Kubernetes - Knowledge

699: 5544: 389: 344: 281: 1838:, or the notion that the Kubernetes cluster infrastructure is itself a resource / object that can be managed just like any other Kubernetes resources. Similarly, machines that make up the cluster are also treated as a Kubernetes resource. The API has two pieces – the core API, and a provider implementation. The provider implementation consists of cloud-provider specific functions that let Kubernetes provide the cluster API in a fashion that is well-integrated with the cloud-provider's services and resources. 1198:'s purpose is to maintain a stable set of replica pods running at any given time. As such, it is often used to guarantee the availability of a specified number of identical Pods. The ReplicaSet can also be said to be a grouping mechanism that lets Kubernetes maintain the number of instances that have been declared for a given pod. The definition of a ReplicaSet uses a selector, whose evaluation will result in identifying all pods that are associated with it. 1511:

administrators, DevOps and cloud engineers. Containers may be ephemeral, but more and more of their data is not, so one needs to ensure the data's survival in case of container termination or hardware failure. When deploying containers with Kubernetes or containerized applications, organizations often realize that they need persistent storage. They need to provide fast and reliable storage for databases, root images and other data used by the containers.

191: 66: 25: 1262: 896: 1661:. The key use case for operators are to capture the aim of a human operator who is managing a service or set of services and to implement them using automation, and with a declarative API supporting this automation. Human operators who look after specific applications and services have deep knowledge of how the system ought to behave, how to deploy it, and how to react if there are problems. 132: 1205:, similar to a ReplicaSet, serves the same purpose and behaves similarly to a ReplicaSet, which is to ensure that there will always be a specified number of pod replicas as desired. The ReplicationController workload was the predecessor of a ReplicaSet, but was eventually deprecated in favor of ReplicaSet to make use of set-based label selectors. 1044:

system include a DaemonSet controller for running exactly one pod on every machine (or some subset of machines), and a Job controller for running pods that run to completion (e.g. as part of a batch job). Labels selectors often form part of the controller's definition that specify the set of pods that a controller manages.

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resources. For this purpose, the scheduler must know the resource requirements, resource availability, and other user-provided constraints or policy directives such as quality-of-service, affinity/anti-affinity requirements, and data locality. The scheduler's role is to match resource "supply" to workload "demand".

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are queries against labels that resolve to matching objects. When a service is defined, one can define the label selectors that will be used by the service router/load balancer to select the pod instances that the traffic will be routed to. Thus, simply changing the labels of the pods or changing the

754:) was announced by Google on June 6, 2014. The project was conceived and created by Google employees Joe Beda, Brendan Burns, and Craig McLuckie. Others at Google soon joined to help build the project including Ville Aikas, Dawn Chen, Brian Grant, Tim Hockin, and Daniel Smith. Other companies such as 1650:

Custom controllers are another extension mechanism that interact with the Kubernetes API, similar to the default controllers in the standard pre-installed Kubernetes controller manager. These controllers may interact with custom resources to allow for a declarative API: users may declare the desired

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Container Attached Storage is a type of data storage that emerged as Kubernetes gained prominence. The Container Attached Storage approach or pattern relies on Kubernetes itself for certain capabilities while delivering primarily block, file, object and interfaces to workloads running on Kubernetes.

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As an example, a human operator may specify that three instances of a particular "pod" (see below) need to be running, and etcd stores this fact. If the Deployment controller finds that only two instances are running (conflicting with the etcd declaration), it schedules the creation of an additional

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requests, and updates the state of the API objects in etcd, thereby allowing clients to configure workloads and containers across worker nodes. The API server uses etcd's watch API to monitor the cluster, roll out critical configuration changes, or restore any divergences of the state of the cluster

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In Kubernetes version 1.9, the initial Alpha release of Container Storage Interface (CSI) was introduced. Previously, storage volume plug-ins were included in the Kubernetes distribution. By creating a standardized CSI, the code required to interface with external storage systems was separated from

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More information about the relative popularity of these and other approaches can be found on the CNCF's landscape survey as well, which showed that OpenEBS – a Stateful Persistent Storage platform from Datacore Software, and Rook – a storage orchestration project – were the two projects most likely

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In addition to the landscape, the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF), has published other information about Kubernetes Persistent Storage including a blog helping to define the container attached storage pattern. This pattern can be thought of as one that uses Kubernetes itself as a component

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are responsible for ensuring that a pod is created on every single node in the cluster. Generally, most workloads scale in response to a desired replica count, depending on the availability and performance requirements as needed by the application. However, in other scenarios it may be necessary to

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Containers emerged as a way to make software portable. The container contains all the packages needed to run a service. The provided file system makes containers extremely portable and easy to use in development. A container can be moved from development to test or production with no or relatively

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are a higher-level management mechanism for ReplicaSets. While the ReplicaSet controller manages the scale of the ReplicaSet, the Deployment controller manages what happens to the ReplicaSet – whether an update has to be rolled out, or rolled back, etc. When Deployments are scaled up or down, this

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and extensible to meet the needs of different workloads. The internal components as well as extensions and containers that run on Kubernetes rely on the Kubernetes API. The platform exerts its control over compute and storage resources by defining resources as objects, which can then be managed as

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The data from ConfigMaps and Secrets will be made available to every single instance of the application to which these objects have been bound via the Deployment. A Secret and/or a ConfigMap is sent to a node only if a pod on that node requires it, which will only be stored in memory on the node.

