Confucius - Knowledge

1480: 1471: 3243: 3365:, had dominated the Lu government from 505 to 502 and even attempted a coup, which narrowly failed. As a likely consequence, it was after this that the first disciples of Confucius were appointed to government positions. A few of Confucius's disciples went on to attain official positions of some importance, some of which were arranged by Confucius. By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house. Even though the Ji family had practices with which Confucius disagreed and disapproved, they nonetheless gave Confucius's disciples many opportunities for employment. Confucius continued to remind his disciples to stay true to their principles and renounced those who did not, all the while being openly critical of the Ji family. 2979:, Confucianism was revitalized in a movement known as Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism was a revival of Confucianism that expanded on classical theories by incorporating metaphysics and new approaches to self-cultivation and enlightenment, influenced by Buddhism and Daoism. The most renowned scholar of this period was Zhu Xi (1130-1200CE). There are clear Buddhist and Daoist influences in the Neo-Confucian advocacy of "quiet sitting" (meditation) as a technique of self-cultivation that leads to transformative experiences of insight." In his life, Zhu Xi was largely ignored, but not long after his death, his ideas became the new orthodox view of what Confucian texts actually meant. Modern historians view Zhu Xi as having created something rather different and call his way of thinking 1735: 3350:, most probably one of the most impoverished of them all. Sima Niu, in contrast to Yan Hui, was from a hereditary noble family hailing from the Song state. Under Confucius's teachings, the disciples became well learned in the principles and methods of government. He often engaged in discussion and debate with his students and gave high importance to their studies in history, poetry, and ritual. Confucius advocated loyalty to principle rather than to individual acumen, in which reform was to be achieved by persuasion rather than violence. Even though Confucius denounced them for their practices, the aristocracy was likely attracted to the idea of having trustworthy officials who were studied in morals as the circumstances of the time made it desirable. In fact, the disciple 1519:

principles into practice but he gave up on the idea in the end. Confucius disapproved the use of a violent revolution by principle, even though the Ji family dominated the Lu state by force for generations and had exiled the previous duke. Creel states that, unlike the rebel Yang Hu before him, Gongshan may have sought to destroy the three hereditary families and restore the power of the duke. However, Dubs is of the view that Gongshan was encouraged by Viscount Ji Huan to invade the Lu capital in an attempt to avoid dismantling the Bi fortified walls. Whatever the situation may have been, Gongshan was considered an upright man who continued to defend the state of Lu, even after he was forced to flee.

3569: 3584: 2601:, "all under Heaven") and bestow peace and prosperity on the people. Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merits instead of lineage. These would be rulers devoted to their people, striving for personal and social 3434: 2620:, truth must always be represented. Confucius believed that if a ruler is to lead correctly, by action, that orders would be unnecessary in that others will follow the proper actions of their ruler. In discussing the relationship between a king and his subject (or a father and his son), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the subordinates must advise their superiors if the superiors are considered to be taking a course of action that is wrong. Confucius believed in ruling by example, if you lead correctly, orders by force or punishment are not necessary. 16718: 1527:

his court to retreat to a stronghold on his palace grounds. Thereafter, the heads of the three families and the duke retreated to the Ji's palace complex and ascended the Wuzi Terrace. Confucius ordered two officers to lead an assault against the rebels. At least one of the two officers was a retainer of the Ji family, but they were unable to refuse the orders while in the presence of the duke, viscounts, and court. The rebels were pursued and defeated at Gu. Immediately after the revolt was defeated, the Ji family razed the Bi city walls to the ground.

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attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving. Confucius therefore waited for the duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized upon this pretext to leave both his post and the Lu state.

1458:. The situation may have been in favor for Confucius as this likely made it possible for Confucius and his disciples to convince the aristocratic families to dismantle the fortifications of their cities. Eventually, after a year and a half, Confucius and his disciples succeeded in convincing the Shu family to raze the walls of Hou, the Ji family in razing the walls of Bi, and the Meng family in razing the walls of Cheng. First, the Shu family led an army towards their city Hou and tore down its walls in 498 2797: 3751:, there were two Duke Yanshengs, one in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan-dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch remained in Quzhou where they live to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. The 2989: 12473: 1579: 2635: 3214:, aimed at making education accessible to all social classes, and believed in its power to cultivate character rather than merely vocational skills. Confucius not only made teaching his profession but also contributed to the development of a distinct class of professionals in ancient China—the gentlemen who were neither farmers, artisans, merchants, nor officials but instead dedicated themselves to teaching and potential government service. 4038:

descent were truly unbroken, father-to-son, since Confucius's lifetime, the males in the family would all have the same Y chromosome as their direct male ancestor, with slight mutations due to the passage of time. The aim of the genetic test was to help members of collateral branches in China who lost their genealogical records to prove their descent. However, in 2009, many of the collateral branches decided not to agree to DNA testing.

1649: 2744: 2321: 79: 15922: 8894: 4046:, understands this decision: "The Confucius family tree has an enormous cultural significance ... It's not just a scientific question." The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree. The main branch of the family which fled to Taiwan was never involved in the proposed DNA test at all. 3955:, the 79th lineal descendant, was born in 1975; his great-grandson, Kung Yu-jen, the 80th lineal descendant, was born in Taipei on 1 January 2006. Te-cheng's sister, Kong Demao, lives in mainland China and has written a book about her experiences growing up at the family estate in Qufu. Another sister, Kong Deqi, died as a young woman. Many descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu today. 16742: 16730: 3995:(CGCC), he has two million known and registered descendants, and there are an estimated three million in all. Of these, several tens of thousands live outside of China. In the 14th century, a Kong descendant went to Korea, where an estimated 34,000 descendants of Confucius live today. One of the main lineages fled from the Kong ancestral home in 1420:, whose heads bore the title of viscount and held hereditary positions in the Lu bureaucracy. The Ji family held the position "Minister over the Masses", who was also the "Prime Minister"; the Meng family held the position "Minister of Works"; and the Shu family held the position "Minister of War". In the winter of 505 1428:, the three hereditary families had succeeded in expelling Yang Hu from Lu. By then, Confucius had built up a considerable reputation through his teachings, while the families came to see the value of proper conduct and righteousness, so they could achieve loyalty to a legitimate government. Thus, that year (501 2659:

argued that Confucianism is based on the idea of rites. Rites serve as the starting point for each individual and that these sacred social functions allow each person's human nature to be harmonious with reality. Given this, Confucius believed that "music is the harmonization of heaven and earth; the

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had managed to keep the duke and the three viscounts together at the court. Zhong You was one of the disciples of Confucius and Confucius had arranged for him to be given the position of governor by the Ji family. When Confucius heard of the raid, he requested that Viscount Ji Huan allow the duke and

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The attackers retreated after realizing that they would have to become rebels against the state and their lord. Through Confucius' actions, the Bi officials had inadvertently revolted against their own lord, thus forcing Viscount Ji Huan's hand in having to dismantle the walls of Bi—as it could have

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by using incentives and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to

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One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules. Confucian ethics

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was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful while Confucius was involved in the government of the Lu state. According to this account, Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the duke of Lu. The duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not

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Confucius desired to return the authority of the state to the duke by dismantling the fortifications of the city—strongholds belonging to the three families. This way, he could establish a centralized government. However, Confucius relied solely on diplomacy as he had no military authority himself.

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personally went with an army to lay siege to Cheng in an attempt to raze its walls to the ground, but he did not succeed. Thus, Confucius could not achieve the idealistic reforms that he wanted including restoration of the legitimate rule of the duke. He had made powerful enemies within the state,

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serves as one of the current Confucian classics and is a book on poetry that contains a diversified variety of poems as well as folk songs. Confucius is traditionally ascribed with compiling these classics within his school. In the Analects, Confucius described the importance of the poetry in the

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Although some Chinese people follow Confucianism in a religious manner, many argue that its values are secular and that it is less a religion than a secular morality. Proponents of religious Confucianism argue that despite the secular nature of Confucianism's teachings, it is based on a worldview

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Because of the huge interest in the Confucius family tree, there was a project in China to test the DNA of known family members of the collateral branches in mainland China. Among other things, this would allow scientists to identify a common Y chromosome in male descendants of Confucius. If the

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recalls that the governor advised against razing the walls to the ground as he said that it made Cheng vulnerable to Qi, and cause the destruction of the Meng family. Even though Viscount Meng Yi gave his word not to interfere with an attempt, he went back on his earlier promise to dismantle the

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Often overlooked in Confucian ethics are the virtues to the self: sincerity and the cultivation of knowledge. Virtuous action towards others begins with virtuous and sincere thought, which begins with knowledge. A virtuous disposition without knowledge is susceptible to corruption, and virtuous

1400:), between the aristocracy and the common people. He is said to have worked in various government jobs during his early 20s, and as a bookkeeper and a caretaker of sheep and horses, using the proceeds to give his mother a proper burial. When his mother died, Confucius (aged 23) is said to have 1518:

Soon thereafter, Gongshan Furao, a retainer of the Ji family, revolted and took control of the forces at Bi. He immediately launched an attack and entered the capital Lu. Earlier, Gongshan had approached Confucius to join him, which Confucius considered as he wanted the opportunity to put his

8875: 3637:) as recorded by Confucius, on the date of Confucius's birth. In the 20th century, this tradition was interrupted for several decades in mainland China, where the official stance of the Communist Party and the State was that Confucius and Confucianism represented reactionary 2576:

2.3, tr. Legge). This "sense of shame" is an internalization of duty. Confucianism prioritizes creating a harmonious society over the ruler's interests, opposes material incentives and harsh punishments, and downplays the role of institutions in guiding behavior as in

4568:孔子為魯攝相，朝七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰：「夫少正卯魯之聞人也，夫子為政而始誅之，得無失乎，」孔子曰：「居，吾語女其故。人有惡者五，而盜竊不與焉。一曰心達而險；二曰行辟而堅；三曰言偽而辯；四曰記醜而博；五曰順非而澤。此五者，有一於人，則不得免於君子之誅，而少正卯兼有之。故居處足以聚徒成群，言談足飾邪營眾，強足以反是獨立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不誅也。是以湯誅尹諧，文王誅潘止，周公誅管叔，太公誅華仕，管仲誅付里乙，子產誅鄧析、史付，此七子者，皆異世同心，不可不誅也。詩曰：『憂心悄悄，慍於群小。』小人成群，斯足憂也。」 3645:

is a part of the natural order. All such ceremonies and rites were therefore banned. Only after the 1990s did the ceremony resume. As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.

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Confucius was regarded as the first teacher who advocated for public welfare and the spread of education in China. Confucius devoted his entire life, from a relatively young age, to teaching. He pioneered private education adopting a curriculum known as the

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harbored such rebels—or confess to instigating the event by going against proper conduct and righteousness as an official. Dubs suggests that the incident brought to light Confucius' foresight, practical political ability, and insight into human character.

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Confucius began teaching after he turned 30, and taught more than 3,000 students in his life, about 70 of whom were considered outstanding. His disciples and the early Confucian community they formed became the most influential intellectual force in the

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Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and

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after his support for the failed attempt of dismantling the fortified city walls of the powerful Ji, Meng, and Shu families. He left the state of Lu without resigning, remaining in self-exile and unable to return as long as Viscount Ji Huan was alive.

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Confucius looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples. In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the

2437:) is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: (a) ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, (b) social and political institutions, and (c) the etiquette of daily behavior. Some believed that 1734: 2897:, which held that humanity and righteousness were not sufficient in government, and that rulers should instead rely on statecrafts, punishments, and law. A disagreement between these two political philosophies came to a head in 223 2422:

action without sincerity is not true righteousness. Cultivating knowledge and sincerity is also important for one's own sake; the superior person loves learning for the sake of learning and righteousness for the sake of righteousness.

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Our Oriental Heritage: Being a History of Civilization in Egypt and the Near East to the Death of Alexander, and in India, China and Japan from the Beginning to Our Own Day; With an Introduction, on the Nature and Foundations of

2827:, continued his philosophical school after his death. These efforts spread Confucian ideals to students who then became officials in many of the royal courts in China, thereby giving Confucianism the first wide-scale test of its 2882:) underscored the realistic and materialistic aspects of Confucian thought, stressing that morality was inculcated in society through tradition and in individuals through training. In time, their writings, together with the 1454:, Hou Fan—the governor of Hou—revolted against his lord of the Shu family. Although the Meng and Shu families unsuccessfully besieged Hou, a loyalist official rose up with the people of Hou and forced Hou Fan to flee to the 3621:

dedicated to Confucius and distinguished Confucian scholars. These temples have been used for ceremonies paying tribute to Confucius as a revered Master, honoring his guiding principles that have shaped Chinese society.

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Confucius's family, the Kongs, have the longest recorded extant pedigree in the world today. The father-to-son family tree, now in its 83rd generation, has been recorded since the death of Confucius. According to the

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which had preceded the Zhou. Traditional accounts of Confucius's life relate that Kong He's grandfather had migrated the family from Song to Lu. Not all modern scholars accept Confucius's descent from Song nobility.

5919:"Niels Bohr and the Integrity of Science: Integrity in science involves not merely the avoidance of dishonorable behavior but also some principles of action that are exemplified in the life and work of Niels Bohr" 2494:. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one's life was based upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good. Thus an outcome of 6425: 3616:

records that it had already become a place of pilgrimage for ministers. It is still a major destination for cultural tourism, and many people visit his grave and the surrounding temples. There are also numerous

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in the 1940s and eventually settled in Taiwan. There are also branches of the Kong family who have converted to Islam after marrying Muslim women, in Dachuan in Gansu province in the 1800s, and in 1715 in

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was doing the proper thing at the proper time; balancing between maintaining existing norms to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. Training in the

1446:. Shaozheng Mao was accused of 'five crimes', each worth execution, including 'concealed evilness, stubborn abnormality, eloquent duplicity, erudition in bizarre facts and generosity to evildoers'. 1171:. However, modern scholars exercise caution in attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself, for at least some of the texts and philosophy associated with him were of a more ancient origin. 3101:. This was partially a continuation of the condemnations of Confucianism by intellectuals and activists in the early 20th century as a cause of the ethnocentric close-mindedness and refusal of the 3282:

to the biographies of Confucius's disciples, accounting for the influence they exerted in their time and afterward. Sima Qian recorded the names of 77 disciples in his collective biography, while

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theory, he wanted his disciples to master and internalize older classics, so that they can capture the ancient wisdoms that promotes "harmony and order", to aid their self-cultivation to become a

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Zi Gong asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" The Master replied: "How about 'reciprocity'! Never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself."

