Tadeusz Kościuszko

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nic mającego. Bóg widzi: słowa nie mam do kogo przemówić - i dobrze, bo z wołami nigdy nie gadałem. Co za Gaskony ! Ale dam pokój opisywać krajowych; powiem tylko, że kraj piękny i tenby być powinien dla poczciwych i gospodarnych Litwinów przeznaczonym, a nie dla nich, gnuśnych i niedbałych. Chciejcie mnie powrócić do Litwy; chyba się wyrzekacie mnie i niezdolnym widzicie do służenia wam? Któż jestem? Azali nie Litwin, śpółrodak wasz, od was wybrany? Komuż mam wdzięczność okazywać (za rekomendacyę sejmiku brzeskiego?), jeżeli nie wam? Kogo mam bronić, jeżeli nie was i siebie samego? Jeżeli to was nie zmiękczy do wniesienia o mnie na Sejmie, abym powrócił: to ja, sam chyba, Bóg widzi, co złego sobie zrobię ! no złość mnie bierze: z Litwy abym w Koronie służyl, gdy wy nie macie trzech generałów. Kiedy was nizać na sznurku będzie przemoc, wtenczas chyba ockniecie się i o siebie dbać będziecie" from Siemieński's "Listy Kościuszki", no. 62, p. 162 and p. 206 of the book "Kościuszko. Biografia z dokumentów wysnuta" by Tadeusz Korzon.

3199: 3092: 2176: 2167: 2158: 1261:. Kościuszko also, as was common for Polish nobility in the region, clearly stressed his attachment to the multiethnic Identity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in later letters. For example, in 1790 Kościuszko wrote "If this does not soften you and you do not raise my case in the Sejm so that I can return, I myself will probably, God sees, do something bad to myself, as I am angry because being from Lithuania I serve the Kingdom when you do not have three generals", while during the Uprising of 1794 Kościuszko wrote "Lithuania! My countrymen and tribesmen! I was born in your land, sincere love for my homeland evokes in me a special favor for those among whom I began my life". 51: 2080:

observations and meet with sympathetic high-ranking officers in the residual Polish Army, including General Józef Wodzicki. The preparations went slowly, and he left for Italy, planning to return in February 1794. However, the situation in Poland was changing rapidly. The Russian and Prussian governments forced Poland to again disband most of her army, and the reduced units were to be incorporated into the Russian Army. In March, Tsarist agents discovered the revolutionaries in Warsaw and began arresting notable Polish politicians and military commanders. Kościuszko was forced to execute his plan earlier than he had intended and, on 15 March 1794, set off for Kraków.

3166: 1878: 151: 3154: 2254: 138: 2509: 3326: 3139: 3061: 352: 3107: 3231: 3255: 2415: 2620: 2076:, convened under duress in June, ratified the partition and was also forced to rescind the Constitution of 3 May 1791. With the second partition, Poland became a small country of roughly 200,000 square kilometers (77,000 sq mi) and a population of some 4 million. This came as a shock to the Targowica Confederates, who had seen themselves as defenders of centuries-old privileges of the magnates but had hardly expected that their appeal for help to the Tsarina of Russia would further reduce and weaken their country. 3243: 2403: 3219: 3036: 1443: 3184: 2095: 1983: 1761: 933: 1602: 3127: 383: 2612: 7116: 2555: 3077: 7104: 7190: 7173: 1857:. Kościuszko saw the Constitution as a step in the right direction, but was disappointed that it retained the monarchy and did little to improve the situation of the most underprivileged, the peasants and the Jews. The Commonwealth's neighbors saw the Constitution's reforms as a threat to their influence over Polish internal affairs. A year after the Constitution's adoption, on 14 May 1792, reactionary magnates formed the 7128: 945: 67: 4114:"Jei tai jūsų nesuminkštins ir neiškelsite mano reikalo Seime, kad galėčiau grįžti, aš pats turbūt, Dievas mato, pasidarysiu sau ką nors bloga, nes pyktis mane ima dėl to, kad būdamas iš Lietuvos tarnauju Karalystei, kai jūs trijų generolų neturite. (...) Lietuva! Mano kraštiečiai ir gentainiai! Gimiau jūsų žemėje, nuoširdžia meile mano tėvynei atsišaukia manyje ypatingas palankumas tiems, tarp kurių pradėjau gyvenimą. 1782:(obligatory service to the lord of the manor) to two days a week and completely exempted the female peasants. His estate soon stopped being profitable, and he began going into debt. The situation was not helped by the failure of the money promised by the American government—interest on late payment for his seven years' military service—to materialize. Kościuszko struck up friendships with liberal activists; 7156: 1965:. While Kościuszko considered the war's outcome to still be unsettled, the King requested a ceasefire. On 24 July 1792, before Kościuszko had received his promotion to lieutenant-general, the King shocked the army by announcing his accession to the Targowica Confederation and ordering the Polish–Lithuanian troops to cease hostilities against the Russians. Kościuszko considered abducting the King as the 1232: 1776:, and King Stanisław August Poniatowski, Kościuszko once again failed to get a commission in the Commonwealth Army. He settled in a small town called Siechnowicze. His brother Józef had lost most of the family's lands through bad investments, but with the help of his sister Anna, Kościuszko secured part of the lands for himself. He decided to limit his male peasants' 1734:. On 13 October 1783, Congress promoted him to brigadier general, but he still had not received his back pay. Many other officers and soldiers were in the same situation. While waiting for his pay, unable to finance a voyage back to Europe, Kościuszko, like several others, lived on money borrowed from the Polish–Jewish banker 2442:. He failed to reach an agreement with the French general, who regarded Kościuszko as a "fool" who "overestimated his influence" in Poland. Kościuszko disliked Napoleon for his dictatorial aspirations and called him the "undertaker of the Republic". In 1807, Kościuszko settled in château de Berville, near 3686:

Life of the Polish military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko – who spent the last few years of his life in Solothurn from 1814 to 1817 – through documents, images and objects. The house where he died was converted into the Kościuszko Museum and represents both his close relationship with Solothurn and a piece

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between Albany and Saratoga counties in upstate New York The New York City bridge was partially replaced in April 2017 by a new bridge of the same name, with an additional bridge that opened in August 2019. A commemorative plaque dedicated to Tadeusz Kosciuszko was placed on the newly built bridge in

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The Russians attacked a wide front with three armies. Kościuszko proposed that the entire Polish army be concentrated and engage one of the Russian armies, to assure numerical parity and boost the morale of the most inexperienced Polish forces with a quick victory; but Poniatowski rejected this plan.

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Niezwykle też rozdrażnienie odbiło się w liście, pisanym do generała Niesiołowskiego z Włocławka d. 7 lutego 1790 r.: , Zaklinam na wszystko, co jest w życiu najmilszego, to jest żoneczkę i dziatki . . . abyś chciał JWPan Dobrodziej wyrwać mnie z miejsca tak nieprzyjemnego, kosztownego i nic jeszcze

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Before Kościuszko left for France, he collected his back pay, wrote a will, and entrusted it to Jefferson as executor. Kościuszko and Jefferson had become close friends by 1797 and thereafter corresponded for twenty years in a spirit of mutual admiration. Jefferson wrote that "He is as pure a son of

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had done two decades earlier, in 1771, but was dissuaded by Prince Józef Poniatowski. On 30 August, Kościuszko resigned from his army position and briefly returned to Warsaw, where he received his promotion and pay, but refused the King's request to remain in the Army. Around that time, he also fell

1738:. Eventually, he received a certificate for 12,280 dollars, at 6%, to be paid on 1 January 1784 (equivalent to ~$ 323,000, paid as installments ~$ 19,400 a month in 2022), and the right to 500 acres (202.34 ha; 0.78 sq mi) of land, but only if he chose to settle in the United States. 3550:

After he returned to Poland from America and sought a Polish Army commission, the then-Princess Lubomirska—she had been forced by her father to marry into the higher nobility—urged the King to offer Kościuszko a commission. When he went to Warsaw in summer 1789 to pursue the matter, he encountered

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After two weeks in Leipzig, before the second week of January 1793, Kościuszko set off for Paris, where he tried to gain French support for Poland's planned uprising. He stayed there until summer, but despite the growing revolutionary influence, the French paid only lip service to the Polish cause

1710:, he was nearly killed as his small force was routed. A month later, he was among the Continental troops that reoccupied Charleston following the city's British evacuation. Kościuszko spent the rest of the war there, conducting a fireworks display on 23 April 1783, to celebrate the signing of the 1797:

of 1788–1792 introduced some reforms, including a planned build-up of the army to defend the Commonwealth's borders. Kościuszko saw a chance to return to military service and spent some time in Warsaw, among those who engaged in the political debates outside the Great Sejm. He wrote a proposal to

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annexed large swaths of Commonwealth territory and gained influence over the internal politics. When Kościuszko returned home in 1774, he found that his brother Józef had squandered most of the family fortune, and there was no place for him in the Army, as he could not afford to buy an officer's

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Memorial Exhibition Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Revered Polish and American Hero, His Patriotism, Vision, and Zeal Revealed in a Collection of Autograph Letters by Him: As Well in a Collection of Autograph Letters about Him by Prominent Leaders of the American Revolution and Other, Also Oil Painting,

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In August 1793, Kościuszko, though worried that an uprising would have little chance against the three partitioning powers, returned to Leipzig, where he was met with demands to start planning one as soon as possible. In September he clandestinely crossed the Polish border to conduct personal

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chased Greene across 200 miles (320 km) of rough backcountry in January and February 1781. Thanks largely to a combination of Greene's tactics, Kościuszko's bateaux, and accurate scouting of the rivers ahead of the main body, the Continentals safely crossed each river, including the

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sought to depose King Stanisław August Poniatowski. One of Kościuszko's brothers, Józef, fought on the side of the insurgents. Faced with a difficult choice between the rebels and his sponsors—the King and the Czartoryski family, who favored a gradualist approach to shedding Russian

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outbreak, in which the British colonies in North America had revolted against the British Crown and begun their struggle for independence. The first American successes were well-publicized in France, and the French people and government openly supported the revolutionaries' cause.