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is responsible for the running state of each node, ensuring that all containers on the node are healthy. It takes care of starting, stopping, and maintaining application containers organized into pods as directed by the control plane. kubelet monitors the state of a pod, and if not in the desired

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provides persistent storage that exists for the lifetime of the pod itself. This storage can also be used as shared disk space for containers within the pod. Volumes are mounted at specific mount points within the container, which are defined by the pod configuration, and cannot mount onto other

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Kubernetes supports several abstractions of workloads that are at a higher level over simple pods. This allows users to declaratively define and manage these high-level abstractions, instead of having to manage individual pods by themselves. Several of these abstractions, supported by a standard

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is an extensible component that selects the node that an unscheduled pod (the basic unit of workloads to be scheduled) runs, based on resource availability and other constraints. The scheduler tracks resource allocation on each node to ensure that workload is not scheduled in excess of available

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An example controller is a ReplicaSet controller, which handles replication and scaling by running a specified number of copies of a pod across the cluster. The controller also handles creating replacement pods if the underlying node fails. Other controllers that are part of the core Kubernetes

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may be developed and installed as in-process extensions to the native vanilla scheduler by running it as a separate scheduler, as long as they conform to the Kubernetes scheduling framework. This allows cluster administrators to extend or modify the behavior of the default Kubernetes scheduler

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Historically Kubernetes was suitable only for stateless services. However, many applications have a database, which requires persistence, which leads to the creation of persistent storage for Kubernetes. Implementing persistent storage for containers is one of the top challenges of Kubernetes

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One of the most important primary services is an API server. This is the main management point of the entire cluster as it allows a user to configure Kubernetes' workloads and organizational units. It is also responsible for making sure that the etcd store and the service details of deployed

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Common attributes of Container Attached Storage include the use of extensions to Kubernetes, such as custom resource definitions, and the use of Kubernetes itself for functions that otherwise would be separately developed and deployed for storage or data management. Examples of functionality

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A common application challenge is deciding where to store and manage configuration information, some of which may contain sensitive data. Configuration data can be anything as fine-grained as individual properties, or coarse-grained information like entire configuration files such as

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applications. While scaling stateless applications is only a matter of adding more running pods, doing so for stateful workloads is harder, because the state needs to be preserved if a pod is restarted. If the application is scaled up or down, the state may need to be redistributed.

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To prevent the loss of event data in the event of node or pod failures, container logs can be saved to a central log store with a search/browsing interface. Kubernetes provides no native storage for log data, but one can integrate many existing logging solutions into the Kubernetes

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state, the pod re-deploys to the same node. Node status is relayed every few seconds via heartbeat messages to the API server. Once the control plane detects a node failure, a higher-level controller is expected to observe this state change and launch pods on another healthy node.

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Examples of problems solved by operators include taking and restoring backups of that application's state, and handling upgrades of the application code alongside related changes such as database schemas or extra configuration settings. Several notable projects under the

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are utilized to segregate the resources it handles into distinct and non-intersecting collections. They are intended for use in environments with many users spread across multiple teams, or projects, or even separating environments like development, test, and production.

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delivered by custom resource definitions or by Kubernetes itself include retry logic, delivered by Kubernetes itself, and the creation and maintenance of an inventory of available storage media and volumes, typically delivered via a custom resource definition.

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Databases are an example of stateful workloads. When run in high-availability mode, many databases come with the notion of a primary instance and secondary instances. In this case, the notion of ordering of instances is important. Other applications like

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in favor of directly interfacing with the container through containerd, or replacing Docker with a runtime that is compliant with the Container Runtime Interface (CRI). With the release of v1.24 in May 2022, the "dockershim" has been removed entirely.

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In older versions of Kubernetes, the API server supported listening on both HTTP and HTTPS ports (with the HTTP port number having no transport security whatsoever). This was deprecated in v1.10 and eventually dropped support in v1.20 of Kubernetes.

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by default, and requires additional setup in order to fully secure the use of Secrets within the cluster. Secrets are often used to store confidential or sensitive data like certificates, credentials to work with image registries, passwords, and

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Add-ons are additional features of the Kubernetes cluster implemented as applications running within it. The pods may be managed by Deployments, ReplicationControllers, and so on. There are many add-ons. Some of the more important are:

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Until version 1.18, Kubernetes followed an N-2 support policy, meaning that the three most recent minor versions receive security updates and bug fixes. Starting with version 1.19, Kubernetes follows an N-3 support policy.

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The same API design principles have been used to define an API to harness a program in order to create, configure, and manage Kubernetes clusters. This is called the Cluster API. A key concept embodied in the API is using

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Cluster DNS is a DNS server, in addition to the other DNS server(s) in the environment, which serves DNS records for Kubernetes services. Containers started by Kubernetes automatically include this DNS server in their DNS

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Just like labels, field selectors also let one select Kubernetes resources. Unlike labels, the selection is based on the attribute values inherent to the resource being selected, rather than user-defined categorization.

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The Kubernetes master node handles the Kubernetes control plane of the cluster, managing its workload and directing communication across the system. The Kubernetes control plane consists of various components such as

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is a reconciliation loop that drives the actual cluster state toward the desired state, communicating with the API server to create, update, and delete the resources it manages (e.g., pods or service endpoints).

1561:" of the cluster's state, and are able to define the desired state that the writer of the object wishes for the cluster to be in. As such, most Kubernetes objects have the same set of nested fields, as follows: 1252:

them as they are removed. This is particularly helpful for use cases where the workload has some dependency on the actual node or host machine, such as log collection, ingress controllers, and storage services.

