony given at a trial.

31: 17: 13643:

Applying Cognitive Science to Education: Thinking and Learning in Scientific and Other Complex Domains

13330:

Perin, Casey (2020). "23. Tranquility as the Goal in Pyrrhonian Skepticism". In Arenson, Kelly (ed.).

2186:

The reproduction of knowledge and its changes often happen through some form of communication used to

17180: 16732: 16717: 16548: 16366: 16167: 16159: 16056: 15901: 15692: 14624:

Van Nieuwenhove, Rik (2020). "Trinitarian Indwelling". In Howells, Edward; McIntosh, Mark A. (eds.).

2403: 2110: 1891:

The invention of the printing press in the 15th century greatly expanded access to written materials.

1097: 976: 716: 632: 593:

investigates how knowledge in different fields has developed, and evolved, in the course of history.

478: 309: 208: 12632:"Science policies: How should science funding be allocated? An evolutionary biologists' perspective" 10921: 17269: 17116: 16833: 16727: 16722: 16397: 16328: 16240: 16136: 16101: 15861: 15319: 14823: 14581: 12888: 11239: 7745:, 1. Of Dialectical Germans and Dialectical Ethnographers: Notes from an Engagement with Philosophy 6360: 2480: 2327: 1932: 1287:, they are the only sources of basic knowledge and provide the foundation for all other knowledge. 750:

The definition of knowledge as justified true belief is often discussed in the academic literature.

639:

may further denote knowledge stored in documents like the "knowledge housed in the library" or the

602: 562: 424: 168: 143: 13680: 12402: 11997:

Traditional Knowledge, Genetic Resources, Customary Law and Intellectual Property: A Global Primer

10267: 9073: 17351: 17243: 16956: 16759: 16737: 16482: 16308: 16141: 16017: 15951: 15773: 15682: 15651: 15462: 15253: 15248: 15238: 15134: 12477: 9221: 8582: 8464: 8042: 2433: 2331: 1320: 624: 394: 389: 319: 69: 14643:

Vempala, Naresh N. (2014). "Creativity, Theories of Musical". In Thompson, William Forde (ed.).

14062: 13206: 12448: 10945:

Ghose, Aurobindo (1998). "Political Writings and Speeches. 1890–1908: The Glory of God in Man".

10710: 9538: 5486:, Lead Section, § 1. Varieties of Moral Skepticism, § 2. A Presumption Against Moral Skepticism? 3283: 3199: 2170:. This means that the forms and reproduction of understanding are studied irrespective of their 1266: 16667: 16633: 16255: 16175: 15470: 15243: 14090:

Shorten, Allison; Smith, Joanna (2017). "Mixed methods research: expanding the evidence base".

13911:

A Critical Assessment of Contemporary Cosmological Arguments: Towards a Renewed Case for Theism

12844: 12352: 12343: 12260:

Expert Systems: The Technology of Knowledge Management and Decision Making for the 21st Century

12214:

Human Resource Management in the Knowledge Economy: New Challenges, New Roles, New Capabilities

4242: 2877: 2408: 2309: 2203: 2019: 1819: 1121:

or specialized knowledge, which belongs to a specific domain and is only possessed by experts.

931:) and knowledge by acquaintance. To possess knowledge-how means to have some form of practical 586: 14159:

Spaulding, Shannon (2016). "Imagination Through Knowledge". In Kind, Amy; Kung, Peter (eds.).

14035: 10619: 8413: 8353: 8335: 8278: 8239: 8206: 8185: 8170: 8021: 7620: 7599: 7590: 7368: 7155: 7140: 7080: 7041: 6819: 6738: 6637: 6622: 6601: 6387: 5541: 5469: 5343: 5194: 5069: 4988: 4770: 4723: 4714: 4696: 4678: 4669: 4639: 4630: 4594: 4567: 4024: 3994: 3850: 3811: 3659: 3340: 1450:

since denying the existence of knowledge is itself a knowledge-claim. Other arguments rely on

1005:

knowledge since no empirical investigation is necessary to confirm this fact. In this regard,

565:, which questions the possibility of knowledge. Knowledge is relevant to many fields like the 17346: 17164: 16784: 16769: 16673: 16356: 16333: 16313: 16195: 16066: 16006: 15742: 15702: 15697: 15615: 15482: 15332: 13424: 13418: 13202: 12427: 11565: 9581: 8344: 8296: 8257: 8149: 8140: 8060: 8051: 8012: 7973: 7952: 7883: 7629: 7194: 7170: 7125: 7014: 6963: 6930: 6861: 6852: 6843: 6693: 6583: 6551: 6423: 6414: 6239: 6184: 6175: 5822: 5708: 5699: 5673: 4949: 4940: 4910: 4895: 4785: 4752: 4660: 4621: 4487: 4454: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4204: 4195: 4186: 3865: 3802: 3745: 3730: 2967: 2930: 2485: 2421: 2384: 2313: 2254: 1976: 1967: 1827: 1815: 1762: 1742: 1711: 1653: 1641: 1564: 1540:

and requires interpretation, which implies that knowledge does not need a secure foundation.

1397: 1193: 1154: 888: 861: 474: 429: 419: 74: 14690:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 5, Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500CE–1500CE

11054: 10546: 9564:

The Italian Renaissance and the Origin of the Humanities: An Intellectual History, 1400–1800

8885:

Baird, Tess; Maskill, Linda (2017). "Memory". In Maskill, Linda; Tempest, Stephanie (eds.).

8439: 8380: 8287: 8248: 7341: 7320: 7293: 7260: 7239: 7230: 7050: 6987: 6978: 6729: 6702: 6667: 6646: 6592: 6564:, Lead Section, § 6.1 "The scientific method" in science education and as seen by scientists 6525: 6441: 6154: 6094: 6006: 5943: 5884: 4979: 4842: 4833: 4803: 4217:, Lead Section, § 1. The Distinction: Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description 3677: 3438: 3190: 3080: 3023: 1365:

is the view that beliefs about God or other religious doctrines do not amount to knowledge.

17172: 16843: 16806: 16707: 16702: 16638: 16497: 16265: 16250: 15589: 15564: 15550: 15418: 14886: 10442: 9634:

Chaudhary, Angraj (2017a). "Wisdom (Buddhism)". In Sarao, K.T.S.; Long, Jeffery D. (eds.).

4445: 2445: 2285: 2035: 2011: 1971: 1873: 1823: 1805: 1750: 1746: 1507: 1362: 1258: 1250: 1162: 928: 805: 590: 482: 304: 264: 254: 15881: 14756: 13022: 11266: 11212: 10946: 10055: 9820: 5973: 4958: 4919: 2448: – Knowledge: what is known, understood, proven; information and products of learning 8: 17311: 17148: 16596: 16579: 16533: 16523: 16390: 16343: 16338: 16318: 16220: 16205: 16200: 16001: 15263: 12232: 11608: 11570:

Mapping Landscapes for Performance as Research: Scholarly Acts and Creative Cartographies

8771: 2340: 2278: 2269: 1936: 1843: 1835: 1629: 1614: 1583: 1242: 1185: 876: 828: 715:, tries to provide a theoretically precise definition by listing the conditions that are 510: 414: 334: 329: 314: 11335: 10769:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Bertelson, Paul; Gelder, BéAtrice De (2004). "The Psychology of Multimodal Perception".

9045:

Bergström, Lars (1987). "On the Value of Scientific Knowledge". In Lehrer, Keith (ed.).

2493:

pondered the distinction between knowledge and true belief but rejected this definition.

2470:

In this context, testimony is what other people report, both in spoken and written form.

1887: 39: 17336: 17233: 17223: 17024: 16900: 16774: 16695: 16659: 16467: 15996: 15786: 15508: 15444: 15221: 15008: 14676: 14319: 14199: 14120: 14017: 13992: 13834: 13826: 13547: 13443: 13355: 13128: 12978: 12912:

Mulsow, Martin (2018). "6. History of Knowledge". In Tamm, Marek; Burke, Peter (eds.).

12666: 12631: 11824: 11199: 11014: 10797: 10764: 10739: 10533: 10466: 10388: 10353: 10325: 10215: 10060: 9851:

The Natural Sciences and the Social Sciences: Some Critical and Historical Perspectives

9825: 9726: 9585: 9454: 9410: 9402: 9002: 8541:

Confucianism and Deweyan Pragmatism: Resources for a New Geopolitics of Interdependence

6309:, § 2. Reliabilism and the Meno Problem, § 3. Virtue Epistemology and the Value Problem 5964: 2610: 2507: 2376: 2305: 2250: 2187: 2179: 2007: 1928: 1924: 1811: 1789: 1577: 1545: 1537: 1447: 1440: 1431: 1409: 1143: 1089: 1061: 534: 14472: 14388: 13579: 10175:

Dodd, Ashley C.; Zambetti, Benjamin R.; Deneve, Jeremiah (2023). "Scientific Method".

3291:, § 8. Third Definition (D3): 'Knowledge Is True Judgement With an Account': 201d–210a 2296:, policies, and procedures. It is of particular interest in the field of business and 891:

of knowing to the proposition "kangaroos hop". Closely related types of knowledge are

17198: 17014: 16890: 16245: 15594: 15569: 15299: 15087: 15012: 15000: 14990: 14956: 14937: 14908: 14871: 14852: 14808: 14741: 14712: 14693: 14662: 14648: 14629: 14610: 14566: 14522: 14503: 14457: 14438: 14419: 14416:

Enhancing Academic Research and Higher Education With Knowledge Management Principles

14348: 14323: 14311: 14249: 14164: 14145: 14107: 14076: 14022: 13977: 13958: 13914: 13870: 13851: 13838: 13818: 13781: 13762: 13741: 13722: 13696: 13665: 13646: 13627: 13608: 13564: 13524: 13493: 13472: 13428: 13403: 13384: 13359: 13345: 13316: 13297: 13278: 13222: 13176: 13147: 13132: 13124: 13051: 13007: 12936: 12917: 12873: 12829: 12798: 12775: 12756: 12707: 12688: 12671: 12616: 12612: 12544: 12491: 12462: 12387: 12366: 12356: 12320: 12301: 12282: 12263: 12217: 12198: 12179: 12160: 12120: 12101: 12082: 12024: 12000: 11981: 11962: 11933: 11906: 11877: 11867: 11828: 11789: 11770: 11751: 11732: 11713: 11694: 11675: 11656: 11637: 11581: 11550: 11531: 11512: 11493: 11462: 11441: 11316: 11297: 11191: 11142: 11109: 10983: 10980:

Routledge Revivals: Medieval Islamic Civilization (2006): An Encyclopedia - Volume II

10952: 10896: 10881: 10838: 10819: 10802: 10784: 10743: 10731: 10695: 10664: 10623: 10594: 10575: 10572:

Context and Cognition in Consumer Psychology: How Perception and Emotion Guide Action

10537: 10502: 10483: 10470: 10458: 10407: 10392: 10345: 10271: 10244: 10180: 10161: 10142: 10096: 10077: 10064: 9982: 9963: 9944: 9913: 9892: 9873: 9854: 9811: 9780: 9691: 9660: 9639: 9620: 9567: 9523: 9520:

Smart Information and Knowledge Management: Advances, Challenges, and Critical Issues

9504: 9485: 9439: 9414: 9394: 9359: 9321: 9302: 9256: 9237: 9196: 9175: 9117: 9077: 9050: 9031: 9006: 8967: 8950: 8909: 8890: 8871: 8827: 8796: 8775: 8748: 8729: 8685: 8666: 8635: 8604: 8594: 8563: 8544: 2356: 2352: 2343:

because the purpose of knowledge representation formalisms is usually to construct a

2321: 2132: 1943:

in Iraq, and the first universities in Europe. This period also saw the formation of

1679: 1446:

An influential argument against radical skepticism states that radical skepticism is

1238: 1114: 1025: 798:, and other beliefs. Others state that beliefs are justified if they are produced by 737: 725: 692: 570: 17039: 15826: 14607:

Handbook of Research on Pedagogical Models for Next-Generation Teaching and Learning

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The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought

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to undermine this hegemony. A related issue concerns the link between knowledge and

2128: 1613:

in relation to the claim that both knowledge and true belief can successfully guide

702:(personal intellectual knowledge). The main discipline studying knowledge is called 374: 17203: 17124: 17108: 16988: 16553: 16462: 16323: 16275: 16210: 15961: 15936: 15896: 15811: 15677: 15661: 14982: 14898: 14733: 14303: 14264: 14232: 14191: 14099: 14068: 14012: 14004: 13808: 13688: 13337: 13214: 13168: 13120: 12951: 12661: 12651: 12643: 12608: 12483: 12454: 12098:

Textbook of Catheter-Based Cardiovascular Interventions: A Knowledge-Based Approach

11859: 11816: 11573: 11186: 11181: 11169: 11134: 11006: 10853: 10792: 10776: 10721: 10656: 10615: 10525: 10450: 10378: 10335: 10298: 10263: 10207: 10050: 10042: 10009: 9815: 9807: 9718: 9386: 9340: 9229: 9144: 9069: 8994: 8940: 8932: 8767: 8627: 4510:, § 1. An Initial Characterization, § 6. Positive Characterizations of the A Priori 2394: 2003: 1596: 1592: 1501: 1413: 1366: 1201: 1118: 1110: 1053: 958: 819: 615:, or acquaintance. It often involves the possession of information learned through 359: 324: 17034: 16096: 14783: 14389:"Defeaters in Epistemology: 2b Defeasibility Analyses and Propositional Defeaters" 14236: 13867:

From Knowledge to Intelligence: Creating Competitive Advantage in the Next Economy

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Neuropsychology for Occupational Therapists: Cognition in Occupational Performance

1899:, religious knowledge was a central concern, and religious institutions, like the 1017: 17356: 17218: 17213: 16794: 16749: 16584: 16558: 16502: 16215: 16081: 16076: 15971: 15926: 15806: 15646: 15352: 14970: 13929: 13692: 12487: 12135: 12014: 11863: 11138: 9233: 9148: 7943: 7716: 7707: 7407: 6783: 6462: 6145: 6127: 6103: 4426:, § 4.1 A Priori Justification Is Justification That Is Independent of Experience 4403:, § 4.1 A Priori Justification Is Justification That Is Independent of Experience 4099: 4042: 3476:, § 5a. The Justified-True-Belief Conception of Knowledge, § 6e. Mere True Belief 3431:, § 5a. The Justified-True-Belief Conception of Knowledge, § 6e. Mere True Belief 3148: 2921: 2364: 2301: 2227: 2059:. Responsible for this fall was that they ignored God's command and ate from the 1940: 1900: 1896: 1793: 1719: 1691: 1633: 1528: 1516: 1488: 1386: 1205: 1148: 1129: 669: 574: 546: 128: 14363: 13755:

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Ways of Knowing: Anthropological Approaches to Crafting Experience and Knowledge

8700: 5516:, Lead Section, § 1. Theoretical reason: reason’s cognitive role and limitations 1556: 1404:

of a particle, at the same time. Other examples are physical systems studied by

1332:

The problem of the limits of knowledge concerns the question of which facts are

1024:

knowledge regarding the solution of mathematical problems, like when performing

224: 16880: 16821: 16654: 16589: 16574: 16477: 15991: 15986: 15976: 15886: 15851: 15841: 15816: 15791: 15781: 14953:

The Outer Limits of Reason: What Science, Mathematics, and Logic Cannot Tell Us

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Choo, Chun Wei (2002). "Knowledge Management". In Schement, Jorge Reina (ed.).

9615:

Chaudhary, Angraj (2017). "Avijjā". In Sarao, K.T.S.; Long, Jeffery D. (eds.).

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The 2nd Innovative and Creative Education and Teaching International Conference

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The Value of Knowledge: The Economics of Enterprise Knowledge and Intelligence

12931:

Murphy, Patricia (2003). "1. Defining Pedagogy". In Gipps, Caroline V. (ed.).

12458: 11820: 10529: 10340: 10314:"Grounds for Trust: Essential Epistemic Opacity and Computational Reliabilism" 10313: 10211: 2351:

are drawn. Influential knowledge base formalisms include logic-based systems,

2098: 17330: 17059: 17054: 17029: 16838: 16779: 16690: 16618: 16543: 16106: 16046: 16011: 15946: 15921: 15916: 15876: 15846: 15625: 15449: 15382: 15377: 15304: 15062: 14912: 14315: 13822: 13341: 13172: 11937: 11577: 11195: 10788: 10735: 10367:"Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered Learning Approach To Promote Learning?" 10349: 9398: 9375:"Knowledge and Liberation: Philosophical Ruminations on a Buddhist Conundrum" 9271: 9200: 9190: 8954: 7569: 2580: 2316:. Key processes in the field of knowledge management are knowledge creation, 2031: 2023: 2002:

Knowledge plays a central role in many religions. Knowledge claims about the

1869: 1865: 1861: 1723: 1378: 1361:

There are many disputes about what can or cannot be known in certain fields.

