2797:: Polypetalae: Dedication. Preface. Novelties in this Flora. Precursory or related publications. References. Introduction. I. The Palni hills: 1. Location and physical features. 2. Kodaikanal: taluk and town. 3. Rivers. 4. Roads. 5. Table 2: Gazetteer of localities. 6. Climatic conditions at Kodaikanal. 7. Geology and soils. 8. History. 9. The vegetation: A. Native; B. Alien. 10. References. II. Plant explorations on the Palnis: 1. Past explorations: 1. The Bournes. 2. The Fysons. 3. The Shembaganur team. 4. Natural History Centre at Shembaganur (SHC). 5. Recent explorations. 6. References. 2. Present exploration: 1. Background and scope. 2. Field trip report. 3. Phytogeographical findings. 4. Ethnobotany. 5. Nature conservation. 3. The present Flora: Format and conventions. Acknowledgments. Family sequence. Key to families.
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3022:" The PHCC generated a National Park proposal used by the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. One of the council's major contributions has been the creation of nurseries for indigenous trees. Today, thanks to its efforts, young shola trees thrive at Kodai institutions and in private gardens. The organisation sought to restrict unsustainable building development in the 1990s. The PHCC has been active in the case against mercury contamination of the once beautiful Pambar Shola.,
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1263:. These falls have two stages. At the first stage water collects in huge rock recesses which are each named after wild animals such as tiger, elephant and snake. The Pambar river then flows .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the second stage before falling as the main waterfall. Bathing is allowed. There is a bus from
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Many native tribals in the Palani Hills have partially assimilated modern culture but are marginalized on the fringes of society. Their social, economic and physical survival has become a difficult challenge for them and several public and private agencies. Their ancient culture in this area is well
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Peaks rising to over 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) with total area of 385 square kilometres (149 sq mi) and average elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) consist mostly of montane grasslands interspersed with sholas. The grassland component is now largely replaced by forest plantations
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and the southwestern coastal plains, temperatures vary from moderate to quite cool. In the central Palani Hills at
Kodaikanal, during March to May, the temperature range is between 10.1 and 20.9 °C (50.2 and 69.6 °F). The temperature can rise to a high of 35 °C (95 °F). During
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They live in small hamlets in huts and government constructed colonies. The sedentary life started with the construction of group houses by the government in the early sixties. The community is vertically divided into two sub divisions called Koora and Kanni, further subdivided into 47 sub sects.
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The sanctuary has been under consideration of the
Government of India in consultation with the Government of Tamil Nadu since 1999. The actual park boundaries have not been finalized. In 2007, proposals for declaration of Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary were under consideration of the Government.
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on the west and extend east into the plains of Tamil Nadu, covering an area of 2,068 square kilometres (798 sq mi). The highest part of the range is in the southwest, and reaches 1,800-2,500 metres (5,906-8,202 feet) elevation; the eastern extension of the range is made up of hills
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The Palani Hills
Conservation Council (PHCC) was formed by concerned residents in 1985 One of its first goals was to support and push for the creation of a national park or a wildlife sanctuary in the Palni Hills. Zafar Futehally and M.S. Viraraghavan were its leaders. The PHCC made a clear
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The
Vattakanal Conservation Trust promotes the conservation of Palni Hills' native plants and habitats by raising plant nurseries, establishing conservation gardens, working with the Forest Department to restore habitats and acquiring properties to ensure survival of specific species and
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is at, elevation 2,270 metres (7,450 ft). There is small pool above this 50 m (160 ft) waterfall just southwest of the
Kodaikanal–Munnar Road crossing the Kathirikkai Odei (the Second Trout Stream) 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) west of the Forest Dept
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The park area includes only reserve forest land, including Palni Hills
Northern Slope East, Kallar, Palni Hills Southern Slope East, Upper Palni Shola, Allinagaram, and Palni Hills Northern Slope West Reserve Forests in the Dindigul and Kodaikanal Forest Divisions.
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On 13 August 2012, in an apparent change away from plans for notification of parts of the Palani Hills as a separate wildlife sanctuary, the Tamil Nadu
Gazette notification attached parts of Kodaikanal and Dindigul divisions of reserve forests to the buffer zone of
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may help the local populace to welcome this new
Protected area. It remains to be seen whether the Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park will stimulate or stifle commercial development and tourism. The decision to finally establish the park must balance short term
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Conservation and eco-restoration of degraded forests in
Nilgiris and Palani Hills. During 2007–2008, it is proposed to take up degraded sholas over an extent of 3 square kilometres and to carry out other maintenance and improvement works at a cost of Rs. 590.75
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The
Northeast monsoon season from October through early December, when rain is abundant and occurs over 30 or more days. Depending on the timing of the northeast monsoon, the latter half of December may experience a few days of heavy rain or remain completely
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The Palni Hills are an eastward spur of the Western Ghats with a maximum east–west length of 65 kilometres (40 mi), and a north–south width of 40 kilometres (25 mi). Area is 2,064 square kilometres (797 sq mi). These hills rise in steep
3579:. A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 59. Archived from
3544:. A GIS Database for Conservation of Project Elephant Reserves. Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore: Asian Nature Conservation Foundation, Asian Elephant Conservation and Research Centre. p. 53. Archived from
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The Ampthill Downs area is now named Upper Palani Shola Reserved Forest and totals 145.7 square kilometres (56.3 sq mi) (36,000 acres) of forest land. It is the largest reserve forest division in the Palani Hills. The core of the proposed
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The Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. is implementing forest maintenance and restoration works over a period of 5 years from 2006 to 2007. Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned a sum of Rs.30.00 crores for the following components:
3466:"Environment and Forests Department – Declaration of Areas as Critical Tiger Habitats in the Three Tiger Reserves of the State of Tamil Nadu in the Interest of Conservation of Tiger Under Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972"
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at, 400 metres (1,300 ft) are down a pine needle path through large pines beginning on left of road .5 kilometres (0.31 mi) past Forest Dept. Nursery, 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Kodaikanal on Poombrai
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Each sub sect is called Kootams, which regulates certain social events. Each kootam has its own deity, which is common to the entire group and once yearly the members of the same kootam assemble to worship the deity.
