2344:
543:
574:
2858:
2516:
562:
586:
74:
3300:
531:
86:
618:
642:
2458:
2446:
627:, "From the end of the Xiongnu Empire to the establishment of the first Turkic Khaganate, the territory of Southern Siberia sees the emergence of distinctive local material cultures. The Kokel culture is essentially unknown in the international English-language literature even though archaeological sites pertaining to this material culture are among the most common in Tuva (Southern Siberia).".
651:, "These researchers independently named the same assemblage of materials Syyn-Churek culture (based on the name of the excavated site, cf. Fig 1) and Shurmak culture (also based on the site name cf. Fig 1). Stylistic comparisons classified the Kokel culture to belong within the chronological borders of the Hunno-Sarmatian period (2nd century BCE–5th century CE).".
654:
666:
663:, "Until recently, only a few radiocarbon dates were available for Kokel sites. A small series of samples was measured for the Katylyg 5 fortified settlement (Table 1, cf. ), with almost all estimates falling between the 2nd–4th centuries CE (2σ).".
630:
2211:
675:, "Structures dated to the medieval period at Tunnug 1, including those attributed to Turkic burial culture, are found south of those of Early Iron Age (9th century BCE) and Kokel (2nd-4th century CE)".
3360:
542:
2343:
573:
639:, "The time between 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE in Central Asia is traditionally referred to in Soviet archaeological literature as the “Hunno-Sarmatian Period".
2218:
530:
2515:
772:
561:
503:(6th century CE). In Russian archaeology, it is considered as belonging to the "Hunno-Sarmatian period" (2nd century BCE and 5th century CE).
3355:
2338:
1930:
820:
585:
2857:
1865:
520:
Kokel culture graves (2nd-4th century CE) tend to be found in conjunction with earlier graves of the Early Iron Age (9th century BCE-)
73:
2083:
3335:
3303:
409:
3330:
2204:
954:
2185:
2140:
765:
32:
2135:
1136:
1546:
736:"The polymorphism and tradition of funerary practices of medieval Turks in light of new findings from Tuva Republic"
3345:
2145:
1415:
795:
3280:
2180:
2125:
1375:
758:
689:
Sadykov, Timur; Caspari, Gino; Blochin, Jegor; Lösch, Sandra; Kapinus, Yulija; Milella, Marco (16 July 2021).
2286:
1669:
1131:
353:
17:
735:
690:
2130:
3350:
2909:
2670:
1395:
3266:
2748:
2682:
2664:
2537:
1631:
925:
198:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2709:
2652:
2325:
2078:
1651:
1365:
1355:
1350:
945:
935:
900:
3289:
2769:
2736:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2534:
2228:
2175:
2063:
1940:
1845:
1689:
1571:
980:
930:
781:
3126:
2727:
2718:
2661:
2596:
2581:
2155:
1915:
940:
875:
500:
475:
734:
Chan, Annie; Sadykov, Timur; Blochin, Jegor; Hajdas, Irka; Caspari, Gino (22 September 2022).
3015:
3006:
2700:
2676:
2531:
1990:
1965:
1875:
1506:
1340:
3299:
3012:
1925:
1772:
1307:
1105:
8:
3021:
3018:
2969:
2673:
2528:
2165:
2099:
1955:
1380:
1370:
1100:
1025:
3212:
3009:
2554:
2548:
2320:
2115:
2068:
1935:
1850:
1835:
1792:
1747:
1611:
1400:
1186:
1075:
1035:
960:
805:
725:
517:
Carbon dates for the Kokel sites generally range from the 2nd to the 4th centuries CE.