1346: 1333: 1280: 1276: 1137: 1103: 908: 791: 787: 644: 612: 526: 522: 502: 384: 369: 148: 133: 103: 44: 15190: 15177: 15004: 11881: 10454: 8906:

Knowledge, Curriculum and Qualifications for South African Further Education

8608: 3494:, § 1.3 The Justification Condition, § 6.1 Reliabilist Theories of Knowledge 2234:

by shaping societal norms, values, and regulatory mechanisms in fields like

953: 887:, as in "Akari knows that kangaroos hop". In this case, Akari stands in the 16914: 16712: 16643: 16603: 16431: 16190: 16121: 15966: 15836: 15821: 15765: 15687: 14111: 14103: 14026: 12748: 12675: 10873: 10806: 10780: 10462: 10303: 10286: 9688:

Mining Intelligence and Knowledge Exploration: 6th International Conference

4397:, § 1. An Initial Characterization, § 4. The Relevant Sense of 'Experience' 2646: 2584: 2371:

to represent knowledge. They use linguistic devices like individual terms,

2317: 2239: 2175: 2080: 1912: 1758: 1754: 1738: 1715: 1567:

symbolizing the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next (

1533: 1451: 1405: 1374: 771: 703: 648: 558: 59: 15151: 15039: 14903: 14737: 12370: 10660: 9390: 1954:

period, starting in the 14th century, there was a renewed interest in the

1396:

There are also limits to knowledge in the empirical sciences, such as the

17238: 17228: 17208: 16628: 16608: 16518: 16441: 16270: 16126: 16116: 16061: 16036: 15981: 15956: 15941: 15911: 15891: 15866: 15796: 15371: 15049: 12338: 12334: 12279:

Representing Organization: Knowledge, Management, and the Information Age

11729:

Sources of Knowledge: On the Concept of a Rational Capacity for Knowledge

11672:

Sustainable Innovation: The Organisational, Human and Knowledge Dimension

10480:

Sustainable Innovation: The Organisational, Human and Knowledge Dimension

2439: 2226:, in particular, the extent to which knowledge is power. The philosopher 2171: 2052: 1951: 1920: 1857: 1770: 1625: 1520: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1296: 940: 923:

Knowing how to ride a bicycle is one form of non-propositional knowledge.

799: 659: 582: 578: 550: 486: 269: 244: 158: 118: 98: 14680: 13830: 13551: 9829: 9795: 7847: 7761: 2645:

The internet also reduced the cost of accessing knowledge with a lot of

1877: 1624:

The problem of the value of knowledge is often discussed in relation to

746: 17049: 17044: 17019: 16799: 16623: 16487: 16436: 16413: 16280: 16260: 16111: 16086: 16051: 15906: 15871: 15856: 15831: 15801: 15519: 15309: 15043: 14726:

Watkins, Chris; Mortimore, Peter (1999). "Pedagogy: What do we Know?".

14203: 11203: 11124: 11018: 10765:"Episodic Memory and Autonoetic Consciousness: A First-person Approach" 10013: 9730: 9406: 9374: 7650: 5842:, Lead Section, 2. The Classical Analysis of Foundational Justification 2235: 2137: 2124: 1955: 1903:

in Europe, influenced intellectual activity. Jewish communities set up

1849: 1683: 1672: 1524: 1456: 1382: 1284: 1230: 1173: 1093: 836: 783: 616: 514: 379: 239: 163: 153: 138: 113: 13756: 12933:

Equity in the Classroom: Towards Effective Pedagogy for Girls and Boys

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Markman, Arthur B. (2006). "Knowledge Representation, Psychology of".

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Consciousness in the Physical World: Perspectives on Russellian Monism

8107: 8098: 5244: 5138: 3395:, § 1.3 The Justification Condition, § 6. Doing Without Justification? 1966:

of the population. These developments served as the foundation of the

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Goldman, Alvin I. (1976). "Discrimination and Perceptual Knowledge".

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Language and Interpretation: Hermeneutics from East-West Perspective

11921: 11748:

Self-Esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspectives

11010: 10711:"An Introduction to the Theory of Knowledge, Written by O'Brien, D." 9722: 9706: 5910: 4072: 3709: 3425:, § 2. Propositional Knowledge Is Not Mere True Belief, § 3. Warrant 2785: 2119: 673: 16528: 16091: 15342: 11170:"From Background to Foreground: Toward an Anthropology of Learning" 10330: 10046: 9889:

A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks

8936: 5785:, Lead Section, § 9. Implications of Fallibilism: Knowing Fallibly? 4959:

Political Writings and Speeches. 1890–1908: The Glory of God in Man

4920:

Political Writings and Speeches. 1890–1908: The Glory of God in Man

3702:, § 5c. Questioning the Gettier Problem, § 6. Standards for Knowing 2530: 2490: 2390: 2293: 2289: 2231: 2215: 2027: 2015: 1963: 1814:, but covers a wider area that includes knowledge from fields like 1668: 1660: 1468: 1464: 1401: 1262: 1189: 1181: 1166: 1133: 866: 832: 680: 15168: 12605:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

10516:

Flynn, Mark (2000). "A Critique of Scientism Not Science per se".

16071: 15367: 14849:

Chomsky and Deconstruction: The Politics of Unconscious Knowledge

13974:

Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, Tests, and Issues

13311:

Penelhum, Terence (1971). "1. Faith, Scepticism and Philosophy".

8726:

Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings

7454:, Lead Section, § 2. The Rejection of Enlightenment Evidentialism 7448:, Lead Section, § 2. The Evidentialist Objection to Belief in God 7391:, Lead Section, § 2. The Evidentialist Objection to Belief in God 5456:, § 4.2 The Knowability Paradox (a.k.a. the Church-Fitch Paradox) 4140:, § 7.4 Knowledge-How in Preverbal Children and Nonhuman Animals. 2142: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1703: 1699: 1618: 1355: 1077: 1016:

The relevant experience in question is primarily identified with

932: 566: 123: 14537: 14223:

Stehr, Nico; Adolf, Marian T. (2016). "The Price of Knowledge".

13066: 12559: 11455:

Hill, Sonya D., ed. (2009). "Knowledge–Based View Of The Firm".

11410: 11360: 11027: 9751: 2596:

An often-cited paradox from the field of formal epistemology is

2162:

is used in a very broad sense, roughly equivalent to terms like

663: 16744: 16185: 15734: 15357: 15347: 14709:

Handbook of Research on Teaching and Learning in K-20 Education

14345:

Illuminating the Mind: An Introduction to Buddhist Epistemology

12315:

Lycan, William G. (2019). "2. Moore Against the New Skeptics".

12051: 11383: 11240:"Knowledge by Acquaintance Vs. Description: 1. The Distinction" 10591:

The Textbook and the Lecture: Education in the Age of New Media

10111: 10091:

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9133:"Relevant Alternatives and the Shifting Standards of Knowledge" 8842: 7484:, Lead Section, 2. The Rejection of Enlightenment Evidentialism 6014:, § 1.2 Against Foundationalism, § 1.3 The Hermeneutical Circle 2536: 2092: 1944: 1856:

saw the rise of major civilizations starting about 3000 BCE in

1600: 1460: 1423: 1342: 1234: 1221: 919: 795: 755: 698: 686: 530: 518: 493: 284: 274: 219: 13381:

Confronting Nature: T́he Sociology of Solar-Neutrino Detection

9777:

Good Science: Psychological Inquiry as Everyday Moral Practice

2510:, which argues that what is true depends on one's perspective. 2308:. Knowledge management efforts are often employed to increase 2030:

and amounts to knowledge. One important view in this field is

1947:, which preserved and advanced technical and craft knowledge. 1718:

and the natural sciences often rely on advanced technological

1216: 17283: 16382: 16285: 15931: 15362: 15093: 13997:

KZFSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie

10692:

Why Teach with Cases?: Reflections on Philosophy and Practice

6268:, Lead Section, § 6. Other Accounts of the Value of Knowledge 3156:, Lead Section, § 2. Chisholm on the Problem of the Criterion 2519:

A defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false.

2368: 2088: 2068: 2044: 1839: 1254: 1246: 1073: 1041: 759: 490: 279: 14805:

Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious

14645:

Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia

14142:

Terminology: Applications in interdisciplinary communication

13538:

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Ignorance: On the Wider Implications of Deficient Knowledge

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10433:

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10158:

Descartes's Method: The Formation of the Subject of Science

10139:

Engaged Knowledge Management: Engagement with New Realities

1664: 1609: 1591:

Besides having instrumental value, knowledge may also have

1316: 1085: 1057: 775: 509:

Knowledge can be produced in many ways. The main source of

234: 12539:

McCain, Kevin; Stapleford, Scott; Steup, Matthias (2021).

12277:

Lilley, Simon; Lightfoot, Geoffrey; Amaral, Paulo (2004).

12212:

Lengnick-Hall, Mark L.; Lengnick-Hall, Cynthia A. (2003).

12211: 12096:

Thornton, Tim; Lanzer, Peter (2018). Lanzer, Peter (ed.).

10608:

Fumerton, Richard (2008). "The Problem of the Criterion".

9434:

Cai, Zixing; Liu, Lijue; Chen, Baifan; Wang, Yong (2021).

8620:

Allwood, Carl Martin (2013). "Anthropology of Knowledge".

8136: 6410: 4525:, Lead Section, § 1. The Distinctiveness of Self-Knowledge 1439:

world. This thought experiment is based on the problem of

13955:

Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge (Routledge Revivals)

8766:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–125. 3765:, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 7. Is Knowledge Analyzable? 3637:, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 7. Is Knowledge Analyzable? 2613:

assumes that a person is not a regular human being but a

1369:

encompasses a variety of views, including the claim that

945: 802:

processes, like sensory perception or logical reasoning.

13578:

Pritchard, Duncan; Turri, John; Carter, J. Adam (2022).

12772:

The Power of Ethics: Some Lessons from the Bhagavad-Gita

10258:

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3500:, § 4. Foundationalism and Coherentism, § 6. Externalism 1430:

The strongest position about the limits of knowledge is

496:

that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of

14246:

Introduction to Communication Course Book 1: The Basics

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13211:

Philosophical Explorations of the Legacy of Alan Turing

11710:

Understanding Education: History, Politics and Practice

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Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus

9112:

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8923:

Barth, Fredrik (2002). "An Anthropology of Knowledge".

2926: 2742:, § 1.1 The Truth Condition, § 1.2 The Belief Condition 2724:, Lead Section, § 1. The Varieties of Cognitive Success 1265:

that misrepresent certain aspects of reality, like the

818:

example, someone drives along a country road with many

13738:

Unknowability: An Inquiry into the Limits of Knowledge

12753:

Truth, Politics, Morality: Pragmatism and Deliberation

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Lehrer, Keith (2015). "1. The Analysis of Knowledge".

5276:, Lead Section, § 1. Reductionism and Non-Reductionism 4125:, Lead Section, § 6. The Epistemology of Knowledge-How 2091:

and the acquisition of knowledge is encouraged in the

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Bowen, James; Gelpi, Ettore; Anweiler, Oskar (2023).

3807: 3655: 3315:, § 1b. Knowledge-That, § 5. Understanding Knowledge? 3183:, § The Origins of Knowledge, § Analytic Epistemology 2123:

or ignorance, which is understood as the root of all

2105:

is the goddess of knowledge and the arts in Hinduism.

742:

Definitions of knowledge § Justified true belief

13577: 11707: 11607:

Ichikawa, Jonathan Jenkins; Steup, Matthias (2018).

11528:

The Pragmatic Maxim: Essays on Peirce and Pragmatism

10196:"Margin for Error and the Transparency of Knowledge" 9941:

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Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009).

9906:

Coser, Lewis A. (2009) . "Knowledge, Sociology of".

8682:

Encyclopedia of Information Communication Technology

7190: 6917:, § Introduction, Prehistoric and Primitive Cultures 6344: 6329: 6306: 6280: 6265: 6230: 6201: 5930:, Lead Section, § 4. Foundationalism and Coherentism 5871:, Lead Section, § 4. Foundationalism and Coherentism 1838:. It further covers practical knowledge of specific 14604: 14452:Sweller, John; Ayres, Paul; Kalyuga, Slava (2011). 14451: 14036:"Belief: 2.1 Occurrent Versus Dispositional Belief" 13990: 13719:

Epistemic Logic: A Survey of the Logic of Knowledge

13207:"Justified True Belief: Plato, Gettier, and Turing" 12868:Moser, Paul K. (2005). "13. Scientific Knowledge". 11903:

The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations

11708:Kemmis, Stephen; Edwards-Groves, Christine (2017). 8349: 7499:, § 2. The Evidentialist Objection to Belief in God 7478:, § 2. The Evidentialist Objection to Belief in God 6755: 6498:, Lead Section, § 1. Overview and organizing themes 6041:, § 4. The Structure of Knowledge and Justification 5999:, § 4. The Structure of Knowledge and Justification 5877:, § 4. The Structure of Knowledge and Justification 5740:, § 6.1 General Skepticism and Selective Skepticism 5636:, § 6.1 General Skepticism and Selective Skepticism 5609:, § 6.1 General Skepticism and Selective Skepticism 4829: 1478:A less radical limit of knowledge is identified by 1381:. For him, knowledge is restricted to the field of 13993:"How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design" 13161:Paden, William E. (2009). "Comparative Religion". 13140:Paden, William E. (2005). "Comparative Religion". 12795:The Handbook of Personality Dynamics and Processes 12342: 11509:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 10477: 10174: 9800:The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9269: 7184: 6914: 6547: 4710: 4674: 4474:, § 2. Innate concepts, certainty and the a priori 3846: 3598:, § 3. The Gettier Problem, § 10.2 Fake Barn Cases 529:and processes. Other sources of knowledge include 14830:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14765:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14729:Understanding Pedagogy and its Impact on Learning 14588:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14481:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14273:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14177: 14118: 14044:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13936:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13892:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13586:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13256:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13111:Olsson, Erik J (2011). "The Value of Knowledge". 13029:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13004:Qualitative Research in Business & Management 12731:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12241:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11615:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11342:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11273:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11248:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11221:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11063:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10903:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10813: 10553:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10241:A History of Knowledge: Past, Present, and Future 9909:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 9598:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9463:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 8789:Audi, Robert (2002). "The Sources of Knowledge". 8538: 5483: 5441:, § 4. Fourth Case Study: The Limits of Knowledge 4799: 4068: 3726: 3219:, § 8. Implications of Fallibilism: No Knowledge? 2781: 2436: – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge 1561:Los portadores de la antorcha (The Torch-Bearers) 1096:, physical attributes, relationships, goals, and 17328: 14931: 14725: 14579: 14139: 13991:Schoonenboom, Judith; Johnson, R. Burke (2017). 13864: 13333:The Routledge Handbook of Hellenistic Philosophy 13164:The Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion 12826:The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning 12720: 12157:The Trinitarian Christology of St Thomas Aquinas 12117:The Politics of Translingualism: After Englishes 11731:. Harvard University Press. pp. 8–10, 133. 11547:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology 11435: 9298:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 8865: 8745:Mathematics And Its Teaching In The Muslim World 8742: 8325: 8310: 8202: 7399: 7397: 7136: 6356: 6347:, § 3. Virtue Epistemology and the Value Problem 6318: 5161: 4191: 4020: 3741: 2917: 1690:The empirical sciences are usually divided into 1532:on other reasons. Another criticism is based on 14790:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 14623: 14580:Turri, John; Alfano, Mark; Greco, John (2021). 14127:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 13971: 13952: 13865:Rothberg, Helen N.; Erickson, G. Scott (2005). 13797:"Fake Barns and Our Epistemological Theorizing" 13605:The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity 12434:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 12142:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 11438:Decoding Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma 11329: 11088:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 11055:"Definitions: 1.1 Real and Nominal Definitions" 10951:. Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publication Department. 10860:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 10708: 10090: 9436:Artificial Intelligence: From Beginning To Date 9114:Renaissance Futurities: Science, Art, Invention 9099:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 9063: 8724:Appelrouth, Scott; Edles, Laura Desfor (2008). 8723: 8017: 7948: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7595: 7559: 6630:, § 3. Scientific Method in Scientific Practice 6561: 6530: 6495: 5035: 4692: 3195: 2055:, in which Adam and Eve were expelled from the 1599:, this applies to forms of knowledge linked to 1576:money from bets. In these cases, knowledge has 1336:. These limits constitute a form of inevitable 557:The main discipline investigating knowledge is 16909:Fourth Great Debate in international relations 14561:Tufari, P. (2003). "Knowledge, Sociology of". 14140:Sonneveld, Helmi B.; Loening, Kurt L. (1993). 13801:Crítica: Revista Hispanoamericana de Filosofía 13662:Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory 12134:Legg, Catherine; Hookway, Christopher (2021). 12095: 11631: 9433: 8961: 8626:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 69–72. 8370: 8253: 7337: 7316: 7289: 7097: 7046: 6983: 6920: 5728:, § 8. The Epistemic Principles and Scepticism 5630:, § 8. The Epistemic Principles and Scepticism 5585:, § 8. The Epistemic Principles and Scepticism 16861: 16398: 15750: 15535: 15220: 15206: 15182: 12791:"15. Dynamic Self-processes - Self-knowledge" 12541:Epistemic Dilemmas: New Arguments, New Angles 12425: 12295: 12281:. Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163. 11956: 11606: 11408: 11310: 11264: 11237: 11210: 11079: 10311: 10035:KNOW: A Journal on the Formation of Knowledge 9656:Encyclopedia of Communication and Information 9517: 9499:Carson, Thomas; Cerrito, Joann, eds. 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Logic-based systems rely on 2065:seven gifts of the Holy Spirit 690:(expert technical knowledge), 596: 204:Analytic–synthetic distinction 13: 1: 17157:Knowledge and Human Interests 16493:Rankean historical positivism 15657:Personal knowledge management 15621:Enterprise content management 15611:Knowledge management software 15505:Outline of human intelligence 15409:Multiple-intelligences theory 14237:10.1080/02691728.2016.1172366 14161:Knowledge Through Imagination 14144:. John Benjamins Publishing. 12952:"Coherentism in Epistemology" 12706:. Continuum. pp. 19–20. 12560:"Kant, Immanuel: Metaphysics" 10835:Scientific Method in Practice 10384:10.12962/j24433527.v10i2.2161 10072:Degenhardt, M. A. B. (2019). 8999:10.1080/00455091.2017.1323531 8091:, § 3.3 Internal Vs. External 4800:Gascoigne & Thornton 2014 4069:Stanley & Willlamson 2001 3536:, § 5. Defeasibility Theories 2782:Stanley & Willlamson 2001 2540:(expert technical knowledge). 2453: 2282:evidence transfer principle. 1698:. The natural sciences, like 879:. Propositional knowledge is 790:, which can take the form of 17275: 16941:A General View of Positivism 15575:Knowledge intensive services 15455:Intelligence and environment 14807:. Harvard University Press. 13928:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023). 13848:The Idea Of Higher Education 13693:10.4324/9780415249126-P019-1 13423:. Hackett Pub. Co. pp. 12488:10.4324/9780415249126-V023-1 12428:"Rationalism vs. Empiricism" 12050:Lammenranta, Markus (2022). 11980:. Harvard University Press. 11864:10.4324/9780415249126-P031-1 11786:The Philosophy of Psychology 11315:. Springer. pp. 26–28. 11139:10.4324/9780415249126-P031-2 10694:. Emerald Group Publishing. 9887:Conner, Clifford D. (2009). 9480:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). 9455:"Infinite Regress Arguments" 9234:10.1007/978-1-4020-1986-9_25 9149:10.5840/swphilreview20021813 8705:APA Dictionary of Psychology 8430: 8326:Watkins & Mortimore 1999 8311:Watkins & Mortimore 1999 8203:Sonneveld & Loening 1993 7313:, pp. xxiv–xxv, 213–214 7286:, pp. xxiv–xxv, 184–185 6007:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 5944:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 5885:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 5624:, § 6. Standards for Knowing 5162:Michaelian & Sutton 2017 5113:, § The Origins of Knowledge 5014:, § The Origins of Knowledge 4192:Heydorn & Jesudason 2013 4161:, § St. Anselm of Canterbury 4021:Woolfolk & Margetts 2012 3742:Baggini & Southwell 2016 3678:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 3439:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 3401:, Lead Section, § 3. Warrant 3365:, § 1.2 The Belief Condition 3252:, Lead Section, § 3. Warrant 3225:, § 6. Standards for Knowing 3191:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 3081:1. The Analysis of Knowledge 2918:Rothberg & Erickson 2005 2673: 2255:how academic journals decide 2197: 1998:Resacralization of knowledge 1994:Desacralization of knowledge 1607:problem is found in Plato's 1494: 1432:radical or global skepticism 7: 17141:Conjectures and Refutations 16973:The Logic of Modern Physics 16790:Deductive-nomological model 16226:Internalism and externalism 15590:Knowledge-intensive company 15399:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory 14951:Yanofsky, Noson S. (2013). 14822:Windt, Jennifer M. (2021). 14803:Wilson, Timothy D. (2002). 14755:Weisberg, Jonathan (2021). 14628:. Oxford University Press. 14433:Swartley, Keith E. (2005). 14347:. Oxford University Press. 14163:. Oxford University Press. 14034:Schwitzgebel, Eric (2021). 13776:Rescher, Nicholas (2009a). 13761:. Oxford University Press. 13626:. Oxford University Press. 13402:. Oxford University Press. 13219:10.1007/978-3-319-53280-6_4 12872:. Oxford University Press. 12159:. Oxford University Press. 12081:. Oxford University Press. 12023:. Oxford University Press. 11905:. Oxford University Press. 11769:. Pearson Education India. 11746:Kernis, Michael H. (2013). 11609:"The Analysis of Knowledge" 11530:. Oxford University Press. 11511:. Oxford University Press. 11028:"Epistemology of Testimony" 10876:(2010). "1. Introduction". 10406:. Oxford University Press. 10239:Doren, Charles Van (1992). 10160:. Oxford University Press. 10076:. Routledge. pp. 1–6. 9868:Colander, David C. (2016). 9796:"Anthropology of Knowledge" 9750:Clark, Kelly James (2022). 9659:. Macmillan Reference USA. 9586:"Plato on Knowledge in the 9301:. Oxford University Press. 9195:. Oxford University Press. 9174:. Oxford University Press. 9137:Southwest Philosophy Review 9068:. Oxford University Press. 8843:"A Priori and A Posteriori" 8826:. Pearson Education India. 8124:, § 7. Epistemic Principles 8018:Appelrouth & Edles 2008 7949:Scheler & Stikkers 2012 7560:Delahunty & Dignen 2012 6562:Hepburn & Andersen 2021 6531:Hepburn & Andersen 2021 6496:Hepburn & Andersen 2021 5036:Bertelson & Gelder 2004 4839:Low, Jin & Sweller 2008 4693:Schneider & McGrew 2022 4065:, § The Nature of Knowledge 3963:, § The Nature of Knowledge 3921:, § The Nature of Knowledge 3897:, § The Nature of Knowledge 3321:, § The Nature of Knowledge 3309:, § 1.1 The Truth Condition 2760:, § The Nature of Knowledge 2506:. This view is rejected by 2424: – Type of modal logic 2414: 2404:Student-centered approaches 2264: 2220:decolonization of knowledge 1987: 1781:with the previous outlook. 1687:disconfirm the hypothesis. 696:(strategic knowledge), and 619:and can be understood as a 10: 17378: 17101:The Poverty of Historicism 16997:The Universe in a Nutshell 16981:Language, Truth, and Logic 16965:The Analysis of Sensations 14784:"Kant's Account of Reason" 14782:Williams, Garrath (2023). 14290:Stevenson, Leslie (2003). 14244:Steinberg, Sheila (1995). 13736:Rescher, Nicholas (2009). 13717:Rescher, Nicholas (2005). 13679:Rescher, Nicholas (1998). 13559:Pritchard, Duncan (2013). 13205:; Renero, Adriana (2017). 13021:Niiniluoto, Ilkka (2019). 13002:Myers, Michael D. (2009). 12683:Mertler, Craig A. (2021). 12578:McDermid, Douglas (2023). 12543:. Routledge. p. 111. 12514:"Problem of the Criterion" 12020:The Epistemology of Groups 11852:. 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Knowledge as a Kind 2847:, § Sociology of Knowledge 2298:organizational development 2245:A central subfield is the 2201: 1991: 1803: 1799: 1733:The social sciences, like 1651: 1647: 1377:knowledge was proposed by 1211: 1163:occurrent or dispositional 997:knowledge of these facts. 974: 859: 735: 600: 32:Knowledge (disambiguation) 29: 17309: 17257: 17191: 17181:The Rhetoric of Economics 17068: 17007: 16924: 16871: 16867: 16862:Positivist-related debate 16856: 16683: 16652: 16567: 16511: 16455: 16424: 16420: 16352: 16301: 16150: 16057:Evolutionary epistemology 16027: 15772: 15711: 15693:Communities of innovation 15670: 15634: 15603: 15557: 15495: 15432: 15391: 15282: 15231: 15188: 15183:Links to related articles 14987:10.1002/9781405164863.ch3 14563:New Catholic Encyclopedia 14414:Suzanne, Zyngier (2021). 14387:Sudduth, Michael (2022). 14343:Stoltz, Jonathan (2021). 14308:10.1017/S1369415400001746 14073:10.1002/0470018860.s00058 14009:10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1 13976:. Guilford Publications. 13957:. Routledge. p. 23. 13624:Self-knowledge: A History 13486:Power, Edward J. (1970). 13248:Pavese, Carlotta (2022). 13098:. Oxford University Press 12979:"Definition of Knowledge" 12916:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 12824:Morrison, Robert (2005). 12755:. Routledge. p. 53. 12607:. Elsevier: 13837–13841. 12459:10.1002/0470018860.s00558 12401:Markie, Peter J. (1998). 12349:Modern British Philosophy 12347:. In Magee, Bryan (ed.). 12317:On Evidence in Philosophy 12119:. Routledge. p. 67. 11821:10.1007/s11229-014-0589-9 11545:Howell, Kerry E. (2013). 10999:The Journal of Philosophy 10852:George, Theodore (2021). 10574:. Routledge. p. 75. 10341:10.1007/s11023-018-9481-6 10212:10.1007/s11229-007-9245-y 9849:Cohen, Robert S. (2013). 9775:Clegg, Joshua W. (2022). 9358:. John Wiley & Sons. 8889:. John Wiley & Sons. 8275:Castilho & Lopes 2009 8236:Castilho & Lopes 2009 8003:Gutting & Oksala 2022 7554:Carson & Cerrito 2003 6786:, 11 Scientific Knowledge 6465:, 11 Scientific Knowledge 5970:Hasan & Fumerton 2022 5840:Hasan & Fumerton 2018 5492:, § 5. Moral Epistemology 5466:Kreeft & Tacelli 2009 5328:Markie & Folescu 2023 5310:Markie & Folescu 2023 5250:Markie & Folescu 2023 4493:Markie & Folescu 2023 4266:Alter & Nagasawa 2015 4248:Haymes & Özdalga 2016 4239:Hasan & Fumerton 2020 4210:Hasan & Fumerton 2020 4059:, § 1. Kinds of Knowledge 3795:, § 1. Kinds of Knowledge 3771:, pp. 93–94, 104–105 3763:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3641:Durán & Formanek 2018 3635:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3608:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3596:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3581:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3492:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3462:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3444:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3393:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3363:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3307:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3130:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3104:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 3065:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 2984:, § 2. What Is Knowledge? 2778:, § 1. Kinds of Knowledge 2740:Ichikawa & Steup 2018 2300:, as it directly impacts 2251:distribution of resources 2155:anthropology of knowledge 1850:Before the ancient period 1724:analyze the measured data 1538:understanding is circular 1327: 1220:Perception relies on the 1067: 977:A priori and a posteriori 633:knowledge by acquaintance 310:Evolutionary epistemology 17342:Concepts in epistemology 17117:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 16834:Structural functionalism 16760:Naturalism in literature 16329:Philosophy of perception 16132:Representational realism 16102:Naturalized epistemology 14519:Science in World History 14471:Thakchoe, Sonam (2022). 14248:. Juta and Company Ltd. 13909:Rutten, Emanuel (2012). 13846:Barnett, Ronald (1990). 13660:Repko, Allen F. (2008). 13641:Reif, Frederick (2008). 