444:. The park is located between latitude 10°7'–10°28' N and longitude 77°16'–77°46' E. Central location is 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) east northeast of Silver Cascade Waterfall and 4 km (2.5 mi) E X NE of
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signs survey. A tigress and her cub were spotted playing in the wild. Forest Department officials are studying survey data to estimate the local tiger population based on indirect evidence like pug marks, scats and
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throughout the park which are popular tourist attractions. Some of the prominent falls associated with the park are: (Distances are referenced from km 0.0 at the bund (dam) on northeast end of Kodaikanal lake at .)
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of endemic plant life. Notable among these is Pambar Shola. The Pambar Shola, draining to the Pambar River, is now reduced to less than 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) in circumference. It contains several rare and
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of Kodaikanal stands in a 2,195 m (7,202 ft) high basin at the southern edge of the central part. The eastern end of the park is made of hills 1000–1500 m (3,281 ft - 4,921 ft) high.
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December to February it is between 8.1 and 18.6 °C (46.6 and 65.5 °F). In January, night temperatures sometimes drop below freezing, and thin ice is seen on lake edges in the early morning.
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3146:. Permission from the Forest Department is necessary to visit areas deep inside the forests and for trekking in forests. Forest rest houses are available with advance reservation at Kodaikkanal,
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The Palani hills are most prominent towards the west, ranging from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) to 2,553 metres (8,376 ft) (5,906 ft - 8,376 ft). The ten most prominent peaks are:
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which varies from west to east. Generally, as one proceeds from the Kerala border in the west to the foothills in the east, average rainfall decreases and temperature increases. Compared to the
1139:, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the
1117:, on Palar stream 5.5 km southeast of Palar Reservoir and 1.7 km downstream north from Ganesha Puram village, per 1974 survey map. 27 kilometres (17 mi) from Kodaikanal), in the
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and Devadanapatty. Contact: District Forest officer, Kodaikkanal Forest Division, Kodaikanal, Dindigal District, Tamil Nadu, India. (open 10 am to 6 pm) Phone : 91-4542-240287
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The Tamil Nadu Department of Geology and Mining has completed detailed Geo-Technical Studies of the Palni Hills determining moderate to high landslide danger in much of the area.
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the dry season, usually between January and March, during which rain is scarce and limited to around 10 rainy days, the air is crisp, dry and cold, and when ground frost occurs;
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proposed to the Tamil Nadu state government that much of the range be granted protected status as a wildlife sanctuary or Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park.
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494:. It was over 140 square kilometres (53 sq mi) in extent and about one quarter of it then consisted of sholas and three quarters was open, rolling, grassy downs.
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Just below Pambar Falls where Levigne stream comes out of Pambar Shola. Is particularly visible from Priests Walk and from top end of Coolie Ghat just below Shenbuganour.
4118:
Govt. of Tamilnadu, Tourism, Demand No.50, Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes, Works in progress under Part-II Scheme 1999-2000, retrieved 26 January 2007.
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P.Thamizoli, K.Balasubramanian, M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai and P.Ignatius Prabakar, Department of Anthropology, University of Madras, Chennai (2003) "
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The Tamil Nadu Green Movement works on Nature Education, Conservation awareness, Judicial intervention, media awareness and works with other NGOs in the Western Ghats.
3837:"Forest plantations, water availability, and regional climate change: controversies surrounding Acacia mearnsii plantations in the upper Palni Hills, southern India"
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The Hindu, Frontline, Volume 20 - Issue 16, 02–15 August 2003, "On The Danger List" by Ian Lockwood, an excellent and comprehensive description of the Palani Hills
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Moist areas exist along the ravines and in the sheltered pockets of high elevation shola forests around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). These sholas are often
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The Palani Hills are currently subject to increasing development pressure as it is under developed for a long time. The Palani Hills Conservation Council, a
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ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS DEPARTMENT, POLICY NOTE ON FOREST DEPARTMENT 2001-2002, DEMAND NO. 44 - FORESTS AND DEMAND NO.58 - CAPITAL OUTLAY ON FORESTS
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The warm season of April and May when most tourists arrive for their holiday in the hills and when summer showers and rain may fall on 18 to 20 days;
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3339:. Dehra Dun: Wildlife Institute of India. pp. Summary of Protected Area Proposals Considered to be of National Priority Status. Archived from
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hills could expand back into this area when it is better protected. In February 2010, tigers were sighted in Kodaikanal forests during a six-day
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The Government of Tamil Nadu completed establishment of a litter free zone and awareness campaign in Kodaikanal in 2000 at a cost of Rs 1. lakh.
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on the hills interspersed with pockets of dense shola forests in the valleys. This is an undulating plateau interspersed with occasional peaks.
685:
region to the north. The northern slopes are drained by the Shanmukha River, Nanganji River, and Kodavanar River, which are tributaries of the
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Bellan, M.F. (1980) Palani Hills Vegetation Map, Institut de la Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, Toulouse, France, retrieved 3/29/2007
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News about Kuringi, Endemic birds, Vattakanal Conservation Trust, the Hindu, Frontline, Volume 23 - Issue 17 :: 26 Aug. – 8 Sep. 2006
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at A dangerous sheer cliff that drops over 100 metres (330 ft), to the first level, then drops off a couple more times to the plains.
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784:
587:
3958:
1184:, (Rat Tail Falls) at, elevation 820 metres (2,690 ft), is 975 feet (297 m) (297 meters) high. It is the highest waterfall in
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3934:
Bicultural Versatility as a Frontier Adaptation among Paliyan Foragers of South India, by Dr. Peter Gardner, Edwin Mellen Press, 2000,
2390:
3909:
Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills: The Pulayans left behind the dead cattle, driven to the mountain’s edge, shown the dry waterhole
1223:
at, 16 metres (52 ft) high, is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of Vandaravu Peak in remote southwest corner of Palani Hills.