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is a single process that manages several core Kubernetes controllers (including the examples described above), is distributed as part of the standard Kubernetes installation and responding to the loss of nodes.

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manner to network connections of that IP address among the pods matching the selector (even as failures cause the pods to move from machine to machine). By default a service is exposed inside a cluster (e.g.,

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A key component of the Kubernetes control plane is the API Server, which exposes an HTTP API that can be invoked by other parts of the cluster as well as end users and external components. This API is a

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pods might be grouped into a service, with requests from the front-end pods load-balanced among them), but a service can also be exposed outside a cluster (e.g., for clients to reach front-end pods).

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is responsible for the lifecycle of containers, including launching, reconciling and killing of containers. kubelet interacts with container runtimes via the Container Runtime Interface (CRI), which

651:. Its suitability for running and managing workloads of all sizes and styles has led to its widespread adoption in clouds and data centers. There are multiple distributions of this platform – from 1478:

This is a general purpose, web-based UI for Kubernetes clusters. It allows administrators to manage and troubleshoot applications running in the cluster, as well as the cluster itself.

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Custom controllers may also be installed in the cluster, further allowing the behavior and API of Kubernetes to be extended when used in conjunction with custom resources (see

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The biggest difference between a Secret and a ConfigMap is that Secrets are specifically designed for containing secure and confidential data, although they are not

3547: 1604:: a unique string that is able to distinguish between objects with the same name across space and time (even across deletions and recreations with the same name). 76: 1713:

All requests made to the Kubernetes API server are expected to be authenticated, and supports several authentication strategies, some of which are listed below:

1647:(CRDs), which is a kind of resource that can be dynamically registered and unregistered without shutting down or restarting a cluster that is currently running. 2608: 827:

since the inception of the Kubernetes project in 2014. In 2017, the principal competitors rallied around Kubernetes and announced adding native support for it:

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label selectors on the service can be used to control which pods get traffic and which don't, which can be used to support various deployment patterns like

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API and is declarative in nature, and is the same API exposed to the control plane. The API server is backed by etcd to store all records persistently.

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distribute the data amongst their brokers; hence, one broker is not the same as another. In this case, the notion of instance uniqueness is important.

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Kubernetes defines a set of building blocks ("primitives") that collectively provide mechanisms that deploy, maintain, and scale applications based on

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resides inside a pod. The container is the lowest level of a micro-service, which holds the running application, libraries, and their dependencies.

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A node, also known as a worker or a minion, is a machine where containers (workloads) are deployed. Every node in the cluster must run a container

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containers are in agreement. It acts as the bridge between various components to maintain cluster health and disseminate information and commands.

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These are typically categorized according to open-source, commercial or managed distributions. Several notable distributions are listed below:

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Once the pod that depends on the Secret or ConfigMap is deleted, the in-memory copy of all bound Secrets and ConfigMaps are deleted as well.

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From Kubernetes version 1.19 on, the support window has been extended to one year of full support plus two months of maintenance mode period.

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state of the system via the custom resources, and it is the responsibility of the custom controller to observe the change and reconcile it.

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Mounted within a volume accessible within the container's filesystem, which supports automatic reloading without restarting the container.

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are field selectors that will be present on all Kubernetes objects. Other selectors that can be used depend on the object/resource type.

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volumes or link to other volumes. The same volume can be mounted at different points in the file system tree by different containers.

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results in the declaration of the ReplicaSet changing, and this change in the declared state is managed by the ReplicaSet controller.

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Compared to the 1.5 million projects on GitHub, Kubernetes is No. 9 for commits and No. 2 for authors/issues, second only to Linux.

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Container Resource Monitoring records metrics about containers in a central database, and provides a UI for browsing that data.

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method, network separation, each its own process, that can run both on a single master node or on multiple masters supporting

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are controllers that enforce the properties of uniqueness and ordering amongst instances of a pod, and can be used to run

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application. The set of pods that constitute a service are defined by a label selector. Kubernetes provides two modes of

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file, which are natively supported by other Kubernetes tools like kubectl and the official Kubernetes client libraries.

201: 6845: 6825: 6783: 4553: 1568:: Describes the desired state of the resource, which can be controlled by end users, or other higher-level controllers; 2717: 6315: 6216: 5015: 4633: 4370: 3266: 2765: 1758:: Grants access rights to users through the use of defined access control policies which combine attributes together. 1669:'s incubation program follow the operator pattern to extend Kubernetes, including Argo, Open Policy Agent and Istio. 1666: 1536:

the core Kubernetes code base. Just one year later, the CSI feature was made Generally Available (GA) in Kubernetes.

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Abhishek Verma; Luis Pedrosa; Madhukar R. Korupolu; David Oppenheimer; Eric Tune; John Wilkes (April 21–24, 2015).

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Users are typically expected to indicate and define cluster URL details along with the necessary credentials in a

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Kubernetes is one of the most widely deployed software systems in the world being used across companies including

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deploy a pod to every single node in the cluster, scaling up the number of total pods as nodes are added and

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Kubernetes was announced in June, 2014 and version 1.0 was released on July 21, 2015. Google worked with the

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At most one other object shall be the managing controller of the controllee object, which is defined by the

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runtime through a "dockershim". However, from November 2020 up to April 2022, Kubernetes has deprecated the

5643: 5178:"Kubernetes 1.14: Production-level support for Windows Nodes, Kubectl Updates, Persistent Local Volumes GA" 5069: 4346: 4321: 4257: 1574:: Describes the current state of the resource, which is actively updated by the controller of the resource. 916: 589:, the project is now maintained by a worldwide community of contributors, and the trademark is held by the 368: 3925: 793:

and gave its logo a seven-spoked ship's wheel (designed by Tim Hockin). Unlike Borg, which was written in

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Kubernetes cost monitoring applications allow breakdown of costs by pods, nodes, namespaces, and labels.