13580:"The Value of Knowledge" 13519:Power, Richenda (2014). 13467:Powell, Timothy (2020). 13342:10.4324/9781351168120-23 13173:10.4324/9780203868768-19 13143:Encyclopedia of Religion 13065:O'Brien, Daniel (2022). 12723:"Memory: 3. Episodicity" 12386:. Northern Book Centre. 11976:Kuhn, Thomas S. (1992). 11848:Klein, Peter D. (1998). 11689:Kandel, Abraham (1992). 11653:Encyclopedia of Hinduism 11636:. Taylor & Francis. 11578:10.1057/9780230244481_23 11564:Hunter, Lynette (2009). 11123:Hannon, Michael (2021). 10880:. Routledge. p. 1. 10763:Gardiner, J. M. (2001). 10501:. Taylor & Francis. 10285:Dreyer, Jaco S. (2017). 9872:. Taylor & Francis. 9752:"Religious Epistemology" 9379:Philosophy East and West 9339:. ICETIC. p. 1395. 9226:Handbook of Epistemology 9091:Bird, Alexander (2022). 8841:Baehr, Jason S. (2022). 8583:Horowitz, Maryanne Cline 8293:Akerkar & Sajja 2010 7236:Black & Álvarez 2019 6927:Fagan & Durrani 2016 6762:Shorten & Smith 2017 6146:2 The value of knowledge 6128:2 The value of knowledge 6104:2 The value of knowledge 5191:Baird & Maskill 2017 4657:Desouza & Awazu 2005 3583:, § 10.2 Fake Barn Cases 3280:Parikh & Renero 2017 2481:Ancient Greek philosophy 2458: 2399:how learning takes place 2328:Knowledge representation 2020:epistemology of religion 1933:Al-Qarawiyyin University 1551: 981:The distinction between 899:is coming to dinner and 846: 603:Definitions of knowledge 563:philosophical skepticism 425:Philosophy of perception 17244:Willard Van Orman Quine 16957:Idealism and Positivism 16549:Critique of metaphysics 16483:Sociological positivism 16309:Outline of epistemology 16142:Transcendental idealism 15683:Chief knowledge officer 15652:Collective intelligence 14885:Woolf, Raphael (2013). 14866:Witzel, Morgen (2004). 14368:Encyclopædia Britannica 13884:Russell, Bruce (2020). 13521:A Question of Knowledge 12887:Moser, Paul K. (2016). 12843:Moser, Paul K. (1998). 12193:Lemos, Noah M. (1994). 12155:Legge, Dominic (2017). 12115:Lee, Jerry Won (2017). 12052:"Epistemic Circularity" 11850:"Knowledge, Concept of" 11765:Khatoon, Naima (2012). 11655:. Infobase Publishing. 11359:Hetherington, Stephen. 11125:"Knowledge, Concept of" 10920:Gertler, Brie (2021a). 10833:Gauch, Hugh G. (2003). 10570:Foxall, Gordon (2017). 10545:Forrest, Peter (2021). 10530:10.1023/a:1007695016458 10455:10.1126/science.1201765 10371:Jurnal Sosial Humaniora 10110:DePoe, John M. (2022). 9977:Danesi, Marcel (2013). 9943:. Infobase Publishing. 9276:Encyclopedia Britannica 8981:Bartlett, Gary (2018). 8591:Charles Scribner's Sons 8560:Knowledge-Based Systems 8410:Wang & Cranton 2013 8146:Awad & Ghaziri 2003 7944:Knowledge, Sociology of 7935:Knowledge, Sociology of 7152:Cosman & Jones 2009 7100:, pp. 5, 43–44, 47 6420:Awad & Ghaziri 2003 5936:, § 4.1 Foundationalism 5813:Legg & Hookway 2021 5795:Legg & Hookway 2021 4612:Evans & Foster 2011 3736:Legg & Hookway 2021 3073:, Knowledge, Concept of 2874:Magee & Popper 1971 2434:Knowledge falsification 2332:artificial intelligence 2275:luminosity of knowledge 1463:as a form of attaining 1385:and does not reach the 1347:day he was assassinated 1107:distributed, and used. 674: 668:, which comes from the 664: 625:propositional knowledge 320:Historical epistemology 17289: 17258:Concepts in contention 16899: 16889: 16879: 16770:Objectivity in science 16668:Non-Euclidean geometry 16634:Methodological dualism 16595: 16256:Problem of other minds 14868:Management: The Basics 14362:Stroll, Avrum (2023). 14104:10.1136/eb-2017-102699 14092:Evidence Based Nursing 13913:. Vrije Universiteit. 12950:Murphy, Peter (2022). 12770:Mishra, T. K. (2021). 12702:Miah, Sajahan (2006). 12512:McCain, Kevin (2022). 12231:Leonard, Nick (2021). 11961:. InterVarsity Press. 11926:Discipline Filosofiche 10895:Gertler, Brie (2021). 10781:10.1098/rstb.2001.0955 10589:Friesen, Norm (2017). 10365:Emaliana, Ive (2017). 10304:10.4102/hts.v73i4.4805 9705:Clark, Romane (1988). 9582:Chappell, Sophie-Grace 9453:Cameron, Ross (2018). 9373:Burton, David (2002). 8966:(2nd ed.). Sage. 8868:Philosophy: Key Themes 8593:. pp. 1199–1204. 6378:Stehr & Adolf 2016 5484:Sinnott-Armstrong 2019 5429:, pp. 3, 9, 65–66 5405:, pp. x–xi, 57–58 5107:, § 3. Ways of Knowing 5008:, § 3. Ways of Knowing 4537:, pp. 13837–13841 3915:, § 1b. Knowledge-That 3891:, § 1b. Knowledge-That 2754:, § 1b. Knowledge-That 2609:A similar often-cited 2508:relativism about truth 2409:educational technology 2312:in attempts to gain a 2310:operational efficiency 2204:Sociology of knowledge 2180:empirical observations 2106: 1983:In various disciplines 1892: 1878:imperfect human memory 1728:exact and general laws 1588: 1572: 1512: 1461:suspension of judgment 1427: 1308: 1225: 924: 871: 810: 778:guesses, or erroneous 751: 587:sociology of knowledge 48: 17165:The Poverty of Theory 16785:Philosophy of science 16674:Uncertainty principle 16334:Philosophy of science 16314:Faith and rationality 16196:Descriptive knowledge 16067:Feminist epistemology 16007:Nicholas Wolterstorff 15703:Community of interest 15698:Community of practice 15616:Business intelligence 15333:Intelligence quotient 14824:"Dreams and Dreaming" 14757:"Formal Epistemology" 14738:10.4135/9781446219454 14647:. SAGE Publications. 14498:Travers, Max (2001). 14454:Cognitive Load Theory 14184:Journal of Philosophy 13471:. Walter de Gruyter. 13096:Oxford Bibliographies 13046:O'Brien, Dan (2006). 13023:"Scientific Progress" 13006:. Sage Publications. 12687:. SAGE Publications. 12077:Landau, Iddo (2017). 11727:Kern, Andrea (2017). 10661:10.1017/9781009028868 10177:Translational Surgery 9482:Encyclopedia of Islam 9391:10.1353/pew.2002.0011 9354:Burke, Peter (2015). 9295:Bowker, John (2003). 9220:Bloor, David (2004). 8577:Allen, Barry (2005). 8104:Dokic & Égré 2009 8089:Steup & Neta 2020 7713:Jones & Ryan 2006 7704:Jones & Ryan 2006 6039:Steup & Neta 2020 5997:Steup & Neta 2020 5934:Steup & Neta 2020 5875:Steup & Neta 2020 5738:Steup & Neta 2020 5664:Steup & Neta 2020 5634:Steup & Neta 2020 5607:Steup & Neta 2020 5268:Steup & Neta 2020 5223:Steup & Neta 2020 5176:Steup & Neta 2020 5129:Steup & Neta 2020 5092:, § 5.2 Introspection 5090:Steup & Neta 2020 5048:Steup & Neta 2020 4558:Morin & Racy 2021 4117:Steup & Neta 2020 3777:, § 2.3 Knowing Facts 3775:Steup & Neta 2020 3622:, § 2.3 Knowing Facts 3620:Steup & Neta 2020 3008:Steup & Neta 2020 2982:Steup & Neta 2020 2722:Steup & Neta 2020 2583:is a special type of 2422:Epistemic modal logic 2314:competitive advantage 2259:scientific profession 2145:or ultimate reality. 2101: 2093:teachings of Muhammad 2036:religious experiences 1977:Industrial Revolution 1968:Scientific Revolution 1890: 1763:Mixed-method research 1743:communication studies 1712:quantitative research 1654:Philosophy of science 1586: 1565:Anna Hyatt Huntington 1559: 1510: 1422: 1398:uncertainty principle 1345:'s breakfast was the 1306: 1224:to acquire knowledge. 1219: 1155:Cognitive load theory 1064:or rational insight. 922: 869: 862:Declarative knowledge 808: 749: 732:Analysis of knowledge 713:analysis of knowledge 430:Philosophy of science 42: 17173:The Scientific Image 16844:Structuration theory 16807:Qualitative research 16708:Criticism of science 16703:Critical rationalism 16639:Problem of induction 16266:Procedural knowledge 16251:Problem of induction 15565:Intellectual capital 15551:Knowledge management 15419:Three-stratum theory 14975:"What Is Knowledge?" 11995:Kuruk, Paul (2020). 11691:Fuzzy Expert Systems 11670:Jorna, René (2017). 11566:"Situated Knowledge" 11507:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 11053:Gupta, Anil (2021). 10156:Dika, Tarek (2023). 9794:Cohen, Emma (2010). 9636:Buddhism and Jainism 9617:Buddhism and Jainism 9438:. World Scientific. 9192:The King James Bible 8925:Current Anthropology 8824:Knowledge Management 8747:. World Scientific. 8728:. Pine Forge Press. 8701:"Situated Knowledge" 8095:Das & Salow 2018 7688:, pp. 1373–1374 7664:, pp. 1373–1374 7596:Van Nieuwenhove 2020 6887:, pp. xvi–xviii 6393:Meirmans et al. 2019 6361:§ 6. Epistemic Value 5158:, pp. 1351–1352 4100:1 Some preliminaries 4043:1 Some preliminaries 3978:, § 1c. Knowledge-Wh 3957:, § 1c. Knowledge-Wh 3196:García-Arnaldos 2020 3149:3 Defining knowledge 3088:, pp. 92, 96–97 2483:in Plato's dialogue 2446:Outline of knowledge 2286:Knowledge management 2238:, medicine, and the 2117:. It contrasts with 1972:Age of Enlightenment 1874:invention of writing 1806:History of knowledge 1536:and argues that all 1387:things in themselves 1363:Religious skepticism 1321:problem of testimony 1267:Müller-Lyer illusion 1052:knowledge exists as 929:procedural knowledge 724:the term is used in 591:history of knowledge 573:based on repeatable 305:Applied epistemology 30:For other uses, see 17362:Main topic articles 17149:One-Dimensional Man 16597:Geisteswissenschaft 16580:Confirmation holism 16344:Virtue epistemology 16339:Social epistemology 16319:Formal epistemology 16206:Epistemic injustice 16201:Exploratory thought 16002:Ludwig Wittgenstein 15392:Models and theories 14904:10.1093/mind/fzt012 14225:Social Epistemology 13740:. Lexington books. 13292:Peels, Rik (2023). 12176:Theory of Knowledge 12100:. Springer Nature. 11920:Kraft, Tim (2012). 11336:"Scientific Method" 10775:(1413): 1351–1361. 10447:2011Sci...331..721E 9891:. Bold Type Books. 9638:. Springer Nature. 9619:. Springer Nature. 9131:Black, Tim (2002). 8526:AHD Staff (2022e). 8513:AHD Staff (2022d). 8488:AHD staff (2022c). 8463:AHD staff (2022b). 8438:AHD staff (2022a). 5330:, § 1. Introduction 5312:, § 1. Introduction 4627:Cox & Raja 2011 4480:, § 2. Innate ideas 4119:, § 2.2 Knowing How 4092:, § 1d. Knowing-How 2341:automatic reasoning 2273:referred to as the 2270:Formal epistemology 2008:religious doctrines 1937:Al-Azhar University 1747:qualitative methods 1630:virtue epistemology 1206:veil of appearances 1186:two truths doctrine 877:analytic philosophy 511:empirical knowledge 415:Epistemic cognition 335:Virtue epistemology 330:Social epistemology 315:Formal epistemology 54:Part of a series on 17224:Hans-Georg Gadamer 17025:Alexander Bogdanov 16901:Positivismusstreit 16696:Post-behavioralism 16660:history of science 16512:Principal concepts 16468:Logical positivism 15997:Timothy Williamson 15787:Augustine of Hippo 15604:Electronic systems 15445:Heritability of IQ 15222:Human intelligence 14663:Walton, Douglas N. 14121:"Moral Skepticism" 13379:Pinch, T. (2013). 13113:Philosophy Compass 11767:General Psychology 11384:"Gettier Problems" 10318:Minds and Machines 10014:10.1111/nous.12158 9320:. Berghahn Books. 9047:Science and Ethics 8983:"Occurrent States" 8699:APA staff (2022). 8615:on 22 August 2017. 8178:, pp. 503–504 7999:, pp. 186–188 7682:, pp. 202–203 7658:, pp. 202–203 7376:, pp. 178–181 7349:, pp. 178–181 7268:, pp. 169–170 6971:, pp. 168–169 6893:, pp. 142–143 6758:, pp. 107–108 6722:, pp. 193–194 6395:, pp. 754–756 6380:, pp. 483–485 6227:, pp. 874–875 6209:, pp. 874–875 6111:, pp. 874–875 5732:Hetherington 2022a 5622:Hetherington 2022a 5589:Hetherington 2022a 5564:, pp. 161–164 5549:, pp. 185–186 5381:, pp. 140–141 5300:, pp. ix, 1–2 5217:Hetherington 2022a 5105:Hetherington 2022a 5038:, pp. 141–142 5006:Hetherington 2022a 4614:, pp. 721–725 4560:, pp. 373–374 4275:Hetherington 2022a 4221:Hetherington 2022a 4153:Hetherington 2022a 4090:Hetherington 2022a 4057:Hetherington 2022a 3976:Hetherington 2022a 3955:Hetherington 2022a 3940:Hetherington 2022a 3913:Hetherington 2022a 3889:Hetherington 2022a 3793:Hetherington 2022a 3700:Hetherington 2022a 3643:, pp. 648–650 3572:, pp. 771–773 3540:Hetherington 2022a 3504:Hetherington 2022a 3474:Hetherington 2022a 3429:Hetherington 2022a 3313:Hetherington 2022a 3223:Hetherington 2022a 3047:Hetherington 2022a 2960:, pp. 254–255 2820:, pp. 111–112 2776:Hetherington 2022a 2752:Hetherington 2022a 2611:thought experiment 2353:rule-based systems 2306:strategic planning 2188:transfer knowledge 2107: 2012:religious skeptics 1958:and sciences. The 1929:Islamic Golden Age 1925:Islamic philosophy 1893: 1812:history of science 1790:Hans-Georg Gadamer 1589: 1578:instrumental value 1573: 1546:circular reasoning 1513: 1448:self-contradictory 1441:underdetermination 1428: 1410:initial conditions 1309: 1226: 1144:Explicit knowledge 1125:Situated knowledge 1090:personality traits 1062:rational intuition 1018:sensory experience 925: 872: 811: 752: 535:rational intuition 475:awareness of facts 49: 17324: 17323: 17318: 17317: 17305: 17304: 17301: 17300: 17199:Theodor W. Adorno 17015:Richard Avenarius 16891:Werturteilsstreit 16852: 16851: 16800:Sense-data theory 16498:Polish positivism 16473:Positivist school 16380: 16379: 16246:Privileged access 15882:Søren Kierkegaard 15732: 15731: 15595:Knowledge sharing 15570:Knowledge economy 15517: 15516: 15433:Areas of research 15383:Visual processing 15300:Cognitive liberty 15050:"Epistemic Value" 14996:978-0-631-20290-5 14962:978-0-262-01935-4 14955:. The MIT Press. 14943:978-1-4425-5145-9 14877:978-1-134-36172-4 14858:978-0-230-11705-1 14847:Wise, C. (2011). 14747:978-1-85396-453-4 14718:978-1-4666-4250-8 14699:978-1-316-29775-9 14654:978-1-4522-8302-9 14635:978-0-19-103406-0 14616:978-1-5225-3874-5 14572:978-0-7876-4008-8 14528:978-1-136-49929-6 14509:978-1-4462-7627-3 14463:978-1-4419-8126-4 14444:978-0-8308-5644-2 14425:978-1-7998-5773-0 14354:978-0-19-090756-3 14255:978-0-7021-3649-8 14170:978-0-19-102619-5 14151:978-90-272-7400-7 14082:978-0-470-01619-0 13983:978-1-4625-5203-0 13964:978-0-415-62334-6 13920:978-90-819608-0-9 13876:978-0-7506-7762-2 13857:978-0-335-09420-2 13787:978-0-8229-6014-0 13768:978-0-19-926479-7 13747:978-0-7391-3615-7 13728:978-0-8229-7092-7 13702:978-0-415-25069-6 13671:978-1-4129-5915-5 13652:978-0-262-18263-8 13633:978-0-19-022642-8 13614:978-0-7914-6851-7 13570:978-1-134-57367-7 13530:978-1-317-88375-3 13499:978-0-07-050581-0 13478:978-3-11-059304-4 13444:"Foundationalism" 13434:978-0-87220-633-5 13409:978-0-19-046276-5 13390:978-94-015-7729-8 13351:978-1-351-16812-0 13322:978-0-333-10633-4 13303:978-0-19-765451-4 13284:978-0-8229-7246-4 13228:978-3-319-53280-6 13182:978-0-203-86876-8 13057:978-0-7456-3316-9 13013:978-1-4129-2165-7 12977:MW Staff (2023). 12942:978-1-135-71682-0 12923:978-1-4742-8193-5 12879:978-0-19-020818-9 12835:978-0-521-82417-0 12804:978-0-12-813995-0 12781:978-81-7844-127-6 12762:978-1-134-82618-6 12713:978-1-84714-284-9 12694:978-1-5443-8834-2 12648:10.1111/jeb.13497 12622:978-0-08-043076-8 12558:McCormick, Matt. 12550:978-1-000-46851-9 12497:978-0-415-25069-6 12468:978-0-470-01619-0 12393:978-81-7211-230-1 12362:978-0-19-283047-0 12326:978-0-19-256526-6 12307:978-1-60566-159-9 12288:978-0-19-877541-6 12269:978-0-08-053145-8 12223:978-1-57675-159-6 12204:978-0-521-46207-5 12185:978-1-135-19609-7 12166:978-0-19-879419-6 12126:978-1-315-31051-0 12107:978-3-319-55994-0 12088:978-0-19-065768-0 12030:978-0-19-965660-8 12006:978-1-78536-848-6 11987:978-0-674-41747-2 11968:978-0-8308-7544-3 11912:978-0-19-021377-0 11873:978-0-415-25069-6 11795:978-0-85702-612-5 11776:978-81-317-5999-8 11757:978-1-134-95270-0 11738:978-0-674-41611-6 11719:978-981-10-6433-3 11700:978-0-8493-4297-4 11681:978-1-351-28034-1 11662:978-0-8160-7564-5 11643:978-1-317-81337-8 11587:978-0-230-24448-1 11556:978-1-4462-0298-2 11537:978-0-19-958838-1 11518:978-0-19-283098-2 11499:978-1-000-31145-7 11468:978-1-4144-0691-6 11447:978-1-107-62842-7 11322:978-1-349-19066-9 11303:978-0-415-07310-3 11148:978-0-415-07310-3 11115:978-0-19-515547-1 11082:"Michel Foucault" 10989:978-1-351-66813-2 10958:978-81-7058-416-2 10887:978-1-136-85811-6 10844:978-0-521-01708-4 10825:978-1-317-54726-6 10701:978-1-80382-399-7 10670:978-1-009-02886-8 10629:978-0-19-518321-4 10600:978-1-4214-2434-7 10581:978-1-317-67738-3 10508:978-1-317-27910-5 10489:978-1-351-28034-1 10441:(6018): 721–725. 10413:978-0-19-512558-0 10277:978-0-19-967215-8 10250:978-0-345-37316-8 10186:978-0-323-90630-2 10167:978-0-19-286986-9 10148:978-0-230-00607-2 10102:978-0-19-956746-1 10083:978-1-000-62799-2 9988:978-1-4426-9553-5 9969:978-0-262-01480-9 9950:978-1-4381-0907-7 9919:978-0-02-928751-4 9898:978-0-7867-3786-4 9879:978-1-317-22573-7 9860:978-94-017-3391-5 9786:978-1-009-02181-4 9697:978-3-030-05918-7 9666:978-0-02-865385-3 9645:978-94-024-0851-5 9626:978-94-024-0851-5 9573:978-1-108-83340-0 9529:978-3-642-04583-7 9510:978-0-7876-4018-7 9491:978-1-4381-2696-8 9445:978-981-12-2371-6 9365:978-1-5095-0306-3 9327:978-1-84545-364-0 9308:978-0-19-280094-7 9262:978-1-138-04872-0 9243:978-1-4020-1986-9 9181:978-0-19-954143-0 9123:978-0-520-96951-3 9056:978-90-6203-670-7 9037:978-1-108-43623-6 8973:978-1-4129-2193-0 8915:978-0-7969-2154-3 8896:978-1-118-71132-3 8877:978-1-137-00887-9 8833:978-93-325-0619-0 8802:978-0-19-513005-8 8781:978-0-19-885240-7 8754:978-981-314-679-2 8735:978-0-7619-2793-8 8691:978-1-59904-846-8 8672:978-0-19-992736-4 8641:978-1-118-33989-3 8600:978-0-684-31377-1 8569:978-0-7637-7647-3 8550:978-0-8248-8857-2 8496:. 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HarperCollins. 