162:
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2316:. Paliyan people can be seen near Kukal Cave. The Tamil speaking Pulayan are referred to as the MalaPulayans, a group categorized as
513:
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798:
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of traditional varieties of fruits, vegetables and cereals, including vegetables of all colours, shapes and sizes and orchards of
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of the world. Some of the very rare and endangered plants and animals of India are found here. including intact relics of primary
437:
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1158:(also called Liril or Vatakanal) at, elevation 2,120 metres (6,960 ft), is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) SE from Kodaikanal.
4254:
News: The Group Endeavor for Environment and Nature Sustenance Pleas to the Forestry Minister for Palani Hills National Park.
3939:
3186:
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The Southwest monsoon season extends between June and September, with around 45 days of rainfall spread over the four months;
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of Kodaikanal Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme, with an expenditure of Rs.33.90 lakhs incurred till 2007.
422:
756:
in Kerala borders the southwestern corner of the park. These Wildlife Sanctuaries are adjacent to the recently established
89:
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3919:
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61:
4001:", The Rapinat Herbarium, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirapalli 620 002, India. 364. pp. Price: set Rs 600. $ 175, £100.
3142:, which has a list and map of local treks in the Kodaikanal area. Several trekking destinations are accessible from the
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478:
In 1906, the great undulating plateau on top of the Palanis comprising four forest ranges were consolidated under the
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will be included in the buffer zone. The villages and hamlets that now form part of the Palani Hills buffer zone are
108:
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Wildlife Sanctuary was included in the protected area proposals considered to be of national priority status by the
68:
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which was to be established in 2008. The park includes about 36% of the 2,068 km (798 sq mi) in the
3243:
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The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Public Works Department and the local bodies are executing
2942:
46:
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75:
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540:
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Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment, Policy note 2006-2007, Demand 25, Dept. of Forests, page 49
3759:
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4333:
843:
823:
521:
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155:
3786:"Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall based upon 1901-2000 data: Kodaikanal"
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submitted a proposal to the State government to protect much of the Palani Hills by declaring the area a
517:
57:
3725:
1136:
3974:
3143:
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2386:
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The average annual rainfall is 1,617 millimetres (63.7 in), mostly during the north-east monsoon.
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The lower elevations of the Palani Hills, between 250 and 1,000 m (820-3,281 ft), are part of the
745:
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3613:
3311:
2568:
557:
VI - Protected Area with Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to IV - Habitat/Species Management Area
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3636:
Travels in Peru and India, while superintending the collection of chinchona plants and seeds in...
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and small gaming in the nearby forest areas combined with cultivation of several species of minor
1273:, in Allinagaram Reserved Forest, elevation 2,220 metres (7,280 ft), location estimated from
1164:
at 55 metres (180 ft) high, is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Kodaikanal) on the Ghat Road.
433:. The park will be an upgrade and expansion of the 736.87 km (284.51 sq mi) Palani
4150:
3569:
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at Kookkal Kombai, 90 metres (300 ft) high, is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) walk northwest of
479:
35:
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height 15 metres (49 ft), elevation 2,170 metres (7,120 ft), location estimated from
942:; they are among the oldest mountain ranges in India. The park is an eastward extension of the
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3176:
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occur in this sanctuary. Other more widespread species of herpetofauna also occur lower down.
2407:
From 1,600 to 2,000 metres (5,200 to 6,600 ft) are upper montane slopes characterised by
3039:
The Save Kurinji Campaign Council organises campaigns and programmes for conservation of the
2969:
2745:: Laurel tree believed extinct (Botanical Survey of India). Two trees found in Pambar Shola,
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407:
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ranges, which run parallel to the west coast of India. The Palani Hills adjoin with the high
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2777:" by K.M. Matthew (1999), Tiruchirapalli, 3 vols., xcvi, 1880 p., figs., maps, $ 193 (set).
3795:. Chennai: Indian Meteorological Department, Regional Meteorological Centre. Archived from
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693:, except in the western portion, where it forms the boundary between Dindigul district and
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ranging from 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) to over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) elevation.
82:
8:
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Relics and artifacts of the Paliyan tribes people can be seen in the Shenbaganur Museum.
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1057:, between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River, public access restricted.
239:
3739:
3570:
Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998).
3535:
Surukumar, R.; Venkataraman, Arun; Varma, Surendra; Kumar, N. Venkatesa (October 1998).
4149:
Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. (2007) Projects & Programs 2007 - 2008, retrieved 9/2/2007
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2882:) which blossom in spectacular fields of violet only once in 12 years are threatened.
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The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Kodaikanal - Territorial Forest Division - Data
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3242:. Vol. Demand 15. Tamil Nadu Ministry of Forests and Environment. Archived from
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Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the
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Range. Spectacular waterfalls with dangerous currents. This stream originates in the
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3638:", Chapter XXIV, p. 390 - 407, Willim clowes and sons, London, retrieved 3/28/2007
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The Asian Elephant In Southern India, Dindigul - Territorial Forest Division - Data
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supports and leads environmental initiatives in the surrounding area. It offers an
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586:. About 5155.42 hectares of forest land belonging to Palani Hills Northern Slope,
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in small plots located near their hamlets to meet their subsistence requirements.
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reserve forest, 4,344.53 acres in Kudraiyar block forest and 5,548.49 hectares in
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Industries Department, POLICY NOTE - 2005-2006, DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINING
3299:. Madras: Superintendent, Government Press. pp. 139 – on the Palni Plateaus.
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Vellari Malai Peak, seen from Talinji Village, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
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The foothills from 400 to 800 metres (1,300 to 2,600 ft) consist mostly of
801:. In the highest portions of the range, above 2,000 m (6,562 ft), the
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A sum of Rs.1327.50 lakhs has been released for this purpose during 2006–2007.
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accompanied by shrub savannah, although most has been converted to plantations.