3013:, which became the turning point of the American Revolution. Kosciuszko drafted plans to build West Point Fortress, suggesting to Thomas Jefferson that it be used as a West Point Military Academy. The main plaques contains the most important information about Tadeusz Kościuszko. 2333:, who procured a passport for him under a false name and arranged for his secret departure for France. Kościuszko left no word for either Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, his former comrade-in-arms and fellow St. Petersburg prisoner, or for his servant, leaving only some money for them. 1938:(18 July 1792), Kościuszko repulsed a numerically superior enemy, skilfully using terrain obstacles and field fortifications, and came to be regarded as one of Poland's most brilliant military commanders of the age. With some 5,300 men, he defeated 25,000 Russians led by General 1891:

The Russians had a 3:1 advantage in strength, with some 98,000 troops against 37,000 Poles; they also had an advantage in combat experience. Before the Russians invaded, Kościuszko had been appointed deputy commander of Prince Józef Poniatowski's infantry division, stationed in

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The King's capitulation was a hard blow for Kościuszko, who had not lost a single battle in the campaign. By mid-September 1792, he was resigned to leaving the country, and in early October, he departed from Warsaw. First, he went east, to the Czartoryski family manor at

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On 22 May 1792, the Russian forces crossed the border in Ukraine, where Kościuszko and Poniatowski were stationed. The Crown Army was judged too weak to oppose the four enemy columns advancing into West Ukraine, and began a fighting withdrawal to the western side of the

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On 2 April 1817, Kościuszko emancipated the peasants in his remaining lands in Poland, but Tsar Alexander disallowed this. Suffering from poor health and old wounds, Kościuszko died in Solothurn at age 71 after falling from a horse, developing a fever, and suffering a

1931:, the Battle of Włodzimierz. On reaching the northern Bug River, the Polish Army was split into three divisions to hold the river defensive line—weakening the Poles' point of numerical superiority, against Kościuszko's counsel of a single strong, concentrated army. 1798:

create a militia force, on the American model. As political pressure grew to build up the army, and Kościuszko's political allies gained influence with the King, Kościuszko again applied for a commission, and on 12 October 1789, received a royal commission as a

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In March 1798, Kościuszko received a bundle of letters from Europe. The news in one of them came as a shock to him, causing him, still in his wounded condition, to spring from his couch and limp unassisted to the middle of the room and exclaim to General

1189: 1639:, siting the location for camps, scouting river crossings, fortifying positions, and developing intelligence contacts. Many of his contributions were instrumental in preventing the destruction of the Southern Army. This was especially so during the 1421:

at his print shop; offering to take engineering subject exams (in lieu of any letters of recommendation), he received a high mark on a geometry exam and Franklin's recommendation. On 30 August 1776, Kościuszko submitted an application to the

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and refused to commit themselves to anything concrete. Kościuszko concluded that the French authorities were not interested in Poland beyond what use it could have for their cause, and he was increasingly disappointed in the pettiness of the

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and regarded him as an informal envoy. Kościuszko later wrote, "Jefferson considered that I would be the most effective intermediary in bringing an accord with France, so I accepted the mission even if without any official authorization."

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Several years after Kościuszko's death, Jefferson, aged 77, pleaded an inability to act as executor due to age and the numerous legal complexities of the bequest. It was tied up in the courts until 1856. Jefferson recommended his friend

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In 2023, the monument at West Point was dismantled for refurbishment, and a sealed lead box of about 1 cubic foot (28 L) was discovered in the base. The time capsule is believed to date either from 1828 when it was erected by the

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Kościuszko gathered an army of some 6,000, including 4,000 regular soldiers and 2,000 recruits, and marched on Warsaw. The Russians succeeded in organizing an army to oppose him more quickly than he had expected. Still, he scored a

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Medals, Engravings, Books, Broadsides and Other Relics Being the Collection Formed by Dr.&Mrs. Alexander Kahanowicz : Exhibition from Sunday, May Fifteenth to June Eleventh, The Anderson Galleries [...], New York

3327: 1327:, were granted royal scholarships; on 5 October, they embarked for Paris. They wanted to further their military education. As foreigners they were barred from enrolling in French military academies, and so they enrolled in the 1702:, Kościuszko became engaged in these operations, taking over Laurens's intelligence network in the area. He commanded two cavalry squadrons and an infantry unit, and his last known battlefield command of the war occurred at 2573:, near Solothurn. Kościuszko's organs remain there to this day; a large memorial stone was erected in 1820, next to a Polish memorial chapel. However, his heart was not interred with the other organs but instead kept in an 1546:

there on 16 October 1777. The dwindling British army had been dealt a sound defeat, turning the tide to American advantage. Kościuszko's work at Saratoga received great praise from Gates, who later told his friend, Dr.

1632:, to replace Gates as commander of the Southern Department. When Greene formally assumed command on 3 December 1780, he retained Kościuszko as his chief engineer. By then, he had been praised by both Gates and Greene. 1136: 2318:

and Polish soldiers were fighting in France under Napoleon and that Kościuszko's sister had sent his two nephews in Kościuszko's name to serve in Napoleon's ranks. Around that time, Kościuszko also received news that

1919:; Kościuszko's division, on detached rear-guard duty, did not take part in the battle and rejoined the main army only at nightfall. His diligent protection of the main army's rear and flanks won him the newly created 4621: 1473:

advance up the river to Philadelphia. He initially served as a volunteer in the private employ of Benjamin Franklin, but on 18 October 1776, Congress commissioned him a colonel of engineers in the Continental Army.

1667:. Though tactically defeated, the Americans all but destroyed Cornwallis's army as an effective fighting force and gained a permanent strategic advantage in the South. Thus, when Greene began his reconquest of 1519:, desperate to put distance between his men and their pursuers, ordered Kościuszko to delay the enemy. Kościuszko designed an engineer's solution: his men felled trees, dammed streams, and destroyed bridges and 1848:

and others. Kościuszko argued that the peasants and Jews should receive full citizenship status, as this would motivate them to help defend Poland in the event of war. The political reformers centered in the

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Kościuszko subsequently helped fortify the American bases in North Carolina, before taking part in several smaller operations in the final year of hostilities, harassing British foraging parties near

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and six others. Kościuszko issued a public reproach, writing, "What happened in Warsaw yesterday filled my heart with bitterness and sorrow", urging, successfully for no more lynchings in the area.

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made a particularly strong impression on his thinking. He also developed his artistic skills, and while his career took him in a different direction, all his life he continued drawing and painting.

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in 1798, dedicating his U.S. assets to the education and freedom of the U.S. slaves. Kościuszko eventually returned to Europe and lived in Switzerland until his death in 1817. The execution of his

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Kościuszko did not believe that Napoleon would restore Poland in any durable form. When Napoleon's forces approached the borders of Poland, Kościuszko wrote him a letter, demanding guarantees of

2045:, where many notable Polish soldiers and politicians formed an émigré community. Soon he and some others began plotting an uprising against Russian rule in Poland. The politicians, grouped around 6254: 2018:, offered him a commission in the Austrian Army, which he turned down. Subsequently, they planned to deport him, but he left Lwów before they could do so. At the turn of the month, he stopped in 3042:

The project was sponsored by Dobra Polska Szkola Foundation from New York and the Będziem Polakami Foundation from Poland. It received financial support from Andrzej Cierkosz, New York Governor

1813:, and wrote in a letter after a few days, calling the local inhabitants "lazy" and "careless", in contrast to "good and economical Lithuanians". In the same letter, Kosciuszko begged general 2664:

October 2022 by the Polish foundation "Będziem Polakami" (We Will Be Poles) together with the Dobra Polska Szkoła Foundation from New York with financial support from the Polish government.

2053:. While Kołłątaj and others had begun planning an uprising before Kościuszko joined them, his support was a significant boon to them, as he was among the most famous individuals in Poland. 7230: 1338:

Kościuszko did not give up on improving his military knowledge. He audited lectures for five years and frequented the libraries of the Paris military academies. His exposure to the French

968: 3671:"Kościuszko Museum - The Kościuszko Museum has existed in Solothurn (Switzerland) at Gurzelngasse 12 since 1936. The Polish national hero Tadeusz Kościuszko lived and died in this house" 2810:, near the White House. The stamp was issued on the 150th anniversary of Kościuszko's naturalization as an American citizen. Poland has also issued several stamps in his honor. In 2010, 2915:

revealed that there was a box within the lead case. The opening of the box that August revealed what only appeared to be dirt but was later found to contain a medal and several coins.

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on the hill. With the British in complete control of the high ground, the Americans realized their situation was hopeless and abandoned the fortress with hardly a shot fired in the

1492:, he reviewed the defences of what had been one of the most formidable fortresses in North America. His surveys prompted him to strongly recommend the construction of a battery on 1817:

for a transfer to the Army of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but his wishes were not granted. Around summer, he commanded some infantry and cavalry units in the region between the

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Alex Storozynski, in his 2009 biography of Kościuszko, notes that the "twelfth is generally used", and that Szyndler (1991:103) discusses theories about Kościuszko's birthdate.

3106: 2732: 1389:. Their elopement was thwarted by her father's retainers. Kościuszko received a thrashing at their hands, an event that may have led to his antipathy for class distinctions. 7370: 7250: 2519:

Kościuszko's first funeral was held on 19 October 1817, at a formerly Jesuit church in Solothurn. As news of his death spread, masses and memorial services were held in

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in the United States was ever used for that purpose. Though the American will was never carried out as defined, its legacy was used to found an educational institute at

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on 17 June 1797, and arriving in Philadelphia on 18 August. Though welcomed by the populace, he was viewed with suspicion by the American government, controlled by the

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granted Kościuszko's request to transfer to combat duty with the Southern Army. Kościuszko's West Point fortifications were widely praised as innovative for the time.

1496:, a high point overlooking the fort. His prudent recommendation, in which his fellow engineers concurred, was turned down by the garrison commander, Brigadier General 1656:. Cornwallis, having no boats, and finding no way to cross the swollen Dan, abandoned the chase and withdrew into North Carolina. The Continentals regrouped south of 6132:

Friends of Liberty: A Tale of Three Patriots, Two Revolutions, and the Betrayal That Divided a Nation – Thomas Jefferson, Tadeusz Kościuszko, and Agrippa Hull

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and Hugo Kołłątaj, sought contacts with similar opposition groups in Poland and by spring 1793 had been joined by other politicians and revolutionaries, including

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for help in overthrowing the Constitution. Four days later, on 18 May 1792, a 100,000-man Russian army crossed the Polish border, headed for Warsaw, beginning the

2137:, scythemen). Nonetheless, this Russian defeat was not strategically significant, and the Russian forces quickly forced Kościuszko to retreat toward Kraków. Near 1538:, Kościuszko laid out a robust array of defences, nearly impregnable. His judgment and meticulous attention to detail frustrated the British attacks during the 7260: 2336:

Other factors contributed to his decision to depart. His French connections meant that he was vulnerable to deportation or imprisonment under the terms of the

2672: 1942:. Despite the tactical victory, Kościuszko had to retreat from Dubienka, as the Russians crossed the nearby Austrian border and began flanking his positions. 1530:

Gates tapped Kościuszko to survey the country between the opposing armies, choose the most defensible position, and fortify it. Finding just such a spot near

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he received reinforcements and met with other Uprising leaders (Kołłątaj, Potocki); at Połaniec he issued a major political declaration of the Uprising, the

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By June, the Prussians had begun actively aiding the Russians, and on 6 June 1794, Kościuszko fought a defensive battle against a Prussian–Russian force at

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at Kraków, erected in 1820–23 by men, women, and children bringing earth from the battlefields where he had fought. Bridges named in his honor include the

1953:, but Kościuszko, a convinced republican would not accept a royal honor. News of Kościuszko's victory spread over Europe, and on 26 August he received the 1585:, and spent more than two years strengthening the fortifications and improving the stronghold's defences. It was these defences that the American General 6473: 1675:

gradually forced the British from the backcountry into the coastal ports during the latter half of 1781 and, on 25 April, Kościuszko participated in the

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Memoir of Thaddeus Kosciuszko: Poland's hero and patriot, an officer in the American army of the revolution, and member of the Society of the Cincinnati

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in 1807 only as an expedient, not because he supported Polish sovereignty. Consequently, Kościuszko did not move to the Duchy of Warsaw or join the new

1841:, who was the King's nephew, recognized Kościuszko's superior experience and made him his second-in-command, leaving him in command when he was absent. 7340: 7310: 3091: 2748: 1923:, to this day Poland's highest military decoration. Storożyński states that Kościuszko received the Virtuti Militari for his later, 18 July victory at 1722:

Having not been paid in his seven years of service, in late May 1783, Kościuszko decided to collect the salary owed to him. That year, he was asked by

1173: 1088: 179: 6448: 2803: 1413:, sailed for the Americas in June 1776 along with other foreign officers, likely with the help of a French supporter of the American revolutionaries, 3153: 2957:, who served beside Kościuszko as his aide-de-camp and was also imprisoned in Russia after the uprising. English-language biographies have included 1589:

subsequently attempted to surrender to the British when he defected. Soon after Kościuszko finished fortifying West Point, in August 1780, General

7325: 6260: 2472:. The Tsar hoped that Kościuszko could be convinced to return to Poland, where the Tsar planned to create a new, Russian-allied Polish state (the 1671:

in the spring of 1781, he summoned Kościuszko to rejoin the main body of the Southern Army. The combined forces of the Continentals and Southern

6627: 3138: 975: 6826: 2997:. The plaques are hung on the main pillar of the bridge in the westbound direction, along the pedestrian and bicycle path. Two of the plaques, “ 1551:: "The great tacticians of the campaign were hills and forests, which a young Polish engineer was skillful enough to select for my encampment." 7280: 7270: 7245: 3165: 2145:. The declaration stated that serfs were entitled to civil rights and reduced their work obligations (corvée). Meanwhile, the Russians set a 1741:

For the winter of 1783–84, his former commanding officer, General Greene, invited Kościuszko to stay at his mansion. He was inducted into the

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On learning of the American Revolution, Kościuszko, a man of revolutionary aspirations, sympathetic to the American cause and an advocate of

3183: 2476:). In return for his prospective services, Kościuszko demanded social reforms and restoration of territory, which he wished would reach the 7295: 6959:Андрэй Тадэвуш Банавентура Касцюшка: Вяртаннегероя нарадзіму (Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kosciuszko: Return of the Hero to his Motherland) 3555:

later recounted, "The meeting was so emotional that they were unable to speak to each other; each moved away to a different corner of the

1523:. Encumbered by their huge supply train, the British began to bog down, giving the Americans the time needed to safely withdraw across the 1177: 894: 6686: 7365: 6710: 3076: 3060: 1644: 5922: 3145: 2825:), which was destroyed by German forces during the World War II occupation and was later replaced with a replica by Germany in 1960 and 2699: 2647:

that Kościuszko may be Poland's and the world's most popular Pole ever. There are monuments to him around the world, beginning with the

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Learning that the Russian garrison had departed Kraków, Kościuszko entered the city on the night of 23 March 1794. The next morning, in

1001:, statesman, and military leader who then became a national hero in Poland, the United States, Lithuania, and Belarus. He fought in the 6919: 1186:. At the time of Tadeusz Kościuszko's birth, the family possessed modest landholdings in the Grand Duchy worked by 31 peasant families. 586: 2225:, the siege of Warsaw was lifted. On 10 October, during a sortie against a new Russian attack, Kościuszko was wounded and captured at 1834: 1068:. An accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at 7265: 4226: 1515:. The British advance force nipped hard on the heels of the outnumbered and exhausted Continentals as they fled south. Major General 2320: 1152: 3171: 2911:, or 1913 when Polish clergy and laity of the United States donated a statue of Kosciuszko to sit atop the column. In June 2023, 854: 2811: 6150: 3230: 1958: 884: 832: 2606: 2006:, where he was welcomed by the populace. Since the war's end, his presence had drawn crowds eager to see the famed commander. 6395: 6374: 6353: 6321: 6298: 6279: 6243: 6213: 6181: 6139: 6107: 6086: 6065: 6044: 6009: 5942: 5888: 3737: 3710: 3578:, 25 U.S. 12 Wheat. 169 169 (1827), based on failure to submit the will for probate. The same estate was also the subject of 3284: 3242: 3205: 2668: 2492:

to be created by the Tsar would be even smaller than the earlier Duchy of Warsaw. Kościuszko called such an entity "a joke".

2257: 3753: 6729: 2719:; it proved very popular, particularly in the United States, and went through over eighty editions in the 19th century. An 2241:, where, according to a contemporary Russian witness, the Russian troops massacred 20,000 Warsaw residents. The subsequent 879: 6588: 2323:

was seeking Kościuszko's moral and public endorsement for the French fight against one of Poland's partitioners, Prussia.

1772:

On 15 July 1784, Kościuszko set off for Poland, where he arrived on 26 August. Due to a conflict between his patrons, the

1663:

During the Race to the Dan, Kościuszko had helped select the site where Greene eventually returned to fight Cornwallis at

7360: 7335: 7235: 7144: 6881: 2327: 1478: 364: 6431:[Kościuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura – 100 Great Aristocrats – World History] (in Belarusian). History.vn.ua 1749:

in 1785. During the Revolution, Kościuszko carried an old Spanish sword at his side, which was inscribed with the words

1331:. There Kościuszko pursued his interest in drawing and painting and took private lessons in architecture from architect 7240: 5912: 2807: 2634:

He has been proclaimed and claimed as a National Hero of Poland, the United States of America, Belarus, and Lithuania.

2435: 2376: 2360:

liberty as I have ever known." In the will, Kościuszko left his American estate to be sold to buy the freedom of black

2185: 1160: 1002: 142: 137: 105: 5709: 1927:. The Polish withdrawal continued, and on 7 July Kościuszko's forces fought a delaying battle against the Russians at 1814: 7024: 6990: 6966: 6160: 3511: 3408: 3218: 3126: 2520: 1950: 1346:

practiced in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, strongly influenced his later career. The French economic theory of

917: 874: 207: 7255: 6648: 6568: 5577: 1060:'s household. In 1776, Kościuszko moved to North America, where he took part in the American Revolutionary War as a 3791: 1727: 1512: 1371: 1052:

in 1768, Kościuszko moved to France in 1769 to study. He returned to the Commonwealth in 1774, two years after the

260: 1934:

Kościuszko's force was assigned to protect the front's southern flank, touching up to the Austrian border. At the

7355: 7330: 7305: 6572: 6524: 3209: 581: 7196: 1269: 7066: 6485: 2908: 2643: 2222: 1866: 1746: 1664: 1582: 1392:

In the autumn of 1775 he emigrated to avoid Sosnowski and his retainers. In late 1775 he attempted to join the

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from 22 May to 18 June. During the unsuccessful siege, he suffered his only wound in seven years of service,

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and substantial national borders, which Napoleon ignored. Kościuszko concluded that Napoleon had created the

1640: 1482: 663: 3670: 3016:

The creative concept for the plaques was initiated by Andrzej Cierkosz. Text for the plaques was written by

2953:

Kościuszko has been the subject of many written works. The first biography of him was published in 1820 by

7350: 7320: 6669: 6456: 3054:. The plaques were unveiled at a ceremony on 15 October 2022, the 205th anniversary of Kosciuszko’s death. 2752: 2361: 2279:. Paul promised to free all Polish political prisoners held in Russian prisons and those who were forcibly 1703: 1691:

in the buttocks during an assault by the fort's defenders on the approach trench that he was constructing.

1049: 2131:

on 4 April 1794, where he turned the tide by personally leading an infantry charge of peasant volunteers (

1382: 1057: 7300: 6850: 2458: 2303: 2014:. The Russians planned to arrest him if he returned to territory under their control; the Austrians, who 1877: 1676: 1423: 1268:

but never finished due to his family's financial straits after his father's death in 1758. Poland's King

1222: 527: 270: 50: 2691: 2253: 2142: 7094: 6525:"Lithuania's Millennium – Millennium Lithuaniae, Or what Lithuania can tell the world on this occasion" 3644: 3466:

spellings of Kościuszko's name appear in records, including the full version given here or the shorter

3439: 3277: 3274:(Anglicized as "Casimir Pulaski"), similarly honored Polish commander in the American Revolutionary War 2175: 2166: 1854: 1695: 1680: 1397: 1135: 1096: 1014: 864: 741: 255: 17: 7162: 6631: 3541:

Sketches from Kościuszko's hand still survive and are guarded as national treasures in Polish museums.

3280:, Hungarian commander in the American Revolutionary War, known as "the father of the American cavalry" 2756: 2157: 1507:

arrived in July 1777, Burgoyne did exactly what Kościuszko had warned of, and had his engineers place

1253:

as early as the 16th century. Like most Polish–Lithuanian nobility of the time, the Kościuszkos spoke

801: 7285: 7083: 6830: 6412: 5551: 2943: 2656: 2578: 2242: 2214:, controlled by the insurgents. On 28 June, a mob of insurgents in Warsaw captured and hanged Bishop 1991: 1742: 1493: 1446: 1354: 1288:

and government officials. Kościuszko enrolled in the Corps on 18 December 1765, likely thanks to the

1104: 1053: 1029: 731: 711: 566: 332: 56: 4072:"Oczywista Nieoczywistość- jedna macierz, wiele nacji… - Jaworzno - Portal Społecznościowy - jaw.pl" 7290: 2931: 1844:

Meanwhile, Kościuszko became more closely involved with political reformers such as Hugo Kołłątaj,

1470: 1273: 1243: 1156: 1041: 1033: 899: 827: 6730:"Remarks by U.S. Ambassador George Krol at the Ceremony to Unveil the Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument" 5253: 3254: 7179: 6976: 3552: 3028:

and carried out by sculptor Grzegorz Godawa in Poland. They were cast in a Polish bronze foundry

2954: 2776: 2624: 2532: 2407: 2337: 2234: 1900:

of the entire Polish (Crown) Army on 3 May 1792, Kościuszko was given command of a division near

1858: 1845: 1787: 1218: 1144: 1099:, he commanded an uprising against the Russian Empire in March 1794 until he was captured at the 1025: 849: 844: 7056: 6902: 2315: 6846: 6811: 6690: 2764: 2740: 2314:, "I must return at once to Europe!" The letter in question contained news that Polish General 2215: 2211: 2050: 1723: 1711: 1707: 1606: 1332: 1307: 1293: 1285: 859: 781: 761: 658: 648: 598: 442: 417: 280: 6076: 5911: 5878: 5007: 3668: 2830: 2128: 2116: 2108: 2089: 1324: 1018: 786: 706: 701: 668: 633: 549: 544: 309: 304: 6923: 6808:"Statue of General Thaddeus Kosciuszko – Third Street at Michigan Avenue in downtown Detroit" 6607: 6600: 6592: 6452: 3294: 2870: 2680: 2465: 2372:, who also opposed slavery, as executor, but Cocke likewise declined to execute the bequest. 2326:

The call of family and country drew Kościuszko back to Europe. He immediately consulted then

2271:

on 17 November 1796 led to a change in Russia's policies toward Poland. On 28 November, Tsar

2226: 2207: 1731: 1458: 1182: 1100: 904: 314: 73: 6787: 6223:

Palmer, Dave R. (1976). "Fortress West Point: 19th Century Concept in an 18th Century War".