5756:Attie-Picker 2020 5490:Sayre-McCord 2023 5399:, pp. 10, 93 5270:, § 5.5 Testimony 4875:Schwitzgebel 2021 4451:Hirschberger 2019 3519:Hetherington 2022 3258:, pp. 99–100 2902:, pp. 59, 64 2357:semantic networks 2322:knowledge sharing 2318:knowledge storage 2133:Four Noble Truths 2071:, "the Knowing" ( 2061:tree of knowledge 1680:scientific method 1161:Knowledge can be 1115:General knowledge 1098:social identities 1048:, who holds that 1026:mental arithmetic 915:Non-propositional 829:cognitive virtues 794:like experience, 788:based on evidence 726:ordinary language 719:, similar to how 571:scientific method 468: 467: 16:(Redirected from 17369: 17294: 17280: 17204:Gaston Bachelard 17125:Truth and Method 17109:World Hypotheses 16989:The Two Cultures 16904: 16894: 16884: 16869: 16868: 16858: 16857: 16600: 16554:Unity of science 16463:Legal positivism 16422: 16421: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16384: 16383: 16324:Metaepistemology 16302:Related articles 16276:Regress argument 16211:Epistemic virtue 15962:Bertrand Russell 15937:Duncan Pritchard 15897:Hilary Kornblith 15812:Laurence BonJour 15759: 15752: 15745: 15736: 15735: 15678:Knowledge worker 15662:Design rationale 15544: 15537: 15530: 15521: 15520: 15503: 15502: 15424:Triarchic theory 15215: 15208: 15201: 15192: 15191: 15179: 15178: 15173: 15165: 15164: 15163: 15156: 15148: 15147: 15146: 15139: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15122: 15114: 15113: 15112: 15102: 15086: 15085: 15084: 15077: 15059: 15028: 15026: 15024: 14971:Zagzebski, Linda 14966: 14947: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14906: 14897:(485): 171–216. 14881: 14862: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14818: 14799: 14797: 14795: 14778: 14776: 14774: 14751: 14722: 14703: 14684: 14658: 14639: 14620: 14601: 14599: 14597: 14576: 14565:. 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McGraw-Hill. 13479: 13457: 13455: 13435: 13410: 13391: 13369: 13367: 13352: 13323: 13304: 13285: 13263: 13261: 13250:"Knowledge How" 13238: 13236: 13229: 13192: 13190: 13183: 13154: 13119:(12): 874–883. 13101: 13099: 13090:O'Grady, Paul. 13080: 13078: 13058: 13036: 13034: 13014: 12992: 12990: 12983:Merriam-Webster 12967: 12965: 12943: 12924: 12902: 12900: 12880: 12858: 12856: 12836: 12814: 12812: 12805: 12782: 12763: 12738: 12736: 12714: 12695: 12623: 12593: 12591: 12568: 12566: 12551: 12529: 12527: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12469: 12437: 12435: 12416: 12414: 12394: 12363: 12339:Popper, Karl R. 12327: 12308: 12289: 12270: 12248: 12246: 12224: 12205: 12186: 12167: 12145: 12143: 12127: 12108: 12089: 12067: 12065: 12040: 12038: 12031: 12007: 11988: 11969: 11947: 11945: 11913: 11891: 11889: 11874: 11838: 11836: 11796: 11777: 11758: 11739: 11720: 11701: 11682: 11663: 11644: 11622: 11620: 11597: 11595: 11588: 11557: 11538: 11519: 11500: 11478: 11476: 11469: 11448: 11426: 11424: 11399: 11397: 11372: 11370: 11349: 11347: 11332:Andersen, Hanne 11323: 11304: 11280: 11278: 11255: 11253: 11228: 11226: 11158: 11156: 11149: 11116: 11102:Hamner, M. Gail 11091: 11089: 11070: 11068: 11043: 11041: 11011:10.2307/2025679 11005:(20): 771–791. 10990: 10968: 10966: 10959: 10935: 10933: 10910: 10908: 10888: 10863: 10861: 10845: 10826: 10816:Tacit Knowledge 10753: 10751: 10702: 10680: 10678: 10671: 10652:Foundationalism 10639: 10637: 10630: 10601: 10582: 10560: 10558: 10509: 10490: 10423: 10421: 10414: 10278: 10251: 10229: 10227: 10187: 10168: 10149: 10127: 10125: 10103: 10084: 10023: 10021: 9989: 9970: 9951: 9929: 9927: 9920: 9899: 9880: 9861: 9839: 9837: 9787: 9765: 9763: 9740: 9738: 9723:10.2307/2214081 9698: 9676: 9674: 9667: 9646: 9627: 9605: 9603: 9574: 9552: 9550: 9530: 9511: 9492: 9470: 9468: 9446: 9424: 9422: 9366: 9328: 9309: 9285: 9283: 9263: 9244: 9210: 9208: 9182: 9158: 9156: 9124: 9102: 9100: 9084: 9057: 9038: 9016: 9014: 8974: 8916: 8897: 8878: 8856: 8854: 8834: 8812: 8810: 8803: 8782: 8755: 8736: 8714: 8712: 8692: 8673: 8651: 8649: 8642: 8601: 8589:. Vol. 3. 8570: 8551: 8503: 8501: 8478: 8476: 8453: 8451: 8433: 8428: 8424: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8254:Cai et al. 2021 8231: 8227: 8223: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8034: 8030: 8026: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7926: 7919: 7915: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7791: 7787: 7776: 7767: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686:Chaudhary 2017a 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662:Chaudhary 2017a 7642: 7638: 7634: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7522: 7518: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7417: 7413: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7222: 7218: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7180: 7176: 7165: 7161: 7150: 7146: 7135: 7131: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6829: 6825: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790:Niiniluoto 2019 6775: 6771: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673:AHD Staff 2022d 6659: 6655: 6651: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6454: 6447: 6438:Degenhardt 2019 6436: 6432: 6428: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6340: 6336: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6151:Degenhardt 2019 6137: 6133: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6091:Degenhardt 2019 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6028: 6021: 6017: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5864: 5855: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5598: 5594: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5479: 5475: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5375:, pp. 2, 6 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5336:, pp. 2, 6 5323: 5319: 5315: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200:AHD Staff 2022e 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4795: 4791: 4780: 4776: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4706: 4702: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4052: 4048: 4037: 4030: 4019: 4015: 4011: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3836: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3738:, § 4.2 Inquiry 3722: 3718: 3714: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941:AHD staff 2022c 2936:AHD staff 2022a 2913: 2909: 2905: 2895:AHD staff 2022b 2890: 2886: 2882: 2869:AHD staff 2022a 2864: 2860: 2856: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2689:AHD staff 2022a 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2608: 2604: 2595: 2591: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2501: 2497: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2417: 2336:data structures 2302:decision-making 2267: 2228:Michel Foucault 2206: 2200: 2151: 2000: 1990: 1985: 1941:House of Wisdom 1901:Catholic Church 1897:medieval period 1808: 1802: 1794:Paul Feyerabend 1779:incommensurable 1696:social sciences 1656: 1650: 1634:Linda Zagzebski 1593:intrinsic value 1563:– sculpture by 1554: 1517:foundationalism 1497: 1371:moral knowledge 1330: 1214: 1149:tacit knowledge 1130:trial and error 1070: 1056:present in the 979: 973: 917: 895:, for example, 864: 858: 849: 744: 734: 670:Old High German 605: 599: 575:experimentation 547:foundationalism 545:. According to 483:practical skill 464: 435: 434: 420:Epistemic logic 410: 409: 400: 399: 350: 349: 348:Epistemologists 340: 339: 300: 299: 290: 289: 194: 193: 184: 183: 129:Foundationalism 94: 93: 84: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17375: 17365: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17352:Mental content 17349: 17344: 17339: 17322: 17321: 17316: 17315: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17303: 17302: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17295: 17286: 17281: 17272: 17267: 17261: 17259: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17251: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17216: 17211: 17206: 17201: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17188: 17186: 17185: 17177: 17169: 17161: 17153: 17145: 17137: 17129: 17121: 17113: 17105: 17097: 17089: 17081: 17072: 17070: 17066: 17065: 17063: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17040:Émile Durkheim 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17011: 17009: 17005: 17004: 17002: 17001: 16993: 16985: 16977: 16969: 16961: 16953: 16945: 16937: 16928: 16926: 16922: 16921: 16919: 16918: 16912: 16906: 16896: 16886: 16881:Methodenstreit 16875: 16873: 16865: 16864: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16822:Social science 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16782: 16777: 16775:Operationalism 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16699: 16698: 16687: 16685: 16684:Related topics 16681: 16680: 16678: 16677: 16671: 16664: 16662: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16592: 16590:Falsifiability 16587: 16582: 16577: 16575:Antipositivism 16571: 16569: 16565: 16564: 16562: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16515: 16513: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16478:Postpositivism 16475: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16428: 16426: 16418: 16417: 16410: 16409: 16402: 16395: 16387: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16353: 16350: 16349: 16347: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16305: 16303: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16165: 16156: 16154: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16042:Constructivism 16039: 16033: 16031: 16025: 16024: 16022: 16021: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15992:Baruch Spinoza 15989: 15987:P. F. Strawson 15984: 15979: 15977:Susanna Siegel 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15952:W. V. O. Quine 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15852:Nelson Goodman 15849: 15844: 15842:Edmund Gettier 15839: 15834: 15829: 15827:René Descartes 15824: 15819: 15817:Gilles Deleuze 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15792:William Alston 15789: 15784: 15782:Thomas Aquinas 15778: 15776: 15770: 15769: 15762: 15761: 15754: 15747: 15739: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15715: 15713: 15709: 15708: 15706: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15674: 15672: 15668: 15667: 15665: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15644: 15638: 15636: 15632: 15631: 15629: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15607: 15605: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15561: 15559: 15558:General topics 15555: 15554: 15547: 15546: 15539: 15532: 15524: 15515: 15514: 15512: 15511: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15490: 15489: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15429: 15427: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15388: 15386: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15291: 15289: 15288:and constructs 15280: 15279: 15277: 15276: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15228: 15218: 15217: 15210: 15203: 15195: 15189: 15186: 15185: 15175: 15174: 15157: 15155:from Wikiquote 15140: 15123: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15070: 15069: 15060: 15046: 15035: 15034:External links 15032: 15030: 15029: 14995: 14967: 14961: 14948: 14942: 14929: 14882: 14876: 14863: 14857: 14844: 14819: 14813: 14800: 14779: 14752: 14746: 14723: 14717: 14711:. IGI Global. 14704: 14698: 14685: 14659: 14653: 14640: 14634: 14621: 14615: 14609:. IGI Global. 14602: 14577: 14571: 14558: 14538:"Epistemology" 14533: 14527: 14514: 14508: 14495: 14468: 14462: 14449: 14443: 14430: 14424: 14418:. IGI Global. 14411: 14384: 14364:"Epistemology" 14359: 14353: 14340: 14296:Kantian Review 14287: 14265:"Epistemology" 14260: 14254: 14241: 14220: 14190:(8): 411–444. 14175: 14169: 14156: 14150: 14137: 14116: 14087: 14081: 14058: 14031: 13988: 13982: 13969: 13963: 13950: 13925: 13919: 13906: 13881: 13875: 13862: 13856: 13843: 13807:(148): 29–54. 13792: 13786: 13773: 13767: 13752: 13746: 13733: 13727: 13714: 13701: 13676: 13670: 13657: 13651: 13638: 13632: 13619: 13613: 13607:. SUNY Press. 13600: 13575: 13569: 13556: 13535: 13529: 13516: 13498: 13483: 13477: 13464: 13439: 13433: 13425:89–90, 97b–98a 13420:Five Dialogues 13417:Plato (2002). 13414: 13408: 13395: 13389: 13376: 13350: 13327: 13321: 13308: 13302: 13289: 13283: 13270: 13245: 13227: 13199: 13181: 13158: 13153:978-0028657332 13152: 13137: 13108: 13087: 13062: 13056: 13043: 13018: 13012: 12999: 12974: 12947: 12941: 12928: 12922: 12909: 12889:"A Posteriori" 12884: 12878: 12865: 12840: 12834: 12821: 12803: 12786: 12780: 12767: 12761: 12745: 12718: 12712: 12699: 12693: 12680: 12642:(8): 754–768. 12627: 12621: 12600: 12575: 12555: 12549: 12536: 12509: 12496: 12473: 12467: 12444: 12423: 12398: 12392: 12379: 12361: 12331: 12325: 12312: 12306: 12300:. IGI Global. 12293: 12287: 12274: 12268: 12255: 12228: 12222: 12209: 12203: 12190: 12184: 12171: 12165: 12152: 12131: 12125: 12112: 12106: 12093: 12087: 12074: 12047: 12029: 12011: 12005: 11992: 11986: 11973: 11967: 11954: 11917: 11911: 11898: 11872: 11845: 11815:(3): 813–839. 11800: 11794: 11781: 11775: 11762: 11756: 11743: 11737: 11724: 11718: 11705: 11699: 11686: 11680: 11667: 11661: 11648: 11642: 11629: 11604: 11586: 11561: 11555: 11542: 11536: 11523: 11517: 11504: 11498: 11485: 11467: 11452: 11446: 11433: 11406: 11379: 11356: 11327: 11321: 11308: 11302: 11287: 11262: 11235: 11208: 11165: 11147: 11120: 11114: 11098: 11077: 11050: 11023: 10994: 10988: 10975: 10957: 10942: 10917: 10892: 10886: 10878:Self-Knowledge 10870: 10854:"Hermeneutics" 10849: 10843: 10830: 10824: 10811: 10760: 10706: 10700: 10687: 10669: 10646: 10628: 10605: 10599: 10586: 10580: 10567: 10542: 10513: 10507: 10494: 10488: 10475: 10430: 10412: 10397: 10362: 10324:(4): 645–666. 10309: 10282: 10276: 10255: 10249: 10236: 10191: 10185: 10172: 10166: 10153: 10147: 10134: 10107: 10101: 10088: 10082: 10069: 10047:10.1086/691678 10041:(1): 131–154. 10030: 9993: 9987: 9974: 9968: 9955: 9949: 9936: 9918: 9903: 9897: 9884: 9878: 9865: 9859: 9846: 9791: 9785: 9772: 9747: 9702: 9696: 9683: 9665: 9650: 9644: 9631: 9625: 9612: 9578: 9572: 9559: 9534: 9528: 9515: 9509: 9496: 9490: 9477: 9450: 9444: 9431: 9385:(3): 326–345. 9370: 9364: 9351: 9332: 9326: 9313: 9307: 9292: 9267: 9261: 9248: 9242: 9217: 9186: 9180: 9165: 9128: 9122: 9109: 9088: 9082: 9061: 9055: 9042: 9036: 9023: 8978: 8972: 8959: 8937:10.1086/324131 8920: 8914: 8908:. HSRC Press. 8901: 8895: 8882: 8876: 8863: 8838: 8832: 8819: 8801: 8786: 8780: 8759: 8753: 8740: 8734: 8721: 8696: 8690: 8684:. IGI Global. 8677: 8671: 8658: 8640: 8617: 8599: 8574: 8568: 8555: 8549: 8536: 8523: 8510: 8490:"Intelligence" 8485: 8460: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8421:, p. 1395 8416: 8406: 8399: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8374: 8367: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8347: 8338: 8329: 8328:, pp. 1–3 8322: 8315: 8313:, pp. 1–3 8303: 8300: 8299: 8290: 8281: 8271: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8251: 8242: 8232: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8199: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8163: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8143: 8133: 8126: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8057:Kitchener 1996 8054: 8045: 8035: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8015: 8006: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981:, pp. 1–7 7976: 7966: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7946: 7937: 7927: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7907: 7897: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7877: 7876:, pp. 1–4 7871: 7861: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7841: 7831: 7824: 7822:, pp. 1–2 7812: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7792: 7785: 7765: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7730: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7710: 7700: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7680:Chaudhary 2017 7676: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7659: 7656:Chaudhary 2017 7653: 7643: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7623: 7613: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7593: 7583: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7538:, Lead Section 7533: 7523: 7516: 7509:Stevenson 2003 7501: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7458:Dougherty 2014 7455: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7425: 7424:, Lead Section 7418: 7411: 7393: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7371: 7361: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7344: 7334: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7263: 7257:Steinberg 1995 7253: 7246: 7243: 7242: 7233: 7223: 7216: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7159: 7144: 7129: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7074: 7064: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6981: 6975:Steinberg 1995 6972: 6966: 6957: 6950: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938:, pp. 3–4 6933: 6924: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6855: 6849:Mahadevan 2007 6846: 6837: 6830: 6823: 6816:Plantinga 2018 6808: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6780:Pritchard 2013 6776: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6696: 6686: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6660: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6625: 