45:
216:
704:
29:
1598:
586:
1550:
1514:
223:
1586:
1574:
244:
1526:
1562:
1538:
719:
mounted on 11 m tower platform directs sunlight via a flat mirror into a 60 m long underground horizontal 'tunnel'. A 38 cm aperture f/90 achromat forms a 34 cm diameter solar image at the focal plane. The telescope has an option to mount a 20 cm achromat, which provides an f/90 beam
341:
As early as 1881, Mr. Blanford, then
Meteorological Reporter to the Government of India, recommended "the improvement of the work of solar observations in order to obtain accurate measures of the sun’s heating power at the earth’s surface and its periodic variations". In May 1882, the government
825:
The modern meeting and accommodation facilities are often used for national and international meetings, workshops and classes for up to 40 participants on subjects such as
Kodaikanal Summer School in Physics, the Kodai-Trieste Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and the Solar Physics Winter School.
735:
in conjunction with a 600 lines/mm grating gives 9 mm/A dispersion in the fifth order of the grating. Together with the 5.5 arcsec/mm spatial resolution of the image, it forms a high resolution set up for solar spectroscopy. Recording of the spectrum can be done photographically or with a
368:, decided to establish a solar physics observatory at Kodaikanal, based on its southern, dust free, high altitude location. Michie Smith was selected to be superintendent. Starting in 1895 there was a rapid transfer of work and equipment from the
675:
spectroheliograph was operational in 1911. Since 1912, prominent pictures over the full limb are being obtained in K by blocking the solar disc. These observations and the white light pictures are obtained around 200 days a year.
821:
is one of the observatory's proud possessions. It has a collection of astronomical literature, which is of archival value. The library maintains a skeletal collection of current literature in solar and solar terrestrial physics.
1186:
Swarup Govind, "Historical perspective and research centres in India in the fields of solar astronomy and Sun-Earth relationship," National Centre for Radio
Astrophysics, TIFR, Pune 411007, India. retrieved 3/13/2007
570:
Public education about astronomy including tours of the facility, access to the astronomy library, nighttime telescopic sky viewing, and presentation of specialized university-level courses, seminars and
296:
was first detected at this observatory in
January 1909. Solar data collected by the lab is the oldest continuous series of its kind in India. Precise observations of the equatorial
736:
Photometrix 1k x 1k CCD system. A large format CCD system is being procured to enhance the coverage of spectrum especially for the broad resonance lines and the nearby continuum.
1310:
743:
with
Littrow arrangement using a 3.43 m achromat. The photographic camera behind the second slit is being replaced by a Raticon linear array and a data acquisition system.
536:
Studies of the equatorial electrojet and of the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to solar and interplanetary variability are being made.
688:
634:, has been in use since the early 1900s to obtain daily 20 cm white light pictures of the sun, sky permitting. The 20 cm refractor is used occasionally for
357:
On 20 July 1893 following a famine in Madras
Presidency, which underscored the need for a study of the sun to better understand monsoon patterns, a meeting of the
1338:
466:
683:
objective which provides an f/15 beam and a 2 cm image. A prefilter and a daystar Ca K narrow band filter are used together with a
Photometrix 1k x 1k
1378:
1303:
1010:
442:
533:
Studies on the structure and dynamics of the equatorial ionosphere and its response to the solar and interplanetary variability are being carried out.
1623:
1099:
960:
910:
448:
83:
1476:
454:
1296:
460:
247:
1618:
1638:
863:
215:
509:
Observations and interpretation of the morphological changes in active regions and their role in occurrence of transients such as
1408:
1256:
627:
172:
1050:"Charles Michie Smith – founder of the Kodaikanal (Solar Physics) Observatory and beginnings of physical astronomy in India"
762:
was installed in 1955, for vertical soundings of the ionosphere. Quarterly soundings were made round the clock. In 1993, a
1272:
Cambridge
University Library: Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, archive papers 1892-1963
527:
859:
Global
Atmosphere Watch, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
840:
483:
556:
323:
1446:
1383:
1368:
494:
278:
55:
1451:
1373:
1271:
1188:
552:
319:
792:
and a Watson magnetometer were installed and have been used regularly at the observatory since the early 1900s.
1481:
1403:
1353:
623:
810:
on campus for the visitors. The displays are mainly pictorial, with a few models, a live solar image and the
76:
889:
Indian
Institute of Astrophysics - A Brief History, Solar Observatory at Kodaikanal, retrieved 3/13/2007.