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The fifth and most recent edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed by the CGCC. It was unveiled in a ceremony at Qufu on 24 September 2009. Women are now included for the first time.

6239:"Traditional Chinese Concepts and 17th–18th Century Enlightenment Ideals: Reflections on the IHS Conference on Freedom, Equality, Democracy, and the Rise of Market Economy, October 2015" 1534:

When it was time to dismantle the city walls of the Meng family, the governor was reluctant to have his city walls torn down and convinced the head of the Meng family not to do so. The

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was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng. The leader of the southern branch was 孔祥楷 Kong Xiangkai.

6595:, who looks as though he were trying to attend to everything within the four seas. I don't know who it can be.' Lao Lai-tzu said, 'That's Kung Ch'iu. Tell him to come over here!'" 3696:

Confucius's descendants were repeatedly identified and honored by successive imperial governments with titles of nobility and official posts. They were honored with the rank of a

1117:, the respect of elders by their children and of husbands by their wives. Confucius recommended a robust family unit as the cornerstone for an ideal government. He championed the 11074: 3517:

in Shandong. In other temples, Confucius is represented by a memorial tablet. In 2006, the China Confucius Foundation commissioned a standard portrait of Confucius based on the

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who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages, as well as the first teacher in China to advocate for mass education. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the

1706:(孔林) covers an area of 183 hectares with more than 100,000 graves of the Kong descendants, it is included in the World Heritage List for its cultural and architectural value. 7129: 6727: 2608:

While Confucius supported the idea of government ruling by a virtuous king, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for representing

8300: 8012: 3456:. Since that time there have been many portraits of Confucius as the ideal philosopher. An early verbal portrayal of Confucius is found in the chapter "External Things" ( 12266: 2449:

seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those conforming with canonical standards of ceremony.

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Confucius's teachings were later turned into an elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers, who organized his teachings into the

5879: 3288:, another early source, records 76, not completely overlapping. The two sources together yield the names of 96 disciples. Twenty-two of them are mentioned in the 1691:

During his return, Confucius sometimes acted as an advisor to several government officials in Lu, including Ji Kangzi, on matters including governance and crime.

2181: 1971: 2555:. Confucius asserts that virtue is a mean between extremes. For example, the properly generous person gives the right amount – not too much and not too little. 8091: 8087: 13636: 6881: 1694:

Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples, he died at the age of 71 or 72 from natural causes. Confucius was buried on the bank of the

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In 2013, a DNA test performed on multiple different families who claimed descent from Confucius found that they shared the same Y chromosome as reported by

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Despite repeated dynastic change in China, the title of Duke Yansheng was bestowed upon successive generations of descendants until it was abolished by the

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Confucius did not charge any tuition, and only requested a symbolic gift of a bundle of dried meat from any prospective student. According to his disciple

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is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence", "humaneness", or "empathy"; translator

2195: 1327: 6998: 6266:"The works of Alexander Pope ... With notes by Dr. Warburton, and illustrations on steel by eminent artists. From designs by Weigall, Heath, & others" 5479: 4119: 5590: 4834: 3659:) is supported by the government and has continued without interruption. While not a national holiday, it does appear on all printed calendars, much as 3339:. Confucius considered his students' personal background irrelevant, and accepted noblemen, commoners, and even former criminals such as Yan Zhuoju and 15951: 15936: 6265: 6027: 2095: 5561: 1148:, Confucius's ideas received official sanction, with affiliated works becoming mandatory readings for career paths leading to officialdom. During the 15976: 15911: 15728: 7483: 6701: 1842: 8105: 6537: 6299: 2302:

remained indeterminate, and he is largely unconcerned with spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of

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lost support by the time of the Han, the main philosophical contenders were Legalism, which Confucian thought somewhat absorbed, the teachings of

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City in Shandong Province. Starting as a humble tomb, the cemetery of Confucius had been expanded by emperors since the Han Dynasty. To date, the

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rites is the order of heaven and earth". Thus the application of music in rites creates the order that makes it possible for society to prosper.

6591:: "A disciple of Lao Lai-tzu was out gathering firewood when he happened to meet Confucius. He returned and reported, 'There's a man over there 6238: 16114: 15941: 13882: 7682: 3967: 8482: 7658: 7225: 7013: 6605: 2260:, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing". He puts the greatest emphasis on the importance of study, and it is the 5290: 3926: 1432:), Confucius came to be appointed to the minor position of governor of a town. Eventually, he rose to the position of Minister of Crime. The 1353: 8034:

Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present

7304: 6790: 16807: 16782: 12242: 8950: 8377: 8357: 7453: 7274: 6757: 2543:), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness". Confucius's moral system was based upon 7319: 6215: 2834:

Two of Confucius's most famous later followers emphasized radically different aspects of his teachings. In the centuries after his death,

12509: 8860: 8573: 3482:), finished in about 3rd BCE, long after Confucius's death. The oldest known portrait of Confucius has been unearthed in the tomb of the 1470: 8424: 7895: 7805: 7255: 6903: 4478: 3242: 16947: 15891: 14672: 14313: 11164: 7937: 7119: 7089: 6642: 2563:

Confucius's political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argued that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (

6812: 6565: 5968: 1372:). Qiguan and Confucius later had two daughters together, one of whom is thought to have died as a child and one was named Kong Jiao ( 16822: 16792: 11264: 5167: 3992: 1670:, Confucius returned home to his native Lu when he was 68, after he was invited to do so by Ji Kangzi, the chief minister of Lu. The 3951:. Kung Te-cheng died in October 2008, and his son, Kung Wei-yi, the 78th lineal descendant, died in 1989. Kung Te-cheng's grandson, 926: 581: 14857: 11026: 6735: 1424:, Yang Hu—a retainer of the Ji family—rose up in rebellion and seized power from the Ji family. However, by the summer of 501 1137: 8276: 7988: 16847: 16812: 16787: 16283: 15871: 15465: 14767: 12274: 7175: 6967: 6933: 1819: 7425: 6850: 16832: 14886: 13147: 4077: 2235: 6388: 3747:

in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the

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When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.

564: 8552: 8519: 8048: 7970: 7023: 6940: 6584: 5620: 5429: 3343:. His disciples from richer families would pay a sum commensurate with their wealth which was considered a ritual donation. 10440: 5052: 7349: 6138: 16907: 15575: 15485: 12290: 8832: 8818: 7638: 5531: 5106: 3362: 2937: 2003: 15600: 7029: 5998: 4153: 1164:. From ancient dynasties to the modern era, Confucianism has integrated into the Chinese social fabric and way of life. 16952: 16917: 16802: 16777: 15775: 13875: 12733: 5029: 3533: 3074:. It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the 2605:, and such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules. 7363: 6056: 3112:, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Many of those countries still hold the traditional memorial ceremony every year. 2854:) both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. 2634: 2051: 16892: 16817: 16797: 11390: 8793: 8660: 8641: 7607: 5889: 5644: 3948: 3311:, Confucius's home state, with 43 recorded, but he accepted students from all over China, with six from the state of 2783: 1976: 1401: 16942: 16927: 16912: 16872: 16438: 16007: 15545: 13995: 13706: 13626: 13606: 11302: 10473: 10412: 9244: 8943: 6189: 6115: 5938: 3963: 3653:) strongly promoted Confucian beliefs in ethics and behavior, the tradition of the memorial ceremony of Confucius ( 2490:, though it may mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of 2350:. His teachings require examination and context to be understood. A good example is found in this famous anecdote: 2152: 1442:, another Lu state official and scholar whose lectures attracted the three thousand disciples several times except 1167:

Traditionally, Confucius is credited with having authored or edited many of the ancient texts including all of the

6873: 4034:) is a prominent Islamic scholar and Arabist from Qinghai province and a 77th generation descendant of Confucius. 3307:, his master treated students like doctors treated patients and did not turn anybody away. Most of them came from 2862:) articulated the innate goodness in human beings as a source of the ethical intuitions that guide people towards 2707:"From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince. 2338:. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed indirectly, through 16957: 16153: 15881: 14501: 14352: 12502: 11259: 10433: 10294: 9569: 9565: 9395: 9066: 6494: 6353: 3040: 2957: 2572:

be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of the shame, and moreover will become good." (

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A short history of Chinese philosophy: a systematic account of Chinese thought from its origins to present day

4826: 16962: 15742: 15615: 14837: 13868: 13596: 13107: 12075: 11492: 10985: 10764: 10726: 10676: 9010: 8399: 6813:"On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China" 6411: 3422: 2921:

before them which he saw as being against to the Legalist idea of centralizing the state around the ruler.

2894: 2578: 884: 733: 522: 394: 173: 6020: 3568: 16937: 16932: 16922: 16862: 16852: 16557: 16293: 16278: 16227: 15640: 15635: 15329: 14367: 14000: 13666: 13535: 12322: 12282: 12195: 11234: 11134: 9092: 8651:. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 8282: 7994: 5553: 4394:

Jensen, Lionel (1995). "Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi".

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were made the official imperial philosophy and required reading for civil service examinations in 140

2887: 1114: 7953:

Fung, Yiu-ming (2008). "Problematizing Contemporary Confucianism in East Asia". In Richey, Jeffrey (ed.).

4008:

in Yunnan province. Many of the Muslim Confucius descendants are descended from the marriage of Ma Jiaga (

1282: 1247: 1230: 934: 589: 572: 15655: 15650: 15435: 12968: 11954: 10975: 10925: 10363: 8936: 8109: 7408: 6517: 6292: 5524:"SHAKING THE TREE: Kundalini Yoga, Spiritual Alchemy, & the Mysteries of the Breath in Bhogar's 7000" 5286: 3744: 2547:

and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of

689: 350: 7545: 5641: 5510: 1132:, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the 16842: 16837: 16708: 15805: 14320: 13980: 13849: 12495: 12250: 11114: 10854: 10734: 10465: 9080: 9020: 8844: 6176: 5373: 2761: 2294:

that is religious. Confucius was considered more of a humanist than a spiritualist, his discussions on

2228: 1640:). At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented. 1129: 771: 432: 31: 14637: 13112: 7856: 7204: 16897: 16867: 16268: 15997: 14684: 14627: 14212: 13736: 13686: 12616: 12441: 11199: 10799: 10706: 10546: 9725: 9391: 8236:

Phan, Peter C. (2012). "Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue".

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Followers of Confucianism have a tradition of holding spectacular memorial ceremonies of Confucius (

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Confucius's works are studied by scholars in many other Asian countries, particularly those in the

2274: 2110: 2043: 1989: 1923: 1749: 1087: 17: 8899: 7097: 4922:. Translated by Leys, Simon. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. Note to Chapter 10, Line 10.17. 3583: 2952:, whose focus on more spiritual ideas kept it from direct conflict with Confucianism, and the new 1684:. Meanwhile, Confucius dedicated himself in transmitting the old wisdom by writing or editing the 16212: 16048: 15825: 15505: 15425: 14842: 14431: 14342: 13806: 13117: 10769: 10696: 10551: 10243: 10049: 9873: 9525: 9075: 8288: 8000: 7296: 6820: 6798: 5282: 3756: 3725: 3595:, now a suburb of Shanghai. The Jiading Temple of Confucius now operates a museum devoted to the 3398: 3252: 3109: 3098: 2809: 2754: 2629: 2119: 15239: 13470: 10385: 8349: 7270: 6764: 4972:"Confucianism and the Legalism: A model of the national strategy of governance in ancient China" 3433: 16887: 16772: 16767: 16232: 16176: 15768: 14832: 14812: 14662: 14332: 13960: 13092: 13004: 11934: 11535: 11487: 11015: 10859: 10794: 10456: 10378: 10004: 9750: 9586: 8677: 8666: 8145: 8125: 7698: 7327: 6211: 6139:"Visions of Enlightenment: Aspects of Buddhism in Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder" 4971: 3940: 3204: 1826: 1677: 1601: 191: 14699: 8569: 7511: 7039: 6950: 3119:, Confucius is often worshipped as a holy king and master of magic, divination and astrology. 16857: 16503: 16448: 16364: 16334: 16288: 16237: 14986: 14941: 14752: 14347: 13811: 13801: 13696: 13222: 13177: 12680: 12314: 12306: 12234: 12190: 11552: 11547: 11442: 10990: 10970: 10905: 10789: 10571: 10204: 9735: 9363: 9224: 9035: 8408: 7877: 7785: 7392: 7239: 6911: 4508: 4462: 3736: 3551: 3545: 3265: 3136: 3004: 2996: 2718:

encroaching on China, especially with music, and he preached against musical influences from

2531:

consists of five basic virtues: seriousness, generosity, sincerity, diligence, and kindness.

2221: 2174: 1943: 1763: 1718: 1703: 1699: 1653: 1209: 1190: 1133: 1094:

originates in the philosophy and teachings of Confucius. His philosophical teachings, called

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in 1711, with more scholarly treatments of the other works and the first translation of the

1553:

especially with Viscount Ji Huan, due to his successes so far. According to accounts in the

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first bestowed the title of "Duke Wenxuan" on Kong Suizhi of the 35th generation. In 1055,

3079: 2347: 2278:

would allow them to relate the moral problems of the present to past political events; the

2075: 1966: 1909: 989: 229: 14966: 13415: 13202: 13137: 12095: 8905: 2985:. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam until the 19th century. 2284:

reflects the "mood and concerns" of the commoners and their view on government; while the

1268:, and by which he would have been known to all but his older family members, was Zhongni ( 8: 16433: 16407: 16195: 16129: 15685: 15565: 15535: 15455: 14981: 14921: 14242: 14162: 13656: 13217: 13162: 13082: 13024: 12907: 12802: 12532: 12401: 12362: 12338: 12205: 12125: 12105: 12080: 12050: 11462: 11342: 11204: 11194: 11044: 11000: 10834: 10611: 10526: 10358: 9540: 9373: 9348: 9229: 9025: 7125: 7056: 6984:

On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius

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so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of

2265: 2159: 1961: 1775: 1637: 1083: 16674: 14729: 4801:"Asian Topics on Asia for Educators || The Book of Songs and China's Literary Tradition" 4357:

Eno, Robert (2003). "The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism".