6615: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6576: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6554: 6544: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6459:Pritchard 2013 6455: 6445: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6417: 6407: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6354: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6322: 6311: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6292:Pritchard 2007 6289: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240:89–90, 97b–98a 6233: 6228: 6221: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6181:Bergström 1987 6178: 6168: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6148: 6142:Pritchard 2013 6138: 6131: 6124:Pritchard 2013 6116: 6113: 6112: 6106: 6100:Pritchard 2013 6097: 6087: 6080: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6059: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6029: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5967: 5957: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5937: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5791:, Lead Section 5786: 5779: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5752: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5651:, § Skepticism 5641: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5544: 5534: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520:Blackburn 2008 5517: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5458: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5423: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282:, Lead Section 5277: 5271: 5264: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5237: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5225:, § 5.4 Reason 5220: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5187: 5180: 5178:, § 5.3 Memory 5168: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5132: 5131:, § 5.3 Memory 5125: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077:, Lead Section 5072: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5045: 5044:, Lead Section 5039: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5020:, Lead Section 5015: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4985:Spaulding 2016 4982: 4972: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4937:Rambachan 2006 4933: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4903:, Lead Section 4898: 4892:Rambachan 2006 4888: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4863: 4856: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4836: 4826: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4806: 4804:8, 37, 81, 108 4796: 4789: 4774: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4746: 4744:APA staff 2022 4740: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4717: 4707: 4700: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4591:Reginster 2017 4588: 4587:, pp. 3–4 4581: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4490: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4448: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4382:, Lead Section 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367:, Lead Section 4362: 4361:, Lead Section 4355: 4348: 4346:, Lead Section 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331:, Lead Section 4326: 4325:, Lead Section 4319: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307:, Lead Section 4302: 4301:, Lead Section 4296: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4165:Zagzebski 1999 4162: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4096:Pritchard 2013 4093: 4086: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039:Pritchard 2013 4028: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4006:Zagzebski 1999 4003: 3997: 3987: 3980: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3925:Zagzebski 1999 3922: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3859: 3858:, Lead Section 3853: 3844: 3843:, Lead Section 3837: 3830: 3828:, Lead Section 3818: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3772: 3769:Zagzebski 1999 3766: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3733: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3670: 3663: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3564:Rodríguez 2018 3560: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3546:Zagzebski 1999 3543: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3470:, § 3. Warrant 3465: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3426: 3419: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3405:Zagzebski 1999 3402: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3375:Zagzebski 1999 3372: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3277: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3256:Zagzebski 1999 3253: 3246: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3151: 3145:Pritchard 2013 3141: 3134: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3110:Zagzebski 1999 3107: 3106:, Lead Section 3100: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3086:Zagzebski 1999 3083: 3074: 3068: 3067:, Lead Section 3061: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3041:Zagzebski 1999 3037: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3016:, Lead Section 3011: 3010:, Lead Section 3004: 2997: 2986: 2974: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2924: 2914: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791:Zagzebski 1999 2788: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2716:Zagzebski 1999 2712: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2660: 2651: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2615:brain in a vat 2602: 2589: 2573: 2569:psychoanalysis 2560: 2551: 2542: 2521: 2512: 2495: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2383:consisting of 2345:knowledge base 2266: 2263: 2202:Main article: 2199: 2196: 2150: 2147: 2057:Garden of Eden 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1960:printing press 1939:in Egypt, the 1882:ancient Greeks 1854:ancient period 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1775:paradigm shift 1726:and formulate 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 1553: 1550: 1496: 1493: 1459:advocates the 1436:dream argument 1329: 1326: 1271:Ponzo illusion 1213: 1210: 1082:self-knowledge 1069: 1066: 975:Main article: 972: 963: 916: 913: 885:knowledge-that 860:Main article: 857: 854: 848: 845: 815:Edmund Gettier 733: 730: 641:knowledge base 601:Main article: 598: 595: 466: 465: 463: 462: 455: 448: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 411: 408:Related fields 407: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 397: 392: 390:W. V. O. Quine 387: 382: 377: 375:René Descartes 372: 367: 365:Edmund Gettier 362: 357: 351: 347: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 206: 201: 195: 191: 190: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 95: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 83: 82: 77: 72: 66: 63: 62: 56: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17374: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17334: 17332: 17313: 17308: 17293: 17292: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17279: 17278: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17256: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17234:György Lukács 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17220: 17217: 17215: 17212: 17210: 17207: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17196: 17194: 17190: 17183: 17182: 17178: 17175: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17166: 17162: 17159: 17158: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17146: 17143: 17142: 17138: 17135: 17134: 17130: 17127: 17126: 17122: 17119: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17110: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17098: 17095: 17094: 17090: 17087: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17074: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17061: 17060:Vienna Circle 17058: 17056: 17055:Berlin Circle 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17035:Eugen Dühring 17033: 17031: 17030:Auguste Comte 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17006: 16999: 16998: 16994: 16991: 16990: 16986: 16983: 16982: 16978: 16975: 16974: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16954: 16951: 16950: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16934: 16930: 16929: 16927: 16925:Contributions 16923: 16916: 16913: 16910: 16907: 16903: 16902: 16897: 16893: 16892: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16877: 16876: 16874: 16870: 16866: 16859: 16855: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16839:Structuralism 16837: 16835: 16832: 16828: 16825: 16824: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16780:Phenomenalism 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16697: 16694: 16693: 16692: 16691:Behavioralism 16689: 16688: 16686: 16682: 16675: 16672: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16619:Human science 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16599: 16598: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16578: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16566: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16544:Pseudoscience 16542: 16540: 16539:Justification 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16514: 16510: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16427: 16423: 16419: 16415: 16408: 16403: 16401: 16396: 16394: 16389: 16388: 16385: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16354: 16351: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16300: 16294: 16293: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16231:Justification 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16170: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16149: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16107:Phenomenalism 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16097:Naïve realism 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16047:Contextualism 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16034: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16020: 16019: 16015: 16013: 16012:Vienna Circle 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15947:Hilary Putnam 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15922:Robert Nozick 15920: 15918: 15917:John McDowell 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15877:Immanuel Kant 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15847:Alvin Goldman 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15779: 15777: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15760: 15755: 15753: 15748: 15746: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15639: 15637: 15633: 15627: 15626:Wiki software 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15606: 15602: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15562: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15545: 15540: 15538: 15533: 15531: 15526: 15525: 15522: 15510: 15506: 15498: 15497: 15494: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15460: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15450:Psychometrics 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15431: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15390: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15378:Understanding 15376: 15373: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15322: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15305:Communication 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15285: 15281: 15274: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15236: 15234: 15230: 15226: 15223: 15216: 15211: 15209: 15204: 15202: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15187: 15180: 15172:from Wikidata 15171: 15170: 15158: 15154: 15153: 15141: 15137: 15136: 15124: 15120: 15119: 15107: 15106: 15103: 15097: 15089: 15079: 15078: 15075: 15068: 15064: 15061: 15057: 15056: 15051: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15002: 14998: 14992: 14988: 14984: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14945: 14939: 14935: 14930: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14883: 14879: 14873: 14870:. Routledge. 14869: 14864: 14860: 14854: 14850: 14845: 14833: 14829: 14825: 14820: 14816: 14814:0-674-00936-3 14810: 14806: 14801: 14789: 14785: 14780: 14768: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14749: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14731: 14730: 14724: 14720: 14714: 14710: 14705: 14701: 14695: 14691: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14675:(1): 59–69 . 14674: 14670: 14669: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14650: 14646: 14641: 14637: 14631: 14627: 14622: 14618: 14612: 14608: 14603: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14578: 14574: 14568: 14564: 14559: 14547: 14543: 14539: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14521:. Routledge. 14520: 14515: 14511: 14505: 14501: 14496: 14484: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14412: 14400: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14360: 14356: 14350: 14346: 14341: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14288: 14276: 14272: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14221: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14197: 14193: 14189: 14185: 14181: 14180:"Knowing How" 14176: 14172: 14166: 14162: 14157: 14153: 14147: 14143: 14138: 14126: 14122: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14088: 14084: 14078: 14074: 14070: 14066: 14065: 14059: 14047: 14043: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13989: 13985: 13979: 13975: 13970: 13966: 13960: 13956: 13951: 13939: 13935: 13931: 13926: 13922: 13916: 13912: 13907: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13882: 13878: 13872: 13869:. Routledge. 13868: 13863: 13859: 13853: 13849: 13844: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13820: 13815: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13793: 13789: 13783: 13779: 13774: 13770: 13764: 13760: 13759: 13753: 13749: 13743: 13739: 13734: 13730: 13724: 13720: 13715: 13704: 13698: 13694: 13690: 13687:. Routledge. 13686: 13682: 13681:"Fallibilism" 13677: 13673: 13667: 13663: 13658: 13654: 13648: 13645:. MIT Press. 13644: 13639: 13635: 13629: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13606: 13601: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13563:. Routledge. 13562: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13546:(2): 85–110. 13545: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13523:. Routledge. 13522: 13517: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13484: 13480: 13474: 13470: 13465: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13442:Poston, Ted. 13440: 13436: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13421: 13415: 13411: 13405: 13401: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13382: 13377: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13334: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13315:. Macmillan. 13314: 13309: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13276: 13271: 13259: 13255: 13251: 13246: 13234: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13203:Parikh, Rohit 13200: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13166: 13165: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13145: 13144: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13126: 13122: 13118: 13114: 13109: 13097: 13093: 13088: 13076: 13072: 13068: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13049: 13044: 13032: 13028: 13024: 13019: 13015: 13009: 13005: 13000: 12988: 12984: 12980: 12975: 12963: 12959: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12944: 12938: 12935:. Routledge. 12934: 12929: 12925: 12919: 12915: 12910: 12898: 12895:. Routledge. 12894: 12890: 12885: 12881: 12875: 12871: 12866: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12841: 12837: 12831: 12827: 12822: 12810: 12806: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12787: 12783: 12777: 12773: 12768: 12764: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12749:Misak, Cheryl 12746: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12705: 12700: 12696: 12690: 12686: 12681: 12677: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12628: 12624: 12618: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12576: 12565: 12561: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12542: 12537: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12499: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12482:. Routledge. 12481: 12480: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12451: 12445: 12433: 12429: 12424: 12412: 12408: 12404: 12403:"Rationalism" 12399: 12395: 12389: 12385: 12380: 12377: 12372: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12354: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12322: 12318: 12313: 12309: 12303: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12284: 12280: 12275: 12271: 12265: 12261: 12256: 12244: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12215: 12210: 12206: 12200: 12196: 12191: 12187: 12181: 12178:. Routledge. 