3239:
3000:
2551:
2465:
2356:
2170:
1279:
1121:
1095:
1090:
990:
975:
865:
860:
830:
810:
712:
255:
242:
187:
3340:
3236:
3054:
2816:
2250:
2160:
2088:
1709:
1596:
1405:
1390:
1239:
1085:
1045:
1000:
985:
720:
702:
453:
397:
375:
3224:
2975:
2850:
2694:
2646:
2543:
2471:
2439:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2275:
2196:
2150:
2093:
2033:
2023:
1985:
1727:
1420:
1219:
1176:
1158:
995:
965:
870:
845:
800:
707:
457:
286:
220:
113:
3206:
3166:
3152:
2822:
2523:
2492:
2110:
2073:
1895:
1830:
1704:
1556:
1541:
1511:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1229:
1080:
1070:
1030:
815:
496:
465:
176:
139:
3324:
3245:
3191:
3146:
2987:
2945:
2810:
2632:
2599:
2495:
2489:
2375:
2302:
2105:
2058:
1950:
1782:
1767:
1699:
1458:
1224:
1196:
1181:
1141:
1040:
895:
880:
835:
716:
495:. This culture is located temporally in the interval between the fall of the
492:
461:
427:
326:
126:
47:
34:
691:"The Kokel of Southern Siberia: New data on a post-Xiongnu material culture"
3242:
3230:
3198:
3174:
3158:
3155:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3107:
2957:
2915:
2766:
2757:
2679:
2602:
2593:
2483:
2028:
1995:
1975:
1880:
1787:
1742:
1719:
1636:
1531:
1448:
1438:
1330:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1010:
950:
915:
840:
297:
152:
750:
514:", based on the names of the sites of various archaeological discoveries.
3254:
3251:
3203:
3133:
3076:
2972:
2963:
2918:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2763:
2730:
2688:
2658:
2655:
2622:
2590:
2474:
2120:
2053:
2005:
1970:
1945:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1840:
1820:
1812:
1641:
1626:
1576:
1566:
1521:
1478:
1254:
1249:
1214:
1015:
970:
910:
608:
606:
3248:
3170:
3113:
3095:
2981:
2978:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2939:
2897:
2885:
2879:
2864:
2831:
2819:
2795:
2774:
2733:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2697:
2667:
2587:
2498:
2405:
2000:
1825:
1757:
1752:
1679:
1661:
1621:
1606:
1586:
1551:
1536:
1498:
1488:
1473:
1463:
1430:
1317:
1244:
1020:
920:
850:
579:
Arrowheads found in the skeletal remains of people of the Kokel culture
524:
cultures, and the later graves of the Turkic period (5th century CE-).
335:
1204:
3060:
3044:
2990:
2936:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2876:
2870:
2760:
2703:
2685:
2486:
2384:
1920:
1870:
1802:
1737:
1684:
1674:
1646:
1581:
1526:
1516:
1453:
1443:
1289:
1166:
1126:
1055:
905:
603:
414:
The Kokel
Culture and contemporary cultures and polities circa 300 CE
231:
3162:
536:
Sites of the Kokel culture, just north of the frontier with
Mongolia
3092:
3082:
3064:
2954:
2912:
2873:
2867:
2828:
2825:
2792:
2742:
2625:
2480:
2477:
2393:
2390:
2270:
2255:
1980:
1960:
1561:
1385:
1299:
1234:
1005:
364:
268:
209:
2457:
2445:
386:
3085:
2993:
2948:
2933:
2927:
2921:
2798:
2616:
2421:
2410:
2381:
2260:
1860:
1855:
1797:
1732:
1616:
1601:
1468:
1345:
1335:
1284:
890:
488:
344:
102:
3209:
3178:
3088:
3057:
3051:
3028:
2930:
2924:
2882:
2786:
2608:
2568:
2433:
2387:
2265:
1762:
1694:
1325:
1259:
1171:
885:
552:
277:
165:
93:
3361:
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance
491:
culture, from
Southern Siberia, in what is now the modern-day
3149:
2984:
2966:
1591:
1483:
1410:
1360:
1209:
855:
317:
2837:
2561:
2427:
2416:
2399:
2015:
1777:
825:
549:
521:
308:
688:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
733:
672:
2226:
3322:
2212:
766:
2519:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
780:
2219:
2205:
773:
759:
567:Kokel culture gold artifacts from Tunnug 1
2084:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
724:
706:
3297:
2339:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1931:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
821:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
506:The Kokel culture has also been named "
14:
3323:
3235:
3188:
3123:
3063:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
2355:
2317:
2283:
2186:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
591:Kokel culture iron and ceramic vessels
315:
229:
218:
163:
3286:
3263:
3221:
3104:
3073:
3041:
3025:
2997:
2847:
2835:
2807:
2643:
2613:
2606:
2566:
2559:
2455:
2425:
2414:
2397:
2365:
2337:
2335:
2200:
754:
499:(2nd century CE) and the rise of the
445:Tunnug, Shurmak, Syyn-Churek, Katylyg
395:
384:
373:
342:
333:
324:
275:
266:
253:
240:
207:
196:
185:
174:
150:
137:
124:
111:
100:
91:
85:
27:Ancient community of southern Siberia
3233:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
548:Kokel Culture cemetery, next to the
351:
306:
295:
284:
3356:Cultural heritage monuments in Tuva
2141:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
555:tumulus at Tunnug 1, Tuva Republic.