3448:

No contemporary painting or sculpture of Confucius survives, and it was only during the

3410: 2386:

This remark was considered a strong manifestation of Confucius' advocacy in humanism.

1352:) in poverty. His mother later died at less than 40 years of age. At age 19, he married 1342:

Kong He died when Confucius was three years old, and Confucius was raised by his mother

1102:, righteousness, kindness, sincerity, and a ruler's responsibilities to lead by virtue. 16827: 16762: 15971: 15886: 15800: 15697: 15692: 15675: 15670: 15139: 14647: 14584: 13776: 13435: 13400: 13310: 12837: 12670: 12621: 12396: 12391: 12226: 12165: 12035: 11623: 11530: 11515: 11467: 11415: 11054: 10950: 10945: 10869: 10844: 10646: 10631: 10596: 10231: 9441: 9416: 8959: 8440: 8336: 8216: 8133: 7911: 7848: 7734: 7167: 6518:"Voltaire and Confucius: French attitudes towards China in the early twentieth century" 6486: 6478: 6345: 6181: 6107: 6099: 5995:"Confucius and Benjamin Franklin: Chinese Ideas in the Foundation of the United States" 5930: 5722: 5264: 5145: 4885: 4419: 4411: 4382: 4374: 3972: 3931: 3414: 3374: 2527: 1858: 1311: 851: 843: 489: 481: 166: 15129: 13385: 8108:. Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 18 June 2006. Archived from 6963: 6925: 5221:

Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of the Zhongyong

2709:"From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants." 870: 508: 16746: 16562: 16354: 16339: 16263: 15992: 15761: 15660: 15605: 15445: 15234: 14896: 14822: 14797: 14599: 14401: 13565: 13465: 13430: 13255: 13232: 13227: 13102: 12718: 12708: 12557: 12542: 12518: 12451: 12436: 12426: 12406: 12155: 11986: 11889: 11879: 11608: 11566: 11020: 10940: 10779: 10661: 10397: 10270: 10224: 10199: 10181: 9456: 9323: 9164: 9046: 8978: 8870: 8789: 8754: 8726: 8720: 8705: 8682: 8656: 8637: 8618: 8610: 8542: 8509: 8467: 8448: 8414: 8393: 8296: 8260: 8241: 8222: 8201: 8173: 8167: 8149: 8138: 8069: 8038: 8008: 7960: 7927: 7885: 7840: 7826: 7795: 7770: 7751: 7703: 7624: 7618: 7603: 7584: 7565: 7421: 7245: 6988: 6842: 6689: 6672: 6533: 6490: 6111: 5885: 5714: 5677: 5584: 5224: 4994: 4923: 4800: 4514: 4468: 4423: 4043: 4020:), 59th generation descendant of Confucius in the year 1480, and are found among the 4000: 3841: 3785: 3487: 3382: 3228: 3147: 3128: 3120: 2933: 2874: 2665: 2644: 2617: 2586: 2461:

of past sages, cultivates virtues in people that include ethical judgment about when

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depicts him spending his last years teaching 3000 pupils, with 72 or 77 accomplished

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with a long body and short legs, his back a little humped and his ears set way back

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who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into

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Understanding Confucianism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred Places

3925:(real name Gong Min-ji (공민지)), as well as her great aunt, traditional folk dancer 3674:

is held twice a year on Confucius's birthday and the anniversary of his death, at

3015:, who returned to Italy in 1588 and carried on his translations while residing in 2960:

era. Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the

1582:

Map showing the journey of Confucius to various states between 497 BCE and 484 BCE

1381:

Confucius was educated at schools for commoners, where he studied and learned the

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that he was portrayed visually. Carvings often depict his legendary meeting with

3044: 3032: 2723: 1549: 1509: 1099: 719: 380: 15830: 8809: 5128:

Cai, Zong-qi (July 1999). "In Quest of Harmony: Plato and Confucius on Poetry".

3763: 2796: 2675:, which was said to be the sixth Confucian classic until it was lost during the 16593: 16588: 16417: 16397: 16374: 16313: 15820: 15712: 15620: 15610: 15339: 15214: 15199: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15109: 15084: 15039: 15019: 14881: 14852: 14827: 14782: 14762: 14724: 14679: 14559: 14549: 14406: 14237: 14050: 13826: 13716: 13646: 13545: 13520: 13390: 13360: 13320: 13285: 13142: 13067: 13052: 13047: 12938: 12928: 12638: 12589: 12446: 12200: 12100: 12085: 12060: 12055: 11939: 11829: 11767: 11686: 11676: 11666: 11576: 11457: 11452: 11437: 11377: 11362: 11337: 10980: 10935: 10759: 10691: 10561: 10407: 10348: 10019: 9888: 9626: 9386: 8866: 7341: 7187: 6145: 5379:

Confucius, Philosopher of the Chinese, or, Chinese Knowledge Explained in Latin

3845: 3781: 3752: 3671: 3502: 3402: 3386: 3296: 3249:(right) kneeling before Confucius (center), as depicted in a painting from the 3192: 3170: 3105:

to modernize that led to the tragedies that befell China in the 19th century.

2503: 2427: 2082: 2066: 905: 898: 703: 543: 536: 364: 10566: 10391: 7642: 7469: 5523: 5102: 4990: 4763: 4407: 4370: 2988: 16756: 16649: 16521: 16369: 16298: 16124: 16104: 15855: 15850: 15645: 15475: 15385: 15334: 15304: 15294: 15224: 15219: 15209: 15069: 15059: 15049: 15024: 14891: 14869: 14787: 14694: 14667: 14652: 14594: 14277: 13831: 13540: 13525: 13515: 13500: 13450: 13405: 13365: 13300: 13295: 13265: 13132: 13072: 13014: 12738: 12552: 12130: 12070: 12020: 11859: 11797: 11782: 11681: 11596: 11525: 11477: 11385: 11367: 11224: 10839: 10744: 10739: 10701: 10621: 10601: 10576: 10541: 10119: 10039: 9745: 9303: 9298: 9005: 8163: 8129: 7714: 6843:"The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage" 6577: 5994: 5865: 5718: 5244: 5216: 4998: 4145: 3944: 3729: 3596: 3509:, it was decided that the only proper portrait of Confucius should be in the 3083: 3067: 2914: 2813: 2715: 2487: 2335: 2103: 2027: 1789: 1685: 1613: 1439: 1335: 1265: 1251: 1168: 1106: 785: 16094: 8915: 8840: 5025: 3494:). The picture was painted on the wooden frame to a polished bronze mirror. 2264:

for study (學) that opens the text. Far from trying to build a systematic or

16722: 16689: 16620: 16379: 16344: 16273: 16134: 16089: 15625: 15309: 15299: 15289: 15154: 15149: 15089: 15064: 15034: 15029: 14936: 14931: 14777: 14657: 14391: 14327: 14197: 14187: 14182: 14101: 14091: 14035: 13925: 13510: 13505: 13480: 13410: 13345: 13305: 13275: 13270: 13182: 13172: 13062: 12797: 12792: 12780: 12701: 12687: 12611: 12411: 12354: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12150: 12120: 11854: 11727: 11661: 11656: 11591: 11447: 11432: 10965: 10960: 10915: 10874: 10784: 10686: 10641: 10636: 10606: 10591: 10586: 10402: 10311: 10282: 10160: 10129: 10124: 10109: 10104: 10034: 9944: 9919: 9893: 9823: 9783: 9778: 9770: 9760: 9720: 9690: 9685: 9669: 9664: 9591: 9573: 9555: 9550: 9504: 9139: 9101: 8988: 8983: 7371: 7052: 6052: 4557: 4180: 3910: 3767: 3748: 3717: 3713: 3701: 3679: 3557: 3518: 3506: 3442: 3340: 3336: 3320: 3284: 3257: 3102: 3056: 3020: 3008: 2976: 2965: 2961: 2929: 2918: 2536: 2370: 2303: 2249: 1904: 1897: 1833: 1794: 1726: 1629: 1609: 1434: 1343: 1331: 1315: 1153: 1149: 1125:, advising, "Do not do unto others what you do not want done to yourself." 1110: 1095: 1040: 860: 655: 625: 498: 316: 278: 178: 7924:

Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One

6095: 2944:

which was continued nearly unbroken until the end of the 19th century. As

16639: 16610: 16598: 16480: 16453: 16412: 16145: 16084: 16043: 15840: 15324: 15319: 15254: 15249: 15099: 14971: 14926: 14916: 14709: 14704: 14642: 14579: 14362: 14337: 14262: 14222: 14192: 14167: 14147: 14126: 14106: 14086: 14076: 14045: 13910: 13791: 13586: 13560: 13555: 13355: 13340: 13207: 13187: 13167: 13019: 12994: 12953: 12814: 12723: 12713: 12675: 12633: 12596: 12562: 12110: 11914: 11691: 11352: 11209: 11174: 11094: 10920: 10711: 10651: 10536: 10521: 10425: 10373: 10134: 10094: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10014: 9959: 9924: 9914: 9898: 9883: 9813: 9808: 9798: 9730: 9530: 9499: 9466: 9406: 9282: 9277: 9249: 8692:

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In Encyclopedia

8319:

Riegel, Jeffrey K. (1986). "Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile".

8083: 7241:

The Temple of Memories: History, Power, and Morality in a Chinese Village

5665: 5163: 4039: 3978: 3705: 3667: 3608: 3483: 3449: 3355: 3332: 3328: 3316: 3312: 3269: 3216: 2969: 2932:

dynasties, Confucian ideas gained even more widespread prominence. Under

2925: 2910: 2902: 2893:

This realignment in Confucian thought was parallel to the development of

2676: 2491: 2445:

through the actions of sage leaders in human history. His discussions of

2394: 2390: 2374: 1782: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1489: 1455: 1413: 1274: 1239: 1222: 1141: 1122: 1118: 919: 557: 78: 6683: 6666: 6185: 6171: 6103: 6080:"Modernist Looking: Surreal Impressions in the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg" 6079: 5934: 5918: 4415: 4378: 3003:

The works of Confucius were first translated into European languages by

2917:

to abandon the Confucians' recommendation of awarding fiefs akin to the

16541: 16531: 16458: 16109: 15961: 15707: 15515: 15415: 15264: 15184: 14956: 14847: 14689: 14632: 14609: 14574: 14523: 14513: 14481: 14426: 14252: 14232: 14157: 14121: 14025: 14010: 13935: 13860: 13796: 13756: 13325: 13315: 13192: 13122: 13009: 12978: 12958: 12902: 12897: 12852: 12747: 12170: 12140: 12135: 12115: 12065: 11976: 11834: 11777: 11737: 11732: 11502: 11425: 11214: 11005: 10849: 10804: 10681: 10656: 10581: 10516: 10114: 10084: 10059: 10044: 10009: 9979: 9949: 9934: 9863: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9646: 9631: 9621: 9601: 9481: 9471: 9358: 9333: 9194: 9189: 9144: 9114: 7484:"Study finds single bloodline among self-claimed Confucius descendants" 6704:[The cultural connotation of ceremonies at Confucian Temples]. 5726: 5669: 5375:

Confucius Sinarum Philosophus, sive, Scientia Sinensis Latine Exposita

5149: 4889: 4021: 3959: 3650: 3544:

There have been two film adaptations of Confucius' life: the 1940 film

3406: 3378: 3324: 3308: 3178: 3162: 2768: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2602: 2441:

originated from the heavens, but Confucius stressed the development of

2188: 1625: 1593: 1578: 1417: 1319: 1300:

It is thought that Confucius was born on 28 September 551 BCE, in Zou (

1091: 764: 425: 112: 10174: 8340: 7738: 6482: 6458: 6349: 6325: 5268: 4734:"Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu" 4733: 3023:

started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and a team of Jesuits—

16475: 16207: 16099: 15405: 15344: 14901: 14544: 14456: 14377: 14297: 14292: 14217: 14172: 14152: 14131: 14116: 14096: 14081: 13945: 13905: 13836: 13786: 13550: 13425: 13152: 12923: 12754: 12728: 12648: 12386: 12298: 12010: 11909: 11819: 11792: 11772: 11717: 11586: 11395: 11246: 10955: 10895: 10774: 10754: 10506: 10501: 10324: 10099: 10024: 9999: 9984: 9954: 9929: 9858: 9803: 9715: 9705: 9695: 9680: 9641: 9606: 9581: 9426: 9328: 9239: 9219: 9174: 9129: 8928: 4585: 3739:, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to 3638: 3631:) every year, using ceremonies that supposedly derived from Zhou Li ( 3351: 3304: 3273: 3221:

A History of Chinese Philosophy, Vol.1 The Period of the Philosophers

3143: 3124: 2845: 2295: 1938: 1555: 1536: 1523: 1438:

says that once assuming the post, Confucius ordered the execution of

1326:(or Shuliang He) was an elderly commandant of the local Lu garrison. 1156:

dynasties, Confucianism developed into a system known in the West as

808: 446: 12487: 8773:. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. 5710: 5141: 4881: 2743: 2320: 1648: 1285:), the "Zhòng" indicating that he was the second son in his family. 16679: 16644: 16485: 16349: 16079: 16063: 16033: 15680: 15259: 14996: 14589: 14554: 14528: 14508: 14461: 14272: 14227: 14111: 14015: 14005: 13970: 13940: 13761: 13237: 12963: 12933: 12892: 12887: 12653: 12628: 12416: 12381: 12015: 12000: 11924: 11919: 11884: 11874: 11787: 11722: 11696: 11219: 10910: 10531: 10491: 10212: 10188: 10029: 9994: 9964: 9868: 9838: 9818: 9793: 9788: 9740: 9611: 9545: 9451: 9411: 9313: 9293: 9234: 9199: 9109: 8888: 8884: 8649:

Confucius: Analects – With Selections from Traditional Commentaries

8505:

Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape

8373: 8332: 7730: 6758:"Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song" 6474: 6426:"China, the Confucian Ideal, and the European Age of Enlightenment" 6341: 5260: 4868:

Smith, D. Howard (September 1958). "Chinese Concepts of the Soul".