6747: 6178: 5660: 4578: 4124: 3632: 1851: 1835: 1339:, both of which allow for configuration changes to be made without requiring an application rebuild. 1142: 414: 6568: 6489: 6332: 6080: 5910: 5861: 4497: 3090:"As Kubernetes Hits 1.0, Google Donates Technology To Newly Formed Cloud Native Computing Foundation" 1798: 1762: 1392: 945: 937: 798: 578: 402: 3000: 343: 6591: 5866: 5846: 4962:"Kubernetes 1.2: Even more performance upgrades, plus easier application deployment and management" 4916: 4843: 4800: 4655: 4142: 2741: 1790: 1694: 1224: 933: 876: 220: 6002: 5515: 5497: 5479: 5461: 5443: 5425: 5407: 3786: 3123: 6596: 6532: 6271: 6211: 6163: 6158: 5955: 5607: 2967: 1346:

The data from a ConfigMap or Secret is accessible to the pod through one of the following ways:

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may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

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documents. Kubernetes provides two closely related mechanisms to deal with this need, known as

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When an object is deleted, all dependent objects may also be deleted in a cascading fashion.

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All objects in Kubernetes are subject to the same API conventions. Some of these include:

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Kubernetes allows running multiple schedulers within a single cluster. As such, scheduler

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Simplified view showing how Services interact with Pod networking in a Kubernetes cluster

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which can run workloads in containers. It works with various container runtimes, such as

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The combination of custom resources and custom controllers are often referred to as a

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announced support for Kubernetes via the Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) in November.

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joined the effort soon after, with notable contributors such as Clayton Coleman and

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Kubernetes enables clients (users or internal components) to attach keys called

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Examples of popular container runtimes that are compatible with kubelet include

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Kubernetes defines the following strategies for controlling access to its API.

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The chart below visualizes the period for which each release is/was supported

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as well as hosted-on-cloud offerings from all the major public cloud vendors.

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any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

6671: 6651: 6433: 6423: 6386: 6266: 6255: 5972: 5941: 5886: 5549: 4681:"Remove the apiserver insecure port · Issue #91506 · kubernetes/kubernetes" 3574: 2691: 2001: 1965: 1920: 1847: 1367: 1233: 1138: 880: 848: 842: 636: 377: 5558: 3950: 6631: 6606: 6458: 6201: 6054: 5803: 5763: 5696: 1396: 1302: 970: 948:. The various components of the Kubernetes control plane are as follows. 750: 3633:"The Three Pillars of Kubernetes Container Orchestration - Rancher Labs" 3181:"Mesosphere adds Kubernetes support to its data center operating system" 1099:

the maintenance of core Kubernetes from the actual CRI implementation.

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On March 6, 2018, Kubernetes Project reached ninth place in the list of

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kubectl: Command-line for interacting with the Kubernetes control plane

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The Community Distribution of Kubernetes that powers Red Hat OpenShift

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Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys)

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The design and development of Kubernetes was inspired by Google's

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The Kubernetes API supports the following authorization modes:

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Must have the following metadata under the nested object field

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For example, if an application's pods have labels for a system

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May be managed by another controller, which is defined in the

556: 535: 478: 6376: 6186: 5841: 5793: 5768: 5648: 4628: 3840:"Introducing Container Runtime Interface (CRI) in Kubernetes" 3680: 3070:"Early Stage Startup Heptio Aims to Make Kubernetes Friendly" 1717: 1690: 895: 794: 472: 4044: 4042: 2897:"Google Made Its Secret Blueprint Public to Boost Its Cloud" 1726:

Service account tokens, intended for programmatic API access

6661: 6656: 6100: 5876: 5808: 5788: 5740: 5196:"Kubernetes 1.15: Extensibility and Continuous Improvement" 1814: 1794: 1546: 1324: 1273:

is a set of pods that work together, such as one tier of a

998: 994: 990: 957: 786: 723: 550: 529: 508: 487: 5088:"Kubernetes 1.9: Apps Workloads GA and Expanded Ecosystem" 4371:"Cloud Native Application Checklist: Cloud Native Storage" 3318: 3316: 2866:"Google Open Sources Its Secret Weapon in Cloud Computing" 2644: 2583: 815:

Google was already offering a managed Kubernetes service,

5987: 5718: 5686: 4430:

Marinescu, Dan C. (2018-01-01), Marinescu, Dan C. (ed.),

4283:"Dataore Acquired MayaData original developer of OpenEBS" 4039: 2571: 2566: 1983: 1884: 1328: 986: 702:

Google Kubernetes Engine talk at 2017 Google Cloud Summit

514: 493: 466: 437: 6504: 5537: 3812:"Kubernetes Security | Issues and Best Practices | Snyk" 5070:"Kubernetes 1.8: Security, Workloads and Feature Depth" 3350:"Autoscaling based on CPU/Memory in Kubernetes—Part II" 3313: 2928:

The History of Kubernetes & the Community Behind It

1789:

Official client libraries maintained by Kubernetes for

812:(CNCF) and offered Kubernetes as the seed technology. 5034:"Kubernetes 1.6: Multi-user, Multi-workloads at Scale" 3380:"Configure Kubernetes Autoscaling With Custom Metrics" 1900: 4911: 4909: 4413:"Container Storage Interface (CSI) for Kubernetes GA" 559: 547: 538: 526: 517: 505: 496: 484: 460: 457: 3993:"rktnetes brings rkt container engine to Kubernetes" 3297:"Kubernetes version and version skew support policy" 3019:"Large-scale cluster management at Google with Borg" 1998:

Kubernetes Engine with OpsCare Plus managed services

1950:

ACK (Alibaba Cloud Container Service for Kubernetes)

1862:

Various vendors offer Kubernetes-based platforms or

1530: 1102:

Originally, kubelet interfaced exclusively with the

879:, and second place in authors and issues, after the 553: 532: 511: 490: 475: 94:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a 4162:"Kubernetes 101 – External Access Into The Cluster" 3119: 1190:

ReplicaSets, ReplicationControllers and Deployments

631:Kubernetes assembles one or more computers, either 544: 523: 502: 481: 4906: 4726:"Organizing Cluster Access Using kubeconfig Files" 1889: 1782:Kubernetes supports several official API clients: 1625:May be garbage collected if the owner is deleted: 1382:to any API object in the system, such as pods and 585:, scaling, and management. Originally designed by 5016:"Kubernetes 1.5: Supporting Production Workloads" 4865:"Why Kubernetes Developer Ecosystem Needs A PaaS" 3528:Container Linux by CoreOS: Cluster infrastructure 1186:installation of Kubernetes, are described below. 16:Software to manage containers on a server-cluster 6807: 4889:"5 Cloud Native Trends to Watch out for in 2022" 1002:back to the desired state as declared in etcd. 205:, potentially preventing the article from being 3757:"Intro: Docker and Kubernetes training - Day 2" 1846:Kubernetes is commonly used as a way to host a 1285:to the service, and load balances traffic in a 5600:Comparison of platform virtualization software 3262:"Kubernetes Is First CNCF Project To Graduate" 923:and those that are part of the control plane. 6490: 6340: 5574: 4844:"The 7 Most Popular Kubernetes Distributions" 3012: 3010: 2576: 1166:The basic scheduling unit in Kubernetes is a 6283:Generic Network Virtualization Encapsulation 5293:"Kubernetes 1.19: Accentuate the Paw-sitive" 3890:"Kubernetes v1.12: Introducing RuntimeClass" 3725:"Kubernetes: Exciting Experimental Features" 2948:Kubernetes: The Documentary [PART 1] 1872: 1519:to be in evaluation as of the Fall of 2019. 1428:, for example), then an operation on all of 841:Mesosphere, Inc. (proponent of Marathon and 604:κυβερνήτης (kubernḗtēs), meaning governor, ' 5588: 4818: 3544:"Kubernetes from the ground up: API server" 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3386:. BitRock. 15 November 2018. Archived from 1907: 1635:Custom resources, controllers and operators 1592:: a label that objects are subdivided into; 1057:custom resources, controllers and operators 961:is a persistent, lightweight, distributed, 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6497: 6483: 6347: 6333: 5581: 5567: 5542: 4656:"Controlling Access to the Kubernetes API" 3567: 3007: 907:, memory or custom metrics. Kubernetes is 387: 342: 225:reliable, independent, third-party sources 5336:"Kubernetes 1.21: Power to the Community" 4432:"Chapter 8 - Cloud Hardware and Software" 4429: 3178: 3041:"Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes - ACM Queue" 1639:The Kubernetes API can be extended using 1557:In Kubernetes, all objects serve as the " 1436:nodes can use a label selector, such as: 1317: 616:, counting the eight letters between the 261:Learn how and when to remove this message 243:Learn how and when to remove this message 173:Learn how and when to remove this message 114:Learn how and when to remove this message 4473:"Operating etcd clusters for Kubernetes" 4159: 4048: 3402: 2588: 1941: 1260: 894: 697: 219:by replacing them with more appropriate 3784: 3722: 3541: 1685:The Kubernetes API server listens on a 1373: 202:too closely associated with the subject 6808: 5318:"Kubernetes 1.20: The Raddest Release" 5268:"Kubernetes 1.19 Release Announcement" 4322:"Container Attached Storage: A primer" 4258:"Container Attached Storage: A primer" 3691:"Overview of a Replication Controller" 3347: 3259: 3217: 3100:from the original on 23 September 2015 2876:from the original on 10 September 2015 75:contains content that is written like 6478: 6363:Operating-system-level virtualization 6328: 5937:System Center Virtual Machine Manager 5562: 5354:"Kubernetes 1.22: Reaching New Peaks" 4826:"Introduction - The Cluster API Book" 4438:, Morgan Kaufmann, pp. 281–319, 4077: 4075: 3834: 3832: 3603: 3601: 3537: 3535: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3454: 3452: 3450: 2924: 2859: 2857: 1754:Attribute-based access control (ABAC) 1680: 1441:tier=backend AND release_track=canary 823:was supporting Kubernetes as part of 6354: 6250:Distributed Overlay Virtual Ethernet 5372:"Kubernetes 1.23: The Next Frontier" 3926:"Don't Panic: Kubernetes and Docker" 3274:from the original on 29 October 2018 2736: 2734: 1383: 1305:in the Kubernetes container provide 1086: 184: 125: 59: 18: 5250:"Kubernetes 1.18: Fit & Finish" 4347:"Container Attached Storage | SNIA" 3865:"Container Runtime Interface (CRI)" 3507:United States Department of Defense 3435:from the original on 1 October 2015 3120:"Cloud Native Computing Foundation" 2623:List of cluster management software 2017: 1980:CCE (Huawei Cloud Container Engine) 653:independent software vendors (ISVs) 13: 6784:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. 