1504:
1108:
1019:
969:
919:
1633:
1491:
1423:
1217:
1466:
1471:
1428:
327:
1418:
1266:
1140:
878:
661:
1005:
1461:
1348:
1333:
766:
ionosonde model IPS 42/DBD43 was commissioned enabling five minute or better sounding rates.
684:
1486:
1358:
1152:
1112:
1076:
1023:
973:
923:
564:
343:
318:
observations are made here regularly. Summaries of the data obtained are sent to national (
303:
1049:
860:
8:
1628:
1578:
1393:
672:
560:
1288:
1156:
1116:
1080:
1027:
977:
927:
1566:
1554:
1398:
1343:
1066:
835:
631:
369:
951:
901:
740:
671:
lens. The two prism K-alpha spectroheliographs were acquired in 1904 and the H-alpha
646:
1590:
1530:
1160:
1120:
981:
931:
44:
739:
The converging solar beam from the objective can be diverted to a high dispersion
731:
is the main instrument of the telescope. A 20 cm diameter, 18 m focal length
1413:
1221:
1057:
867:
811:
703:
680:
479:
293:
28:
1602:
1282:
775:
475:
430:
394:
1165:
1125:
1094:
986:
955:
936:
905:
1612:
1456:
778:
756:
724:
668:
657:
642:
observations and sometimes made available to visitors for night sky viewing.
600:
415:
382:
347:
98:
85:
1542:
1518:
789:
763:
728:
712:
589:
510:
421:
388:
361:
282:
1277:
Further reading: Antia H. M., Bhatnagar A., Ulmschneider P. (ed.s) (2006)
1363:
1325:
1001:
796:
639:
540:
436:
365:
315:
307:
274:
687:
to record the K filtergram. Regular observations began in 1996. Besides
526:
for long-term studies of the last ten solar cycles, in an effort led by
256:
1251:
890:
752:
679:
Light from the 46 cm siderostat is diverted to a 15 cm Zeiss
664:
474:
A 12 m solar tower with modern spectrograph was established in 1960 by
297:
286:
135:
65:
1597:
585:
1438:
759:
716:
615:
612:
490:
351:
333:
They have a full-time staff of two scientists and three technicians.
162:
732:
548:
544:
523:
311:
1257:
Subramanian, T.S. (1999) the Hindu, Volume 16-Issue 13, June 19. "
1071:
695:
sequences are being obtained on days of good to excellent seeing.
1237:
818:
782:
654:
650:
619:
604:
597:
516:
Study of contributing factors to chromospheric calcium K indices.
1585:
807:
372:
to Kodaikanal and the observatory was founded on 1 April 1899.
243:
781:
was built indigenously and made operational to study F-region
649:
giving 6 cm diameter full disc photographs of the sun in
635:
375:
The first observations were commenced at Kodaikanal in 1901.
69:
1200:
The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight
489:
In 1977, many of the astronomers from Kodaikanal shifted to
692:
406:
358:
185:
H-alpha Telescope – 6562.8 A (Lower Chromosphere Telescope)
1537:
1267:
Madras and Kodaikanal Observatories : A Brief History
1211:
626:
of Paris, acquired in 1850 and remodeled to 20 cm by
1318:
800:
593:
300:
are made here due to the unique geography of Kodaikanal.
271:
1252:
Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Kodaikanal Observatory
1339:
Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences
350:
of the sun and the stars using a 20-inch (51 cm)
1502:
1087:
1379:
Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations
1279:
Lectures on Solar Physics (Lecture Notes in Physics)
755:
and geomagnetic effects of solar activity. A NBS C3
222:
177:
Spectro Heliograph (Film – Photograph not available)
1041:
1011:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
354:, which could be at a hill station in South India.
1281:, Cambridge University Press, New York, 335 pages
1047:
894:
1145:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1100:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
961:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
911:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
505:Areas of current interest at the observatory are
1610:
1477:Major Atmospheric Cerenkov Experiment Telescope
944:
1048:Rao, N. K.; Vagiswari, A.; Birdie, C. (2014).
201:Radio spectrograph – 35–85 MHz daily operation
1304:
1213:Kodai-Trieste workshop on Plasma Astrophysics
994:
364:, Indian Observatories Committee, chaired by
715:60 cm diameter two-mirror fused quartz
167:62 cm reflector – KSO Tunnel Telescope (KTT)
667:feeds light to a 30 cm aperture f/22,
478:and used to perform some of the first ever
1311:
1297:
660:are in regular use. A 46 cm diameter
43:
1164:
1124:
1070:
985:
935:
698:
1624:Astronomical observatories in Tamil Nadu
950:
900:
806:The observatory has a popular astronomy
702:
584:
346:, proposed the need for photography and
231:Location of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
126:Year 1895 (British – East India Company)
1232:Indian Institute of Astrophysics, 2006
482:investigations. Measurements of vector
1611:
1409:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
611:A 15 cm aperture English-mounted
519:Measurement of vector magnetic fields.