3918: 3906: 3837: 3697: 3675: 3522: 3438: 3418: 3290: 3211: 3116: 2953: 2805: 2719: 2656: 2378: 2343: 2339: 2326: 2280: 2256: 2207: 2059: 1695: 1681: 1666: 1382: 1307: 1208:, "Master Kong"), and was coined in the late 16th century by early 1177: 1172: 966: 829: 669: 467: 330: 139: 87: 83: 8827: 8447:(4th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center. 3788:). After being naturalized as a subject of Goryeo, he changed the 1109:

which he claimed had been abandoned in his time. He advocated for

16654: 16615: 16603: 16583: 16303: 16217: 16119: 16058: 16053: 16028: 15921: 15717: 15630: 14518: 14486: 14476: 14247: 14207: 14040: 13965: 13950: 13930: 12999: 12862: 12643: 12601: 12584: 12040: 11929: 11894: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11752: 11742: 10930: 10486: 9989: 9974: 9833: 9700: 9616: 9596: 9486: 9476: 9461: 9446: 9431: 9421: 9368: 9353: 9264: 9209: 9179: 9154: 9149: 9124: 9061: 9053: 8169:

Lives of Confucius: Civilization's Greatest Sage through the Ages

5197: 5053:"The Well-Ordered Heart: Confucius on Harmony, Music, and Ritual" 4601: 4005: 3607:, his home town, became a place of devotion and remembrance. The 3577: 3536:

depicts Confucius as a teacher of harmony, learning, and virtue.

3347: 3185: 3166: 3158: 3151: 3097:, Confucianism was frequently attacked by leading figures in the 3071: 3016: 2855: 2835: 2727: 2613: 2544: 2286: 2034: 1770: 1443: 1363: 1323: 910: 867: 548: 505: 198: 8221:. Boston: Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston. 6610:

The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

5866:"Complementarity as a Model for Eastwest Integrative Philosophy" 5554:"Kamala Muni Siddhar @ Kalangi Nathar @ Kanja Malai Siddhar 5.1" 1362:), and a year later the couple had their first child, their son 16627: 16468: 14466: 14267: 14055: 14030: 14020: 13990: 13975: 13781: 12872: 12842: 12694: 12606: 12537: 12025: 11966: 11899: 11824: 11701: 11311: 11075:

An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

11010: 10368: 10276: 10054: 9878: 9828: 9651: 9636: 9535: 9520: 9436: 9338: 9318: 9308: 9254: 9204: 9040: 9015: 8636:). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. 8128:(1999). "The Classical Philosophical Writings – Confucius". In 8104: 7404: 5697:

Y., L. S. (1949). "Review of Confucius, The Man and The Myth".

5097: 5095: 4781: 3840:, South Gyeongsang Province. In 1794, during the reign of King 3777: 3740: 3529: 3246: 3075: 3063: 2945: 1996: 1501: 203: 7090:"Descendants of Confucius in South Korea Seek Roots in Quzhou" 3816:), 1329–1397), therefore establishing the Changwon Gong clan ( 3641:

beliefs which held that the subservience of the people to the

2507:

should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to

16632: 16023: 15835: 15784: 14496: 13985: 13920: 12882: 12877: 12857: 12665: 12005: 11995: 10496: 10331: 9969: 9755: 9515: 9214: 9169: 9159: 9134: 7769:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7070: 5884:. London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020. p. 382. 5459: 5329: 4629: 4028:

peoples. The new genealogy includes the Muslims. Kong Dejun (

3922: 3883: 3859: 3827: 3807: 3796:

in Korean), married a Korean woman and bore a son (Gong Yeo (

3789: 3453: 2949: 2906: 2828: 2801: 2652: 2609: 2269: 1588: 1505: 1105:

Confucius considered himself a transmitter for the values of

952: 889: 875: 527: 513: 7857:"Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants" 5317: 5185: 5092: 4684: 4674: 4672: 2663:

The Confucian approach to music was heavily inspired by the

1098:, emphasized personal and governmental morality, harmonious 16578: 16190: 14491: 13915: 12867: 12267:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

12045: 11961: 11807: 11802: 11762: 10264: 9259: 9184: 8380:. Seed Magazine. Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 5305: 3996: 3914: 3869: 3709: 3604: 3514: 3182: 2824: 2299: 2126: 1813: 1657: 117: 8751:

The Assassins of Confucius: Some Recent Trends in Sinology

8696:(Vol. C, pp. 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference 8218:

Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730

6212:"Confucius influenced America's founding fathers: scholar" 5881:

Christianity and Confucianism: Culture, Faith and Politics

14060: 13955: 11971: 11280: 10154: 8850: 8031:

Jansen, Thomas; Klein, Thoralf; Meyer, Christian (2014).

7639:"Confucius Descendants Say DNA Testing Plan Lacks Wisdom" 5447: 4920:

The analects: the Simon Leys translation, interpretations

4701: 4699: 4669: 3373:

The influence of Confucius has been observed on multiple

3132: 2290:

encompasses the key theory and practice of divination.

931: 848: 834: 820: 586: 569: 486: 472: 458: 15753: 8902:(Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation) 8753:. Mingyuan Hu, trans. London and Paris: Hermits United. 5353: 5005: 4936: 4205: 4203: 3497:

In former times, it was customary to have a portrait in

3127:(and that knowledge subsequently reaching Tibet through 2689:

The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the

1416:

was headed by a ruling ducal house. Under the duke were

776: 437: 10218: 8617:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. 8483:"Updated Confucius family tree has two million members" 8068:(Translated ed.). London: Hodder & Stoughton. 7620:

The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics

7422:"DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants" 4657: 4534: 4227: 1600:

After Confucius's resignation, he travelled around the

1279: 1244: 1227: 7055:

regarding the birth name of the fourth king of Goryeo

5845: 5835: 5833: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5771: 5769: 5767: 4696: 4256: 4254: 1008: 994: 16706: 13637:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

6293:"The Great Harmony: An Essay on Man and Confucianism" 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5341: 4849: 4716: 4714: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4200: 3784:(the Mongolian-born queen consort of the future king 2701:"They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation. 2684:

intellectual and moral development of an individual:

1322:, who ruled from the nearby city of Qufu. His father 1318:

but effectively independent under the local lords of

1197: 752: 738: 724: 708: 694: 674: 660: 413: 399: 385: 369: 355: 335: 321: 50: 6987:. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 69, 315. 6734:. Royal Asiatic Society Korea Branch. Archived from 5653:

International Astronomical Union Minor Planet Center

5371: 4645: 4485: 4326: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4100: 3897: 3692:

Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent

3195:, "Confucius", was named after the Chinese thinker. 3031:, and two others—published a translation of several 2972:

distrusted handing over provincial control to them.

8856:

Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects

7875: 7424:. China Internet Information Center. 19 June 2006. 5830: 5818: 5793: 5764: 5203: 4617: 4573: 4338: 4251: 4215: 3921:(real name Gong Chan-sik (공찬식)), singer-songwriter 797: 8681: 8275: 8144:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7987: 7855: 7702: 7200: 7168:"Debra Paget Weds Oilman, Nephew of Madame Chiang" 5781: 5745: 5733: 4896: 4711: 4435: 3135:practitioners see him as being a reincarnation of 2705:"They show how to regulate feelings of resentment. 2465:must be adapted in light of situational contexts. 8768: 7922:. In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). 5051:Kirkendall, Jensen Armstrong (14 December 2017). 4314: 4302: 4239: 2425:The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in 16754: 8064:Kong, Demao; Ke, Lan; Roberts, Rosemary (1988). 8030: 7845:Analytic Dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 7445: 7443: 7035: 7019: 6980: 6946: 5372:Intorcetta, Prospero; et al., eds. 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"The political career of Confucius". 7440: 7153: 5191: 4029: 4015: 4009: 3982: 3792:of his name from "昭" to "紹" (both pronounced 3771: 3654: 3632: 3626: 2956:religion, which gained acceptance during the 2849: 2839: 2655:with rituals or the rites order. The scholar 2596: 2590: 2520: 2477: 2432: 2401: 2354: 2229: 1395: 1373: 1367: 1357: 1347: 1310:). The area was notionally controlled by the 1301: 1259: 1203: 1077: 1034: 612: 265: 66: 14382: 12745: 12699: 12685: 12243:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 8807: 8464:Introduction to classical Chinese Philosophy 8257:Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials 7651:"Confucius Family Tree to Record Female Kin" 7074: 7064: 5223:. 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"The Victory of Han Confucianism". 4690: 4678: 3913:(공효진); and artists such as male idol group 3732:" on Kong Zongyuan of the 46th generation. 1046: 16175: 16168: 16154: 15776: 15762: 13883: 13869: 12510: 12496: 11303: 11289: 11165:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 10455: 10448: 10434: 8951: 8937: 8718: 8461: 8106:"DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion" 6410:Von Schiller, Johann Christian Friedrich. 5582: 5465: 5359: 5050: 4510:Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher 3905:Famous descendants include actors such as 3663:or Christmas Day do in the Western world. 2389:One of his teachings was a variant of the 2236: 2222: 2189:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue 1604:of north-east and central China including 77: 8652: 8541:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8439: 7675:"Confucius' Family Tree Recorded Biggest" 7244:. Stanford University Press. p. 26. 7149: 7147: 6456: 6263: 4914: 4233: 3993:Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee 3743:in Zhejiang, while the newly established 3670:, a grand-scale memorial ceremony called 3550:starring Tang Huaiqiu, and the 2010 film 3491: 3198: 2941: 2898: 2879: 2859: 2784:Learn how and when to remove this message 1566: 1545: 1493: 1459: 1451: 1429: 1425: 1421: 27:Chinese philosopher (c. 551 – c. 479 BCE) 13890: 8321:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8191:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 7839: 7719:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7641:. Bandao. 21 August 2007. Archived from 7602:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. 7217: 7215: 7213: 6409: 6375:Schiller, Friedrich (18 November 2010). 6374: 6236: 6169: 6084:Texas Studies in Literature and Language 5863: 5676:. New York: The Free Press. p. 48. 5589:(Thesis). 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London, England: Duncan Baird. 8196:Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer (2003). 8015:from the original on 8 March 2022 7986:Hutton, Eric L. 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The first known effort was by 2878:, while Xunzi (3rd century 2742: 2595:) that could unify the "world" ( 2468:In Confucianism, the concept of 2153:Confucian royal ancestral shrine 1733: 1478: 1469: 14353:Family as a model for the state 8742:Confucius. 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Archived from 6817:Association for Asian Studies 6516:Bailey, Paul (19 July 2002). 5962:"Benjamin Franklin and China" 5655:. Accessed 12 September 2018. 5489:(12): 105–129. Archived from 4827:"Is Confucianism a Religion?" 4059: 3770:, 54th-generation Kong Shao ( 3728:first bestowed the title of " 3315:(such as Zigong), three from 3225:George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 2938:works attributed to Confucius 1709: 1295: 1062: 130: 103: 16903:Philosophers from Lu (state) 16558:Four Books and Five Classics 16294:Ancestor veneration in China 16279:Unity of Heaven and humanity 15641:Institutional discrimination 15636:History of political thought 14368:Negative and positive rights 13667:The Society of the Spectacle 12323:On the Genealogy of Morality 12283:Critique of Practical Reason 11135:Philosophical Investigations 8604:for extensive bibliographies 8166:; Wilson, Thomas A. (2010). 7914:; Shih, Hsiang-ling (2010). 7884:. Springer. pp. 21–36. 7320:"孔子後裔有14個少數民族外籍後裔首次入家譜_台灣網" 6572:: 「老萊子之弟子出薪，遇仲尼，反以告曰：『有人於彼， 6534:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90168-C 6291:Feng, Dong (December 2008). 5917:Holton, Gerald (June 1986). 5586:Biography of the 18 Siddhars 5583:R. N. Hema (December 2019). 5415:Noël, François, ed. (1711), 4738:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4064: 3563: 3181:, Tamil Nadu is home to his 3043:, after failing to persuade 2699:serve to stimulate the mind. 2501:Just as action according to 1592:stated that the neighboring 1210:Jesuit missionaries to China 1121:, or a negative form of the 7: 15651:Justification for the state 15436:Two Treatises of Government 10976:Modality (natural language) 8906:Core philosophical passages 8891:(public domain audiobooks) 8876:Works by or about Confucius 8719:Fingarette, Hebert (1998). 8259:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. 7959:. Oxford University Press. 7880:. In Olberding, Amy (ed.). 7746:Gardner, Daniel K. (2014). 7544:Ahmad, Mirza Tahir (n.d.). 7154:Kong, Ke & Roberts 1988 6264:Warburton, William (1779). 5287:National Geographic Society 4958:Bonevac & Phillips 2009 4042:, professor of genetics at 3958:A descendant of Confucius, 3898: 3572:First entrance gate of the 3276:dedicated a chapter in his 3060:did not constitute idolatry 2558: 2182:Indonesian Confucian Church 1418:three aristocratic families 1198: 1041: 51: 10: 16979: 16908:Philosophers from Shandong 14321:Bellum omnium contra omnes 12251:A Treatise of Human Nature 11310: 11115:Language, Truth, and Logic 10855:Theological noncognitivism 10740:Contrast theory of meaning 10735:Causal theory of reference 10466:Index of language articles 9081:Hundred Schools of Thought 8093:Encyclopaedia Britannica, 6177:William and Mary Quarterly 5385:, Paris: Daniel Horthemels 5088:, Baltimore: Penguin Books 4150:World History Encyclopedia 3689: 3202: 2627: 2313: 2247: 1266:his coming of age ceremony 1189:The name "Confucius" is a 1140:immediately following the 86:depiction of Confucius by 32:Confucius (disambiguation) 29: 16953:Zhou dynasty philosophers 16918:Philosophers of education 16803:5th-century BC historians 16778:6th-century BC historians 16667: 16571: 16550: 16514: 16426: 16390: 16322: 16269:Confucian ritual religion 16246: 16183: 16072: 16016: 15998:London Youlan Qin Society 15985: 15929: 15918: 15864: 15791: 15783: 15738: 15588: 15357: 15005: 14738: 14618: 14537: 14449: 14440: 14306: 14140: 14069: 13898: 13845: 13749: 13737:Intellectuals and Society 13687:The Culture of Narcissism 13578: 13246: 13038: 12987: 12916: 12830: 12823: 12763: 12525: 12467: 12374: 12219: 11985: 11710: 11639: 11501: 11376: 11318: 11255: 11200:Philosophy of information 11187: 11036: 10888: 10800:Mediated reference theory 10725: 10472: 10463: 10341: 10147: 9907: 9769: 9660: 9564: 9495: 9382: 9273: 9100: 9091: 8966: 8926: 8921:Links to related articles 8740:Kaizuka, Shigeki (1956). 8634:The Analects of Confucius 8398:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8255:Rainey, Lee Dian (2010). 6981:Thomas A. Wilson (2002). 6522:History of European Ideas 5487:Revue d'Études Tibétaines 5219:; Hall, David L. (2001). 5192:Knechtges & Shih 2010 4991:10.1007/s11459-011-0150-4 4461:Schuman, Michael (2015). 4408:10.1017/S0362502800004570 4371:10.1017/S0362502800000651 3983: 3772: 3655: 3633: 3627: 3473: 3457: 3395:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 3146:believes Confucius was a 2850: 2840: 2733: 2597: 2591: 2521: 2478: 2433: 2402: 2355: 2309: 2146:Confucian ritual religion 1496: – 9 1412:In Confucius's time, the 1396: 1374: 1368: 1358: 1348: 1302: 1269: 1260: 1234: 1217: 1204: 1130:rich diversity of thought 1078: 1035: 1024: 1020: 1002: 988: 983: 979: 972: 965: 958: 951: 946: 925: 918: 904: 897: 883: 866: 859: 842: 828: 814: 807: 791: 784: 770: 763: 746: 732: 718: 702: 688: 668: 654: 647: 642: 638: 634: 624: 620: 606: 601: 580: 563: 556: 542: 535: 521: 504: 497: 480: 466: 452: 445: 431: 424: 407: 393: 379: 363: 349: 329: 315: 308: 303: 299: 291: 287: 277: 273: 259: 254: 250: 246: 242: 212: 184: 172: 162: 158: 147: 126: 95: 76: 67: 63: 41: 16893:Historians from Shandong 16818:5th-century BC musicians 16798:6th-century BC musicians 15526:The Revolt of the Masses 13727:The Malaise of Modernity 13677:The History of Sexuality 12776:Catholic social teaching 11602:Universal prescriptivism 11125:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 8808:Csikszentmihalyi, Mark. 8771:Records of the Historian 8700:Dawson, Raymond (1982). 8485:. Xinhua. Archived from 8348:Riegel, Jeffrey (2012). 7784:Hunter, Michael (2017). 7765:Hobson, John M. (2004). 7488:South China Morning Post 7342:"西北生活着孔子回族后裔 – 文化 – 人民网" 6326:"Schiller and Confucius" 5130:Philosophy East and West 4567: 4558: 4553: 4513:. Capstone. p. 23. 4507:Burgan, Michael (2008). 3722:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 3532:in the courtroom of the 2909:, Prime Minister of the 2905:conquered all of China. 2800:Confucius together with 2393:, sometimes called the " 2044:Spring and Autumn Annals 1924:Progressive Confucianism 1750:Spring and Autumn period 1573: 1504:depicting Confucius and 1404:, as was the tradition. 1330:traced back through the 1088:Spring and Autumn period 64: 16943:Zhou dynasty historians 16928:Politicians from Jining 16913:Philosophers of culture 16873:Educators from Shandong 16213:Ritual and music system 16049:Emperor Huizong of Song 15506:The Communist Manifesto 14432:Tyranny of the majority 14343:Consent of the governed 13807:Philosophy of education 11391:Artificial intelligence 10926:Use–mention distinction 10770:Direct reference theory 9076:Nine Schools of Thought 8678:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 8667:Creel, Herrlee Glessner 8356:. Stanford University. 8314:(subscription required) 8289:Oxford University Press 8126:Nivison, David Shepherd 8026:(subscription required) 8001:Oxford University Press 7617:Chin, Ann-ping (2007). 7201:China Economic Net 2009 7121:Doosan Encyclopedia 공 孔 6412:"Proverbs of Confucius" 6377:"Proverbs of Confucius" 5642:IAU Minor Planet Center 5617:www.satsang-darshan.com 4691:Nylan & Wilson 2010 4679:Nylan & Wilson 2010 3745:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3726:Emperor Renzong of Song 3678:across the country and 3399:Robert Cummings Neville 3253:Classic of Filial Piety 3110:Chinese cultural sphere 3099:Chinese Communist Party 2810:Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse 2714:Confucius frowned upon 2630:Ritual and music system 2416:XV.24, tr. David Hinton 2120:Classic of Filial Piety 1956:Confucianism by country 1402:mourned for three years 1290: 1184: 16958:Zhou dynasty musicians 16177:Religious Confucianism 14383: 14333:Clash of civilizations 14319: 12746: 12700: 12686: 10860:Theory of descriptions 10795:Linguistic determinism 10457:Philosophy of language 10379:State consequentialism 8781:London: Penguin, 2019. 8769:Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1974). 8615:Confucius: A Biography 8535:Yao, Xinzhong (2000). 8502:Yao, Xinzhong (1997). 8407:Shen, Vincent (2013). 8378:"Inheriting Confucius" 8066:The house of Confucius 7623:. New York: Scribner. 6878:academics.hamilton.edu 6795:aas2.asian-studies.org 5528:www.alchemywebsite.com 5314:, p. 22, 252-259. 4805:afe.easia.columbia.edu 3941:Nationalist government 3600: 3580: 3445: 3260: 3205:Disciples of Confucius 3199:Teaching and Disciples 3000: 2816: 2712: 2648: 2472:is closely related to 2419: 2384: 2330: 1661: 1583: 16878:Founders of religions 16504:Temple of Agriculture 16449:Religious goods store 16335:Holy Confucian Church 16289:Chinese folk religion 16238:Worship of the living 16017:Historical personages 14348:Divine right of kings 13812:Philosophy of history 13802:Philosophy of culture 13697:A Conflict of Visions 12315:The Methods of Ethics 11553:Divine command theory 11548:Ideal observer theory 10971:Mental representation 10906:Linguistic relativity 10790:Inquisitive semantics 9396:Northern and Southern 8910:Analects of Confucius 8283:Oxford Bibliographies 8215:Parker, John (1977). 7995:Oxford Bibliographies 7956:Teaching Confucianism 7681:. 24 September 2009. 6706:www.chinakongmiao.org 6561:, "External Things". 6459:"Voltaire, Sinophile" 6214:. 26 September 2017. 6096:10.1353/tsl.2010.0003 5496:on 13 September 2017. 5478:Lin, Shen-yu (2005). 4970:Zhou, Haiwen (2011). 4876:(3). Brill: 165–179. 4831:The American Interest 3755:rank of Wujing boshi 3737:Southern Song dynasty 3586: 3571: 3436: 3266:Warring States period 3251:Illustrations of the 3245: 3137:Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche 2991: 2924:Under the succeeding 2799: 2686: 2637: 2486:can be translated as 2399: 2352: 2323: 2298:and views concerning 2175:Holy Confucian Church 1764:Warring States period 1704:Cemetery of Confucius 1652:Tomb of Confucius in 1651: 1581: 1134:Warring States period 152:Cemetery of Confucius 16963:Zhou dynasty writers 16537:Confucian coin charm 16003:New York Qin Society 15806:Contemporary players 15496:Democracy in America 14875:political philosophy 14858:political philosophy 14673:political philosophy 14502:political philosophy 14412:Separation of powers 14373:Night-watchman state 14358:Monopoly on violence 13892:Political philosophy 13817:Political philosophy 13617:Democracy in America 12432:Political philosophy 11155:Naming and Necessity 11065:De Arte Combinatoria 10864:Definite description 10825:Semantic externalism 7821:Huang, Yong (2013). 7570:: CS1 maint: year ( 7364:"孔子后裔有回族 – 地方 – 人民网" 6904:"Quzhou City Guides" 6770:on 13 September 2016 6330:The German Quarterly 6055:. 9 September 2017. 6053:"Ginsberg and China" 5558:www.mail-archive.com 5175:Simon & Schuster 5105:. 13 December 1901. 4610:, pp. 278–279; 3540:Fictional portrayals 3327:, and one each from 3084:Western civilization 2762:improve this article 2567:) and morality, and 2076:Doctrine of the Mean 1910:Lingnan Confucianism 1807:Fundamental concepts 1100:social relationships 927:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 582:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 230:political philosophy 30:For other uses, see 16938:Writers from Jining 16933:Social philosophers 16923:Philosophers of law 16863:Deified Chinese men 16853:Classical humanists 16434:Temple of Confucius 16196:Sacrifice to Heaven 15686:Right-wing politics 15566:A Theory of Justice 15536:The Road to Serfdom 15456:The Social Contract 14163:Christian democracy 13657:One-Dimensional Man 12402:Evolutionary ethics 12363:Reasons and Persons 12339:A Theory of Justice 11493:Uncertain sentience 11205:Philosophical logic 11195:Analytic philosophy 11001:Sense and reference 10880:Verification theory 10835:Situation semantics 9026:School of Diplomacy 8749:Levi, Jean (2023). 8673:. New York: Harper. 8441:Wilkinson, Endymion 8134:Shaughnessy, Edward 7912:Knechtges, David R. 7657:. 2 February 2007. 7126:Doosan Encyclopedia 6874:"Cult of Confucius" 6616:on 22 February 2017 5468:, pp. 214–216. 5456:, pp. 194–195. 5336:Oldstone-Moore 2023 5324:Oldstone-Moore 2003 4788:Oldstone-Moore 2003 4666:, pp. 280–281. 4598:, pp. 277–278. 4543:, pp. 274–276. 4088:on 27 December 2019 3966:. One of his sons, 3676:Confucian academies 3589:Temple of Confucius 3574:Temple of Confucius 3173:or Kamalamuni. The 3095:Cultural Revolution 3035:and an overview of 3025:Prospero Intorcetta 3005:Jesuit missionaries 2997:Jesuit missionaries 2272:. For example, the 2160:Temple of Confucius 1932:Hermeneutic schools 1602:principality states 1138:experienced setback 1115:ancestor veneration 1084:Chinese philosopher 15907:Xiao Xiang Shuiyun 15887:Jieshi Diao Youlan 15698:Political violence 15693:Political theology 15676:Left-wing politics 15671:Political spectrum 13777:Cultural pessimism 13772:Cultural criticism 12671:National character 12397:Ethics in religion 12392:Descriptive ethics 12227:Nicomachean Ethics 11055:Port-Royal Grammar 10951:Family resemblance 10870:Theory of language 10845:Supposition theory 8960:Chinese philosophy 8900:Confucian Analects 8885:Works by Confucius 8867:Works by Confucius 8647:Confucius (2003). 8628:Confucius (1997). 8611:Clements, Jonathan 8489:on 22 October 2012 8376:(13 August 2008). 8099:, pp. 258–265 7841:Karlgren, Bernhard 7330:on 6 October 2016. 7238:Jing, Jun (1998). 7100:on 4 February 2015 7059:, born "Wang So" ( 6908:China TEFL Network 6872:Wilson, Thomas A. 6801:on 6 October 2016. 6789:Banning, B. Paul. 6587:2022-10-27 at the 6568:2022-10-11 at the 5923:American Scientist 5647:2022-01-21 at the 4594:, pp. 35–36; 3712:42 times from the 3601: 3581: 3513:in his home town, 3446: 3415:Friedrich Schiller 3261: 3039:in Paris in 1687. 