12177: 12172: 12168: 12162: 12158: 12153: 12141: 12137: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12118: 12113: 12109: 12103: 12099: 12094: 12090: 12084: 12080: 12075: 12063: 12059: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12002: 11998: 11993: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11955: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11918: 11914: 11908: 11904: 11899: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11858:. Routledge. 11857: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11787: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11768: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11711: 11706: 11702: 11696: 11693:. CRC Press. 11692: 11687: 11683: 11677: 11674:. Routledge. 11673: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11548: 11543: 11539: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11510: 11505: 11501: 11495: 11492:. Routledge. 11491: 11486: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11460: 11459: 11453: 11449: 11443: 11439: 11434: 11422: 11418: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11357: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11296:. Routledge. 11295: 11294: 11288: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11263: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11224: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11166: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11133:. Routledge. 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11087: 11083: 11078: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10991: 10985: 10982:. Routledge. 10981: 10976: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10950: 10949: 10943: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10918: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10874:Gertler, Brie 10871: 10859: 10855: 10850: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10831: 10827: 10821: 10817: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10761: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10653: 10647: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10593:. JHU Press. 10592: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10500: 10495: 10491: 10485: 10482:. Routledge. 10481: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10431: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10279: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10261: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10144: 10140: 10135: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10094: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9962:. MIT Press. 9961: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9904: 9900: 9894: 9890: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9806:: S193–S202. 9805: 9801: 9797: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9778: 9773: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9748: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9672: 9668: 9662: 9658: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9618: 9613: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9589: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9506: 9502: 9497: 9493: 9487: 9483: 9478: 9466: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9333: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9310: 9304: 9300: 9299: 9293: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9264: 9258: 9255:. Routledge. 9254: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9187: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9166: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9098: 9094: 9093:"Thomas Kuhn" 9089: 9085: 9083:9780191689260 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8969: 8965: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8869: 8864: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8825: 8820: 8808: 8804: 8798: 8794: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8731: 8727: 8722: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8647: 8643: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8571: 8565: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8546: 8542: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8528:"Confabulate" 8524: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8436: 8435: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8396: 8395:Emaliana 2017 8391: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8364: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8259: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8160: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8075:Weisberg 2021 8071: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8010: 8007: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7997:Bosančić 2018 7995: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7924: 7922: 7912:, p. 193 7911: 7908: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7894: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7789: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7772: 7770: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7718: 7717:Bhagavad Gita 7714: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7697: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7631: 7627: 7626:Swartley 2005 7624: 7622: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7601: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7562:, p. 365 7561: 7558: 7556:, p. 164 7555: 7552: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7469: 7459: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7439: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7405: 7404:Penelhum 1971 7400: 7398: 7390: 7385: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7331: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7304: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7104:Esposito 2003 7102: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7025: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6951: 6947: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6899:, p. 159 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6664:Colander 2016 6662: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6628:Hatfield 1998 6626: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6612: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6557:Hatfield 1998 6555: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6517:Hatfield 1998 6515: 6513:, p. 390 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6486:, p. 386 6485: 6480: 6471:, p. 385 6470: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6450: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6371: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353:, p. 877 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6290: 6288:, p. 874 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6256:, p. 875 6255: 6250: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6120: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5847: 5846:Fumerton 2022 5844: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5691:McDermid 2023 5689: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5645: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5562:Yanofsky 2013 5558: 5548: 5547:Yanofsky 2013 5545: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5522:, p. 101 5521: 5518: 5515: 5514:Williams 2023 5512: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5454:Weisberg 2021 5450: 5440: 5439:Weisberg 2021 5437: 5434: 5433:Rescher 2009a 5431: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5411:, p. 163 5410: 5407: 5404: 5403:Rescher 2009a 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5379:Rescher 2009a 5377: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5308: 5306:, p. 479 5305: 5304:Rescher 2005a 5302: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5156:Gardiner 2001 5154: 5153: 5149: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4901:Thakchoe 2022 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866:Bartlett 2018 4864: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553:Gertler 2021a 4551: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4376: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4340: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4134: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3991:Morrison 2005 3989: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3548:, p. 100 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3407:, p. 100 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3289:Chappell 2019 3287: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3160:Fumerton 2008 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2723: 2720: 2718:, p. 109 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2694:MW Staff 2023 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2664: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2599: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2581:Confabulation 2577: 2570: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2205: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:understanding 2161: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032:evidentialism 2029: 2025: 2024:belief in God 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1980: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1645: 1643: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1379:Immanuel Kant 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1281:mental states 1278: 1277:Introspection 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1138:postmodernism 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104:Metaknowledge 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 978: 971: 967: 962: 960: 955: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 930: 921: 912: 910: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 881:propositional 878: 868: 863: 856:Propositional 853: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 824: 821: 816: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 792:mental states 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 767: 765: 761: 757: 748: 743: 739: 729: 727: 722: 718: 714: 708: 705: 701: 700: 695: 694: 689: 688: 683: 682: 676: 671: 666: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 645:expert system 642: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:understanding 610: 604: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527:mental states 524: 523:Introspection 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 504: 503:Gettier cases 499: 498:justification 495: 492: 488: 487:propositional 484: 480: 476: 472: 461: 456: 454: 449: 447: 442: 441: 439: 438: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 404: 403: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 385:Immanuel Kant 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:Wang Yangming 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 344: 343: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 294: 293: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 250:Justification 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 215: 211: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 188: 187: 180: 179:Structuralism 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 149:Perspectivism 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 134:Infallibilism 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 104:Contextualism 102: 100: 97: 96: 88: 87: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 67: 65: 64: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45:owl of Athena 41: 37: 33: 19: 17347:Intelligence 17264: 17179: 17171: 17163: 17155: 17147: 17139: 17131: 17123: 17115: 17107: 17099: 17091: 17083: 17075: 16995: 16987: 16979: 16971: 16963: 16955: 16947: 16939: 16931: 16915:Science wars 16713:Epistemology 16644:Reflectivism 16604:Hermeneutics 16456:Declinations 16432:Antihumanism 16425:Perspectives 16290: 16235: 16191:Common sense 16169:A posteriori 16168: 16160: 16122:Reductionism 16016: 15967:Gilbert Ryle 15837:Fred Dretske 15822:Keith DeRose 15766:Epistemology 15688:Virtual team 15641: 15507: / 15485: / 15481: / 15477: / 15475:neuroscience 15473: / 15469: / 15465: / 15461: / 15457: / 15337: 15320: 15273:visuospatial 15249:Intellectual 15167: 15150: 15138:from Commons 15133: 15116: 15095: 15053: 15021:. 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Retrieved 8443: 8402: 8390: 8363: 8341:Gabriel 2022 8318: 8306: 8267: 8228: 8218:Shapiro 2006 8212:Markman 2006 8195: 8167:Suzanne 2021 8159: 8129: 8117: 8081: 8070: 8031: 7989: 7962: 7901:Allwood 2013 7893: 7865:Allwood 2013 7857: 7835:Allwood 2013 7827: 7815: 7796:Allwood 2013 7788: 7778:Allwood 2013 7753: 7734:Allwood 2013 7726: 7696: 7672: 7639: 7609: 7579: 7566:Blayney 1769 7546: 7519: 7504: 7492: 7482:Forrest 2021 7468: 7452:Forrest 2021 7438: 7428:Forrest 2021 7414: 7384: 7365:Antonio 2008 7357: 7330: 7303: 7276: 7249: 7227:Celenza 2021 7219: 7204: 7177: 7167:Gilliot 2018 7162: 7147: 7132: 7117: 7090: 7060: 7024: 6997: 6960:Friesen 2017 6946: 6923:, p. 15 6907: 6871: 6826: 6811: 6799: 6772: 6748: 6726:Travers 2001 6712: 6699:Travers 2001 6690:Mertler 2021 6682: 6656: 6634:Mertler 2021 6611: 6572: 6540: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6433: 6403: 6370: 6337: 6325: 6314: 6302: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6217: 6194: 6164: 6134: 6119: 6083: 6071: 6049: 5983: 5965:Lead Section 5953: 5920: 5902:Cameron 2018 5894: 5832: 5819:Hookway 2012 5805: 5789:Rescher 1998 5783:Hetherington 5775: 5748: 5718: 5683: 5656: 5644: 5614: 5569: 5557: 5530: 5500: 5476: 5461: 5449: 5427:Rescher 2009 5419: 5397:Rescher 2009 5389: 5373:Rescher 2009 5365: 5358:Rescher 2009 5353: 5334:Rescher 2009 5320: 5298:Rescher 2009 5290: 5274:Leonard 2021 5260: 5233: 5209: 5183: 5171: 5148: 5121: 5097: 5085: 5066:Khatoon 2012 5058: 5028: 5018:O'Brien 2022 4998: 4968: 4929: 4884: 4852: 4822: 4792: 4777: 4767:Barnett 2006 4762: 4720:Vempala 2014 4703: 4688: 4649: 4636:Leondes 2001 4618:Rescher 2005 4604: 4577: 4545: 4529:Gertler 2010 4523:Gertler 2021 4515: 4503: 4484:O'Brien 2006 4464: 4434: 4424:Russell 2020 4411: 4401:Russell 2020 4387: 4375: 4359:Russell 2020 4351: 4339: 4315: 4305:Russell 2020 4285: 4243:introduction 4231: 4175: 4167:, p. 92 4145: 4133: 4109: 4082: 4049: 4016: 4008:, p. 93 4002:, p. 33 3983: 3971: 3947: 3935: 3927:, p. 92 3905: 3875: 3862:Rescher 2005 3856:Gertler 2021 3833: 3821: 3799:Barnett 1990 3785: 3755: 3719: 3692: 3683:Sudduth 2022 3666: 3651: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3576:Sudduth 2022 3570:Goldman 1976 3556: 3526: 3514: 3484: 3454: 3415: 3385: 3377:, p. 93 3355: 3329: 3299: 3266: 3242: 3217:Hetherington 3209: 3173: 3137: 3125: 3112:, p. 96 3096: 3057: 3043:, p. 99 3033: 3000: 2989: 2977: 2950: 2910: 2887: 2861: 2836:Allwood 2013 2828: 2809:Klausen 2015 2801: 2793:, p. 92 2768: 2732: 2708: 2681: 2663: 2654: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2618:perceptions. 2605: 2592: 2585:memory error 2576: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2524: 2515: 2498: 2484: 2475: 2466: 2389: 2367:employed in 2326: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2244: 2240:penal system 2207: 2192: 2185: 2176:anthropology 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2149:Anthropology 2136: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2072: 2049: 2041: 2001: 1949: 1913:Muslim world 1894: 1848: 1809: 1783: 1767: 1759:case studies 1755:focus groups 1739:anthropology 1732: 1716:measurements 1689: 1677: 1657: 1642:intelligence 1638: 1623: 1608: 1605: 1590: 1574: 1560: 1542: 1534:hermeneutics 1514: 1498: 1477: 1452:common sense 1445: 1429: 1406:chaos theory 1395: 1375:metaphysical 1360: 1331: 1310: 1297:rationalists 1293: 1289: 1275: 1227: 1194:the absolute 1171: 1160: 1153: 1142: 1124: 1123: 1109: 1102: 1071: 1049: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1007:a posteriori 1006: 1002: 998: 995:a posteriori 994: 991:a posteriori 990: 987:a posteriori 986: 982: 980: 970:a posteriori 969: 965: 950: 941:mathematical 935:, skill, or 926: 905: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 873: 850: 825: 820:barn facades 812: 784:philosophers 772:superstition 768: 758:that is (2) 753: 712: 709: 704:epistemology 697: 691: 685: 679: 655: 653: 649:intelligence 637: 606: 559:epistemology 556: 551:Coherentists 508: 501: 470: 469: 259: 214:a posteriori 213: 209: 60:Epistemology 36: 17270:Objectivity 17239:Karl Popper 17229:Thomas Kuhn 17209:Mario Bunge 16960:(1879–1884) 16895:(1909–1959) 16629:Metaphysics 16609:Historicism 16524:Demarcation 16519:Consilience 16442:Rationalism 16271:Proposition 16241:Objectivity 16127:Reliabilism 16117:Rationalism 16062:Fallibilism 16037:Coherentism 15982:Ernest Sosa 15957:Thomas Reid 15942:James Pryor 15912:G. E. Moore 15902:David Lewis 15892:Saul Kripke 15887:Peter Klein 15867:Susan Haack 15797:Robert Audi 15479:personality 15414:PASS theory 15372:abstraction 15118:Definitions 14838:12 December 14794:29 February 13944:19 December 13458:11 December 13370:12 December 13264:12 December 12569:29 February 12438:29 February 11839:13 November 11411:"Knowledge" 11373:13 December 11362:Fallibilism 11281:11 December 10518:Interchange 10424:15 December 10206:(1): 1–20. 