362:
24:
2856:
2514:
2456:
2287:Chronology of the Neolithic period
2136:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1137:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
3372:
2861:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
1547:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
487:(1st-5th centuries CE) is a post-
3298:
2444:
2342:
584:
572:
560:
541:
529:
84:
72:
3336:Archaeological sites in Siberia
3304:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
2146:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1416:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
3331:Archaeological sites in Russia
3281:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
2181:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2126:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
13:
1:
1132:Silk Road transmission of art
596:
2131:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
708:10.1371/journal.pone.0254545
7:
10:
3377:
3091:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
2348:
2297:(Eastern migration of the
2296:
682:
3277:
3267:Muslim conquest of Persia
3218:
3185:
3120:
3101:
3070:
3038:
2844:
2804:
2783:
2780:
2773:
2578:
2507:
2452:
2372:
2319:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2264:
2235:
2046:
2014:
1811:
1718:
1660:
1632:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
1497:
1429:
1316:
1298:
1195:
1157:
1150:
1114:
788:
471:
449:
441:
433:
423:
67:
2079:Mogao Christian painting
1652:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1366:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1356:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
83:
3290:Second Turkic Khaganate
2176:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2064:Hephthalite silver bowl
1941:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
981:Second Turkic Khaganate
782:History of Central Asia
48:51.458104°N 91.103251°E
3346:Iron Age sites in Asia
3127:First Turkic Khaganate
2862:
2582:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2520:
2461:
2271:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
2156:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
1916:Alexandria Prophthasia
941:First Turkic Khaganate
876:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
501:First Turkic Khaganate
476:First Turkic Khaganate
2860:
2518:
2460:
1966:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1341:Karsakpay inscription
796:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
437:2nd to 5th century CE
2229:Ancient Central Asia
1773:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1308:Noin-Ula burial site
1106:Chinese Central Asia
410:class=notpageimage|
53:51.458104; 91.103251
2970:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2166:Siberian Ice Maiden
1956:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1371:Petrovka settlement
1101:Soviet Central Asia
1026:Great Seljuq Empire
661:Sadykov et al. 2021
649:Sadykov et al. 2021
637:Sadykov et al. 2021
625:Sadykov et al. 2021
613:Sadykov et al. 2021
508:Syyn-Churek culture
64:
44: /
3213:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
2863:
2521:
2510:Hellenistic Period
2462:
2321:Afanasievo culture
2116:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2069:Chilek silver bowl
1936:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1612:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
1401:Talapty Settlement
1187:Filippovka kurgans
1076:Khanate of Bukhara
1036:Khwarazmian Empire
961:Ikhshids of Sogdia
806:Afanasievo culture
424:Geographical range
62:
3351:Geography of Tuva
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3240:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
3001:Kushano-Sasanians
2466:Achaemenid Empire
2357:Andronovo Culture
2194:
2193:
2171:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2042:
2041:
1846:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1122:Central Asian art
1096:Russian Turkestan
1091:Chinese Turkestan
991:Abbasid Caliphate
955:Anxi Protectorate
901:Kushano-Sasanians
866:Macedonian Empire
861:Achaemenid Empire
831:Andronovo culture
811:Sintashta culture
481:
480:
16:(Redirected from
3368:
3302:
3116:Kun-khi Ghadfar
2946:Bahram VI Chobin
2817:Kujula Kadphises
2448:
2346:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2161:Seal of Khingila
2089:Penjikent murals
1710:Kalai Kafirnigan
1597:Koi Krylgan Kala
1406:Turkistan (city)
1391:Steppe Geoglyphs
1155:
1154:
1086:Khanate of Khiva
1046:Chagatai Khanate
1001:Saffarid dynasty
986:Uyghur Khaganate
775:
768:
761:
752:
751:
747:
730:
728:
710:
676:
673:Chan et al. 2022
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
588:
576:
564:
545:
533:
454:Aldy-Bel culture
404:
402:
393:
391:
382:
380:
371:
369:
360:
358:
349:
347:
340:
338:
331:
329:
322:
320:
313:
311:
304:
302:
293:
291:
282:
280:
273:
271:
264:
262:
251:
249:
238:
236:
227:
225:
216:
214:
205:
203:
194:
192:
183:
181:
172:
170:
161:
159:
148:
146:
135:
133:
122:
120:
109:
107:
98:
96:
88:
87:
76:
65:
61:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3292:
3283:
3269:
3229:
3227:
3225:Tokhara Yabghus
3202:
3197:(vassal of the
3196:
3194:
3131:
3129:
3112:
3110:
3081:
3079:
3049:
3047:
3033:
3031:
3005:
3003:
2976:Farrukh Hormizd
2855:
2853:
2851:Sasanian Empire
2815:
2813:
2791:
2789:
2671:Mithridates III
2651:
2649:
2647:Parthian Empire
2635:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2586:
2584:
2544:Seleucid Empire
2540:
2513:
2511:
2470:
2468:
2443:
2440:Pazyryk Culture
2437:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2403:
2380:
2378:
2341:
2326:Proto-Tocharian
2323:
2309:,as far as the
2307:Eurasian Steppe
2299:Yamnaya culture
2276:Altai Mountains
2246:
2231:
2225:
2195:
2190:
2151:Afrasiab murals
2094:Sampul tapestry
2038:
2034:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2024:Bandian complex
2010:
1986:Musalla Complex
1866:Tapa-i Kafariha
1807:
1728:Cave of Dzhebel
1714:
1656:
1493:
1425:
1421:Araltobe kurgan
1312:
1294:
1220:Kizilgaha caves
1191:
1177:Pazyryk burials
1159:Southern Russia
1146:
1110:
996:Tahirid dynasty
966:Tokhara Yabghus
871:Seleucid Empire
846:Pazyryk culture
801:Yamnaya culture
784:
779:
701:(7): e0254545.
685:
680:
679:
671:
667:
659:
655:
647:
643:
635:
631:
623:
619:
611:
604:
599:
592:
589:
580:
577:
568:
565:
556:
546:
537:
534:
512:Shurmak culture
458:Pazyryk culture
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
406:
405:
398:
396:
394:
387:
385:
383:
376:
374:
372:
365:
363:
361:
356:Paleo-Siberians
354:
352:
350:
345:
343:
341:
336:
334:
332:
327:
325:
323:
318:
316:
314:
309:
307:
305:
300:
298:
296:
294:
289:
287:
285:
283:
278:
276:
274:
269:
267:
265:
259:
256:
254:
252:
246:
243:
241:
239:
234:
232:
230:
228:
223:
221:
219:
217:
212:
210:
208:
206:
201:
199:
197:
195:
188:
186:
184:
177:
175:
173:
168:
166:
164:
162:
156:
153:
151:
149:
140:
138:
136:
127:
125:
123:
114:
112:
110:
103:
101:
99:
94:
92:
90:
89:
81:
80:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3234:
3223:
3220:
3219:625 CE–651 CE
3216:
3215:
3207:Heshana Khagan
3190:
3187:
3186:560 CE–625 CE
3183:
3182:
3167:Empress Ashina
3153:Ishbara Qaghan
3125:
3122:
3121:560 CE–651 CE
3118:
3117:
3106:
3103:
3102:440 CE–560 CE
3099:
3098:
3075:
3072:
3071:370 CE–540 CE
3068:
3067:
3043:
3040:
3039:320 CE–467 CE
3036:
3035:
3027:
3024:
2999:
2996:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2834:
2823:Vima Kadphises
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2785:
2782:
2781:141 BCE–30 CE
2778:
2777:
2772:
2749:Parthamaspates
2683:Mithridates IV
2665:Mithridates II
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2612:
2605:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2524:Argead dynasty