1319:Telescopes and Observatories in India
1292:
1000:
751:The lab is equipped for studying the
551:are made here and transmitted to the
522:Photographs of ~ 117 years are being
500:
707:Solar Tunnel Telescope at Kodaikanal
580:
378:Partial List of Assistant Directors
1619:Astronomical observatories in India
861:Station Characteristics, Kodaikanal
803:receiver and magnetic variometers.
769:
281:. It is on the southern tip of the
13:
1202:, filtergram, retrieved 3/13/2007.
841:List of astronomical observatories
14:
1650:
1245:
879:Monthly Weather Review: May, 1906
557:World Meteorological Organization
486:were initiated during the 1960s.
324:World Meteorological Organization
1639:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1447:3.6m Devasthal Optical Telescope
1384:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
1369:India-based Neutrino Observatory
1259:Centenary of a solar observatory
1095:"Professor Charles Michie Smith"
495:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
285:4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from
279:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
242:
221:
214:
56:Indian Institute of Astrophysics
27:
1452:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1374:Indian Astronomical Observatory
1226:
1205:
1192:
1180:
553:India Meteorological Department
320:India Meteorological Department
1482:National Large Solar Telescope
1404:Mount Abu InfraRed Observatory
1354:Gauribidanur Radio Observatory
1141:"1953MNRAS.113..294. Page 294"
1133:
883:
872:
853:
539:Hourly observation of surface
1:
846:
746:
1389:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
720:to form a 17 cm image.
575:
268:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
33:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
22:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
7:
1234:Solar Physics Winter School
829:
795:They also have a broadband
10:
1655:
1109:Royal Astronomical Society
1020:Royal Astronomical Society
970:Royal Astronomical Society
920:Royal Astronomical Society
336:
277:owned and operated by the
1492:Pachmarhi Telescope Array
1437:
1424:Udaipur Solar Observatory
1324:
814:spectrum also presented.
253:
240:
209:
197:
189:
181:
171:
161:
157:
152:
130:
122:
114:
75:
61:
51:
38:
26:
1467:Jantar Mantar, New Delhi
412:Charles Pritchard Butler
248:Related media on Commons
1472:Jantar Mantar, Varanasi
1429:Vainu Bappu Observatory
1166:10.1093/mnras/113.3.294
1126:10.1093/mnras/83.4.245a
987:10.1093/mnras/116.2.156
937:10.1093/mnras/117.3.253
427:A. L. Narayan 1937–1946
328:Global Atmosphere Watch
118:2,343 meters (7,687 ft)
42:Kodaikanal Observatory
1419:Trivandrum Observatory
1274:, retrieved 3/13/2007.
1236:, retrieved 3/13/2007.
708:
699:Solar tunnel telescope
630:in 1898 to serve as a
608:
342:astronomer at Madras,
39:Alternative names
1462:Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
1349:Devasthal Observatory
1334:Allahabad Observatory
1285:, retrieved 3/13/2007
1263:, retrieved 3/13/2007
706:
624:Lerebours et Secretan
588:
467:Annapurni Subramanian
405:Charles Michie Smith
304:Ionospheric soundings
198:{{{telescope5_name}}}
99:10.23222°N 77.46472°E
1487:Ooty Radio Telescope
1359:Girawali Observatory
565:atmospheric sciences
563:and research in the
493:and established the
344:Norman Robert Pogson
1394:Madhava Observatory
1215:retrieved 3/13/2007
1157:1953MNRAS.113..294.
1117:1923MNRAS..83R.245.
1081:2014arXiv1402.6189K
1028:1961QJRAS...2..278.
978:1956MNRAS.116..156.
928:1957MNRAS.117..253.
673:diffraction grating
603:observed during an
561:Weather forecasting
314:vertical drift and
193:SPECTRO – Telescope
95: /
23:
1399:Madras Observatory
1344:Colaba Observatory
1220:2012-06-25 at the
952:Stratton, F. J. M.
902:Stratton, F. J. M.
866:2007-09-28 at the
836:Kavasji Naegamvala
709:
647:spectroheliographs
609:
501:Current activities
401:List of Directors
370:Madras Observatory
362:Secretary of State
104:10.23222; 77.46472
21:
1500:
1499:
1111:: 245–246. 1923.