5754: 2887: 2508: 1916: 1783: 292: 7225: 7220: 6520: 5967: 3599: 2838: 2788: 2594: 2535:

on 11 April 1818. On 22 June 1818, or 23 June 1819 (accounts vary), to the tolling of the

2531:

of the Solothurn church. In 1818, Kościuszko's body was transferred to Kraków, arriving at

2513: 2450: 2311: 2069: 1625: 1339: 1281: 1073: 1069: 1037: 998: 5800:

Ten-Hut Time Machine? West Point to Open Time Capsule Possibly Left by Cadets in the 1820s

3586:

wrote a brief opinion suggesting remand, apparently to Virginia. Finally, the decision in

2874: 2123:(commander-in-chief) of Polish–Lithuanian forces fighting against the Russian occupation. 2027: 1838: 791: 8: 6444: 3561:

and wept." In 1791, he sought to marry Tekla Zurowska, but again met paternal opposition.

3430: 3422: 3006: 2958: 2899:

for the centenary of the 1794 Battle of Racławice. A commemorative monument was built in

2799: 2744: 2544: 2369: 2275:, who had hated Catherine, pardoned Kościuszko and set him free after he had tendered an 2268: 2037:

He did not tarry there for long: on 12–13 December, he was in Kraków; on 17 December, in

2007: 1928: 1862: 1684: 1563: 1539: 1535: 1414: 1225: 1108: 751: 638: 477: 432: 422: 412: 275: 265: 7001: 6428: 3082: 2648: 2638: 2379:

three times. Kościuszko had made four wills, three of which postdated the American one.

2221:

By the morning of 6 September, the Prussian forces having been withdrawn to suppress an

1620:

to report to his former commander General Gates. Following Gates's disastrous defeat at

776: 653: 351: 6543: 5907: 3825: 3778: 3067: 3050: 3010: 2711: 2706: 2536: 2391: 2245:

ended the existence of a sovereign Polish and Lithuanian state for the next 123 years.

2015: 1946: 1935: 1897: 1809:

a year, ending his financial difficulties. On 1 February 1790, he reported for duty in

1531: 1362: 1124: 1010: 937: 746: 591: 532: 402: 297: 214: 6235:

New American Revolution Handbook: Facts and Artwork for Readers of All Ages, 1775–1783

3590:, 55 U.S. 14 How. 400 400 (1852) mentions no individual author; the chief justice was 2569:, which had been removed during embalming, were separately interred in a graveyard at 2340:. Jefferson was concerned that the U.S. and France were on the brink of war after the 1323:

domination—Kościuszko chose to leave Poland. In late 1769, he and a colleague, artist

7020: 7013: 6986: 6962: 6771: 6555: 6391: 6370: 6349: 6317: 6294: 6275: 6239: 6209: 6177: 6156: 6135: 6103: 6082: 6061: 6040: 6005: 5938: 5884: 5585: 4097: 3817: 3733: 3706: 3117: 2986: 2652: 2438:

being formed for service with France. On 17 October and 6 November 1799, he met with

2387: 2287:, which the Pole later, in 1798, attempted to return, when also renouncing the oath. 2058: 2011: 1966: 1962: 1939: 1830: 1657: 1590: 1571: 1567: 1454: 1427: 1418: 1417:. After finally arriving in Philadelphia (after a Caribbean shipwreck) he sought out 1386: 1366: 1319: 1258: 1103:

in October 1794. The defeat of the Kościuszko Uprising that November led to Poland's

1077: 538: 427: 203: 60: 5831: 5819: 3048:

and received significant financial support from the office of Polish Prime Minister

2950:, and numerous cities, towns, streets and parks, particularly in the United States. 2589:. The heart, along with the rest of the Museum's holdings, were repatriated back to 2394:, in 1826, for African Americans in the United States. It was named for Kościuszko. 1660:, where Kościuszko had earlier, at Greene's request, established a fortified depot. 7120: 6649:"TUTэйшыя ў свеце. Касцюшка – Общество – TUT.BY | НОВОСТИ – 24.03.2009, 13:46" 6504:

England's Future/Poland's Past: History and National Identity In Thaddeus of Warsaw

6429:"100 ВЕЛИКИХ АРИСТОКРАТОВ – Костюшко Тадеуш Андрей Бонавентура – всемирная история" 6034: 5803: 3473: 3335: 3289: 3189: 2966: 2935: 2919: 2865:; and in Switzerland at Solothurn. Kościuszko has been the subject of paintings by 2846: 2768: 2687: 2676: 2671:, America's smallest national park or unit of the National Park System. There is a 2402: 2330: 2299: 2272: 2230: 1987: 1920: 1629: 1621: 1497: 1489: 1431: 1239: 1127:

later proved difficult, and the funds were never used for the purpose he intended.

1116: 1112: 1065: 909: 736: 407: 337: 174: 101: 55:

Portrait by Karl Gottlieb Schweikart. Kościuszko is shown wearing the eagle of the

6807: 6023: 5512: 3757: 3616: 3035: 2619: 2414: 628: 7087: 7035: 6980: 6947: 6920:"Wills of Movables in American Conflicts Law: A Critique of the Domiciliary Rule" 6623: 6385: 6364: 6343: 6332: 6306: 6269: 6233: 6203: 6192: 6171: 6097: 6055: 5999: 5992: 5959: 5932: 3771: 3700: 3320: 3299: 3271: 3005:”, are dedicated to Kosciuszko's most important military achievements during the 2927: 2896: 2822: 2792: 2566: 2559: 2540: 2489: 2473: 2454: 2238: 2146: 2062: 2023: 1893: 1850: 1586: 1543: 1516: 1396:

army but was turned down and decided to return to Paris. There he learned of the

1254: 1198: 1163:. His exact birthdate is unknown; commonly cited are 4 February and 12 February. 1148: 766: 756: 561: 437: 6737: 2364:, including Jefferson's own, and to educate them for independent life and work. 1107:

in 1795, which ended the Commonwealth. In 1796, following the death of Tsaritsa

372: 7108: 6866:"Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial – Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial" 6019: 3754:"2015 Programs and Events | Minsk, Belarus - Embassy of the United States" 2878: 2866: 2469: 2046: 1885: 1810: 1668: 1617: 1466: 1358: 1006: 796: 726: 686: 576: 6885: 3638: 1306:. He stayed on as a student instructor and, by 1768, had attained the rank of 521: 7209: 7132: 7071: 6559: 6119:

Prawdziwa twarz Tadeusza Kościuszki ("The True Face of Tadeusz Kościuszko"),

5937:. New York: Columbia University Press, Vol. 1, 616 pages; Vol. 2, 591 pages. 5926:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 914–915. 5917: 5589: 3821: 3583: 3463: 2994: 2990: 2094: 2002:, which gathered various malcontents. In mid-November, he spent two weeks in 1799: 1548: 1504: 1485: 1442: 1318:

In 1768, civil war broke out in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, when the

1217:

and traced their ancestry to Konstanty Fiodorowicz Kostiuszko, a courtier of

1084: 949: 869: 472: 466: 447: 155: 150: 6334:

The Democratic Heritage of Poland, "For Your Freedom and Ours": An Anthology

5981:(in Polish). Vol. 14. Warsaw: Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk). 1982: 1017:. As Supreme Commander of the Polish National Armed Forces, he led the 1794 691: 7075: 5807: 3571: 3557: 3113: 3044: 2842: 2660: 2443: 2276: 2189: 1945:

After the battle, King Stanisław August Poniatowski promoted Kościuszko to

1909: 1806: 1765: 1760: 1735: 1699: 1649: 1575: 1524: 1410: 1298: 1250: 771: 696: 643: 571: 482: 3098: 2826: 1601: 1488:, arriving at the Canada–U.S. border in May 1777. Subsequently, posted to 6725: 6652: 3591: 2882: 2716: 2695: 2586: 2383: 2103: 2073: 2019: 1818: 1773: 1559: 1347: 1289: 1172:(untitled Polish nobility), Ludwik Tadeusz Kościuszko, an officer in the 604: 397: 238: 3829: 3805: 3792:Уладзімер Арлоў «Імёны Свабоды» (Uladzimer Arloǔ "The Names of Freedom") 2138: 1503:

This proved a tactical blunder: when a British army under Major General

6733: 2985:

are seven cast bronze plaques commemorating Tadeusz Kosciuszko, on the

2784: 2780: 2611: 2582: 2341: 2099: 1794: 1462: 1343: 1303: 1296:, and after graduating on 20 December 1766, Kościuszko was promoted to 1214: 997:; 4 or 12 February 1746 – 15 October 1817) was a Polish 623: 497: 6952:. Somerset, New Jersey: Somerset County Historical Society, 334 pages. 5832:

Coins and Medal Found in Mysterious West Point Time Capsule from 1820s

3582:, 32 U.S. 130 (7 Pet. 130, 8 L.Ed. 632)(1832), in which Chief Justice 2554: 2038: 382: 2923: 2892: 2862: 2858: 2548: 2524: 2419: 2291: 2133: 1653: 1555: 1508: 1265: 554: 502: 487: 121: 6865: 6754: 6102:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 317 pages. 2031: 1778: 1228:. Kościuszko's maternal family, the Ratomskis, were also Ruthenian. 6755:"Why We Should All Regret Jefferson's Broken Promise to Kościuszko" 3669:

A museum dedicated to the Polish military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko.

3595: 2736: 2439: 1999: 1971: 1924: 1826: 1802:, but to Kosciuszko's dismay in the Army of the Kingdom of Poland. 1635:

During this campaign, Kościuszko was placed in command of building

1613: 1520: 1168: 1083:

Upon returning to Poland in 1784, Kościuszko was commissioned as a

822: 7003:

Notes of My Captivity in Russia: In the Years 1794, 1795, and 1796

6502: 6274:. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 374 pages. 5898:

Bardach, Juliusz; Leśnodorski, Bogusław; Pietrzak, Michał (1987).

5578:"How Do You Pronounce Kosciuszko? It Depends on Where You're From" 2302:, who distrusted Kościuszko for his previous association with the 6706: 6291:

The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution

6001:

Thaddeus Kościuszko: Military Engineer of the American Revolution

3175: 2971:

The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution

2947: 2854: 2850: 2628: 2570: 2481: 2477: 2427: 2295: 2280: 2265: 2042: 1822: 1688: 1672: 1375: 1061: 5820:

A Muddy Reveal for Mysterious West Point Time Capsule From 1820s

2771:. Kościuszko also appears in non-Polish literature, including a 2003: 1751:

Do not draw me without reason; do not sheathe me without honour.

66: 5609: 3603: 3009:. Kosciuszko devised the successful defensive strategy for the 2939: 2853:(a copy of Leonard Marconi's Kraków statue), Washington, D.C., 2834: 2815: 2772: 2590: 2497: 2485: 1636: 1393: 1379: 1235: 1119:, with whom he shared ideals of human rights, Kościuszko wrote 1045: 492: 6205:

Lost And Found: The Discovery of Lithuania in American Fiction

6028:(in Polish). Nakł. Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswylu, 819 pages. 5757:. College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University 2119:, he announced an uprising. Kościuszko received the title of 1370:

commission. He took a position as tutor to the family of the

1231: 1024:

Kościuszko was born in February 1746, in a manor house on the

7138: 3373: 2912: 2900: 2728: 2720: 2528: 2284: 2192:

banknotes in 1794 under the authority of Tadeusz Kościuszko.