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:Artaxerxes III
2464:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2434:Arzhan culture
2424:
2413:
2396:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:2000–1900 BCE
2350:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2334:
2333:2400–2000 BCE
2330:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2295:
2294:3500–2500 BCE
2291:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Bimaran Casket
2108:
2103:
2100:Sogdian Daēnās
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2074:Gardez Ganesha
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Takht-e Rostam
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Dilberjin Tepe
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1705:Takht-i Sangin
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1557:Guldursun-Kala
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:Dalverzin Tepe
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Akchakhan-Kala
1509:
1503:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Dunhuang Caves
1267:
1265:Bezeklik Caves
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:Subashi Temple
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:Durrani Empire
1078:
1073:
1071:Timurid Empire
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Vakhsh culture
813:
808:
803:
798:
792:
790:
786:
785:
778:
777:
770:
763:
755:
749:
748:
731:
684:
681:
678:
677:
665:
653:
641:
629:
617:
601:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
583:
581:
578:
571:
569:
566:
559:
557:
547:
540:
538:
535:
528:
497:Xiongnu Empire
479:
478:
473:
469:
468:
466:Xiongnu Empire
451:
447:
446:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
425:
421:
420:
413:
408:
407:
82:
78:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:Ishbara Tolis
3244:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3192:Western Turks
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:Taspar Qaghan
3145:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:Yazdegerd III
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2811:Kushan Empire
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2755:Mithridates V
2753:
2752:Sinatruces II
2750:
2747:
2746:Vologases III
2744:
2741:
2740:Artabanus III
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:Tiridates III
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:Mithridates I
2650:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Hunnic tribes
2627:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:Euthydemus II
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:Artaxerxes IV
2494:
2491:
2490:Artaxerxes II
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:Median Empire
2369:
2368:
2363:2000–900 BCE
2362:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:Pontic steppe
2300:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:Preceded by:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:Oxus Treasure
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Orlat plaques
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Dasht-e Nawar
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Monjukli Depe
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:Konye-Urgench
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:Takht-i Kuwad
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Koshoy Korgon
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:Kumtura Caves
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:Western China
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1182:Salbyk kurgan
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Arzhan kurgan
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:Serindian art
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Mongol Empire
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Ghurid Empire