3001: 2858:(4th century 2817: 2649: 2331: 2167:Confucian churches 2096:Three Commentaries 1698:, to the north of 1680:that mastered the 1662: 1584: 1544:Later in 498 167:Chinese philosophy 16843:Chinese logicians 16838:Chinese ethicists 16704: 16703: 16698: 16697: 16628:Bluegreen Emperor 16563:Thirteen Classics 16355:Confucian Academy 16340:Xuanyuan teaching 16264:Mandate of Heaven 16143: 16142: 15993:Jinyu Qin Society 15826:Playing technique 15751: 15750: 15661:Philosophy of law 15606:Conflict theories 15446:The Spirit of Law 15353: 15352: 14402:Original position 13858: 13857: 13574: 13573: 12719:Spontaneous order 12709:Social alienation 12558:Cultural heritage 12519:Social philosophy 12485: 12484: 12452:Social philosophy 12437:Population ethics 12427:Philosophy of law 12407:History of ethics 11890:Political freedom 11567:Euthyphro dilemma 11358:Suffering-focused 11278: 11277: 10780:Dynamic semantics 10423: 10422: 10271:Mandate of Heaven 10143: 10142: 8871:Project Gutenberg 8861:The Dao of Kongzi 8760:978-1-9998833-6-2 8732:978-1-57766-010-1 8711:978-0-19-287536-5 8623:978-0-7509-4775-6 8548:978-0-521-64430-3 8515:978-1-898723-76-9 8473:978-1-60384-468-0 8454:978-0-674-08846-7 8420:978-90-481-2936-2 8285:: Chinese Studies 8266:978-1-4051-8841-8 8247:978-0-19-982787-9 8228:978-0-89073-050-8 8179:978-0-385-51069-1 8155:978-0-521-47030-8 8075:978-0-340-41279-4 8044:978-90-04-27151-7 7966:978-0-19-804256-3 7933:978-90-04-19127-3 7891:978-94-007-7112-3 7832:978-1-4411-9653-8 7825:. A&C Black. 7801:978-9-004-33902-6 7776:978-0-521-54724-6 7757:978-0-19-539891-5 7630:978-0-7432-4618-7 7590:978-0-19-515231-9 7374:on 28 August 2016 7251:978-0-8047-6492-6 6994:978-0-674-00961-5 6431:. December 1983. 6026:. 28 April 2017. 5854:, pp. 32–33. 5683:978-0-684-83634-8 5230:978-0-8248-2460-0 4929:978-0-393-91195-4 4708:, pp. 27–28. 4520:978-0-7565-3832-3 4474:978-0-465-04057-5 4044:Oxford University 4001:Chinese Civil War 3499:Confucius Temples 3488:Marquis of Haihun 3383:Benjamin Franklin 3234:978-0-691-02021-1 3191:In modern times, 3175:Thyagaraja Temple 3157:According to the 3129:Princess Wencheng 3121:Tibetan Buddhists 2934:Emperor Wu of Han 2794: 2793: 2786: 2681:Classic of Poetry 2666:Classic of Poetry 2645:Classic of Poetry 2618:facial expression 2612:in language, and 2587:Mandate of Heaven 2356:廄焚。子退朝，曰：傷人乎？不問馬。 2262:Chinese character 2246: 2245: 2019:Book of Documents 2012:Classic of Poetry 1664:According to the 1654:Kong Lin cemetery 1508:, from a tomb of 1278: 1243: 1226: 1146:Emperor Wu of Han 1028: 1027: 1016: 1015: 942: 941: 816:Yale Romanization 734:Yale Romanization 649:Standard Mandarin 597: 596: 454:Yale Romanization 395:Yale Romanization 310:Standard Mandarin 235:social philosophy 16:(Redirected from 16970: 16898:People from Qufu 16868:Education theory 16745: 16744: 16743: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16712: 16668:Tutelary deities 16499:Beijing Shejitan 16494:Temple of Heaven 16490:Beijing Temples 16444:Ancestral shrine 16360:Confucian Shinto 16330:Confucian church 16259:Chinese theology 16170: 16163: 16156: 16147: 16146: 15924: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15755: 15754: 15666:Political ethics 15656:Machiavellianism 15596:Authoritarianism 15581: 15571: 15561: 15551: 15541: 15531: 15521: 15511: 15501: 15491: 15481: 15471: 15461: 15451: 15441: 15431: 15421: 15411: 15401: 15391: 15381: 15371: 14447: 14446: 14388: 14324: 14314:Balance of power 14288:Social democracy 14283:Social Darwinism 14258:Multiculturalism 14203:Environmentalism 14178:Communitarianism 13885: 13878: 13871: 13862: 13861: 13822:Social criticism 13742: 13732: 13722: 13712: 13702: 13692: 13682: 13672: 13662: 13652: 13642: 13632: 13622: 13612: 13602: 13592: 12828: 12827: 12810:Frankfurt School 12788:Communitarianism 12751: 12705: 12691: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12489: 12488: 12475: 12474: 12422:Moral psychology 12367: 12359: 12351: 12347:Practical Ethics 12343: 12335: 12331:Principia Ethica 12327: 12319: 12311: 12303: 12295: 12287: 12279: 12271: 12263: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12235:Ethics (Spinoza) 12231: 11870:Moral imperative 11328:Consequentialism 11305: 11298: 11291: 11282: 11281: 11240:Formal semantics 11188:Related articles 11180: 11170: 11160: 11150: 11140: 11130: 11120: 11110: 11100: 11090: 11080: 11070: 11060: 11050: 10820:Relevance theory 10815:Phallogocentrism 10450: 10443: 10436: 10427: 10426: 10300:Self-cultivation 10205:Neo-Confucianism 9940:Chung-ying Cheng 9098: 9097: 8999:New Confucianism 8994:Neo-Confucianism 8953: 8946: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8917: 8916: 8896: 8895: 8880:Internet Archive 8837: 8823: 8814:Zalta, Edward N. 8774: 8764: 8745: 8736: 8715: 8689: 8687: 8654: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8531: 8529: 8527: 8498: 8496: 8494: 8477: 8458: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8403: 8397: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8344: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8279: 8270: 8251: 8232: 8211: 8192: 8183: 8159: 8143: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8100: 8095:9th ed., Vol. VI 8079: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8020: 7991: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7852: 7836: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7780: 7761: 7742: 7710: 7708: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7646: 7634: 7613: 7594: 7575: 7569: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7531: 7524:China Daily 2007 7521: 7515: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7479: 7473: 7463: 7457: 7447: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7418: 7412: 7402: 7396: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7370:. Archived from 7360: 7354: 7353: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7326:. Archived from 7315: 7309: 7308: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7273:. china.org.cn. 7266: 7260: 7259: 7235: 7229: 7219: 7208: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7049: 7043: 7033: 7027: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6914:on 4 March 2016. 6910:. Archived from 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6823:on 18 March 2015 6819:. Archived from 6809: 6803: 6802: 6797:. Archived from 6786: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6763:. Archived from 6762: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6738:on 18 April 2015 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6702:"文庙祭祀的文化意义 - 孔庙" 6698: 6692: 6681: 6675: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6647: 6640: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612:. Archived from 6602: 6596: 6563:Chinese original 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6469:(4): 1050–1065. 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6437: 6430: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6245:on 12 April 2021 6241:. Archived from 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6151:on 12 April 2021 6150: 6144:. Archived from 6143: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6006: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5762: 5756: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5705:(3/4): 537–540. 5694: 5688: 5687: 5662: 5656: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5520: 5514: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5484: 5475: 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5021: 5015: 5014:, p. 36-37. 5009: 5003: 5002: 4976: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4946: 4945:, p. 25-29. 4940: 4934: 4933: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4865: 4859: 4858:, p. 14-15. 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4797: 4791: 4790:, p. 34-37. 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4694: 4693:, p. 11-23. 4688: 4682: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4599: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4433: 4427: 4390: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144:Mark, Joshua J. 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4116: 4110: 4109:, p. 15-17. 4104: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4084:. Archived from 4074: 4051:Fudan University 4033: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4012: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3935: 3901: 3891: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3867: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3835: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3775: 3774: 3658: 3657: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3493: 3480: 3475: 3464: 3459: 3429:Visual portraits 3411:François Quesnay 3391:Thomas Jefferson 3375:Western thinkers 3319:, two each from 3238: 3227:pp. 47–49. 3150:of God, as were 3091:New Confucianism 3048: 3029:Philippe Couplet 3013:Michele Ruggieri 2999:at Paris in 1687 2982:Neo-Confucianism 2943: 2900: 2881: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2843: 2842: 2789: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2746: 2738: 2672:Classic of Music 2624:Music and poetry 2600: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2524: 2523: 2481: 2480: 2436: 2435: 2417: 2405: 2404: 2382: 2377:), or X-17 (tr. 2358: 2357: 2316:Confucian ethics 2238: 2231: 2224: 2196:Phoenix churches 2111:Ceremonial Rites 1917:New Confucianism 1893:Neo-Confucianism 1737: 1714: 1713: 1568: 1547: 1499: 1495: 1482: 1473: 1461: 1453: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1408:Political career 1399: 1398: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1305: 1304: 1284: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1263: 1262: 1249: 1246: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1195:Mandarin Chinese 1162:New Confucianism 1158:Neo-Confucianism 1081: 1080: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1012: 1011: 998: 997: 981: 980: 975: 974: 961: 960: 938: 937: 936: 914: 913: 893: 892: 879: 878: 855: 854: 853: 838: 837: 824: 823: 803: 802: 801: 780: 779: 759: 758: 757: 742: 741: 728: 727: 714: 713: 712: 698: 697: 684: 683: 682: 680: 664: 663: 640: 639: 616: 615: 593: 592: 591: 576: 575: 574: 552: 551: 531: 530: 517: 516: 493: 492: 491: 476: 475: 462: 461: 441: 440: 420: 419: 418: 403: 402: 389: 388: 375: 374: 373: 359: 358: 345: 344: 343: 341: 325: 324: 301: 300: 269: 268: 185:Notable students 135: 132: 121: 108: 105: 81: 71: 70: 69: 55: 54: 39: 38: 21: 16978: 16977: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16883:Gokbu Gong clan 16753: 16752: 16751: 16741: 16739: 16729: 16727: 16717: 16715: 16707: 16705: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16663: 16567: 16546: 16527:Tiangong censer 16510: 16422: 16386: 16318: 16309:Yan Huang Zisun 16254:Shendao shejiao 16242: 16179: 16174: 16144: 16139: 16068: 16012: 15981: 15925: 15916: 15912:Yangguan Sandie 15882:Hujia Shiba-pai 15860: 15831:Popular culture 15787: 15782: 15752: 15747: 15734: 15723:Totalitarianism 15584: 15579: 15569: 15559: 15549: 15539: 15529: 15519: 15509: 15499: 15489: 15479: 15469: 15459: 15449: 15439: 15429: 15419: 15409: 15399: 15396:Treatise on Law 15389: 15379: 15369: 15349: 15007: 15001: 14740: 14734: 14620: 14614: 14533: 14436: 14422:State of nature 14417:Social contract 14397:Ordered liberty 14385:Noblesse oblige 14302: 14136: 14065: 13894: 13889: 13859: 13854: 13841: 13767:Critical theory 13745: 13740: 13730: 13720: 13710: 13700: 13690: 13680: 13670: 13660: 13650: 13640: 13630: 13620: 13610: 13600: 13590: 13570: 13248: 13242: 13040: 13034: 12983: 12912: 12819: 12771:Budapest School 12759: 12548:Cosmopolitanism 12521: 12516: 12486: 12481: 12463: 12370: 12365: 12357: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12293: 12285: 12277: 12269: 12261: 12253: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12215: 11988: 11981: 11905:Self-discipline 11865:Moral hierarchy 11813:Problem of evil 11758:Double standard 11748:Culture of life 11706: 11635: 11582:Non-cognitivism 11497: 11372: 11314: 11309: 11279: 11274: 11251: 11230:School of Names 11183: 11178: 11168: 11158: 11148: 11145:Of Grammatology 11138: 11128: 11118: 11108: 11098: 11088: 11078: 11068: 11058: 11048: 11032: 10884: 10830:Semantic holism 10810:Non-cognitivism 10750:Conventionalism 10721: 10468: 10459: 10454: 10424: 10419: 10337: 10238:Three teachings 10139: 10090:Tsang Lap Chuen 9903: 9765: 9674: 9656: 9572: 9568: 9560: 9509: 9491: 9400: 9394: 9378: 9287: 9269: 9087: 9085: 9031:School of Names 8974:Agriculturalism 8962: 8957: 8922: 8893: 8826: 8804: 8799: 8777:Sterckx, Roel. 8761: 8733: 8712: 8593: 8591:Further reading 8588: 8579: 8577: 8558: 8556: 8549: 8525: 8523: 8516: 8492: 8490: 8474: 8455: 8430: 8428: 8421: 8391: 8390: 8383: 8381: 8363: 8361: 8313: 8306: 8304: 8267: 8248: 8229: 8208: 8180: 8156: 8115: 8113: 8076: 8054: 8052: 8045: 8025: 8018: 8016: 7976: 7974: 7967: 7943: 7941: 7934: 7901: 7899: 7892: 7866: 7864: 7833: 7811: 7809: 7802: 7777: 7758: 7688: 7686: 7664: 7662: 7645:on 7 July 2011. 7631: 7610: 7591: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7553: 7539: 7534: 7522: 7518: 7506: 7499: 7480: 7476: 7464: 7460: 7448: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7362: 7361: 7357: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7316: 7312: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7267: 7263: 7252: 7236: 7232: 7220: 7211: 7199: 7195: 7181: 7179: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7118: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7050: 7046: 7034: 7030: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6854: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6787: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6741: 6739: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6682: 6678: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6589:Wayback Machine 6570:Wayback Machine 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6514: 6510: 6500: 6498: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6408: 6404: 6394: 6392: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6285: 6275: 6273: 6262: 6258: 6248: 6246: 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6004: 6002: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5892: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5765: 5757: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5711:10.2307/2718104 5695: 5691: 5684: 5663: 5659: 5649:Wayback Machine 5640: 5636: 5626: 5624: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5581: 5577: 5567: 5565: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5466:Van Norden 2011 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5435: 5433: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5370: 5366: 5360:Van Norden 2011 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5289:. 20 May 2022. 5281: 5280: 5276: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5214: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5161: 5157: 5142:10.2307/1399898 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5093: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4956: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4882:10.2307/3269371 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638:, p. 279; 4634: 4630: 4622: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4498: 4494:, pp. 4–5. 4490: 4486: 4475: 4467:. Basic Books. 