1143:

Kościuszko was born in February 1746 in a manor house on the

1449:, fortified by Kościuszko, honored by a statue in background 7051: 5513:"Kościuszko's Mound – European Romanticisms in Association" 3503: 3488: 3400: 3385: 3353: 3350: 3341: 3112:

Polish postage stamp (1938): Kościuszko with saber (left),

2934:. Other geographic entities named after Kościuszko include 2715:, was written in Kościuszko's honor by the Scottish author 1901: 1115:, and he emigrated to the United States. A close friend of 6961:(in Belarusian). Brest, Belarus: ААТ "Брэсцкая друкарня". 4922: 4920: 4227:"The Polish Patriot Who Helped Americans Beat the British" 3482: 3394: 3391: 3376: 3367: 3364: 3356: 2061:—the infighting among different factions, and the growing 1566:, it later became popular with Polish patriots during the 7080: 6449:"Jefferson and Kosciuszko: Friends of Liberty and of Man" 5254:"Founders Online: Will of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 5 May 1798" 4148: 4146: 3494: 2574: 1072:, New York. In 1783, in recognition of his services, the 7231:

Ruthenian nobility of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

6081:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 252 pages. 5755:"General Kosciuszko Monument - Ethnic Layers of Detroit" 5655: 5653: 3470:. The common Anglicized pronunciation of his surname is 3444: 2965:, which was first published in 1920, and a 2009 work by 2821:

There are statues of Kościuszko in Poland at Kraków (by

2593:

in 1927, where the heart now reposes in a chapel at the

2382:

None of the money that Kościuszko had earmarked for the

1036:, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, now the 4917: 3841: 3839: 2683:, headquartered in New York City, was created in 1925. 1453:

Kościuszko's first task was building fortifications at

7061: 5883:. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 473 pages. 4295: 4143: 2539:

and the firing of cannon, it was placed in a crypt at

2464:

After the fall of Napoleon, he met with Russia's Tsar

7092: 6884:. The Kosciuszko Foundation, New York. Archived from 6390:(in Polish). Poland: Wydawnictwo Bellona, 487 pages. 6078:

Women Writers and Old Age in Great Britain, 1750–1850

5650: 5552:"First Span Of New Kosciuszko Bridge Open To Traffic" 4859: 4857: 3594:, and the only jurisdictions mentioned were those of 3512: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3409: 3397: 3382: 3379: 3361: 2615:

Kosciuszko statue in Lafayette Park, Washington, D.C.

2375:

The case of Kościuszko's American estate reached the

1706:, on 14 November 1782. In what has been described as 1355:

First Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5934:

God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes

5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 3836: 3640:

President Komorowski Honors Kosciuszko at West Point

3347: 3338: 2675:

at his last residence, in Solothurn, Switzerland. A

2667:

Kościuszko's 1796 Philadelphia residence is now the

1708:

the Continental Army's final armed action of the war

7371:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

6569:"Tadeusz Kościuszko: A man of unwavering principle" 6256:

150 Questions and Answers of the History of Belarus

6004:. Hedgesville: Southwest Polonia Press, 334 pages. 5400: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4194: 3491: 3370: 3344: 2976: 1166:Kościuszko was the youngest son of a member of the 7012: 6542:Cizauskas, Albert C. (1986). Zdanys, Jonas (ed.). 4982: 4980: 4854: 4578: 2068:On 23 January 1793, Prussia and Russia signed the 1292:. The school emphasized military subjects and the 6548:Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences 5988:Beaumarchais and the War of American Independence 5472: 4997: 4995: 4789: 4787: 3729:Thaddeus Kos ́ciuszko: Polish General and Patriot 2731:), written in the early 1820s, featured music by 2348: 1755: 1542:, and Gates accepted the surrender of Burgoyne's 1111:, Kościuszko was pardoned by her successor, Tsar 30:"Kościuszko" redirects here. For other uses, see 7207: 6882:"The Kosciuszko Foundation: Mission and History" 6348:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 428 pages. 5977:Herbst, Stanisław (1969). "Tadeusz Kościuszko". 5793: 5308:, 55 U.S. 400, 14 How. 400, 14 L.Ed. 427 (1852). 4278: 4257: 3615:Letter from Napoleon to his Minister of Police, 3321:[ˈandʐɛjtaˈdɛ.uʐbɔnavɛnˈturakɔɕˈt͡ɕuʂkɔ] 6829:. Info-poland.buffalo.edu. 2000. Archived from 6753:Nash, Gary; Hodges, Graham Russell Gao (2008). 6208:. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi B.V., 173 pages. 6130:Nash, Gary; Hodges, Graham Russell Gao (2012). 5913:"Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej Bonawentura" 5813: 5550:Burrell, Janelle; Adams, Sean (28 April 2017). 5412: 5277: 5275: 4977: 4881: 2926:, excluding external territories. This is in a 2918:Geographic features that bear his name include 2700:Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 2237:. Soon afterwards, the uprising ended with the 1853:scored a significant victory with adopting the 1786:offered him a position as lecturer at Kraków's 1570:. Around that time, Kościuszko was assigned an 1477:In spring 1777, Kościuszko was attached to the 1302:, a military rank roughly equivalent to modern 27:Polish and American military leader (1746–1817) 7251:Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7015:Thaddeus Kosciuszko: The Purest Son of Liberty 6949:Somerset County Historical Quarterly, Volume 7 6672:. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office 6232:Savas, Theodore P.; Dameron, J. David (2010). 5825: 5672:National Identity In Thaddeus of Warsaw, essay 5645:The Kosciuszko Foundation, Mission and History 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5188: 5186: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5156: 4992: 4784: 3085:, 34 m (112 ft) high, Kraków, Poland 1872: 1385:and fell in love with the governor's daughter 1264:In 1755, Kościuszko began attending school in 7261:Members of the American Philosophical Society 6152:Вялікае княства літоўскае: гісторыя вывучэння 6057:West Point History of the American Revolution 6033:Landau, Zbigniew; Tomaszewski, Jerzy (1985). 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5099: 5097: 5060: 5058: 3914: 3912: 3910: 2434:). Kościuszko refused the offered command of 1912:, with Kościuszko commanding the rear guard. 1554:At some point in 1777, Kościuszko composed a 1404: 1040:of Belarus. At age 20, he graduated from the 969: 6918:Yiannopoulos, Athanassios N. (31 May 1958). 6792:Oficjalna Strona Kopca Kościuszki w Krakowie 6238:. New York: Casemate Publishers, 168 pages. 6036:The Polish Economy: In the Twentieth Century 5549: 5424: 5272: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4869: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4233: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3132:U.S. postage stamp (1933): Kościuszko statue 1628:selected Washington's choice, Major General 1578:, whom he treated as an equal and a friend. 7052:U.S. Kosciuszko National Monument web site. 6711:New York State Department of Transportation 6630:(in Polish). Nonpossumus.pl. Archived from 6293:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 352 pages. 5677: 5526:New York State Department of Transportation 5183: 5166: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3159:Belarusian postage stamp (1994): Kościuszko 2290:Kościuszko left for the United States, via 2149:for Kościuszko's capture, "dead or alive". 1805:He began receiving a high salary of 12,000 6975: 6025:Kościuszko: biografia z dokumentów wysnuta 5877:Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew (2012). 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5347: 5133: 5094: 5055: 3806:"The American Will of Thaddeus Kosciuszko" 3204:SP-LBG named after Kościuszko pictured at 2484:in the east. However, soon afterwards, in 1698:. After the death of his friend, Colonel 976: 962: 587:Polish resistance movement in World War II 49: 7341:Belarusian emigrants to the United States 7311:Lithuanian emigrants to the United States 6601:"Comprehensive Plan – Liberty in My Name" 6544:"The Unusual Story of Thaddeus Kosciusko" 6507:(MA thesis). University of South Carolina 6253:Saverchenko, Ivan; Sanko, Dmitry (1999). 6096:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, W. H. (2001). 5880:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender 4932: 4799: 4355: 4091: 4089: 3887: 3448:Andrey Tadevush Banavyentura Kas’tsyushka 3248:Kościuszko Foundation wall plaque in NYC. 2806:," a statue of Kościuszko that stands in 2600: 1616:in October 1780, Kościuszko proceeded to 7276:People of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 6827:"Tadeusz Kościuszko Gallery – Monuments" 6369:(in Polish). Poland: Ancher, 455 pages. 6190: 6169: 5956:. G. Allen & Unwin., ltd, 136 pages. 5902:. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 5742:Tadeusz Kościuszko Gallery (Buffalo.edu) 5707: 3936: 3146:1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division 3034: 2983:Tadeusz Kosciuszko Commemorative Plaques 2618: 2610: 2553: 2507: 2413: 2401: 2252: 2210:. From late June, for several weeks, he 2093: 2010:discussed having him marry her daughter 1981: 1876: 1759: 1600: 1441: 1230: 1188: 1134: 7326:Lithuanian people of Belarusian descent 6413:"American Philosophical Society: About" 6342:Sužiedėlis, Saulius (7 February 2011). 5864: 5822:, Holly Honderich, BBC News, 2023-08-28 5728: 5710:"Pomnik Tadeusza Kościuszki odsłonięty" 4224: 4025: 3781:- The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1927. 2798:In 1933, the U.S. Post Office issued a 2655:built in 1939 in New York City and the 2229:. He was imprisoned by the Russians at 1329:Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture 14: 7208: 6415:. American Philosophical Society. 2019 6331:Sulkin, Sidney; Sulkin, Edith (1944). 6271:The Polish–Lithuanian State: 1386–1795 6060:. The United States Military Academy. 5979:Polski Słownik Biograficzny, 439 pages 5575: 5299: 4086: 3725: 3236:Kusciuszko Foundation Historic Plaque. 2743:. Later works have included dramas by 2083: 1726:to supervise the fireworks during the 994:Andrew Thaddeus Bonaventure Kosciuszko 989:Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko 833:Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland 84:Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko 7281:Polish emigrants to the United States 7271:People from Brest Litovsk Voivodeship 7246:Continental Army officers from Poland 7081:Tadeusz Kosciuszko. Life like a movie 7067:Famous Belarusians/Tadeusz Kościuszko 6587:Colimore, Edward (10 December 2007). 5311: 4704: 4702: 3698: 3319: 3285:Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko 3192:, mainland Australia's highest summit 2804:Brigadier General Thaddeus Kosciuszko 2669:Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial 2500:a few days later on 15 October 1817. 1612:After travelling south through rural 1581:In March 1778, Kościuszko arrived at 1213:. His paternal family was originally 180:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's Army 7145: 7010: 6905:. Smithsonian National Postal Museum 6628:"Święci w dziejach Narodu Polskiego" 6589:"Fighting to save remains of a fort" 6311: 6288: 6155:. Мінск : Медисонт, 544 pages. 6134:. New York: Basic Books, 328 pages. 5906: 5855: 5665: 5454: 5329: 5281: 5115: 5088: 5076: 5049: 5037: 4971: 4959: 4926: 4911: 4899: 4863: 4848: 4836: 4793: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4350:U.S.Government Printing Office, 1922 4337: 4313: 4289: 4272: 4251: 4212: 4200: 4176: 4152: 4125: 4058: 3977: 3959: 3881: 3803: 3435:Андрэй Тадэвуш Банавентура Касьцюшка 3305: 2930:national park also named after him, 2446:, distancing himself from politics. 2294:, Sweden and London, departing from 1562:. Named for him, and with lyrics by 1201:church, thereby receiving the names 7296:Polish people of Belarusian descent 5900:History of the Polish State and Law 5621:Kosciuszko National Memorial (.gov) 5543: 5436: 5241:Jefferson Foundation: T. Kosciuszko 4319: 3427:Andrius Tadas Bonaventura Kosciuška 2808:Washington, D.C.'s Lafayette Square 2607:Commemoration of Tadeusz Kościuszko 2397: 2328:Vice President of the United States 2223:uprising underway in Greater Poland 2041:; and shortly after, he settled in 1717: 1313: 1174:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army 1089:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army 24: 7366:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari 6956: 6939: 6689:. Capital Highways. Archived from 6345:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania 5990:. Boston: Gorham Press, 614 pages. 5696:Smithsonian National Postal Museum 5576:Dunlap, David W. (28 April 2017). 4699: 4095: 3756:. 17 November 2015. Archived from 2283:. The Tsar gave Kościuszko 12,000 1825:. In August 1790 he was posted to 1596: 1437: 895:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" 25: 7382: 7045: 7000:Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1844). 6985:. Grassmann Pub. Co., 398 pages. 6917: 6685:Jordan, Christopher, ed. (2006). 6383: 6201: 6095: 6039:. Poland: Croom Helm, 346 pages. 5834:, Max Matza, BBC News, 2023-08-31 5466: 5317: 4986: 3971: 3930: 3858:Institute of World Politics, 2009 2432:Towarzystwo Republikanów Polskich 1048:, Poland. After the start of the 880:Polish People's Party (1945-1949) 7266:People from Ivatsevichy District 7188: 7171: 7154: 7126: 7114: 7102: 6979:(1965). Budka, Mechie J. (ed.). 6901:Trotter, Gordon T., ed. (2007). 6900: 6794:(in Polish). Kopieckosciuszki.pl 6774:. Polish-American Journal, essay 6519: 6427: 6405: 6117:Makowski, Marcin Łukasz (2013). 5849: 5837: 5781: 5769: 5747: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5603: 5569: 5531: 5519: 5505: 5493: 5460: 5448: 5335: 5323: 5287: 5260: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5121: 5109: 5082: 5070: 5043: 5031: 5019: 4887: 4046: 3656: 3609: 3564: 3472: 3334: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3224:Kościuszko Foundation Bldg. NYC. 3217: 3197: 3182: 3164: 3152: 3137: 3125: 3105: 3090: 3075: 3059: 2977:Kosciuszko Commemorative Plaques 2418:Kościuszko's last residence, in 2174: 2165: 2156: 1915:On 18 June, Poniatowski won the 1242:, where Kościuszko attended the 943: 931: 381: 350: 149: 136: 65: 7040:. G. A. Thitchener. p. 58. 6999: 6946:Honeyman, A. Van Doren (1918). 6573:The Institute of World Politics 6341: 6176:. Wydawn "Partner", 304 pages. 5876: 5001: 4965: 4953: 4905: 4893: 4842: 4830: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4687: 4675: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4566: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4343: 4331: 4307: 4301: 4245: 4225:Trickey, Erick (8 March 2017). 4218: 4206: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4131: 4119: 4064: 4052: 4040: 4013: 4001: 3989: 3965: 3953: 3924: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3797: 3785: 3574:issued a decision to remand in 3544: 3535: 3526: 3210:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 5055 3097:Tadeusz Kościuszko monument in 2705:One of the first examples of a 2698:ship bore his name, as did the 2260:where Kościuszko stayed in 1797 1815:Franciszek Ksawery Niesiołowski 1097:Commonwealth's Second Partition 7034:White, Anthony Walton (1883). 7019:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 6957:Niestsiarchuk, Leanid (2006). 6541: 6443: 6366:Powstanie kościuszkowskie 1794 5442: 5228: 5128:Landau & Tomaszewski, 1985 3947: 3764: 3746: 3719: 3692: 3662: 3650: 3632: 3551:her at a ball. As his friend 3456: 3312: 3208:, which was later involved in 2644:Polish Biographical Dictionary 2488:, Kościuszko learned that the 2349:Disposition of American estate 2186:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1955:honorary citizenship of France 1756:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1747:American Philosophical Society 1465:, to protect the banks of the 1290:Czartoryski family's patronage 1161:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1013:, and on the U.S. side in the 1003:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 875:Polish-Catholic People's Party 143:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 106:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13: 1: 6945: 6864: 6786: 6651:. News.tut.by. Archived from 6586: 6566: 6500: 6474:"The Spirit of the Polonaise" 6471: 6387:Tadeusz Kościuszko, 1746–1817 6384:Szyndler, Bartłomiej (1991). 6363:Szyndler, Bartłomiej (1994). 6362: 6129: 6116: 5998:Kajencki, Francis C. (1998). 5997: 5952:Gardner, Monica Mary (1942). 5787: 5708:Redakcja (16 November 2010). 5671: 5620: 5499: 5487: 5341: 5293: 5216: 4875: 4512: 4325: 4239: 4188: 4007: 3869: 3857: 3332:, approximated in English as 2659:completed in 1959 across the 2248: 1790:, which Kościuszko declined. 1193:Mereczowszczyzna manor (1848) 1180:. The family held the Polish 1130: 890:Polish People's Party "Piast" 7057:Will of Thaddeus Kosciuszko. 6982:Under Your Vine and Fig Tree 6825: 6668:Hunt, Gaillard, ed. (1922). 6646: 6599: 6337:. Poland: Allen & Unwin. 6202:Paulauskienė, Aušra (2007). 6148: 5951: 5897: 5844:Martin S. Nowak, essay, 2007 5741: 5192: 5177: 4778: 4608: 4164: 4137: 4031: 3995: 3626: 3020:. The design was created by 2733:Franciszek Salezy Dutkiewicz 2558:Kościuszko's sarcophagus at 2422:, Switzerland, where he died 1990:and, below it, the Eagle of 1704:James Island, South Carolina 1534:, overlooking the Hudson at 1270:Stanisław August Poniatowski 1197:Tadeusz was baptized in the 1139:Kościuszko, aged 15, in 1761 885:Polish People's Party "Left" 577:Peasants' movement in Poland 7: 7072:Works by Tadeusz Kościuszko 6851:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 6707:"Kosciuszko Bridge Project" 6687:"Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge" 6684: 6622: 6472:Anderton, Margaret (2002). 