741:spectroheliograph
581:Full disc imaging
528:Dipankar Banerjee
437:M. K. Vainu Bappu
264:
263:
205:
204:
1646:
1634:Solar telescopes
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1128:
1091:
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1045:
1039:
1038:
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1006:"Anil Kumar Das"
998:
992:
991:
989:
948:
942:
941:
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898:
892:
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881:
876:
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770:Other facilities
596:showing the red
443:J.C.Bhattacharya
330:) data centers.
257:edit on Wikidata
246:
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1320:
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1222:Wayback Machine
1210:
1206:
1198:Darling David,
1197:
1193:
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1134:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1058:Current Science
1052:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1002:Bappu, M. K. V.
999:
995:
949:
945:
906:"John Evershed"
899:
895:
888:
884:
877:
873:
868:Wayback Machine
858:
854:
849:
832:
772:
749:
701:
632:photoheliograph
583:
578:
503:
484:magnetic fields
480:helioseismology
473:
339:
294:Evershed effect
260:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
228:
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182:WARM Telescope
134:
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1246:External links
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1241:
1240:
1225:
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1179:
1132:
1086:
1065:(3): 447–467.
1040:
993:
956:"Thomas Royds"
943:
893:
882:
871:
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
838:
831:
828:
776:high frequency
771:
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697:
691:observations,
658:spectral lines
618:by the French
582:
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531:
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476:Amil Kumar Das
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449:Ramnath Cowsik
446:
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431:Anil Kumar Das
428:
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395:Anil Kumar Das
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322:) and global (
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1457:Jantar Mantar
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1326:Observatories
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1151:: 294. 1953.
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779:Doppler radar
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669:Cooke triplet
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637:
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629:
628:Grubb-Parsons
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601:spectral line
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173:Grubb-Parsons
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16:
1579:Solar System
1388:
1278:
1258:
1233:
1228:
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1199:
1194:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1148:
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790:magnetometer
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729:spectrograph
722:
713:Grubb Parson
710:
678:
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590:Chromosphere
511:solar flares
504:
488:
472:
469:2019–Present
422:Thomas Royds
400:
389:Thomas Royds
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340:
332:
302:
291:
283:Palani Hills
267:
265:
52:Organization
15:
1567:Outer space
1555:Spaceflight
1364:Gyarah Sidi
1033:17 February
1022:: 278–279.
972:: 156–158.
922:: 253–254.
797:seismograph
753:ionospheric
640:occultation
613:Heliostatic
559:for use in
541:temperature
463:2013 - 2018
461:P.Sreekumar
457:2006 - 2012
451:1992 - 2003
366:Lord Kelvin
308:geomagnetic
275:observatory
123:Established
102: /
77:Coordinates
18:Observatory
1629:Kodaikanal
1613:Categories
1439:Telescopes
1031:Retrieved
847:References
812:Fraunhofer
785:dynamics.
747:Ionosondes
665:siderostat
571:workshops.
298:electrojet
287:Kodaikanal
153:Telescopes
90:77°27′53″E
87:10°13′56″N
66:Kodaikanal
1591:Education
1531:Astronomy
1072:1402.6189
788:A lacour
760:ionosonde
717:coelostat
616:refractor
576:Equipment
524:digitized
491:Bangalore
445:1982-1990
439:1960–1982
433:1946–1960
424:1923–1937
418:1911–1923
409:1895–1911
397:1937–1946
391:1911–1923
385:1906–1911
352:telescope
163:Coelostat
1283:Excerpts
1218:Archived
1172:21 March
1004:(1961).
954:(1956).
904:(1957).
864:Archived
830:See also
757:analogue
733:achromat
693:temporal
689:synoptic
681:achromat
662:Foucault
636:cometary
622:firm of
555:and the
549:rainfall
545:pressure
312:F region
144:/centers
115:Altitude
62:Location
1603:Science
1505:Portals
1153:Bibcode
1113:Bibcode
1077:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
974:Bibcode
924:Bibcode
819:library
783:Skywave
764:digital
725:Littrow
655:H-alpha
651:K-alpha
620:optical
605:eclipse
598:H-alpha
592:of the
337:History
316:surface
131:Website
808:museum
727:-type
241:
146:/kodai
1543:Stars
1519:India
1107:(4).
1067:arXiv
1053:(PDF)
1018:(4).
968:(2).
918:(3).
645:Twin
272:solar
270:is a
255:[
138:.iiap
70:India
1174:2024
1035:2017
817:The
653:and
638:and
547:and
407:FRSE
359:U.K.
292:The
266:The
140:.res
1161:doi
1149:113
1121:doi
1063:106
982:doi
966:116
932:doi
916:117
801:GPS
685:CCD
594:Sun
142:.in
136:www
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259:]
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