4459: 4455: 4447: 4436: 4355: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4138: 4128: 4126: 4124:The Irish Times 4118: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4091: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 3977:(孔令傑), married 3970: 3953:Kung Tsui-chang 3929: 3846:Gokbu Gong clan 3700:35 times since 3694: 3688: 3566: 3542: 3528:The South Wall 3505:(Taizu) of the 3431: 3423:Christian Wolff 3371: 3235: 3207: 3201: 3068:collected works 3046: 3037:Chinese history 3033:Confucian works 2995:, published by 2790: 2779: 2773: 2770: 2759: 2747: 2736: 2724:Greco-Bactrians 2711: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2632: 2626: 2561: 2418: 2412: 2383: 2365: 2318: 2312: 2287:Book of Changes 2252: 2242: 2213: 2212: 2141: 2133: 2132: 2035:Book of Changes 1992: 1990:Confucian texts 1982: 1981: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1928: 1888: 1880: 1879: 1844:Sangang Wuchang 1808: 1800: 1799: 1745: 1712: 1646: 1576: 1550:Duke Ding of Lu 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1510:Dongping County 1485: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1410: 1298: 1293: 1187: 1160:, and later as 1107:earlier periods 1069: 1065: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 990:Revised Hepburn 799: 720:Tongyong Pinyin 710: 690:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 678: 381:Tongyong Pinyin 371: 351:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 339: 292:Literal meaning 215: 208: 195: 194: 143: 137: 133: 122: 115: 109: 106: 102: 101: 91: 72: 65: 59: 58: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16976: 16966: 16965: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16750: 16749: 16737: 16725: 16702: 16701: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16675:Landlord deity 16671: 16669: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16625: 16624: 16623: 16618: 16608: 16607: 16606: 16596: 16594:Yellow Emperor 16589:Wufang Shangdi 16586: 16581: 16575: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16554: 16552: 16548: 16547: 16545: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16518: 16516: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16466: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16441: 16436: 16430: 16428: 16424: 16423: 16421: 16420: 16418:Yamazaki Ansai 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16398:Yellow Emperor 16394: 16392: 16388: 16387: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16314:Soil and grain 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16235: 16233:Ghost marriage 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16193: 16187: 16185: 16181: 16180: 16173: 16172: 16165: 16158: 16150: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16076: 16074: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16020: 16018: 16014: 16013: 16011: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15989: 15987: 15983: 15982: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15933: 15931: 15927: 15926: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15902:Pingsha Luoyan 15899: 15897:Meihua Sannong 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15868: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15859: 15858: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15781: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15758: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15745: 15739: 15736: 15735: 15733: 15732: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15713:Social justice 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15689: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15621:Egalitarianism 15618: 15613: 15611:Contractualism 15608: 15603: 15598: 15592: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15583: 15582: 15572: 15562: 15552: 15542: 15532: 15522: 15512: 15502: 15492: 15482: 15472: 15462: 15452: 15442: 15432: 15422: 15412: 15402: 15392: 15382: 15372: 15361: 15359: 15355: 15354: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15011: 15009: 15003: 15002: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14878: 14877: 14867: 14862: 14861: 14860: 14850: 14845: 14840: 14835: 14830: 14825: 14820: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14744: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14722: 14717: 14712: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14624: 14622: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14541: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14505: 14504: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14453: 14451: 14444: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14407:Overton window 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14316: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14238:Libertarianism 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14144: 14142: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14073: 14071: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13902: 13900: 13896: 13895: 13888: 13887: 13880: 13873: 13865: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13827:Social science 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13744: 13743: 13733: 13723: 13717:Gender Trouble 13713: 13703: 13693: 13683: 13673: 13663: 13653: 13647:The Second Sex 13643: 13633: 13623: 13613: 13603: 13593: 13582: 13580: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13571: 13569: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13252: 13250: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13044: 13042: 13036: 13035: 13033: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12834: 12832: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12806: 12805: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12784: 12783: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12743: 12742: 12741: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12697: 12692: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12661: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12639:Invisible hand 12636: 12631: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12593: 12592: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12522: 12515: 12514: 12507: 12500: 12492: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12454: 12449: 12447:Secular ethics 12444: 12442:Rehabilitation 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12368: 12360: 12352: 12344: 12336: 12328: 12320: 12312: 12307:Utilitarianism 12304: 12296: 12288: 12280: 12272: 12264: 12256: 12248: 12240: 12232: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11992: 11990: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11816: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11667:Existentialist 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11562:Constructivism 11559: 11558: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11536:Non-naturalism 11533: 11518: 11513: 11507: 11505: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11429: 11428: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11365: 11363:Utilitarianism 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11308: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11285: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11242: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11191: 11189: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11171: 11161: 11151: 11141: 11131: 11121: 11111: 11101: 11091: 11081: 11071: 11061: 11051: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10981:Presupposition 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10760:Deconstruction 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10731: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10478: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10453: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10415: 10408:Metaphilosophy 10405: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10309: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10285: 10280: 10273: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10216: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10202: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10020:Lee Shui-chuen 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9909: 9905: 9904: 9902: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9889:Zhang Xuecheng 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9627:Wang Chongyang 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9578: 9576: 9566:Five Dynasties 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9389: 9387:Three Kingdoms 9383: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9280: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8933: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8914: 8913: 8903: 8897: 8882: 8873: 8864: 8858: 8853: 8838: 8824: 8803: 8802:External links 8800: 8798: 8797: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8759: 8746: 8737: 8731: 8716: 8710: 8697: 8690: 8674: 8664: 8645: 8632:, (in English 8626: 8607: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8565: 8547: 8532: 8514: 8499: 8478: 8472: 8459: 8453: 8437: 8419: 8404: 8370: 8345: 8333:10.2307/602359 8316: 8271: 8265: 8252: 8246: 8233: 8227: 8212: 8206: 8193: 8184: 8178: 8164:Nylan, Michael 8160: 8154: 8130:Loewe, Michael 8122: 8112:on 7 July 2011 8102: 8080: 8074: 8061: 8043: 8028: 7983: 7965: 7950: 7932: 7908: 7890: 7873: 7853: 7837: 7831: 7818: 7800: 7781: 7775: 7762: 7756: 7743: 7731:10.2307/596405 7725:(4): 273–282. 7715:Dubs, Homer H. 7711: 7695: 7671: 7647: 7635: 7629: 7614: 7608: 7595: 7589: 7576: 7546:"Confucianism" 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7532: 7516: 7497: 7474: 7458: 7439: 7413: 7397: 7385: 7368:People's Daily 7355: 7346:People's Daily 7333: 7324:big5.taiwan.cn 7310: 7301:People's Daily 7288: 7261: 7250: 7230: 7209: 7193: 7188:Newspapers.com 7158: 7143: 7111: 7081: 7044: 7028: 7012: 6993: 6973: 6955: 6939: 6917: 6895: 6864: 6834: 6804: 6781: 6749: 6718: 6693: 6676: 6659: 6627: 6597: 6551: 6528:(6): 817–837. 6508: 6475:10.2307/457929 6449: 6417: 6402: 6381:The Open Court 6367: 6342:10.2307/400763 6336:(4): 173–182. 6316: 6283: 6256: 6229: 6203: 6162: 6129: 6090:(3): 298–323. 6070: 6044: 6012: 5985: 5952: 5929:(3): 237–243. 5909: 5890: 5871: 5856: 5844: 5829: 5817: 5792: 5780: 5763: 5744: 5732: 5689: 5682: 5657: 5634: 5604: 5575: 5545: 5515: 5499: 5470: 5458: 5446: 5407: 5392: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5338:, p. 153. 5328: 5316: 5304: 5283:"Confucianism" 5274: 5261:10.2307/594608 5255:(3): 435–449. 5245:Dubs, Homer H. 5236: 5229: 5217:Ames, Roger T. 5208: 5196: 5194:, p. 645. 5184: 5155: 5136:(3): 317–345. 5120: 5091: 5076: 5043: 5026:"Confucianism" 5016: 5004: 4985:(4): 616–637. 4962: 4947: 4935: 4928: 4907: 4895: 4860: 4848: 4817: 4792: 4780: 4755: 4725: 4710: 4695: 4683: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4628: 4626:, p. 279. 4616: 4600: 4584: 4582:, p. 277. 4572: 4545: 4533: 4519: 4496: 4484: 4473: 4453: 4434: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4299:, p. 259. 4289: 4287:, p. 260. 4277: 4265: 4250: 4238: 4236:, p. 133. 4234:Wilkinson 2015 4226: 4214: 4212:, p. 752. 4199: 4167: 4146:"Confucianism" 4136: 4111: 4099: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 3782:Princess Noguk 3778:Goryeo dynasty 3753:Hanlin Academy 3687: 3684: 3672:Seokjeon Daeje 3565: 3562: 3541: 3538: 3503:Hongwu Emperor 3490:(died 59 3466:) of the book 3430: 3427: 3403:Alexander Pope 3387:Allen Ginsberg 3370: 3367: 3233: 3203:Main article: 3200: 3197: 3171:Kalangi Nathar 3148:Divine Prophet 2792: 2791: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2698: 2692: 2691:Book of Poetry 2687: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2560: 2557: 2410: 2373:), 10–13 (tr. 2363: 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2248:Main article: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2086: 2083:Great Learning 2079: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2039: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1711: 1708: 1645: 1642: 1575: 1572: 1487: 1486: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1409: 1406: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1212:. Confucius's 1186: 1183: 1070: 479 BCE 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1006: 1000: 999: 992: 986: 985: 984:Transcriptions 977: 976: 969: 963: 962: 955: 949: 948: 944: 943: 940: 939: 929: 923: 922: 916: 915: 908: 906:Middle Chinese 902: 901: 899:Middle Chinese 895: 894: 887: 881: 880: 873: 864: 863: 857: 856: 846: 840: 839: 832: 826: 825: 818: 812: 811: 809:Yue: Cantonese 805: 804: 795: 789: 788: 782: 781: 774: 768: 767: 761: 760: 750: 744: 743: 736: 730: 729: 722: 716: 715: 706: 700: 699: 692: 686: 685: 672: 666: 665: 658: 652: 651: 645: 644: 643:Transcriptions 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 622: 621: 618: 617: 610: 604: 603: 599: 598: 595: 594: 584: 578: 577: 567: 561: 560: 554: 553: 546: 544:Middle Chinese 540: 539: 537:Middle Chinese 533: 532: 525: 519: 518: 511: 502: 501: 495: 494: 484: 478: 477: 470: 464: 463: 456: 450: 449: 447:Yue: Cantonese 443: 442: 435: 429: 428: 422: 421: 411: 405: 404: 397: 391: 390: 383: 377: 376: 367: 361: 360: 353: 347: 346: 333: 327: 326: 319: 313: 312: 306: 305: 304:Transcriptions 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 270: 263: 257: 256: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 224: 221: 216: 214:Main interests 213: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 190: 189: 188: 186: 182: 181: 176: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 156: 155: 149: 145: 144: 138: 134: 479 BCE 128: 124: 123: 110: 107: 551 BCE 99: 97: 93: 92: 82: 74: 73: 61: 60: 57: 56: 47: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16975: 16964: 16961: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16888:Guqin players 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16773:479 BC deaths 16771: 16769: 16768:551 BC births 16766: 16764: 16761: 16760: 16758: 16748: 16738: 16736: 16726: 16724: 16714: 16713: 16710: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16656: 16653: 16651: 16650:Flame Emperor 16648: 16646: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16634: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16626: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16611:Black Emperor 16609: 16605: 16602: 16601: 16600: 16599:White Emperor 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16570: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16555: 16553: 16549: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16522:Spirit tablet 16520: 16519: 16517: 16513: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16461: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16447: 16445: 16442: 16440: 16437: 16435: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16425: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16323:Organizations 16321: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16299:Son of Heaven 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16202: 16199: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16171: 16166: 16164: 16159: 16157: 16152: 16151: 16148: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16125:Zeng Chengwei 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16105:Lui Tsun-Yuen 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15990: 15988: 15984: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15923: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15877:Guangling San 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15863: 15857: 15854: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15779: 15774: 15772: 15767: 15765: 15760: 15759: 15756: 15744: 15741: 15740: 15737: 15731: 15730: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15646:Jurisprudence 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15578: 15577: 15573: 15568: 15567: 15563: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15548: 15547: 15543: 15538: 15537: 15533: 15528: 15527: 15523: 15518: 15517: 15513: 15508: 15507: 15503: 15498: 15497: 15493: 15488: 15487: 15483: 15478: 15477: 15476:Rights of Man 15473: 15468: 15467: 15463: 15458: 15457: 15453: 15448: 15447: 15443: 15438: 15437: 15433: 15428: 15427: 15423: 15418: 15417: 15413: 15408: 15407: 15403: 15398: 15397: 15393: 15388: 15387: 15386:De re publica 15383: 15378: 15377: 15373: 15368: 15367: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15356: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15012: 15010: 15006:20th and 21st 15004: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14844: 14841: 14839: 14836: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14826: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14816: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14739:18th and 19th 14737: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14723: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14674: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14617: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14595:Nizam al-Mulk 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14542: 14540: 14536: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14503: 14500: 14499: 14498: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14454: 14452: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14439: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14278:Republicanism 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14074: 14072: 14068: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13901: 13897: 13893: 13886: 13881: 13879: 13874: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13863: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13844: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13832:Social theory 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13754: 13752: 13748: 13739: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13728: 13724: 13719: 13718: 13714: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13699: 13698: 13694: 13689: 13688: 13684: 13679: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13668: 13664: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13649: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13638: 13634: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13619: 13618: 13614: 13609: 13608: 13604: 13599: 13598: 13594: 13589: 13588: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13577: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13486:Radhakrishnan 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13247:20th and 21st 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045: 13043: 13039:18th and 19th 13037: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12986: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12835: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12822: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12698: 12696: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12591: 12588: 12587: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12524: 12520: 12513: 12508: 12506: 12501: 12499: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12478: 12470: 12469: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12364: 12361: 12356: 12353: 12348: 12345: 12340: 12337: 12332: 12329: 12324: 12321: 12316: 12313: 12308: 12305: 12300: 12297: 12292: 12289: 12284: 12281: 12276: 12273: 12268: 12265: 12260: 12257: 12252: 12249: 12244: 12241: 12236: 12233: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12218: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11860:Moral courage 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11798:Good and evil 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:Family values 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11630: 11627: 11626: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11597:Quasi-realism 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11528: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11424: 11423: 11422: 11421:Environmental 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11343:Particularism 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11294: 11292: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11248: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11225:Scholasticism 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11077: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11047: 11046: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10840:Structuralism 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10765:Descriptivism 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10745:Contrastivism 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10446: 10444: 10439: 10437: 10432: 10431: 10428: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10255: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10233: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10176: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10165: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10120:Zhang Dongsun 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10040:Liang Shuming 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9768: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9746:Wang Yangming 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9397: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9381: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9304:Dongfang Shuo 9302: 9300: 9299:Dong Zhongshu 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9105: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8954: 8949: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8907: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8847: 8842: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8795: 8794:0-19-513396-X 8791: 8787: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8686: 8685: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8662: 8661:0-87220-635-1 8658: 8650: 8646: 8643: 8642:0-393-04019-4 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8540: 8539: 8533: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8500: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8175: 8172:. Doubleday. 