6330: 6222: 6099:A Concise History of Poland 6074: 6053: 6032: 6018: 5986:Kite, Elizabeth S. (1918). 5976: 5930: 5788:Nash, Hodges, Russell, 2012 5775: 5683: 5659: 5632: 5537: 5500:Nash, Hodges, Russell, 2012 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5342:Nash, Hodges, Russell, 2012 5294:Nash, Hodges, Russell, 2012 5266: 5217:Nash, Hodges, Russell, 2012 5204: 5160: 5127: 5103: 5064: 5013: 4947: 4824: 4645: 4428: 4380: 4019: 3918: 3845: 3447: 3445: 3265: 3172:Tadeusz Kościuszko Monument 2833:); in the United States at 2802:depicting an engraving of " 2765:Władysław Stanisław Reymont 2690:units have borne the name " 2503: 2355:Wills of Tadeusz Kościuszko 2304:Democratic-Republican Party 2098:Kościuszko and his peasant 1873:Defence of the Constitution 1424:Second Continental Congress 855:Conservative People's Party 231:Engineer (Continental Army) 32:Kościuszko (disambiguation) 10: 7387: 7361:Belarusian Roman Catholics 7336:Lithuanian Roman Catholics 7236:Burials at Wawel Cathedral 7033: 7006:. William Tait, 251 pages. 6769: 6752: 6705: 6610:, 58 pages. 4 October 2007 6289:Storozynski, Alex (2009). 6267: 6252: 6231: 6054:Lengel, Edward L. (2017). 5843: 5525: 5025: 3278:Michael Kovats de Fabriczy 2922:, the tallest mountain in 2623:Monument of Kosciuszko in 2604: 2352: 2087: 2070:Second Partition of Poland 1867:Polish–Russian War of 1792 1855:Constitution of 3 May 1791 1696:Charleston, South Carolina 1430:, and was assigned to the 1405:American Revolutionary War 1398:American Revolutionary War 1280:) in 1765, at what is now 1093:Polish–Russian War of 1792 1015:American Revolutionary War 288:Polish–Russian War of 1792 256:American Revolutionary War 29: 7241:Continental Army generals 6880: 6772:"Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz" 6770:Nowak, Martin S. (2007). 6724: 6667: 6647:Новости (24 March 2009). 6567:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan. 6314:Kosciuszko Książę chłopów 6191:Otrębski, Tomasz (1831). 6170:Otrębski, Tomasz (1994). 6149:Под ред, С. Каўн (2006). 5985: 5644: 4349: 3983: 3434: 2694:". During World War II a 2657:Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge 2243:Third Partition of Poland 1977: 1949:and also offered him the 1896:. When the Prince became 1743:Society of the Cincinnati 1447:Fort Clinton (West Point) 1383:Józef Sylwester Sosnowski 1058:Józef Sylwester Sosnowski 1030:Brest Litovsk Voivodeship 992: 346: 325: 261:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 248: 224: 196: 188: 165: 128: 111: 88: 80: 57:Society of the Cincinnati 48: 41: 6977:Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn 6845: 6411: 6125:. Spoleczenstwo i media. 6075:Looser, Devoney (2010). 5869: 5776:City of Detroit web site 5240: 4074:(in Polish). 15 May 2021 3794:(in Belarusian) pp 26-27 2932:Kosciuszko National Park 2527:body was deposited in a 2461:, allied with Napoleon. 2143:Proclamation of Połaniec 1951:Order of the White Eagle 1428:Pennsylvania State House 1157:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1034:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 991:(/kɔɕt͡sʲuʂkɔ/ English: 732:Malinowski (Maksymilian) 271:Battle of Hobkirk's Hill 7011:Pula, James S. (1998). 6312:—— (2011). 6259:. Менск. Archived from 6173:"Kościuszko", 1893–1896 5954:Kościuszko: A Biography 5931:Davies, Norman (2005). 5923:Encyclopædia Britannica 5488:Kościuszko Mound, Essay 4229:. Smithsonian Magazine. 3810:Polish American Studies 3804:Pula, James S. (1977). 3732:. Infobase Publishing. 3553:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 2963:Kościuszko: A Biography 2955:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 2777:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 2757:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 2753:Władysław Ludwik Anczyc 2468:, in Paris and then in 2451:parliamentary democracy 2408:Ramsay Richard Reinagle 2338:Alien and Sedition Acts 2235:Peter and Paul Fortress 1986:Kościuszko wearing the 1861:, which asked Russia's 1859:Targowica Confederation 1846:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 1788:Jagiellonian University 1677:Second Battle of Camden 1643:, when British General 1624:on 16 August 1780, the 1469:and prevent a possible 1223:Grand Duke of Lithuania 850:Christian-Peasant Party 7356:Belarusian politicians 7331:Lithuanian politicians 7306:Polish Roman Catholics 7062:Kosciusko Mississippi. 6812:University of Michigan 6757:. History News Network 6268:Stone, Daniel (2001). 3426: 3318:Polish pronunciation: 3039: 2812:a copy of the monument 2793:Karl Eduard von Holtei 2781:James Henry Leigh Hunt 2741:Konstanty Majeranowski 2725:Kościuszko nad Sekwaną 2631: 2616: 2601:Memorials and tributes 2562: 2516: 2426:Kościuszko arrived in 2423: 2411: 2261: 2112: 1994: 1888: 1769: 1685:besieged the Star Fort 1609: 1607:Kazimierz Wojniakowski 1568:November 1830 Uprising 1558:and scored it for the 1450: 1333:Jean-Rodolphe Perronet 1249:His family had become 1246: 1194: 1153:Nowogródek Voivodeship 1140: 938:Agriculture portal 828:Polish People's Party‎ 599:Republic of Tarnobrzeg 418:Co-operative economics 281:Battle of James Island 237:(commander-in-chief) ( 145:(1765–1776, 1784–1794) 7256:Kościuszko insurgents 6924:California Law Review 6847:"Thaddeus Kosciuszko" 6608:National Park Service 6593:Philadelphia Inquirer 6521:Bumblauskas, Alfredas 6453:Penn State University 5714:Warszawa Nasze Miasto 4047:100 Great Aristocrats 3675:www.solothurn-city.ch 3066:Kościuszko monument, 3038: 2871:Franciszek Smuglewicz 2681:Kosciuszko Foundation 2679:cultural agency, the 2637:The Polish historian 2622: 2614: 2557: 2511: 2417: 2405: 2258:House in Philadelphia 2256: 2097: 1985: 1880: 1863:Tsaritsa Catherine II 1763: 1732:Princeton, New Jersey 1604: 1445: 1234: 1192: 1183:Roch III coat of arms 1138: 1101:Battle of Maciejowice 1056:, and was a tutor in 1005:'s struggles against 918:United People's Party 905:Radical Peasant Party 900:Polish People's Union 567:Land reform in Poland 374:Agrarianism in Poland 315:Battle of Maciejowice 189:Years of service 7346:Belarusian engineers 7316:Lithuanian engineers 7086:14 June 2021 at the 6670:"Tadeusz Kościuszko" 6478:Polish Music Journal 6445:Alexander, Edward P. 5865:General bibliography 4626:search.amphilsoc.org 4622:"APS Member History" 3760:on 17 November 2015. 3726:Greene, Meg (2002). 3702:The Polish Americans 3699:Dolan, Sean (1997). 3600:District of Columbia 2789:Walter Savage Landor 2547:of Polish kings and 2533:St. Florian's Church 2514:Royal Castle, Warsaw 2512:Kościuszko's heart, 2316:Jan Henryk Dąbrowski 2312:Anthony Walton White 2129:victory at Racławice 1963:revolutionary France 1959:Legislative Assembly 1714:earlier that month. 1626:Continental Congress 1583:West Point, New York 1513:siege of Ticonderoga 1257:and identified with 1074:Continental Congress 1038:Ivatsevichy District 59:, awarded to him by 7351:Belarusian generals 7321:Lithuanian generals 6484:(2). Archived from 6459:on 16 December 2013 5908:Bain, Robert Nisbet 3468:Thaddeus Kosciuszko 3007:American Revolution 2959:Monica Mary Gardner 2831:Mieczysław Lubelski 2800:commemorative stamp 2761:Walery Przyborowski 2745:Apollo Korzeniowski 2727:(Kościuszko at the 2692:Kościuszko Squadron 2641:states in the 1967 2370:John Hartwell Cocke 2269:Catherine the Great 2109:Battle of Racławice 2090:Kościuszko Uprising 2084:Kościuszko Uprising 2008:Izabela Czartoryska 1929:Volodymyr-Volynskyi 1665:Guilford Courthouse 1564:Rajnold Suchodolski 1415:Pierre Beaumarchais 1344:religious tolerance 1325:Aleksander Orłowski 1226:Sigismund I the Old 1091:in 1789. After the 1019:Kościuszko Uprising 550:Battle of Racławice 545:Kościuszko Uprising 478:Agricultural policy 423:Social conservatism 413:Christian democracy 333:Order of Cincinnati 310:Battle of Racławice 305:Kościuszko Uprising 276:Siege of Ninety Six 266:Battles of Saratoga 7301:Polish politicians 7216:Tadeusz Kościuszko 7141:Tadeusz Kościuszko 6903:"Kosciuszko Issue" 6788:"Kościuszko Mound" 6488:on 18 October 2012 5582:The New York Times 5318:Yiannopoulos, 1958 3779:Anderson Galleries 3570:Associate Justice 3068:Montigny-sur-Loing 3051:Mateusz Morawiecki 3040: 3011:Battle of Saratoga 3003:West Point Academy 2999:Battle of Saratoga 2888:Racławice Panorama 2755:; three novels by 2712:Thaddeus of Warsaw 2632: 2617: 2563: 2521:partitioned Poland 2517: 2440:Napoleon Bonaparte 2424: 2412: 2392:Newark, New Jersey 2377:U.S. Supreme Court 2281:settled in Siberia 2262: 2113: 2030:, then went on to 1995: 1947:lieutenant-general 1936:Battle of Dubienka 1917:Battle of Zieleńce 1910:Southern Bug River 1898:Commander-in-Chief 1889: 1774:Czartoryski family 1770: 1645:Charles Cornwallis 1610: 1540:Battle of Saratoga 1451: 1247: 1195: 1141: 737:Malinowski (Roman) 592:Peasant Battalions 533:Galician slaughter 403:Agrarian socialism 298:Battle of Dubienka 293:Battle of Zieleńce 215:lieutenant-general 61:General Washington 43:Tadeusz Kościuszko 6740:on 5 October 2013 6397:978-83-11-07728-7 6376:978-83-85576-10-5 6355:978-0-8108-4914-3 6323:978-83-7414-930-3 6300:978-1-4299-6607-8 6281:978-0-295-98093-5 6245:978-1-932714-93-7 6225:Military Engineer 6215:978-90-420-2266-9 6183:978-83-900984-0-1 6141:978-0-465-03148-1 6109:978-0-521-55917-1 6088:978-1-4214-0022-8 6067:978-1-4767-8276-8 6046:978-0-7099-1607-9 6011:978-0-9627190-4-2 5971: 5963: 5944:978-0-19-925340-1 5890:978-0-19-969362-7 5856:Storozynski, 2009 5455:Storozynski, 2011 5330:Storozynski, 2009 5282:Storozynski, 2009 5116:Storozynski, 2011 5089:Storozynski, 2009 5077:Storozynski, 2011 5050:Storozynski, 2011 5038:Storozynski, 2011 4972:Storozynski, 2011 4960:Storozynski, 2011 4927:Storozynski, 2011 4912:Storozynski, 2011 4900:Storozynski, 2011 4888:Falkenstein, 1831 4864:Storozynski, 2011 4849:Storozynski, 2011 4837:Storozynski, 2011 4794:Storozynski, 2011 4767:Storozynski, 2011 4755:Storozynski, 2011 4743:Storozynski, 2011 4731:Storozynski, 2011 4719:Storozynski, 2011 4694:Storozynski, 2011 4682:Storozynski, 2011 4670:Storozynski, 2011 4658:Storozynski, 2011 4597:Storozynski, 2011 4585:Storozynski, 2011 4573:Storozynski, 2009 4561:Storozynski, 2011 4549:Storozynski, 2011 4537:Storozynski, 2011 4525:Storozynski, 2011 4501:Storozynski, 2011 4489:Storozynski, 2011 4477:Storozynski, 2011 4465:Storozynski, 2011 4453:Storozynski, 2011 4441:Storozynski, 2011 4417:Storozynski, 2011 4405:Storozynski, 2011 4393:Storozynski, 2011 4338:Storozynski, 2011 4314:Storozynski, 2011 4290:Storozynski, 2011 4273:Storozynski, 2011 4252:Storozynski, 2011 4213:Storozynski, 2011 4177:Storozynski, 2011 4153:Storozynski, 2009 4126:Storozynski, 2011 4098:"Tadas Kosciuška" 4059:Storozynski, 2011 3986:, Public address. 3960:Storozynski, 2011 3882:Storozynski, 2009 3739:978-1-4381-2513-8 3712:978-0-7910-3364-7 3705:. Chelsea House. 3687:of world history. 3657:Bumblauskas, 1994 3576:Armstrong v. Lear 3443: 3306:Explanatory notes 3272:Kazimierz Pułaski 3118:George Washington 2987:Kosciuszko Bridge 2875:Michał Stachowicz 2673:Kościuszko Museum 2653:Kosciuszko Bridge 2490:Kingdom of Poland 2459:Army of the Duchy 2388:African Americans 2386:and education of 2059:French Revolution 2051:Ignacy Działyński 2028:Stanisław Staszic 1940:Michail Kachovski 1839:Józef Poniatowski 1831:Starokostiantyniv 1829:, stationed near 1658:Halifax, Virginia 1641:"Race to the Dan" 1591:George Washington 1455:Fort Billingsport 1419:Benjamin Franklin 1376:province governor 1342:, along with the 1320:Bar Confederation 1286:military officers 1282:Warsaw University 1078:brigadier general 999:military engineer 986: 985: 950:Poland portal 428:Liberal economics 358: 357: 208:brigadier general 16:(Redirected from 7378: 7286:Polish engineers 7201: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7184: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7147: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7041: 7030: 7018: 7007: 6996: 6972: 6953: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6861: 6859: 6857: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6749: 6747: 6745: 6736:. Archived from 6721: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6681: 6679: 6677: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6624:Feliks, Koneczny 6619: 6617: 6615: 6605: 6596: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6563: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6529: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6501:Anessi, Thomas. 6497: 6495: 6493: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6455:. Archived from 6440: 6438: 6436: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6401: 6380: 6359: 6338: 6327: 6304: 6285: 6264: 6263:on 3 March 2016. 6249: 6228: 6219: 6198: 6187: 6166: 6145: 6126: 6113: 6092: 6071: 6050: 6029: 6015: 5991: 5982: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5948: 5927: 5915: 5903: 5894: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5811: 5804:Associated Press 5802:, Michael Hill, 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5610:Będziem Polakami 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5538:Capital Highways 5535: 5529: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5433:, on line essay. 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 5002:Sužiedėlis, 1944 4999: 4990: 4984: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4797: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4328:, Vol. 5, No. 2. 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4302:Afflerbach, 2012 4299: 4293: 4287: 4276: 4270: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4096:Kuolys, Darius. 