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The hills may be divided into four distinct vertical zones comprising distinct
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FOREST MAINTENANCE WORKS AS PER THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF 12TH FINANCE COMMISSION
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3388:"1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management"
3233:"1.5.3. Biodiversity Conservation, Landscape and Protected Areas Management"
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in and near Kodaikanal town. The Government of Tamil Nadu and several local
2320:
by State government of Tamil Nadu. Their traditional livelihood is foraging
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unnamed? at .6 kilometres (0.37 mi) southwest of Kukkal village center
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lies in the southern central portion of the range. Palani Hills joined with
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3695:", Asia Pacific Mountain Network, Vol. 4, No. 2, retrieved 23 March 2010
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and designated by the British Government as a single reserve forest, from
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at 20 metres (66 ft) high, elevation 590 metres (1,940 ft) in
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peak is the highest peak in the Palani hills. The range lies between the
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The comprehensive source on Palani Hills flora is currently in print: "
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hills formed by separation of the India-Madagascar-Seychelles blocks of
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Between 800 and 1,600 metres (2,600 and 5,200 ft) is dominated by
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sp.: a new species for the Palni hills first collected in April 2000,
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Wild are common in areas away from human habitation and cultivation.
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peak in Kerala state. Vattavada in Kerala is a part of Palani hills.
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tribes people have been seen living in some of the several caves in
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3053:, 8 km NW of Kodaikanal, is a 100-acre (0.40 km) private
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The Palani Hills derive their name from the ancient temple town of
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Kodaikanal International School, Environmental awareness programs.
3463:
3397:. Chennai: Tamil Nadu Forest Department. p. 4. Archived from
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The climate of the upper Palnis has four clearly defined seasons:
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between Talinji and Manjampatti villages on the Ten Ar River in
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Mathur, Vinod B.; Rogers, W. Alan; Panwar, Hemendra S. (2002).
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Maintenance and special repairs to Forest Department buildings.
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2666:: a succulent vine with waxy flowers endemic to Pambar Shola',
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Perumal Malai in distance seen from Anna Salai, Street bazaar,
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145:
505:
awaiting government notification is located in this division.
4315:, The Hindu, 1 September 2012, P. OPPILI and B. ARAVIND KUMAR
4307:
4181:
3885:
3208:
3122:
3110:
3082:
2972:
groups are actively working to reduce some of these threats:
2408:
810:
309:
206:
4313:
20 years on, Kodaikanal wildlife sanctuary yet to take shape
2725:: tree fern, highly endangered (Botanical Survey of India),
250:
Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (proposed)
4106:", Infochange India, Toxic Tours - IV, retrieved 3/28/2007
3500:. Kodaikanal: Vattakanal Conservation Trust. Archived from
3138:
The Kodaikanal Division Forest Office offers a book called
2490:
2428:
552:
508:
In 1988, the new 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi)
2680:: an epiphytic orchid. Pambar Shola is its major habitat,
2444:
2966:
736:
The western extremity of the park is contiguous with the
4060:
Pambar shola: a biodiversity treasure trove under threat
965:
eruption 66 million years ago as India drifted over the
3174:
2994:
Improvement of roads in the forest areas of Tamil Nadu.
2699:
sp.: a delicate creeping fern endemic to Pambar Shola,
2732:: known only from one other shola in the Palni hills,
386:
are a mountain range in the southern Indian states of
3464:
Stationary and Printing Department (13 August 2012).
1170:
at is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) NE from Kodaikanal).
957:
It is surrounded to the north, east and south by the
3439:"Gazette note doesn't exempt Topslip from core zone"
3020:
The health of the hills is the wealth of the plains.
2370:
vegetation and a large number of non-native plants.
1267:
with fare of Rs. 5(6.00,7.00 13.00,15.30,16.30 hrs).
490:
town limits to the south, and given the name of the
486:
town to the Kerala state border in the west and the
414:, who is worshipped as a major deity in Tamil Nadu.
394:. The Palani Hills are an eastward extension of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4266:Elephant Valley Organic Farm, retrieved 4/13/2007
3846:. author version. pp. 103–117. Archived from
3835:Rangan, H., C. A. Kull, and L. Alexander. (2010).
3336:Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review
3312:"National Parks and Sanctuaries : Kodaikanal"
742:Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
2358:The Palani hills are the easternmost part of the
1076:at 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from Kodaikanal),
419:Palani Hills Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park
366:736.87 square kilometres (284.51 sq mi)
4320:
3655:. In Indian Science Congress Association (ed.).
3211:"List of Proposed Wildlife Sanctuaries in India"
2770:, only one other known location in Palni hills.
1817:
1352:
1334:
1259:located in the lower Palni foothills, along the
4120:Policy Note 2000-2001, State Government Schemes
3522:Kurinjimala and Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuaries,
1070:at 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Kodaikanal,
4040:. Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. 1 March 2010
4013:Project Tiger, Kalakad - Mundanthurai Reserve
842:, was founded in 1985. In the early 1990s the
2752:: vine, vulnerable, endemic to Pambar shola,
1202:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Kodaikanal.
1033:List_of_waterfalls_in_India § Tamil_Nadu
814:-grassland mosaic, made up of frost-tolerant
475:) located at the northern base of the hills.
3871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3820:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3445:. Coimbatore: Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd
3422:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2673:: a succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola,
2535:Several little-known and endemic species of
2397:along streams and rivers at these altitudes.
1109:(Five House Falls), 85 metres (279 ft)
918:12. Thaliar Falls 975 feet (297 m) high
910:11. Silver Cascade, 55 m high, < 1/4 flow
4026:
3779:
3777:
3563:
3181:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 172.
2900:Monoculture pine plantation near Bear Shola
2718:: a tree believed extinct until this year,
2712:: only one clump known on the Palni hills,
2402:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
1198:between Kilavarai and intersection 11 with
1194:at, 52 feet (16 m) high, is along the
785:South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
3436:
3003:Raising shola seedlings for afforestation.
2705:: a tree, until recently thought extinct,
2693:sp.: a fern ally endemic to Pambar Shola,
2391:South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
1011:Vellari Malai 2,229 metres (7,313 ft)
996:Sandana Parai 2,404 metres (7,887 ft)
993:Karunmakadu 2,451 metres (8,041 ft),
987:Vembadi Peak 2,505 metres (8,219 ft),
790:. Above 1,000 m (3,281 ft), the
539:land. These forests are already among the
403:1,000-1,500 m (3,281-4,921 ft) high.