8171: 8170: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8097: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8036: 8035: 8029: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7972: 7968: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7951: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7696: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7609:0-691-07137-3 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7567: 7551: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7504: 7502: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7451: 7446: 7444: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7394: 7389: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7234: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7189: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7148: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7072: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6986: 6985: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6785: 6766: 6759: 6753: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6726:Dunbar, Jon. 6722: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6670: 6669: 6663: 6644: 6637: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6578:Burton Watson 6575: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6453: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6413: 6406: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6147: 6140: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5970: 5963: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5891:9780567657688 5887: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5842:, p. 33. 5841: 5836: 5834: 5827:, p. 31. 5826: 5821: 5815:, p. 32. 5814: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5790:, p. 88. 5789: 5784: 5778:, p. 30. 5777: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5761:, p. 87. 5760: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5742:, p. 86. 5741: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5638: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613:"18 Siddhars" 5608: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5397: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5362:, p. 86. 5361: 5356: 5350:, p. 70. 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5326:, p. 18. 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5206:, p. 25. 5205: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5087: 5080: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4905:, p. 36. 4904: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4723:, p. 17. 4722: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4681:, p. 17. 4680: 4675: 4673: 4665: 4660: 4654:, p. 13. 4653: 4648: 4642:, p. 30. 4641: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4620: 4614:, p. 30. 4613: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4347:, p. 26. 4346: 4341: 4335:, p. 66. 4334: 4329: 4323:, p. 23. 4322: 4317: 4311:, p. 29. 4310: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4286: 4281: 4275:, p. 16. 4274: 4269: 4263:, p. 25. 4262: 4257: 4255: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4224:, p. 50. 4223: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4204: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4103: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3980: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945:Kung Te-cheng 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3885: 3875: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3819: 3809: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3730:Duke Yansheng 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3597:imperial exam 3594: 3590: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3548: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441:(1494–1552), 3440: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3193:Asteroid 7853 3189: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3161:tradition of 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3080:Enlightenment 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3041:François Noël 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2964:and even the 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2915:Qin Shi Huang 2912: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2857: 2847: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2814:Louvre Palace 2811: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2788: 2785: 2777: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2756: 2751:This section 2749: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:globalization 2710: 2696: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2492:self-interest 2489: 2488:righteousness 2485: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2429: 2423: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336:virtue ethics 2329: 2328: 2322: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2104:Rites of Zhou 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2028:Book of Rites 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2004:Five Classics 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1977:United States 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790:Dong Zhongshu 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1744:Early history 1741: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:Five Classics 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1571: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1491: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1440:Shaozheng Mao 1437: 1436: 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1365: 1355: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1336:Shang dynasty 1333: 1332:dukes of Song 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1288: 1286: 1276: 1267: 1257: 1254:, a capping ( 1253: 1252:courtesy name 1241: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1169:Five Classics 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1043: 1032: 1023: 1019: 1007: 1005: 1001: 993: 991: 987: 982: 978: 970: 968: 964: 956: 954: 950: 947:Japanese name 945: 930: 928: 924: 921: 917: 909: 907: 903: 900: 896: 888: 886: 882: 874: 872: 869: 865: 862: 858: 852: 847: 845: 841: 833: 831: 827: 819: 817: 813: 810: 806: 796: 794: 790: 787: 783: 775: 773: 769: 766: 762: 756: 751: 749: 745: 737: 735: 731: 723: 721: 717: 707: 705: 701: 693: 691: 687: 673: 671: 667: 659: 657: 653: 650: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 627: 623: 619: 611: 609: 605: 600: 585: 583: 579: 568: 566: 565:Baxter (1992) 562: 559: 555: 547: 545: 541: 538: 534: 526: 524: 520: 512: 510: 507: 503: 500: 496: 490: 485: 483: 479: 471: 469: 465: 457: 455: 451: 448: 444: 436: 434: 430: 427: 423: 417: 412: 410: 406: 398: 396: 392: 384: 382: 378: 368: 366: 362: 354: 352: 348: 334: 332: 328: 320: 318: 314: 311: 307: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 280: 276: 272: 264: 262: 258: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 233: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 217: 211: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 193: 187: 183: 180: 177: 175: 171: 168: 165: 161: 157: 153: 150: 148:Resting place 146: 141: 129: 125: 119: 114: 98: 94: 89: 85: 80: 75: 62: 53: 48: 45: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16858:Confucianism 16690:Mountain God 16402: 16375:Suika Shinto 16345:Taigu school 16274:Filial piety 16201:Festival Huế 16135:Tsar Teh-Yun 16115:Li Xiangting 16090:Zhang Ziqian 16038: 15801:Construction 15727: 15626:Elite theory 15574: 15564: 15554: 15544: 15534: 15524: 15514: 15504: 15494: 15484: 15474: 15464: 15454: 15444: 15434: 15424: 15414: 15404: 15394: 15384: 15374: 15364: 14663:Guicciardini 14619:Early modern 14471: 14442:Philosophers 14392:Open society 14328:Body politic 14198:Distributism 14188:Conservatism 14183:Confucianism 14102:Gerontocracy 14092:Dictatorship 14046:Sovereignty‎ 14036:Ruling class 13926:Emancipation 13911:Citizenship‎ 13735: 13725: 13715: 13705: 13695: 13685: 13675: 13665: 13655: 13645: 13635: 13625: 13615: 13605: 13595: 13585: 13005:Guicciardini 12988:Early modern 12847: 12824:Philosophers 12798:Conservatism 12793:Confucianism 12781:Distributism 12714:Social norms 12702:Sittlichkeit 12688:Ressentiment 12634:Institutions 12612:Human nature 12456: 12412:Human rights 12355:After Virtue 12081:Schopenhauer 12030: 11855:Moral agency 11728:Common sense 11624:Universalism 11592:Expressivism 11572:Intuitionism 11543:Subjectivism 11488:Terraforming 11463:Professional 11173: 11163: 11153: 11143: 11133: 11123: 11113: 11103: 11083: 11073: 11063: 11053: 11043: 11025: 10966:Metalanguage 10961:Logical form 10916:Truth-bearer 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C. Chang 9915:Cai Yuanpei 9899:Zeng Guofan 9884:Yu Zhengxie 9814:Gong Zizhen 9809:Feng Guifen 9799:Fang Lanfen 9731:Qian Dehong 9531:Zhang Zhihe 9467:Xiahou Xuan 9407:Bao Jingyan 9250:Zhuang Zhou 8846:In Our Time 8828:"Confucius" 8810:"Confucius" 8694:of Religion 8602:Hutton 2019 8598:Richey 2018 8350:"Confucius" 8277:"Confucius" 7989:"Confucius" 7977:21 February 7878:"Chapter 2" 7849:Dover Books 7679:China Daily 7655:China Daily 7466:Bandao 2007 7393:rmhb.com.cn 7172:Independent 7073:: 7063:: 6949:, pp. 6652:19 February 6620:22 February 6582:translation 5670:Bodde, Derk 5666:Feng Youlan 5454:Hobson 2004 5403:Parker 1977 4768:yx.qfwbw.cn 4748:25 November 4652:Riegel 1986 4396:Early China 4359:Early China 4333:Rainey 2010 4273:Rainey 2010 4222:Hunter 2017 4040:Bryan Sykes 3999:during the 3979:Debra Paget 3971: [ 3930: [ 3927:Gong Ok-jin 3896:: 3886:: 3876:: 3862:: 3852:: 3830:: 3820:: 3810:: 3800:: 3735:During the 3706:Han dynasty 3686:Descendants 3668:South Korea 3643:aristocracy 3609:Han dynasty 3484:Han dynasty 3450:Han dynasty 3369:In the West 3270:Han dynasty 3217:Feng Youlan 2975:During the 2970:Kublai Khan 2968:, although 2911:Qin dynasty 2774:August 2018 2677:Han dynasty 2395:Silver Rule 2391:Golden Rule 2346:, and even 2270:perfect man 2201:Xuanyuanism 2090:Other texts 1783:Western Han 1644:Return home 1490:Western Han 1456:state of Qi 1414:state of Lu 1354:Lady Qiguan 1264:) given at 1214:family name 1123:Golden Rule 1119:Silver Rule 1056:Master Kong 920:Old Chinese 711:Kʻung Chʻiu 696:Koong Chiou 558:Old Chinese 295:Master Kong 120:, Shandong) 16757:Categories 16747:Philosophy 16542:Joss paper 16532:Hell money 16459:Myo shrine 16110:Lin Youren 16095:Wu Jinglüe 15816:Literature 15796:Aesthetics 15708:Separatism 15516:On Liberty 15416:The Prince 15145:Huntington 14648:Campanella 14575:al-Ghazali 14524:Thucydides 14482:Lactantius 14427:Statolatry 14253:Monarchism 14233:Liberalism 14158:Capitalism 14141:Ideologies 14122:Plutocracy 14070:Government 14026:Revolution 14011:Propaganda 13961:Legitimacy 13936:Government 13797:Humanities 13757:Agnotology 13416:Kołakowski 12979:Ibn Tufayl 12959:Maimonides 12903:Thucydides 12898:Tertullian 12853:Lactantius 12748:Volksgeist 12729:Traditions 12543:Convention 12126:Bonhoeffer 11835:Immorality 11778:Eudaimonia 11738:Conscience 11733:Compassion 11619:Skepticism 11614:Relativism 11531:Naturalism 11511:Absolutism 11483:Technology 11333:Deontology 11270:Discussion 11265:Task Force 11215:Pragmatics 11006:Speech act 10936:Categories 10850:Symbiosism 10805:Nominalism 10717:Watzlawick 10597:Bloomfield 10517:Chrysippus 10413:Legitimacy 10115:Yu Dunkang 10085:Tang Yijie 10060:Mao Zedong 10045:Lin Yutang 10010:Jin Yuelin 10005:Jiang Qing 9980:He Guanghu 9950:Chu Anping 9935:Chen Duxiu 9864:Wang Fuzhi 9854:Tan Sitong 9849:Pan Pingge 9844:Liu Yiming 9726:Luo Rufang 9647:Zhou Dunyi 9632:Wang Chuyi 9622:Wang Anshi 9602:Lu Jiuyuan 9482:Yan Zhitui 9472:Xie Daoyun 9374:Yang Xiong 9359:Wang Chong 9334:Kong Anguo 9195:Shen Buhai 9190:Shang Yang 9145:Guan Zhong 9115:Chunyu Kun 9036:Naturalism 8580:1 November 8559:7 November 8526:7 November 8431:4 December 8287:. Oxford: 8207:1904292127 7999:. Oxford: 7944:27 October 7902:27 October 7556:7 November 7136:20 October 7104:4 February 7038:, p. 7022:, p. 5852:Creel 1949 5840:Creel 1949 5825:Creel 1949 5813:Creel 1949 5776:Creel 1949 5507:Ahmad n.d. 5443:(in Latin) 5389:(in Latin) 5177:. p. 4764:"孔林_曲阜文博网" 4706:Huang 2013 4592:Creel 1949 4492:Huang 2013 4449:Huang 2013 4430:Creel 1949 4345:Creel 1949 4297:Legge 1887 4285:Legge 1887 4261:Creel 1949 4246:Huang 2013 4160:4 November 4129:21 October 4060:References 3962:, was the 3960:H. H. Kung 3690:See also: 3682:in Seoul. 3651:Kuomintang 3407:Ezra Pound 3379:Niels Bohr 3272:historian 3179:Thiruvarur 3163:Tamil Nadu 2603:perfection 2369:X.11 (tr. 2052:Four Books 1710:Philosophy 1660:, Shandong 1512:, Shandong 1492:(202 1296:Early life 1216:was Kong ( 1092:Sinosphere 1068: – c. 1066: 551 1039:; pinyin: 912:Kúwng Kjuw 891:Khóng Khiu 877:Khóng Khiu 836:Hung2 jau1 778:Khon Chieu 740:Kǔng Chyōu 704:Wade–Giles 573:khongʔtsɨʔ 550:khúwng tsí 365:Wade–Giles 16828:Aphorists 16763:Confucius 16735:Biography 16476:Ci shrine 16427:Buildings 16403:Confucius 16365:Taiseikyo 16208:Feng Shan 16100:Wu Zhaoji 16039:Confucius 15986:Societies 15937:Guangling 15846:Societies 15426:Leviathan 15406:Monarchia 15400:(c. 1274) 15235:Oakeshott 15180:Mansfield 15175:Luxemburg 15160:Kropotkin 15055:Bernstein 15008:centuries 14922:Nietzsche 14865:Jefferson 14793:Condorcet 14741:centuries 14720:Pufendorf 14585:Marsilius 14472:Confucius 14457:Aristotle 14450:Antiquity 14378:Noble lie 14298:Third Way 14293:Socialism 14218:Feudalism 14173:Communism 14153:Anarchism 14132:Theocracy 14117:Oligarchy 14097:Democracy 14082:Autocracy 13996:Pluralism 13981:Obedience 13946:Hierarchy 13906:Authority 13837:Sociology 13787:Historism 13496:Santayana 13466:Oakeshott 13436:MacIntyre 13421:Kropotkin 13396:Heidegger 13249:centuries 13163:Nietzsche 13128:Jefferson 13113:Helvétius 13078:Condorcet 13041:centuries 13025:Montaigne 12848:Confucius 12838:Augustine 12755:Worldview 12649:Modernity 12622:Formation 12387:Casuistry 12299:Either/Or 12206:Korsgaard 12201:Azurmendi 12166:MacIntyre 12106:Nietzsche 12036:Augustine 12031:Confucius 12011:Aristotle 11987:Ethicists 11945:Intrinsic 11910:Suffering 11820:Happiness 11793:Free will 11773:Etiquette 11718:Authority 11662:Epicurean 11657:Confucian 11652:Christian 11587:Emotivism 11411:Discourse 11348:Pragmatic 11320:Normative 11247:Semiotics 11235:Semantics 11085:Alciphron 11021:Statement 10956:Intension 10896:Ambiguity 10775:Dramatism 10755:Cratylism 10507:Eubulides 10502:Aristotle 10482:Confucius 10392:Shan shui 10325:Zhengming 10100:Xu Fuguan 10025:Li Shicen 10000:Ray Huang 9985:Hu Qiaomu 9955:Fang Keli 9945:Ch'ien Mu 9930:Chen Daqi 9859:Tang Zhen 9804:Fang Quan 9716:Liu Bowen 9706:Lai Zhide 9696:Jiao Hong 9681:Chen Jiru 9642:Zhang Zai 9607:Shao Yong 9582:Cheng Hao 9526:Wang Tong 9427:Guo Xiang 9349:Liu Xiang 9329:Jing Fang 9240:Yuan Xian 9220:Ximen Bao 9175:Lie Yukou 9130:Duanmu Ci 9120:Confucius 9006:Huang–Lao 8841:Confucius 8702:Confucius 8374:Qiu, Jane 8088:Confucius 8086:(1887), " 8037:. 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529:Khóng-tsú 515:Khóng-chú 474:Hung2 zi2 372:K'ung-tzu 357:Koongtzyy 223:education 192:Disciples 90:(685–758) 46:Confucius 16685:City God 16680:Tudigong 16645:Shennong 16486:Yin miao 16350:Shengdao 16247:Concepts 16228:Marriage 16130:Cheng Yu 16080:Zha Fuxi 16064:Zhu Quan 16034:Cai Yong 15977:Zhucheng 15892:Liu Shui 15865:Melodies 15821:Notation 15681:Centrism 15376:Politics 15366:Republic 15335:Voegelin 15315:Spengler 15300:Shariati 15275:Rothbard 15230:Nussbaum 15130:Habermas 15105:Fukuyama 15095:Foucault 15020:Ambedkar 14997:Voltaire 14967:de Staël 14942:Rousseau 14823:Franklin 14798:Constant 14758:Beccaria 14590:Muhammad 14570:Gelasius 14555:Averroes 14529:Xenophon 14509:Polybius 14462:Chanakya 14307:Concepts 14273:Populism 14243:Localism 14228:Islamism 14213:Feminism 14112:Monarchy 14016:Property 14006:Progress 13971:Monopoly 13941:Hegemony 13850:Category 13762:Axiology 13750:See also 13541:Voegelin 13531:Spengler 13506:Shariati 13461:Nussbaum 13446:Maritain 13406:Irigaray 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