5661:LDoms / Oracle VM Server for SPARC 4444:10.1016/b978-0-12-812810-7.00011-x 4072: 3829: 3598: 3532: 3482: 3447: 3348:Sharma, Priyanka (13 April 2017). 3179:Lardinois, Frederic (2017-09-06). 2854: 2598: 2524:Old version, yet still maintained: 2508:Old version, yet still maintained: 2492:Old version, yet still maintained: 2476:Old version, no longer maintained: 2460:Old version, no longer maintained: 2444:Old version, no longer maintained: 2428:Old version, no longer maintained: 2412:Old version, no longer maintained: 2396:Old version, no longer maintained: 2380:Old version, no longer maintained: 2364:Old version, no longer maintained: 2346:Old version, no longer maintained: 2330:Old version, no longer maintained: 2314:Old version, no longer maintained: 2298:Old version, no longer maintained: 2282:Old version, no longer maintained: 2266:Old version, no longer maintained: 2250:Old version, no longer maintained: 2234:Old version, no longer maintained: 2218:Old version, no longer maintained: 2202:Old version, no longer maintained: 2186:Old version, no longer maintained: 2170:Old version, no longer maintained: 2154:Old version, no longer maintained: 2138:Old version, no longer maintained: 2122:Old version, no longer maintained: 2106:Old version, no longer maintained: 2090:Old version, no longer maintained: 2074:Old version, no longer maintained: 2059:Old version, no longer maintained: 2043:Old version, no longer maintained: 1515:of the storage system or service. 1118:(initially supported via Docker), 14: 6872: 6856:Virtualization software for Linux 6851:Software using the Apache license 6831:Free software for cloud computing 6316:List of computer system emulators 6217:Symantec Workspace Virtualization 5529: 4634:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 4326:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 4262:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 3975:"Updated: Dockershim Removal FAQ" 3787:"What [..] is a Kubelet?" 3643:from the original on 24 June 2017 3568:Ellingwood, Justin (2 May 2018). 3464:OpenShift Community Documentation 3267:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 2731: 1708: 1667:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 1531:Container Storage Interface (CSI) 810:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 591:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 306:Cloud Native Computing Foundation 34:This article has multiple issues. 6370:Container host operating systems 5508: 5490: 5472: 5462:"Kubernetes v1.28: Planternetes" 5454: 5436: 5426:"Kubernetes v1.26: Electrifying" 5418: 5400: 5382: 5364: 5346: 5328: 5310: 5285: 5242: 5224: 5206: 5188: 5170: 5152: 5134: 5116: 5098: 5080: 4436:Cloud Computing (Second Edition) 3470:from the original on 6 July 2015 3126:from the original on 2017-07-03. 3029:from the original on 2017-07-27. 2925:Burns, Brendan (July 20, 2018), 2894: 2863: 1956:EKS (Elastic Kubernetes Service) 1857: 1763:Role-based access control (RBAC) 1737: 926: 453: 279: 200:may rely excessively on sources 189: 130: 64: 23: 6790:Open Source Security Foundation 5498:"Kubernetes v1.30: Uwubernetes" 5444:"Kubernetes v1.27: Chill Vibes" 5062: 5044: 5026: 5008: 4990: 4972: 4954: 4936: 4881: 4862: 4856: 4836: 4793: 4768: 4743: 4718: 4693: 4673: 4648: 4621: 4596: 4571: 4546: 4515: 4490: 4465: 4423: 4405: 4387: 4363: 4339: 4314: 4293: 4275: 4250: 4226: 4201: 4183: 4172:from the original on 2015-10-26 4135: 4117: 4099: 4061:from the original on 2015-10-25 4021: 4003: 3985: 3967: 3943: 3918: 3900: 3882: 3857: 3804: 3793:from the original on 2015-11-13 3778: 3735:from the original on 2015-10-20 3705:from the original on 2015-09-22 3655: 3625: 3570:"An Introduction to Kubernetes" 3561: 3550:from the original on 2015-10-29 3521: 3425:"An Introduction to Kubernetes" 3372: 3341: 3289: 3253: 3232: 3211: 3193: 3172: 3151: 3130: 3112: 3082: 3062: 3051:from the original on 2016-07-09 3033: 2960: 2939: 2918: 2907:from the original on 2016-07-01 2888: 2720:from the original on 2017-04-21 2004:Container Engine for Kubernetes 1992:AKS (Azure Kubernetes Services) 1962:MicroK8s and Charmed Kubernetes 1897:Rancher Kubernetes Engine (RKE) 1866:(IaaS) that deploy Kubernetes. 1672: 1215: 899:Kubernetes architecture diagram 797:, Kubernetes is written in the 748:, and the etymological root of 42:or discuss these issues on the 6836:Free software programmed in Go 3260:Conway, Sarah (6 March 2018). 