4078:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
4072:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
4034:"Sathyamangalam could be a tiger reserve"
3598:
3528:
3291:Francis, W. Indian Civil Service (1906).
2775:The Flora of the Palni Hills, South India
822:forests. The hills extend into Kerala as
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3999:The Flora of the Palni Hills, Parts 1–3.
3774:
3723:
3657:The Shaping of Indian Science: 1914-1947
3379:
2895:
2655:succulent herb endemic to Pambar Shola,
2622:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2346:
2299:
2241:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
1808:Source: Indian Meteorological Department
1795:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
1002:Tina Vardi 2,270 metres (7,450 ft),
981:Vandaravu 2,553 metres (8,376 ft),
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
853:
799:South Western Ghats montane rain forests
771:
3915:Folk Narratives from the Palni Hills...
3897:Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Kodaikanal
3793:Climatological Data of Important Cities
3492:
3490:
3290:
3014:connection between natural forests and
1251:at estimated from Army Map and contours
984:Ibex Peak 2,517 metres (8,258 ft)
4321:
3784:Davinder Sharma, SA, DGM Secretariat.
3659:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 508–511.
3457:
3284:
3209:National Wildlife Data Center (2006).
3133:
677:on the south, which is drained by the
3844:Regional Environmental Change, 10 (2)
3758:. Discover Tamil Nadu. Archived from
3744:
3650:
3644:
3473:Extraordinary Gazette Publication 233
3430:
3326:
3303:
3266:"Call for protection of Palani hills"
3202:
999:Venkombu 2,327 metres (7,635 ft)
818:interspersed with pockets of stunted
535:The proposed park area includes only
3487:
3386:Selvaraj, N., Minister for Forests.
3385:
3225:
3168:
1261:Kodai-Vellagavi-Periyakulam footpath
990:Gundar 2,461 metres (8,074 ft),
954:period about 120 million years ago.
862:, 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) away
662:of the natural and human community.
284:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3475:. Chennai: Government of Tamil Nadu
3395:POLICY NOTE 2006–2007 Demand No. 15
3297:Madras District Gazetteers - Madura
3034:International Baccalaureate Program
2892:Kodaikanal § Mercury_pollution
2687:: a shrub endemic to Pambar Shola,
2520:Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
2415:mosaic, composed of frost-tolerant
681:and its upper tributaries, and the
13:
3886:Kodaikanal.org, Kodaikanal climate
3724:Lockwood, Ian (29 February 2012).
3640:(1862) Journey to the Pulney Hills
3309:
2885:
2439:
458:Boundary of the Wildlife Sanctuary
14:
4360:
4329:Montane grasslands and shrublands
4301:
4182:Palani Hills Conservation Council
4180:Palni Hills Conservation Council
2362:of India, which is one of the 25
4308:Palni Hills Conservation Council
3634:Markham Clements Robert (1862) "
3036:course on Environmental Systems.
618:, Pazhamputhur and Puthurpuram.
283:
276:
260:
131:
23:
4279:
4260:
4256:Tamil Nadu Green Movement, News
4248:
4229:
4217:
4206:Kodaikanal International School
4198:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4143:
4124:
4112:
4096:
4084:
4064:
4052:
4007:
3991:
3979:
3967:
3951:
3928:
3901:
3890:
3879:
3828:
3756:Tamilnadu Waterfalls & Dams
3732:
3717:
3705:
3691:Gurung Dr. Harka (Sept, 1999) "
3685:
3673:
3628:
3612:. 2 August 2003. Archived from
3516:
3140:Kodaikanal Beauty in Wilderness
3030:Kodaikanal International School
2342:
1188:and the third highest in India.
927:The Palani Hills are formed of
829:
689:. The range lies mostly within
34:needs additional citations for
4235:The Tamil Nadu Green Movement-
4223:Save Kurinji Campaign Council
4192:Vattakanal Conservation Trust
3367:
3355:
3258:
2249:Precipitation totals in inches
776:View of the Palani Hills from
606:, Kilavarai, Polur, Kavunchi,
1:
4225:Save Kurinji Campaign Council
4194:Vattakanal Conservation Trust
3437:K.A. Shaji (22 August 2012).
3213:. Wildlife Institute of India
3175:R. P. Singh, Zubairul Islam.
3161:
2304:Paliyan woman & children.
1324:, public access restricted.|
1217:at is on Dolphins Nose Trail.
1026:
1008:2,236 metres (7,336 ft),
836:non-governmental organization
767:
541:protected areas of Tamil Nadu
255:Kodaikanal Wildlife Sanctuary
4132:Ministry of Forests, page 49
4108:Mercury rising in Kodaikanal
4104:Mercury rising in Kodaikanal
2510:populations in the adjacent
972:
961:formed later in the massive
922:
844:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
824:Pampadum Shola National Park
665:
522:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
375:Tamil Nadu Forest Department
150:2,533 m (8,310 ft)
7:
4286:Kodaikkanal Forest Division
4074:", retrieved 24 March 2007
4038:The Times of India, Chennai
2997:Bio-diversity conservation.
2351:Palani Hills Vegetation Map
1322:Indira Gandhi National Park
1055:Indira Gandhi National Park
621:The increasingly important
518:Wildlife Institute of India
10:
4365:
3726:"Pambar Falls in February"
2912:, grasslands destruction,
2889:
2828:. III. Monochlamvdeae: 1.
2585:Platyplectrurus madurensis
2557:Nyctibatrachus deccanensis
2477:in the park area include:
2387:Deccan thorn scrub forests
2245:
2237:
1820:
1807:
1803:Precipitation totals in mm
1799:
1791:
1330:
1030:
849:
794:forests transition to the
746:Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary
520:. In the early 1990s, the
451:
4237:Tamil Nadu Green Movement
3961:Bicultural Versatility...
3945:Bicultural Versatility...
2644:plant species including:
2569:Hemidactylus anamallensis
2377:with a wide diversity of
2295:
1131:103 metres (338 ft)
894:8. Neptune Falls and Pool
480:Indian Forest Act of 1878
370:
362:
325:
315:
297:
271:
259:
254:
249:
231:
226:
212:
198:
193:
154:
144:
139:
130:
125:
4003:Flora of the Palni Hills
3651:Wadia, Dr. D.N. (2003).