4093: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3834: 3833: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3683: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3636: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3568: 3562: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3438: 3436: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3290:Washington, D.C. 3288:– a monument in 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3201: 3190:Mount Kosciuszko 3186: 3168: 3156: 3144:Standard of the 3141: 3129: 3109: 3094: 3083:Kościuszko Mound 3079: 3063: 3022:Andrzej Cierkosz 3018:Alex Storozynski 2967:Alex Storozynski 2944:Kosciusko County 2936:Kosciusko Island 2920:Mount Kosciuszko 2885:. A monumental 2847:Marian Konieczny 2814:was unveiled in 2791:, and a work by 2769:Maria Konopnicka 2749:Justyn Hoszowski 2707:historical novel 2688:Polish Air Force 2649:Kościuszko Mound 2639:Stanisław Herbst 2474:Congress Kingdom 2398:Return to Europe 2331:Thomas Jefferson 2231:Saint Petersburg 2216:Ignacy Massalski 2178: 2169: 2160: 1988:Virtuti Militari 1967:Bar Confederates 1921:Virtuti Militari 1730:celebrations at 1718:Leaving for home 1630:Nathanael Greene 1572:African American 1498:Arthur St. Clair 1490:Fort Ticonderoga 1432:Continental Army 1314:European travels 1240:Kazimierz Palace 1159:, a part of the 1145:Mereczowszczyzna 1117:Thomas Jefferson 1095:resulted in the 1076:promoted him to 1066:Continental Army 1026:Mereczowszczyzna 996: 978: 971: 964: 948: 947: 946: 936: 935: 934: 914: 910:Rural Solidarity 408:Anti-clericalism 385: 375: 360: 359: 354: 338:Virtuti Militari 175:Continental Army 167: 154: 153: 141: 140: 118: 102:Mereczowszczyzna 98: 96: 69: 53: 39: 38: 21: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7291:Polish generals 7206: 7205: 7204: 7200:from Wikisource 7194: 7189: 7187: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7146:sister projects 7143:at Knowledge's 7137: 7127: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7093: 7088:Wayback Machine 7048: 7027: 6993: 6969: 6942: 6940:Further reading 6937: 6928: 6926: 6908: 6906: 6891: 6889: 6888:on 12 July 2014 6871: 6869: 6855: 6853: 6836: 6834: 6833:on 4 March 2014 6816: 6814: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6777: 6775: 6760: 6758: 6743: 6741: 6728:(8 July 2005). 6715: 6713: 6696: 6694: 6693:on 2 April 2003 6675: 6673: 6658: 6656: 6655:on 26 July 2012 6637: 6635: 6634:on 25 June 2012 6613: 6611: 6603: 6595:, page article. 6577: 6575: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6510: 6508: 6491: 6489: 6462: 6460: 6434: 6432: 6418: 6416: 6408: 6398: 6377: 6356: 6324: 6301: 6282: 6246: 6216: 6184: 6163: 6142: 6121:Gwiazda Polarna 6110: 6089: 6068: 6047: 6020:Korzon, Tadeusz 6012: 5945: 5891: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5515:. 19 June 2020. 5511: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5473: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5449: 5443:Cizauskas, 1986 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5229:Alexander, 1968 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5167: 5159: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4958: 4954: 4946: 4933: 4925: 4918: 4910: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4607: 4603: 4595: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4336: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4279: 4271: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242:, news article. 4238: 4234: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4187: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4163: 4159: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4107: 4105: 4104:(in Lithuanian) 4094: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3982: 3978: 3970: 3966: 3958: 3954: 3946: 3937: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3837: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3679: 3677: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3569: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3513: 3475: 3471: 3461: 3457: 3415: 3411: 3390: 3360: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3300:Camp Kosciuszko 3268: 3261: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3237: 3234: 3225: 3222: 3213: 3202: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3157: 3148: 3142: 3133: 3130: 3121: 3110: 3101: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3071: 3064: 3026:Grzegorz Godawa 2979: 2928:New South Wales 2897:Wojciech Kossak 2891:was painted by 2823:Leonard Marconi 2767:; and works by 2677:Polish-American 2609: 2603: 2567:internal organs 2560:Wawel Cathedral 2549:national heroes 2541:Wawel Cathedral 2506: 2455:Duchy of Warsaw 2400: 2357: 2351: 2277:oath of loyalty 2251: 2239:Battle of Praga 2212:defended Warsaw 2204: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2196:5-, 10- and 25- 2181: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2117:the Main Square 2092: 2086: 2063:reign of terror 1980: 1875: 1851:Patriotic Party 1758: 1720: 1712:Treaty of Paris 1599: 1597:Southern region 1587:Benedict Arnold 1517:Philip Schuyler 1440: 1438:Northern region 1407: 1316: 1274:Corps of Cadets 1244:Corps of Cadets 1176:, and his wife 1133: 1105:Third Partition 1054:First Partition 1042:Corps of Cadets 982: 944: 942: 932: 930: 923: 922: 912: 815: 807: 806: 717:Kosiniak-Kamysz 682: 674: 673: 619: 611: 610: 582:Peasants' Union 562:Lanckorona Pact 528:Galician famine 516: 508: 507: 461: 453: 452: 438:Parliamentarism 393: 373: 342: 321: 244: 220: 184: 161: 148: 135: 120: 116: 115:15 October 1817 100: 99:4 February 1746 94: 92: 76: 72: 70: 64: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7384: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7203: 7202: 7185: 7183:from Wikiquote 7168: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7123: 7111: 7091: 7090: 7078: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7046:External links 7044: 7043: 7042: 7031: 7025: 7008: 6997: 6991: 6973: 6967: 6954: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6915: 6898: 6878: 6862: 6843: 6823: 6804: 6784: 6767: 6750: 6722: 6703: 6682: 6665: 6644: 6620: 6597: 6584: 6564: 6539: 6517: 6498: 6469: 6441: 6425: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6396: 6381: 6375: 6360: 6354: 6339: 6328: 6322: 6309: 6299: 6286: 6280: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6229: 6220: 6214: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6167: 6161: 6146: 6140: 6127: 6114: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6072: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6030: 6016: 6010: 5995: 5983: 5974: 5949: 5943: 5928: 5918:Chisholm, Hugh 5904: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5812: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5746: 5727: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5602: 5568: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5504: 5492: 5471: 5467:Szyndler, 1991 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5346: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5306:Ennis v. Smith 5298: 5286: 5271: 5259: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5182: 5165: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5006: 4991: 4987:Lukowski, 2001 4976: 4964: 4952: 4931: 4916: 4904: 4892: 4880: 4876:Otrębski, 1994 4868: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4798: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4613: 4601: 4589: 4577: 4565: 4553: 4541: 4529: 4517: 4513:Kajencki, 1998 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4354: 4342: 4330: 4326:Anderton, 2002 4318: 4306: 4294: 4277: 4256: 4244: 4232: 4217: 4205: 4203:, p. 914. 4193: 4189:Makowski, 2013 4181: 4169: 4157: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4102:Šaltiniai.info 4085: 4063: 4051: 4039: 4024: 4012: 4008:Kajencki, 1998 4000: 3988: 3976: 3972:Szyndler, 1991 3964: 3952: 3948:Cizauskas 1986 3935: 3931:Szyndler, 1991 3923: 3886: 3874: 3870:Szyndler, 1994 3862: 3850: 3835: 3796: 3784: 3763: 3745: 3738: 3718: 3711: 3691: 3661: 3649: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3608: 3588:Ennis v. Smith 3563: 3543: 3534: 3525: 3455: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3216: 3214: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3104: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3058: 2978: 2975: 2909:Corp of Cadets 2901:Minsk, Belarus 2879:Juliusz Kossak 2867:Richard Cosway 2605:Main article: 2602: 2599: 2537:Sigismund Bell 2505: 2502: 2482:Dnieper Rivers 2470:Braunau am Inn 2436:Polish Legions 2399: 2396: 2353:Main article: 2350: 2347: 2250: 2247: 2183: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2088:Main article: 2085: 2082: 2047:Ignacy Potocki 1992:the Cincinnati 1979: 1976: 1886:Juliusz Kossak 1874: 1871: 1823:Vistula Rivers 1757: 1754: 1719: 1716: 1669:South Carolina 1618:North Carolina 1598: 1595: 1467:Delaware River 1439: 1436: 1434:the next day. 1406: 1403: 1378:(voivode) and 1315: 1312: 1278:Korpus Kadetów 1272:established a 1259:Polish culture 1178:Tekla Ratomska 1132: 1129: 984: 983: 981: 980: 973: 966: 958: 955: 954: 953: 952: 940: 925: 924: 921: 920: 915: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 865:People's Party 862: 857: 852: 847: 845:Agrarian Union 836: 835: 830: 825: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 601: 596: 595: 594: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 558: 557: 552: 542: 539:Kasy Stefczyka 535: 530: 525: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 469: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 378: 377: 369: 368: 356: 355: 348: 344: 343: 341: 340: 335: 329: 327: 323: 322: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 302: 301: 300: 295: 285: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 252: 250: 246: 245: 243: 242: 232: 228: 226: 222: 221: 219: 218: 211: 210:, October 1783 200: 198: 194: 193: 190: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 171: 169: 163: 162: 160: 159: 146: 132: 130: 126: 125: 119:(aged 71) 113: 109: 108: 90: 86: 85: 82: 78: 77: 54: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7383: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7199: 7198: 7186: 7182: 7181: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7152: 7151: 7148: 7142: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7100: 7099: 7096: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7028: 7026:0-7818-0576-7 7022: 7017: 7016: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6992:9780686818083 6988: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6968:985-6665-93-0 6964: 6960: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6925: 6921: 6916: 6904: 6899: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6867: 6863: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6773: 6768: 6756: 6751: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6671: 6666: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6609: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6506: 6505: 6499: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6430: 6426: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6406:Other sources 6399: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6382: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6162:985-6530-29-6 6158: 6154: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5654: 5646: 5641: 5635:, pp. 438–39. 5634: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5468: 5463: 5457:, pp. 380–81. 5456: 5451: 5444: 5439: 5432: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5409:, pp. 216–17. 5408: 5403: 5396: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5219:, pp. 161–62. 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5193:Gardner, 1943 5189: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5106:, pp. 435–36. 5105: 5100: 5098: 5091:, pp. 195–96. 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5028:, pp. 282–85. 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5004:, pp. 292–93. 5003: 4998: 4996: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4929:, pp. 239–40. 4928: 4923: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4901: 4896: 4889: 4884: 4877: 4872: 4866:, pp. 228–29. 4865: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4779:Bardach, 1987 4775: 4769:, pp. 218–23. 4768: 4763: 4757:, pp. 213–14. 4756: 4751: 4744: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4609:Gardner, 1920 4605: 4598: 4593: 4587:, pp. 166–67. 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4545: 4539:, pp. 161–62. 4538: 4533: 4527:, pp. 158–60. 4526: 4521: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4491:, pp. 149–53. 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4455:, pp. 144–46. 4454: 4449: 4443:, pp. 141–42. 4442: 4437: 4431:, pp. 171–74. 4430: 4425: 4419:, pp. 131–32. 4418: 4413: 4407:, pp. 128–30. 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4351: 4346: 4340:, pp. 111–12. 4339: 4334: 4327: 4322: 4315: 4310: 4304:, pp. 177–79. 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4190: 4185: 4178: 4173: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4138:Gardner, 1942 4134: 4127: 4122: 4115: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3997: 3996:Gardner, 1920 3992: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3932: 3927: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3695: 3688: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3618: 3617:Joseph Fouché 3612: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584:John Marshall 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3538: 3529: 3522: 3521: 3508: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3405: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:List of Poles 3293: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2995:New York City 2992: 2991:Newtown Creek 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779:, another by 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2625:Mieračoŭščyna 2621: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Polish Museum 2576: 2572: 2568: 2565:Kościuszko's 2561: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 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1808: 1803: 1801: 1800:major general 1796: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1784:Hugo Kołłątaj 1781: 1780: 1775: 1767: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745:and into the 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1683:, Kościuszko 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1549:Benjamin Rush 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Bemis Heights 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505:John Burgoyne 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Horatio Gates 1484: 1483:Major General 1480: 1479:Northern Army 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Enlightenment 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284:, to educate 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:major general 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 990: 979: 974: 972: 967: 965: 960: 959: 957: 956: 951: 941: 939: 929: 928: 927: 926: 919: 916: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 870:Piast Faction 868: 866: 863: 861: 860:Peasant Party 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 842: 841: 840: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 820: 819: 811: 810: 803: 802:Wojciechowski 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 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