2836: 2811: 2787: 2758: 2702: 2692:"Kubernetes GitHub Repository" 2684: 1974:GKE (Google Kubernetes Engine) 1828: 1777: 1695:transport layer security (TLS) 1552: 1030: 1: 6508:free and open-source software 4776:"Command line tool (kubectl)" 4051:"Kubernetes 101 – Networking" 3785:Marhubi, Kamal (2015-08-27). 3542:Marhubi, Kamal (2015-09-26). 2638: 2572:Old version, still maintained 1693:traffic, in order to enforce 1239: 1148: 1129: 976: 773:cluster manager and based on 6444:Amazon EC2 Container Service 6048:Virtual kernel architectures 5408:"Kubernetes v1.25: Combiner" 5390:"Kubernetes 1.24: Stargazer" 5232:"Kubernetes 1.17: Stability" 4160:Langemak, Jon (2015-02-15). 4049:Langemak, Jon (2015-02-11). 3763:. 2015-10-20. Archived from 3723:Sanders, Jake (2015-10-02). 3499:"Kubernetes Hardening Guide" 3203:. 2017-10-17. Archived from 2007:Platform9 Managed Kubernetes 1919:Kubernetes Engine (formerly 1180: 1009: 917:primary/replica architecture 724: 155:Knowledge's inclusion policy 7: 5480:"Kubernetes v1.29: Mandala" 4917:"Kubernetes Patch Releases" 3460:"Kubernetes Infrastructure" 3218:Monroy, Gabe (2017-10-24). 2611: 2567:Old version, not maintained 1864:infrastructure as a service 1645:Custom Resource Definitions 1507:few configuration changes. 1256: 890: 415:Cluster management software 315:0.2 / 9 September 2014 10: 6877: 6417:Container cluster managers 1968:managed Kubernetes Service 1836:Infrastructure as Software 1501: 1458: 1297: 1137:is an implementation of a 1074: 1027:according to their needs. 965:(originally developed for 946:high-availability clusters 875:projects by the number of 711: 693: 6846:Linux Foundation projects 6826:Containerization software 6770: 6730: 6582: 6551: 6520: 6513: 6416: 6395: 6369: 6360: 6308: 6292: 6240: 6177: 6144: 6114: 6073: 6047: 6016: 5965: 5954: 5924: 5862:Parallels Desktop for Mac 5834: 5756: 5749: 5621: 5606: 5597: 2844:"CNCF Annual Survey 2022" 2819:"Turnkey Cloud Solutions" 2556: 1986:Cloud Kubernetes Services 1873:Open-source distributions 1852:microservice architecture 432: 420: 408: 398: 367: 363: 333: 329: 311: 299: 287: 278: 5867:Parallels Server for Mac 5847:Microsoft Virtual Server 5516:"Kubernetes v1.31: Elli" 4805:Kubernetes Documentation 4780:Kubernetes Documentation 4755:Kubernetes Documentation 4751:"Authorization Overview" 4730:Kubernetes Documentation 4705:Kubernetes Documentation 4660:Kubernetes Documentation 4629:"Cloud Native Landscape" 4608:Kubernetes Documentation 4583:Kubernetes Documentation 4558:Kubernetes Documentation 4502:Kubernetes Documentation 4477:Kubernetes Documentation 4213:Kubernetes Documentation 3869:Kubernetes Documentation 3667:Kubernetes Documentation 3356:. Medium. Archived from 2823:Kubernetes Documentation 1913:D2iQ Kubernetes Platform 1908:Commercial distributions 1611:metadata.ownerReferences 1062: 612:is often abbreviated as 6272:Virtual security switch 6212:Remote Desktop Services 6164:Remote Desktop Services 6159:Citrix Virtual Desktops 6074:Related kernel features 4830:cluster-api.sigs.k8s.io 4554:"Owners and Dependents" 4498:"Objects In Kubernetes" 2710:"kubernetes/kubernetes" 2540:Current stable version: 1841: 1747:Node authorization mode 1161: 951: 915:Kubernetes follows the 6861:Orchestration software 6841:Linux containerization 6277:Virtual Extensible LAN 6017:Application containers 5978:iCore Virtual Accounts 3951:"kubernetes/community" 3663:"Scheduling Framework" 3354:Powerupcloud Tech Blog 2584:Latest preview version 1539: 1444: 1393:blue–green deployments 1318:ConfigMaps and Secrets 1266: 1006:instance of that pod. 985:serves the Kubernetes 900: 703: 581:system for automating 317:; 10 years ago 6552:Programming languages 5852:Parallels Workstation 5714:VMware Infrastructure 5220:. September 18, 2019. 5148:. September 27, 2018. 5076:. September 29, 2017. 5004:. September 26, 2016. 2766:"Overview Kubernetes" 2742:"What is Kubernetes?" 1942:Managed distributions 1493:Cluster-level logging 1438: 1418:(with values such as 1414:, for example) and a 1406:(with values such as 1352:environment variables 1264: 1203:ReplicationController 898: 836:Pivotal Cloud Foundry 701: 350:; 16 days ago 96:neutral point of view 6821:Cloud infrastructure 5486:. December 13, 2023. 5094:. December 15, 2017. 5022:. December 13, 2016. 4579:"Garbage Collection" 3789:. kamalmarhubi.com. 3546:. kamalmarhubi.com. 2972:X (formerly Twitter) 2795:"Container runtimes" 1374:Labels and selectors 963:key-value data store 733:steersman, navigator 600:originates from the 6192:Citrix Virtual Apps 6154:Citrix Virtual Apps 6008:Workload Partitions 5819:Virtual DOS machine 5432:. December 9, 2022. 5378:. December 7, 2021. 5324:. December 8, 2020. 5238:. December 9, 2019. 5166:. December 3, 2018. 4950:. November 9, 2015. 4289:. 18 November 2021. 4166:Das Blinken Lichten 4055:Das Blinken Lichten 3981:. 17 February 2022. 2850:. January 31, 2023. 2698:. January 22, 2021. 2672:. 12 September 2024 2024: 1720:client certificates 1481:Resource monitoring 1386:. Correspondingly, 583:software deployment 348:/ 12 September 2024 275: 88:promotional content 5998:Solaris Containers 5907:VMware Workstation 5814:Windows on Windows 5522:. August 13, 2024. 