3018:and coined the phrase: "
2533:Amphibians and reptiles:
2264:tropical monsoon climate
2259:The Palani Hills have a
758:Eravikulam National Park
3738:Trekking to the Plains
3699:Mountains of South Asia
3693:Mountains of South Asia
3376:9. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES
2880:Strobilanthes kunthiana
2613:Trimeresurus macrolepis
2549:Micrixalus nigraventris
2499:grizzled giant squirrel
2456:Grizzled giant squirrel
1311:20 metres (66 ft)
1086:on Palar (Kallar) River
701:to the south west. The
584:Annamalai Tiger Reserve
16:Mountain range in India
4102:Yashwant Shailendra "
3997:Matthew K. M. (1999) "
3144:Kodaikanal–Munnar Road
2923:in the park. There is
2916:tree plantations, and
2901:
2632:
2589:Teretrurus rhodogaster
2516:Anamalai Tiger Reserve
2465:
2457:
2449:
2355:
2305:
1227:Kudiraiyar River Falls
1200:Kodaikanal–Munnar Road
1096:Neptune Falls and Pool
919:
911:
903:
895:
887:
879:
871:
863:
780:
629:, including trekking,
4070:K.M. Matthew (1999) "
3987:Full Map with Legend:
3653:"The making of India"
3240:Policy note 2006-2007
3178:Environmental Studies
2899:
2801:: I. Polypetalae: 1.
2626:
2593:Uropeltis pulneyensis
2577:Kaestlea travancorica
2553:Indirana leptodactyla
2463:
2455:
2447:
2393:. There is also some
2364:biodiversity hotspots
2353:Full Map with Legend:
2350:
2303:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
857:
775:
754:Kurinjimala Sanctuary
729:to a high undulating
347:10.24528°N 77.52389°E
4170:"On The Danger List"
3762:on 23 September 2009
3606:"On the danger list"
3363:"On The Danger List"
3043:plant and its habit.
2921:exotic plant species
2904:There is decreasing
2601:Uropeltis woodmasoni
1192:Gaur Vellaiyan Falls
551:will increase their
43:improve this article
4339:Hills of Tamil Nadu
4334:Grasslands of India
3752:"Kumbakkarai Falls"
3134:Visitor information
3065:. They promote the
3049:Elephant Valley at
2715:Elaeocarpus blascoi
2597:Uropeltis broughami
2545:Ghatixalus asterops
1821:Imperial conversion
1245:(போளூர் அருவி) at .
878:3. Bear Shola Falls
543:. Their upgrade to
406:It is also home to
371:Governing body
343: /
174: /
4291:2009-10-31 at the
4273:2007-05-16 at the
4242:2007-09-29 at the
4211:2007-10-08 at the
4156:2007-10-12 at the
4137:2007-01-01 at the
4020:2013-07-26 at the
3975:Shenbaganur Museum
3973:travelportalindia
3957:Gardner, Excerpts
3922:2007-06-07 at the
3616:on 4 February 2012
3586:on 11 October 2007
3551:on 11 October 2007
3504:on 28 October 2010
3443:The Times of India
3089:intercropped with
2902:
2820:: Gamopetalae: 1.
2633:
2565:Salea anamallayana
2541:Raorchestes dubois
2475:Threatened species
2466:
2458:
2450:
2417:montane grasslands
2356:
2314:Manjampatti Valley
2306:
1318:Manjampatti Valley
1051:Manjampatti Valley
920:
912:
904:
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
816:montane grasslands
781:
738:Manjampatti Valley
555:status from level
545:Wildlife Sanctuary
526:wildlife sanctuary
503:Wildlife Sanctuary
438:Wildlife Sanctuary
352:10.24528; 77.52389
140:Highest point
4058:Greenpeace India
3940:978-0-7734-7819-0
3188:978-81-8069-774-6
2943:mercury pollution
2702:Psydraxficiformis
2354:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
1812:
1811:
1338:Kodaikanal, India
1328:
1327:
1280:Unnamed Falls 15m
1271:Unnamed Falls 10m
1221:Unnamed Falls 16m
1207:Kathirikkai Falls
1129:Palar Lower falls
1103:Palar Upper Falls
838:headquartered in
740:core area of the
697:to the south and
691:Dindigul district
658:versus long term
427:Dindigul District
380:
379:
316:Nearest city
302:Dindigul district
245:
244:
178:10.200°N 77.467°E
119:
118:
111:
93:
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3905:
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3888:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3853:on 26 April 2012
3852:
3841:
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3826:
3825:
3819:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3802:on 13 April 2015
3801:
3790:
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3772:
3771:
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3713:Industries Dept.
3709:
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3310:Roshan, George.