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:Western Turks
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
896:Kushan Empire
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:Guiyi Circuit
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Median Empire
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Tagar culture
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
787:
783:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
756:
753:
745:
741:
737:
732:
727:
722:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
686:
674:
669:
662:
657:
650:
645:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
607:
602:
587:
582:
575:
570:
563:
558:
554:
551:
544:
539:
532:
527:
526:
525:
523:
518:
515:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
493:Tuva Republic
490:
486:
485:Kokel Culture
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
462:Tagar culture
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:South Siberia
426:
422:
411:
403:
401:
392:
390:
381:
379:
370:
368:
359:
357:
348:
339:
330:
321:
312:
303:
292:
281:
272:
263:
261:
250:
248:
237:
226:
215:
204:
193:
191:
182:
180:
171:
160:
158:
147:
145:
144:
134:
132:
131:
121:
119:
118:
108:
106:
97:
75:
66:
63:Kokel Culture
60:
57:
19:
18:Kokel Culture
3287:
3278:
3275:673–751 CE
3264:
3261:651–673 CE
3243:Duolu Qaghan
3231:Tardush Shad
3222:
3199:Tang dynasty
3189:
3175:Yangsu Tegin
3159:Tulan Qaghan
3156:Bagha Qaghan
3150:Ashina Anluo
3144:Muqan Qaghan
3141:Issik Qaghan
3138:Bumin Qaghan
3124:
3108:Hephthalites
3105:
3074:
3042:
3026:
2998:
2958:Ardashir III
2916:Yazdegerd II
2848:
2836:
2808:
2784:
2770:Artabanus IV
2767:Vologases VI
2758:Vologases IV
2737:Vologases II
2713:Artabanus II
2707:Artabanus II
2692:Tiridates II
2680:Phraates III
2644:
2641:160–141 BCE
2630:
2614:
2607:
2603:Antimachus I
2594:Euthydemus I
2579:
2576:256–160 BCE
2567:
2560:
2555:Antiochus II
2542:
2541:
2535:Alexander II
2522:
2508:
2505:331–256 BCE
2484:Artaxerxes I
2463:
2453:539–331 BCE
2426:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2373:
2370:626–539 BCE
2305:through the
2284:
2245:Territories/
2098:
2029:Mount Khajeh
1996:Qala-i-Jangi
1976:Khair Khaneh
1881:Khair Khaneh
1788:Namazga-Tepe
1743:Anau culture
1720:Turkmenistan
1637:Tavka Kurgan
1532:Balalyk Tepe
1449:Burana Tower
1439:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1331:Issyk kurgan
1066:Kart dynasty
1061:Sufi dynasty
1051:Golden Horde
976:Oghuz Yabgus
951:Tang dynasty
916:Hephthalites
841:Uyuk culture
743:
739:
698:
694:
668:
656:
644:
632:
620:
519:
516:
511:
507:
505:
484:
482:
399:
388:
377:
366:
355:
257:
244:
189:
178:
154:
142:
141:
129:
128:
116:
115:
104:
29:
3255:Ashina Helu
3252:Irbis Seguy
3237:Külüg Sibir
3204:Niri Qaghan
3134:Ashina Tuwu
3077:Alchon Huns
2973:Azarmidokht
2964:Khosrow III
2919:Hormizd III
2904:Yazdegerd I
2895:Ardashir II
2889:Adur Narseh
2845:224–350 CE
2805:30 –224 CE
2764:Vologases V
2731:Vardanes II
2728:Vologases I
2719:Gotarzes II
2689:Phraates IV
2659:Hyspaosines
2623:Modu Chanyu
2597:Demetrius I
2591:Diodotus II
2552:Antiochus I
2529:Alexander I
2121:Kabul hoard
2054:Sokh snakes
2006:Surkh Kotal
1971:Haji Piyada
1946:Darra-e Kur
1911:Yemshi Tepe
1906:Tillya Tepe
1901:Tepe Fullol
1891:Tepe Narenj
1886:Tapa Sardar
1876:Fondukistan
1841:Tapa Shotor
1821:Tepe Fullol
1813:Afghanistan
1642:Toprak-Kala
1627:Shahrukhiya
1577:Kampir Tepe
1567:Itchan Kala
1522:Ancient Pap
1479:Shakh Fazil
1351:Krasnyi Yar
1255:Mogao Caves
1215:Kizil Caves
1151:Archaeology
1016:Farighunids
971:Turk Shahis
911:Alchon Huns
472:Followed by
450:Preceded by
442:Major sites
51: /
3325:Categories
3249:Yukuk Shad
3171:Apa Qaghan
3114:Akhshunwar
3096:Mihirakula
3034:Wanunkhur
3016:Hormizd II
3007:Ardashir I
2982:Khosrow IV
2979:Hormizd VI
2961:Shahrbaraz
2952:Khosrow II
2943:Khosrow II