10008:(1): 3–23. 9717:: 369–380. 9539:"Knowledge" 9425:17 February 9272:"Education" 8993:(1): 1–17. 8931:(1): 1–18. 8579:"Knowledge" 8440:"Knowledge" 8419:Bukoye 2019 8379:, pp. 8377:Murphy 2003 8295:, pp. 8286:, pp. 8284:Kandel 1992 8277:, pp. 8247:, pp. 8245:Kandel 1992 8220:, p. 1 8214:, p. 1 8182:Witzel 2004 8169:, pp. 8106:, pp. 8097:, pp. 8041:, pp. 8011:, pp. 7979:Dreyer 2017 7940:Tufari 2003 7910:Hansen 1982 7903:, pp. 7867:, pp. 7846:, pp. 7837:, pp. 7807:, p. 1 7798:, pp. 7780:, pp. 7760:, pp. 7736:, pp. 7649:, pp. 7647:Burton 2002 7529:, pp. 7511:, pp. 7374:Danesi 2013 7347:Danesi 2013 7266:Danesi 2013 7229:, pp. 7211:, pp. 7124:, pp. 7122:Trefil 2012 7077:Walton 2015 7068:Bowker 2003 7011:Conner 2009 6977:, pp. 6969:Danesi 2013 6962:, pp. 6897:Mulsow 2018 6891:Daston 2017 6818:, pp. 6782:, pp. 6735:Klenke 2014 6728:, pp. 6720:Howell 2013 6701:, pp. 6692:, pp. 6666:, pp. 6636:, pp. 6550:, pp. 6524:, pp. 6461:, pp. 6440:, pp. 6422:, pp. 6386:, pp. 6384:Powell 2020 6351:Olsson 2011 6286:Olsson 2011 6254:Olsson 2011 6238:, pp. 6225:Olsson 2011 6207:Olsson 2011 6183:, pp. 6174:, pp. 6153:, pp. 6109:Olsson 2011 6093:, pp. 6057:Murphy 2022 6012:George 2021 6003:Lehrer 2015 5940:Lehrer 2015 5909:, pp. 5881:Lehrer 2015 5848:, § Summary 5821:, pp. 5764:, pp. 5705:Hamner 2003 5674:21–22, 5–36 5672:, pp. 5649:Stroll 2023 5538:Rutten 2012 5360:, p. 6 5340:Stoltz 2021 5243:, pp. 5137:, pp. 5111:Stroll 2023 5075:Martin 1998 5042:Martin 1998 5012:Stroll 2023 4987:, pp. 4978:, pp. 4946:Mishra 2021 4939:, pp. 4907:Mishra 2021 4894:, pp. 4868:, pp. 4860:Stroll 2023 4832:, pp. 4802:, pp. 4784:, pp. 4782:Hunter 2009 4769:, pp. 4751:, pp. 4749:Hunter 2009 4695:, pp. 4593:, pp. 4585:Wilson 2002 4564:Kernis 2013 4535:McGeer 2001 4531:, p. 1 4478:Markie 1998 4444:, pp. 4293:Stroll 2023 4268:, pp. 4259:, pp. 4250:, pp. 4201:Foxall 2017 4159:Stroll 2023 4138:Pavese 2022 4123:Pavese 2022 4071:, pp. 4063:Stroll 2023 3961:Stroll 2023 3919:Stroll 2023 3895:Stroll 2023 3810:, pp. 3729:, pp. 3708:, pp. 3674:Lehrer 2015 3435:Lehrer 2015 3339:, pp. 3337:Landau 2017 3319:Stroll 2023 3282:, pp. 3231:, pp. 3187:Lehrer 2015 3181:Stroll 2023 3162:, pp. 3154:McCain 2022 3077:Lehrer 2015 3071:Hannon 2021 2929:, pp. 2920:, pp. 2900:Walton 2005 2876:, pp. 2853:, p. 1 2838:, pp. 2818:Lackey 2021 2811:, pp. 2784:, pp. 2758:Stroll 2023 2504:objectivity 2440:Omniscience 2377:quantifiers 2347:from which 2279:conjunction 2172:truth value 2129:impermanent 2053:fall of man 1952:Renaissance 1921:Islamic law 1858:Mesopotamia 1820:mathematics 1771:Thomas Kuhn 1720:instruments 1710:, focus on 1673:black holes 1626:reliabilism 1521:coherentism 1484:Pragmatists 1480:falliblists 1473:open-minded 1465:tranquility 1383:appearances 1285:empiricists 1178:apara vidya 1094:preferences 901:knowing why 897:knowing who 660:Old English 597:Definitions 583:measurement 579:observation 270:Rationality 245:Information 159:Rationalism 119:Fallibilism 99:Coherentism 17331:Categories 17050:Ernst Mach 17045:Ernst Laas 17020:A. J. Ayer 17008:Proponents 16827:Philosophy 16624:Humanities 16568:Antitheses 16437:Empiricism 16414:Positivism 16372:Discussion 16362:Task Force 16281:Simplicity 16261:Perception 16137:Skepticism 16112:Positivism 16087:Infinitism 16052:Empiricism 15907:John Locke 15872:David Hume 15862:Anil Gupta 15857:Paul Grice 15832:John Dewey 15802:A. J. Ayer 15310:Creativity 15254:Linguistic 15239:Collective 15152:Quotations 15088:Philosophy 15044:PhilPapers 14302:: 72–101. 13081:25 October 13050:. Polity. 12993:3 December 12845:"A priori" 12815:22 October 12657:2164/12705 12041:25 October 11180:(2): 193. 10936:22 October 10911:22 October 10720:(2): 508. 10331:1904.01052 10297:(4): 1–7. 10262:: 97–123. 9677:1 December 9588:Theaetetus 9553:3 December 9537:CD staff. 9211:30 January 9049:. Rodopi. 8479:25 October 8454:25 October 8412:, p. 8352:, p. 8343:, p. 8334:, p. 8332:Payne 2003 8256:, p. 8238:, p. 8205:, p. 8184:, p. 8148:, p. 8139:, p. 8122:Klein 1998 8059:, p. 8050:, p. 8048:Pinch 2013 8039:Bloor 2004 8020:, p. 8009:Power 2014 7972:, p. 7951:, p. 7931:Coser 2009 7882:, p. 7880:Kuruk 2020 7874:Barth 2002 7844:Cohen 2010 7820:Barth 2002 7805:Barth 2002 7758:Cohen 2010 7743:Boyer 2007 7628:, p. 7619:, p. 7617:Campo 2009 7598:, p. 7589:, p. 7587:Legge 2017 7536:Paden 2005 7527:Paden 2009 7497:Clark 2022 7476:Clark 2022 7446:Clark 2022 7422:Clark 2022 7389:Clark 2022 7367:, p. 7340:, p. 7319:, p. 7311:Doren 1992 7292:, p. 7284:Doren 1992 7259:, p. 7238:, p. 7209:Power 1970 7193:, p. 7169:, p. 7154:, p. 7139:, p. 7079:, p. 7049:, p. 7040:, p. 7032:Burke 2015 7013:, p. 7005:Doren 1992 6986:, p. 6954:Doren 1992 6936:Doren 1992 6929:, p. 6885:Doren 1992 6879:Burke 2015 6860:, p. 6858:Gauch 2003 6851:, p. 6842:, p. 6840:Clegg 2022 6834:Flynn 2000 6737:, p. 6645:, p. 6643:Myers 2009 6621:, p. 6619:Repko 2008 6600:, p. 6598:Repko 2008 6591:, p. 6589:Myers 2009 6582:, p. 6580:Cohen 2013 6522:Beins 2017 6511:Moser 2005 6484:Moser 2005 6469:Moser 2005 6413:, p. 6236:Plato 2002 6172:Lemos 1994 6076:Klein 1998 6033:Klein 1998 5991:Klein 1998 5928:Klein 1998 5907:Clark 1988 5869:Klein 1998 5762:Perin 2020 5726:Klein 1998 5707:, p. 5698:, p. 5696:Misak 2002 5670:Lycan 2019 5628:Klein 1998 5583:Klein 1998 5577:Windt 2021 5540:, p. 5468:, p. 5342:, p. 5280:Green 2022 5193:, p. 5068:, p. 4955:Ghose 1998 4948:, p. 4916:Ghose 1998 4909:, p. 4841:, p. 4713:, p. 4677:, p. 4668:, p. 4666:Jorna 2017 4659:, p. 4638:, p. 4629:, p. 4620:, p. 4566:, p. 4508:Baehr 2022 4486:, p. 4472:Moser 1998 4453:, p. 4442:Woolf 2013 4419:Baehr 2022 4395:Baehr 2022 4380:Moser 2016 4365:Baehr 2022 4344:Baehr 2022 4329:Moser 2016 4323:Baehr 2022 4299:Baehr 2022 4215:DePoe 2022 4203:, p. 4194:, p. 4185:, p. 4183:Peels 2023 4023:, p. 3993:, p. 3883:Klein 1998 3864:, p. 3849:, p. 3841:Baehr 2022 3826:Allen 2005 3801:, p. 3744:, p. 3706:Kraft 2012 3658:, p. 3534:Klein 1998 3498:Klein 1998 3468:Klein 1998 3423:Klein 1998 3399:Klein 1998 3369:Klein 1998 3274:Allen 2005 3250:Klein 1998 3229:Black 2002 3198:, p. 3116:Gupta 2021 3022:, p. 3020:Moser 2005 2994:Allen 2005 2966:, p. 2851:Barth 2002 2845:Allen 2005 2746:Klein 1998 2486:Theaetetus 2454:References 2373:predicates 2349:inferences 2236:psychiatry 2138:jñāna yoga 2113:is called 2111:liberation 1992:See also: 1956:humanities 1911:. In the 1909:Jewish law 1828:literature 1816:philosophy 1751:interviews 1684:hypothesis 1525:infinitism 1334:unknowable 1231:perception 1174:para vidya 1074:sensations 954:Lake Taupō 937:competence 837:pragmatism 736:See also: 629:competence 617:experience 515:perception 380:David Hume 240:Experience 169:Skepticism 164:Relativism 154:Pragmatism 144:Naturalism 139:Infinitism 114:Empiricism 18:Knowledges 17337:Knowledge 17291:Verstehen 17277:Phronesis 17265:Knowledge 17249:Max Weber 17069:Criticism 16817:Sociology 16755:Modernism 16733:pluralism 16718:anarchism 16614:Historism 16534:Induction 16447:Scientism 16236:Knowledge 16221:Induction 16171:knowledge 16163:knowledge 15642:Knowledge 15471:longevity 15459:fertility 15358:Reasoning 15338:Knowledge 15328:Intellect 15295:Cognition 15286:, traits, 15284:Abilities 15244:Emotional 15096:Knowledge 15063:Knowledge 15040:Knowledge 15013:158886670 14913:0026-4423 14324:143965507 14316:2044-2394 14067:. Wiley. 13839:171635198 13823:0011-1503 13360:225751581 13133:143034920 12859:8 January 12739:2 October 12453:. Wiley. 12417:8 January 11938:2279-7343 11829:207246817 11196:0161-7761 10789:0962-8436 10744:228985437 10736:2666-4275 10538:141495171 10471:220090552 10393:148796695 10377:(2): 59. 10350:1572-8641 10065:164680540 9415:145257341 9399:0031-8221 9201:745260506 9007:220316213 8955:0011-3204 8946:1956/4191 8176:Choo 2002 7848:S193–S202 7762:S193–S202 7072:Yeshivah 7038:Kuhn 1992 6804:Bird 2022 5508:McCormick 5409:Dika 2023 5245:85, 90–91 5241:Audi 2002 5135:Audi 2002 4980:8–10, 133 4976:Kern 2017 4809:Hill 2009 4257:Miah 2006 4000:Reif 2008 2964:Wise 2011 2958:Hoad 1993 2674:Citations 2428:Ignorance 2294:databases 2290:documents 2211:Karl Marx 2198:Sociology 2160:knowledge 2125:suffering 2103:Saraswati 1824:education 1785:Scientism 1735:sociology 1708:chemistry 1669:neutrinos 1495:Structure 1356:paradoxes 1351:cognitive 1338:ignorance 1312:Testimony 1263:illusions 1200:, or the 1198:true self 1046:Descartes 833:defeaters 780:reasoning 764:justified 656:knowledge 654:The word 621:cognitive 609:awareness 543:testimony 539:inference 471:Knowledge 355:Aristotle 260:Knowledge 255:Induction 230:Certainty 174:Solipsism 109:Dogmatism 17312:Category 16728:nihilism 16723:idealism 16653:Related 16529:Evidence 16357:Category 16176:Analysis 16161:A priori 16152:Concepts 16092:Innatism 16029:Theories 15712:Journals 15343:Learning 15259:Multiple 15017:Archived 15005:39269507 14973:(1999). 14917:Archived 14832:Archived 14767:Archived 14732:. Sage. 14681:20010182 14590:Archived 14546:Archived 14502:. Sage. 14483:Archived 14399:Archived 14372:Archived 14328:Archived 14275:Archived 14208:Archived 14112:28615184 14046:Archived 14027:28989188 13938:Archived 13894:Archived 13831:26767766 13708:23 March 13664:. Sage. 13588:Archived 13552:20464361 13504:Archived 13452:Archived 13364:Archived 13258:Archived 13233:Archived 13187:Archived 13075:Archived 13031:Archived 12987:Archived 12962:Archived 12897:Archived 12853:Archived 12809:Archived 12751:(2002). 12733:Archived 12676:31215105 12588:Archived 12524:Archived 12503:26 March 12411:Archived 12341:(1971). 12243:Archived 12146:24 March 12062:Archived 12035:Archived 12017:(2021). 11942:Archived 11886:Archived 11882:38096851 11833:Archived 11809:Synthese 11788:. Sage. 11617:Archived 11592:Archived 11549:. Sage. 11473:Archived 11461:. Gale. 11421:Archived 11394:Archived 11367:Archived 11344:Archived 11334:(2021). 11275:Archived 11250:Archived 11223:Archived 11153:Archived 11104:(2003). 11092:18 March 11065:Archived 11038:Archived 10963:Archived 10930:Archived 10905:Archived 10807:11571027 10748:Archived 10675:Archived 10634:Archived 10555:Archived 10463:21311014 10418:Archived 10358:53102940 10224:Archived 10220:14221986 10200:Synthese 10122:Archived 10018:Archived 9924:Archived 9912:. Gale. 9834:Archived 9830:40606072 9760:Archived 9735:Archived 9671:Archived 9600:Archived 9584:(2019). 9547:Archived 9465:Archived 9419:Archived 9286:30 April 9280:Archived 9205:Archived 9153:Archived 9103:18 March 9011:Archived 8851:Archived 8807:Archived 8709:Archived 8646:Archived 8609:55800981 8498:Archived 8473:Archived 8448:Archived 8381:5, 19–20 7970:Lee 2017 2922:5, 14–15 2699:CD staff 2531:epistēmē 2491:Socrates 2489:, where 2415:See also 2391:Pedagogy 2385:vertices 2232:biopower 2216:hegemony 2077:99 names 2073:al-ʿAlīm 2028:rational 2016:atheists 1988:Religion 1964:literacy 1905:yeshivas 1844:medicine 1836:religion 1788:such as 1661:chemical 1402:momentum 1269:and the 1190:Buddhism 1182:Hinduism 1167:whiskers 1134:feminism 1078:thoughts 1050:a priori 1037:a priori 1030:a priori 1022:a priori 1011:a priori 1003:a priori 999:A priori 983:a priori 966:A priori 889:relation 800:reliable 762:and (3) 721:chemists 681:epistēmē 675:gecnawan 567:sciences 225:Credence 210:A priori 192:Concepts 75:Category 17192:Critics 16917:(1990s) 16911:(1980s) 16905:(1960s) 16885:(1890s) 16738:realism 16670:(1830s) 16658:in the 16292:more... 16072:Fideism 16018:more... 15635:Related 15509:thought 15370: ( 15368:Thought 15271: ( 15269:Spatial 15065:at the 15023:12 June 14552:8 March 14214:12 June 14204:2678403 14131:3 March 14018:5602001 13239:12 June 13102:6 March 13037:8 March 12667:6771946 12594:7 March 12068:12 June 11948:12 June 11892:13 June 11479:6 March 11350:23 July 11204:3216630 11159:12 June 11019:2025679 10969:9 March 10864:6 March 10798:1088519 10754:4 March 10681:12 June 10640:12 June 10443:Bibcode 10435:Science 10230:12 June 10024:12 June 9930:7 March 9741:12 June 9731:2214081 9606:12 June 9471:12 June 9407:1400322 9159:12 June 9017:3 April 8813:12 June 8585:(ed.). 8504:7 March 8431:Sources 8279:287–288 8171:114–115 8043:919–920 7651:326–327 7570:Genesis 7531:225–227 7213:243–244 7108:Madrasa 6820:222–223 6784:123–125 6638:100–101 6463:115–118 6388:132–133 5911:369–370 5766:285–286 4989:223–224 4786:151–153 4771:146–147 4753:151–153 4697:115–116 4595:231–232 4446:192–193 4073:411–412 3812:162–163 3346:O'Grady 3341:119–120 2813:813–818 2786:411–412 2168:culture 2143:Brahman 1970:in the 1950:In the 1917:madrasa 1895:In the 1800:History 1704:biology 1700:physics 1692:natural 1648:Science 1619:Larissa 1491:later. 1489:revised 1212:Sources 1184:or the 933:ability 893:know-wh 481:, or a 395:more... 298:Domains 265:Meaning 124:Fideism 92:Schools 70:Outline 17357:Virtue 17184:(1986) 17176:(1980) 17168:(1978) 17160:(1968) 17152:(1964) 17144:(1963) 17136:(1962) 17128:(1960) 17120:(1951) 17112:(1942) 17104:(1936) 17096:(1934) 17088:(1923) 17080:(1909) 17000:(2001) 16992:(1959) 16984:(1936) 16976:(1927) 16968:(1886) 16952:(1869) 16944:(1848) 16936:(1830) 16872:Method 16745:Holism 16676:(1927) 16186:Belief 16082:Holism 15671:People 15467:health 15463:height 15348:Memory 15323:factor 15264:Social 15225:topics 15074:Portal 15011: 15003: 14993: 14959: 14940: 14911: 14874: 14855: 14811: 14773:5 June 14744: 14715: 14696: 14679: 14651: 14632: 14613: 14569: 14525: 14506: 14489:6 June 14460: 14441: 14422: 14405:17 May 14378:20 May 14351: 14322: 14314: 14281:22 May 14252: 14202: 14167: 14148: 14110: 14079: 14052:8 June 14025: 14015: 13980: 13961: 13917: 13873: 13854: 13837: 13829: 13821: 13784: 13765: 13744: 13725: 13699: 13668: 13649: 13630: 13611: 13567: 13550: 13527: 13496: 13475: 13431: 13406: 13387: 13358: 13348: 13319: 13300: 13281: 13225: 13179: 13150: 13131: 13054: 13010: 12968:8 June 12939: 12920: 12876: 12832: 12801: 12778: 12759: 12710: 12691: 12674: 12664: 12619: 12547: 12530:28 May 12494: 12465: 12390: 12371:314039 12369: 12359: 12323: 12304: 12285: 12266: 12249:8 June 12220: 12201: 12182: 12163: 12123: 12104: 12085: 12027: 12003: 11984: 11965: 11936: 11909: 11880: 11870: 11827: 11792: 11773: 11754: 11735: 11716: 11697: 11678: 11659: 11640: 11623:24 May 11584: 11553: 11534: 11515: 11496: 11465: 11444: 11427:18 May 11400:28 May 11319: 11300: 11256:28 May 11229:6 June 11202: 11194: 11145: 11112: 11071:28 May 11044:8 June 11017: 10986: 10955: 10884: 10841: 10822: 10805: 10795: 10787: 10742: 10734: 10698: 10667: 10626: 10597: 10578: 10536: 10505: 10486: 10469: 10461: 10410: 10391: 10356: 10348: 10274: 10247: 10218: 10183: 10164: 10145: 10128:28 May 10099: 10080: 10063: 9985: 9966: 9947: 9916: 9895: 9876: 9857: 9828: 9783: 9729: 9694: 9663: 9642: 9623: 9570: 9526: 9507: 9488: 9442: 9413: 9405: 9397: 9362: 9324: 9305: 9259: 9240: 9199: 9178: 9120: 9080: 9053: 9034: 9005: 8970: 8953: 8912: 8893: 8874: 8830: 8799: 8778: 8751: 8732: 8688: 8669: 8638: 8607: 8597: 8566: 8547: 5961:Poston 3284:93–102 2537:technē 2375:, and 2361:frames 2359:, and 2265:Others 2178:is on 2120:avijjā 2085:Qur'an 2083:. The 2018:. The 1945:guilds 1872:. The 1868:, and 1840:crafts 1834:, and 1757:, and 1741:, and 1706:, and 1671:, and 1615:action 1601:wisdom 1523:, and 1469:humble 1424:Pyrrho 1343:Caesar 1328:Limits 1319:. The 1253:, and 1239:vision 1235:senses 1222:senses 1196:, the 1068:Others 796:memory 756:belief 740:, and 699:gnōsis 687:technē 665:cnawan 643:of an 581:, and 541:, and 531:memory 519:senses 494:belief 473:is an 285:Wisdom 275:Reason 220:Belief 199:Action 17284:Truth 16367:Stubs 16286:Truth 15932:Plato 15363:Skill 15232:Types 15135:Media 15009:S2CID 14677:JSTOR 14320:S2CID 14200:JSTOR 13835:S2CID 13827:JSTOR 13548:JSTOR 13510:3 May 13356:S2CID 13129:S2CID 12353:74–75 11825:S2CID 11200:JSTOR 11015:JSTOR 10740:S2CID 10534:S2CID 10467:S2CID 10389:S2CID 10354:S2CID 10326:arXiv 10216:S2CID 10061:S2CID 9826:JSTOR 9727:JSTOR 9411:S2CID 9403:JSTOR 9003:S2CID 8581:. In 8297:71–72 8013:32–33 7905:69–72 7869:69–72 7839:69–72 7800:69–72 7782:69–72 7738:69–72 7708:jnana 7513:72–73 7126:49–51 6964:17–18 6694:88–89 6552:11–12 6424:28–29 6185:53–55 6176:88–89 5823:39–40 5139:72–75 4941:10–11 4896:10–11 4270:93–94 4261:19–20 4252:26–28 3731:86–87 3710:49–50 3233:23–32 3164:34–36 2931:93–94 2878:74–75 2840:69–72 2459:Notes 2381:graph 2369:logic 2224:power 2115:vijjā 2089:Allah 2069:Islam 2067:. In 2045:faith 1870:China 1866:India 1862:Egypt 1665:genes 1552:Value 1255:taste 1251:smell 1247:touch 1243:sound 1042:Plato 847:Types 776:lucky 693:mētis 672:word 662:word 280:Truth 80:Index 15483:race 15169:Data 15025:2022 15001:OCLC 14991:ISBN 14957:ISBN 14938:ISBN 14925:2022 14909:ISSN 14891:Mind 14872:ISBN 14853:ISBN 14840:2023 14809:ISBN 14796:2024 14775:2022 14742:ISBN 14713:ISBN 14694:ISBN 14649:ISBN 14630:ISBN 14611:ISBN 14598:2022 14567:ISBN 14554:2023 14523:ISBN 14504:ISBN 14491:2022 14458:ISBN 14439:ISBN 14420:ISBN 14407:2022 14380:2022 14349:ISBN 14336:2022 14312:ISSN 14283:2022 14250:ISBN 14216:2022 14165:ISBN 14146:ISBN 14133:2024 14108:PMID 14077:ISBN 14054:2022 14023:PMID 13978:ISBN 13959:ISBN 13946:2023 13915:ISBN 13902:2022 13871:ISBN 13852:ISBN 13819:ISSN 13782:ISBN 13763:ISBN 13742:ISBN 13723:ISBN 13710:2024 13697:ISBN 13666:ISBN 13647:ISBN 13628:ISBN 13609:ISBN 13596:2022 13565:ISBN 13525:ISBN 13512:2023 13494:ISBN 13473:ISBN 13460:2023 13429:ISBN 13404:ISBN 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