3307:
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3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3172:
2951:visual pollution
2945:. There is also
2605:Ahaetulla dispar
2573:Kaestlea palnica
2395:evergreen forest
2352:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2200:
2195:
2184:
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2091:
2076:
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2045:
2040:
2029:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1983:
1978:
1967:
1952:
1947:
1936:
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1905:
1890:
1885:
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1335:
1289:
1288:
1256:Kumbakarai Falls
1107:Anju Veedu Falls
1068:Bear Shola Falls
952:Early Cretaceous
902:10. Pambar Falls
654:benefits of the
563:and improve the
358:
357:
355:
354:
353:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
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287:
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266:The Palani Hills
264:
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4293:Wayback Machine
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4022:Wayback Machine
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3407:
3405:
3404:on 9 April 2009
3401:
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3343:on 21 July 2011
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3164:
3136:
2959:overdevelopment
2953:, uncontrolled
2947:sound pollution
2894:
2888:
2886:Threat aversion
2876:Kurinji flowers
2849:Monocotyledones
2653:Melastomataceae
2581:Ristella rurkii
2483:Indian elephant
2464:Indian elephant
2442:
2440:Flora and fauna
2379:Endemic species
2345:
2318:scheduled caste
2298:
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1363:
1358:
1343:Climate chart (
1333:
1320:, core area of
1307:Ananthoni Falls
1196:Kilavarai trail
1181:Thalaiyar Falls
1151:Poombarai Falls
1145:Kodaikanal lake
1123:Kodaikanal lake
1053:, core area of
1047:Alanthoni Falls
1037:There are many
1035:
1029:
975:
967:Reunion Hotspot
925:
852:
832:
770:
699:Idukki District
668:
461:
460:
459:
454:
446:Kodaikanal Lake
408:the main temple
351:
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5:
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4303:
4302:External links
4300:
4297:
4296:
4278:
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4247:
4228:
4216:
4197:
4185:
4173:
4161:
4142:
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3681:satellite view
3672:
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3132:
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3055:nature reserve
3047:
3044:
3037:
3027:
3023:
3016:water security
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2984:
2981:Bioremediation
2977:
2963:eutrophication
2934:pollution and
2890:Main article:
2887:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2837:
2830:Plantaginaceae
2822:Caprifoliaceae
2810:
2764:anamallayannum
2609:Boiga dightoni
2487:Indian leopard
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2420:
2405:
2398:
2344:
2341:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2268:Deccan plateau
2255:
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2250:
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1171:
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1162:Silver Cascade
1159:
1153:
1148:
1126:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1031:Main article:
1028:
1025:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
974:
971:
959:Deccan Plateau
924:
921:
886:5. Fairy Falls
851:
848:
831:
828:
769:
766:
715:Cardamom Hills
711:Anamalai Hills
695:Theni district
667:
664:
639:mountaineering
537:reserve forest
492:Ampthill Downs
488:Bodinayakkanur
457:
456:
455:
453:
450:
423:protected area
421:is a proposed
400:Anamalai range
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
364:
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359:
327:
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243:
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240:Laws Ghat Road
237:
229:
228:
224:
223:
218:
210:
209:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
183:10.200; 77.467
158:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
137:
136:
128:
127:
117:
116:
58:"Palani Hills"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4361:
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4347:
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4340:
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4099:
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4081:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:Project Tiger
4010:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3948:
3946:
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3714:
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3694:
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3668:
3666:9788173714320
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3631:
3615:
3611:
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3601:
3582:
3575:
3574:
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3547:
3540:
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3531:
3525:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3498:"Palni Hills"
3493:
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3474:
3467:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3400:
3396:
3389:
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3375:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3329:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3293:"V - Forests"
3287:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3212:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:contamination
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2910:deforestation
2907:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:81-900539-6-5
2842:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:81-900539-5-7
2815:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:Ranunculaceae
2800:
2799:Dicotyledones
2796:
2795:81-900539-4-9
2792:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:81-900539-3-0
2780:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2741:Actinodapohne
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2728:Aeschynanthus
2724:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2676:Trichoglottis
2672:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2651:: a delicate
2650:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
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2590:
2586:
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2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2524:Agasthyamalai
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:Project Tiger
2509:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2434:
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2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:Western Ghats
2349:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2244:
2236:
2204:
2173:
2142:
2111:
2080:
2049:
2018:
1987:
1956:
1925:
1894:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
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1819:
1816:
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1806:
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1665:
1634:
1603:
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1510:
1479:
1448:
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1416:
1410:
1405:
1400:
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1385:
1380:
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1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1341:
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1310:
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1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:Unnamed Falls
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:also called
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1006:Perumal Malai
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
978:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
948:East Gondwana
945:
944:Western Ghats
941:
937:
933:
930:
916:
908:
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
861:
856:
847:
845:
841:
837:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:
807:
804:
800:
797:
793:
789:
786:
779:
774:
765:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:and with The
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Cumbum Valley
672:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
647:bird watching
644:
643:rock climbing
640:
636:
632:
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601:
597:
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589:
585:
579:
575:
574:of the area.
573:
570:
566:
562:
561:National Park
558:
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549:National Park
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
530:national park
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234:Easiest route
230:
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221:Western Ghats
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60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4281:
4268:Organic Farm
4262:
4250:
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4176:
4164:
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4098:
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4066:
4054:
4042:. Retrieved
4037:
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3914:
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3892:
3881:
3855:. Retrieved
3848:the original
3843:
3830:
3804:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3792:
3764:. Retrieved
3760:the original
3755:
3746:
3734:
3719:
3707:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3675:
3656:
3646:
3635:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3614:the original
3609:
3600:
3590:30 September
3588:. Retrieved
3581:the original
3572:
3565:
3555:30 September
3553:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3537:
3530:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:the original
3477:. Retrieved
3472:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:
3406:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3394:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:. Retrieved
3341:the original
3335:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3314:. Wildvistas
3305:
3296:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3269:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3244:the original
3239:
3227:
3215:. Retrieved
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3177:
3170:
3139:
3137:
3067:conservation
3063:eco-tourists
3059:organic farm
3019:
3008:
2970:conservation
2906:biodiversity
2903:
2879:
2874:
2861:Gymnospermae
2785:. Contents:
2774:
2772:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2685:chandrabosei
2681:
2674:
2669:Plectranthus
2667:
2663:
2656:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2618:
2617:
2532:
2514:reserves of
2508:Bengal tiger
2503:
2495:Nilgiri tahr
2479:Bengal tiger
2473:
2468:
2467:
2448:Nilgiri tahr
2372:
2357:
2338:
2336:documented.