2940:Hormizd IV
2898:Shapur III
2886:Hormizd II
2880:Bahram III
2865:Ardashir I
2832:Vasudeva I
2826:Kanishka I
2820:Vima Takto
2796:Sapadbizes
2775:Eucratides
2734:Pacorus II
2725:Vonones II
2722:Meherdates
2716:Vardanes I
2701:Orodes III
2698:Phraates V
2677:Sinatruces
2588:Diodotus I
2549:Seleucus I
2499:Darius III
2406:Massagetae
2227:Rulers of
2001:Rag-i-Bibi
1826:Ai-Khanoum
1758:Gonur Depe
1753:Dev-Kesken
1690:Kafir-kala
1680:Ajina tepe
1662:Tajikistan
1622:Sarmishsay
1607:Kyzyl-Kala
1587:Khalchayan
1572:Kafir-kala
1552:Fayaz Tepe
1537:Burchmulla
1499:Uzbekistan
1489:Tash Rabat
1464:Manas Ordo
1431:Kyrgyzstan
1318:Kazakhstan
1021:Ghaznavids
926:Ustrushana
921:Tocharians
851:Massagetae
597:References
337:TOCHARIANS
39:91°06′12″E
36:51°27′29″N
3061:Grumbates
3045:Kidarites
3013:Hormizd I
2991:Peroz III
2937:Khosrow I
2907:Shapur IV
2901:Bahram IV
2892:Shapur II
2877:Bahram II
2871:Hormizd I
2761:Osroes II
2704:Vonones I
2686:Orodes II
2662:Artabanus
2538:Antigonus
2487:Darius II
2385:Phraortes
2301:from the
2047:Artifacts
1921:Aq Kupruk
1871:Mes Aynak
1803:Ulug Depe
1738:Altyndepe
1685:Cyropolis
1675:Penjikent
1647:Varakhsha
1582:Kara Tepe
1527:Ayaz-Kala
1517:Akhsikath
1507:Afrasiyab
1454:Issyk-Kul
1444:Balasagun
1290:Beshbalik
1167:Sintashta
1127:Silk Road
1056:Ilkhanate
1011:Ma'munids
906:Kidarites
717:1932-6203
247:SASANIANS
3201:657–742)
3093:Toramana
3083:Khingila
3065:Goboziko
3022:Varahran
3019:Peroz II
2955:Kavad II
2913:Bahram V
2874:Bahram I
2868:Shapur I
2829:Huvishka
2793:Arseiles
2743:Osroes I
2674:Orodes I
2668:Gotarzes
2656:Phraates
2626:Laoshang
2478:Darius I
2475:Cambyses
2394:Astyages
2391:Cyaxares
2313:region)
2256:Margiana
2251:Khorasan
1981:Mundigak
1961:Firozkoh
1851:Shotorak
1670:Bunjikat
1562:Hazorasp
1386:Shilikty
1376:Boralday
1300:Mongolia
1235:Dunhuang
1006:Samanids
936:Farghana
789:Polities
740:PLOS ONE
695:PLOS ONE
367:Samoyeds
288:SASANIAN
270:XIONITES
245:KUSHANO-
3341:Kurgans
3086:Javukha
3050:Yosada
3010:Peroz I
2994:Narsieh
2949:Vistahm
2934:Kavad I
2928:Kavad I
2922:Peroz I
2910:Khosrow
2799:Heraios
2617:Xiongnu
2422:Skunkha
2411:Tomyris
2382:Deioces
2261:Bactria
1926:Asqalan
1861:Bimaran
1856:Paitava
1798:Togolok
1733:Abiward
1617:Poykent
1602:Koktepe
1469:Navekat
1346:Kerderi
1336:Jankent
1285:Kashgar
1260:Tumshuq
1205:Bulayïq
1115:Culture
931:Khuttal
891:Xiongnu
726:8284818
683:Sources
510:", or "
489:Xiongnu
346:TUYUHUN
260:KUSHANS
224:SATRAPS
222:WESTERN
202:DYNASTY
117:Tashtyk
105:Xianbei
3210:Sheguy
3179:Tamgan
3163:Istämi
3089:Mehama
3058:Kidara
3052:Kirada
3029:Kangju
2931:Jamasp
2925:Balash
2883:Narseh
2787:Yuezhi
2609:Yuezhi
2569:Yuezhi
2532:Philip
2481:Xerxes
2388:Madyes
2266:Sogdia
1991:Nagara
1763:Jeitun
1695:Sarazm
1381:Sawran
1326:Begash
1280:Khotan
1275:Loulan
886:Yuezhi
723:
715:
553:Arzhan
378:Tungus
301:EMPIRE
290:EMPIRE
279:KANGJU
258:LITTLE
190:HYMYAR
179:Sargat
143:Khotan
3055:Peroz
2985:Boran
2967:Boran
2472:Cyrus
2311:Altai
2247:dates
1836:Hadda
1592:Khiva
1484:Suyab
1474:Özgön
1411:Urpek
1396:Sumbe
1361:Otrar
1250:Rawak
1240:Miran
1210:Kucha
434:Dates
400:AKSUM
389:MEROË
328:Jushi
319:FUNAN
299:ROMAN
235:TAKAS
233:VAKA-
211:GOGU-
167:CHAM-
157:Turks
155:Gaoju
130:Kokel
79:Kokel
2838:Saka
2695:Musa
2562:Saka
2428:Saka
2417:Saka
2400:Saka
2016:Iran
1793:Nisa
1778:Merv
1748:Anau
1245:Niya
826:Saka
746:(9).
713:ISSN
550:Saka
522:Saka
483:The
310:HUNS
213:RYEO
3177:) (
3173:) (
3169:) (
3165:) (
721:PMC
703:doi
200:JIN
95:300
3327::
3181:)
3136:)
2547::
2527::
2328:)
744:17
742:.
738:.
719:.
711:.
699:16
697:.
693:.
605:^
464:,
460:,
456:,
169:PA
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3132:(
2442:)
2438:(
2436:)
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2324:(
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774:e
767:t
760:v
729:.
705::
615:.
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