2334:
2330:
2307:
2291:
2273:
2258:
1306:
1279:
1270:
1254:
1249:Poondi Falls
1248:
1242:
1237:Kukkal Falls
1236:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1191:
1179:
1173:
1168:Skamba Falls
1167:
1161:
1156:Pambar Falls
1155:
1150:
1128:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1090:Gundar Falls
1089:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1046:
1036:
1022:
1017:hill station
1014:
976:
963:Deccan Traps
956:
936:charnockites
929:pre-Cambrian
926:
833:
830:Conservation
819:
809:
808:give way to
782:
762:
735:
723:
703:hill station
687:Kaveri River
679:Vaigai River
669:
620:
580:
576:
572:conservation
534:
507:
496:
491:
477:
468:
462:
442:Palani Hills
418:
416:
405:
384:Palani Hills
383:
381:
215:Parent range
126:Palani Hills
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3679:Wikimapia,
3194:18 November
3154:, Kavunji,
3119:pomegranate
2932:solid waste
2914:monoculture
2853:Orchidaceae
2839:Volume III
2807:Alangiaceae
2757:pulneyensis
2730:perrottetii
2710:salicifolia
2696:Selaginella
2683:Phyllanthus
2664:pulneyensis
2649:pulneyensis
2493:(wild ox),
1345:explanation
1265:Periyakulam
1243:Polur Falls
1174:Snake Falls
1074:Fairy Falls
1063:Bamen Falls
806:rainforests
727:escarpments
627:Eco-tourism
612:Kilanavayal
350: /
326:Coordinates
181: /
156:Coordinates
4344:Kongu Nadu
4323:Categories
4168:The Hindu
3963:" excerpts
3766:26 October
3162:References
3115:jack fruit
3061:welcoming
3026:ecosystems
2869:Cycadaceae
2834:Salicaceae
2812:Volume II
2759:: scarce,
2755:Pimpinella
2750:thwaitesii
2537:amphibians
2531:scratches.
2505:Endangered
2433:eucalyptus
2375:Ecoregions
2368:indigenous
2343:Ecoregions
1186:Tamil Nadu
1080:Glen Falls
1039:waterfalls
1027:Waterfalls
860:Kodaikanal
840:Kodaikanal
778:Kodaikanal
768:Ecoregions
707:Kodaikanal
656:status quo
604:Mannavanur
596:Kodaikanal
592:Mannavanur
510:Kodaikanal
500:Kodaikanal
484:Kodaikanal
435:Kodaikanal
431:Tamil Nadu
388:Tamil Nadu
338:77°31′26″E
335:10°14′43″N
320:Kodaikanal
306:Tamil Nadu
203:Tamil Nadu
69:newspapers
4044:2 January
3610:Frontline
3479:22 August
3449:22 August
3270:The Hindu
3148:Poombarai
2961:and lake
2928:pollution
2865:Gnetaceae
2857:Gramineae
2789:Volume I
2748:Ceropegia
2671:bourneate
2629:Ceropegia
2528:carnivore
2431:and some
2413:grassland
1298:Location
973:Mountains
796:evergreen
792:deciduous
788:ecoregion
683:Kongunadu
671:Vandaravu
666:Geography
660:stability
652:financial
594:Range in
588:Andipatty
194:Geography
146:Elevation
99:July 2020
4349:Dindigul
4289:Archived
4271:Archived
4240:Archived
4209:Archived
4154:Archived
4135:Archived
4018:Archived
3920:Archived
3867:cite web
3857:26 March
3816:cite web
3806:30 March
3508:31 March
3418:cite web
3408:25 March
3347:31 March
3217:26 March
3103:cinnamon
3079:avocados
3051:Vilpatti
2918:invasive
2826:Labiatae
2743:bourneae
2735:Eulophia
2690:Huperzia
2647:Sonerila
2637:hotspots
2561:reptiles
2518:and the
2469:Mammals:
2308:Nomadic
1301:Details
1141:Vilpatti
1119:Vilpatti
1084:Vilpatti
932:gneisses
625:role of
623:economic
569:wildlife
559:or II -
298:Location
227:Climbing
199:Location
4092:Kuringi
3620:7 April
3318:1 April
3276:12 July
3250:12 July
3156:Berijam
3127:bananas
3111:mangoes
3099:vanilla
3041:Kurinji
2955:tourism
2936:mercury
2768:gentian
2723:crinita
2721:Cyathea
2708:Utleria
2660:wightii
2642:endemic
2619:Plants:
2522:in the
2326:millets
2310:Paliyan
2261:montane
1331:Climate
1295:Height
950:in the
940:schists
923:History
850:Geology
803:montane
731:plateau
719:Anamudi
635:camping
565:habitat
514:Berijam
452:History
412:Murugan
169:77°28′E
166:10°12′N
83:scholar
3938:
3740:Kukkal
3663:
3272:. 2006
3185:
3152:Kukkal
3123:guavas
3107:nutmeg
3095:pepper
3091:coffee
3083:guavas
3075:orange
2991:lakhs.
2941:, and
2925:sewage
2859:. II.
2843:
2816:
2793:
2781:
2762:Exacum
2678:tenera
2425:wattle
2296:Tribes
2221:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2190:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2148:
2145:
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2125:
2117:
2114:
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2083:
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2035:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2004:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1973:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1928:
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1908:
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1465:
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1451:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1420:
1231:Kukkal
752:. The
750:Kerala
631:hiking
616:Kukkal
608:Kumbur
600:Poondi
465:Palani
392:Kerala
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3851:(PDF)
3840:(PDF)
3800:(PDF)
3789:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3577:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3469:(PDF)
3402:(PDF)
3391:(PDF)
3236:(PDF)
2867:. 2.
2863:: 1.
2855:. 2.
2851:: 1.
2832:. 2.
2824:. 2.
2805:. 2.
2662:ssp.
2563:like
2539:like
2409:shola
1292:Name
1137:photo
1133:photo
1115:photo
1111:photo
1099:Road.
820:shola
811:shola
528:or a
473:Tamil
310:India
207:India
90:JSTOR
76:books
4046:2011
3936:ISBN
3873:link
3859:2007
3822:link
3808:2010
3768:2009
3661:ISBN
3622:2015
3592:2008
3557:2008
3510:2010
3481:2012
3451:2012
3424:link
3410:2010
3349:2010
3320:2010
3278:2020
3252:2020
3219:2007
3196:2012
3183:ISBN
3125:and
3087:amla
3085:and
3071:lime
3057:and
2841:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2779:ISBN
2658:Hoya
2631:sp.'
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2559:and
2497:and
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2389:and
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2288:dry.
1211:Hut.
1015:The
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713:and
645:and
567:and
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547:and
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2183:9.3
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