5468:. August 15, 2023. 5414:. August 23, 2022. 4801:"Client Libraries" 4604:"Custom Resources" 4419:. 15 January 2019. 4401:. 10 January 2018. 4301:"CNCF SURVEY 2019" 3896:. 10 October 2018. 3360:on 17 October 2019 2239:27 September 2018 2194:29 September 2018 2111:26 September 2016 2022: 2011:Wind River Systems 1681:Transport security 1453:metadata.namespace 1267: 1250:garbage collecting 1049:controller manager 901: 704: 427:Apache License 2.0 289:Original author(s) 273: 90:and inappropriate 6803: 6802: 6766: 6765: 6731:Operating systems 6585:development tools 6472: 6471: 6396:Container engines 6322: 6321: 6312:List of emulators 6140: 6139: 5950: 5949: 5920: 5919: 5774:Cooperative Linux 5666:Logical partition 5504:. April 17, 2024. 5450:. April 11, 2023. 5360:. August 4, 2021. 5256:. March 25, 2020. 5184:. March 25, 2019. 5112:. March 26, 2018. 5040:. March 28, 2017. 4968:. March 17, 2016. 4523:"API Conventions" 4453:978-0-12-812810-7 3932:. 2 December 2020 2993:External link in 2628:Open Service Mesh 2618:Docker (software) 2596: 2595: 2516:28 February 2025 2513:13 December 2023 2468:24 February 2024 2420:28 February 2023 2372:28 February 2022 2306:2 September 2020 2274:11 December 2019 2210:13 February 2019 2191:15 December 2017 2146:23 November 2017 2127:12 December 2016 2053:Original Release 2034:End of Life date 2023:Release timeline 2013:Wind River Studio 1363:encrypted at rest 1307:ephemeral storage 1279:service discovery 1093:container runtime 1087:Container runtime 722: 446: 445: 355:12 September 2024 271: 270: 263: 253: 252: 245: 183: 182: 175: 124: 123: 116: 57: 6868: 6712:Protocol Buffers 6518: 6517: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6355:Linux containers 6349: 6342: 6335: 6326: 6325: 5988:Linux Containers 5963: 5962: 5754: 5753: 5619: 5618: 5583: 5576: 5569: 5560: 5559: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5538:Official website 5524: 5523: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5342:. April 8, 2021. 5332: 5326: 5325: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274:. 26 August 2020 5264: 5258: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5202:. June 19, 2019. 5192: 5186: 5185: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5130:. June 27, 2018. 5120: 5114: 5113: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5058:. 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Archived from 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3539: 3530: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3503: 3495: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3456: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3421: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3390:on 27 March 2019 3376: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3335: 3330:. 26 August 2020 3320: 3311: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3248: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3096:. 21 July 2015. 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2931:, archived from 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2781: 2772:. Archived from 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2670:"Release 1.31.1" 2666: 2660: 2659: 2648: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2550:28 October 2025 2541: 2525: 2509: 2500:28 October 2024 2493: 2477: 2465:9 December 2022 2461: 2452:27 October 2023 2445: 2429: 2417:7 December 2021 2413: 2404:28 October 2022 2397: 2381: 2369:8 December 2020 2365: 2354:28 October 2021 2347: 2331: 2322:13 January 2021 2319:9 December 2019 2315: 2303:22 October 2019 2299: 2283: 2267: 2258:15 October 2019 2255:3 December 2018 2251: 2235: 2219: 2203: 2187: 2171: 2155: 2139: 2123: 2107: 2098:1 November 2016 2091: 2082:23 October 2016 2075: 2064:9 November 2015 2060: 2044: 2025: 2021: 2018:Release timeline 1641:Custom Resources 1619: 1612: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1573: 1567: 1559:record of intent 1454: 1450: 1442: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 861:also in October, 806:Linux Foundation 780: 764:Kelsey Hightower 747: 744: 741: 737: 734: 731: 727: 717: 715: 633:virtual machines 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 541: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 520: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 499: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 469: 468: 463: 462: 459: 442: 439: 391: 386: 383: 381: 379: 358: 356: 351: 347: 346: 325: 323: 318: 283: 276: 272: 266: 259: 248: 241: 237: 234: 228: 193: 185: 178: 171: 167: 164: 158: 134: 133: 126: 119: 112: 108: 105: 99: 77:an advertisement 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 6876: 6875: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6762: 6726: 6584: 6578: 6547: 6509: 6503: 6473: 6468: 6412: 6391: 6382:Container Linux 6365: 6356: 6353: 6323: 6318: 6304: 6288: 6236: 6207:Microsoft App-V 6173: 6136: 6110: 6069: 6060:User-mode Linux 6043: 6012: 5957: 5946: 5916: 5830: 5745: 5610: 5602: 5593: 5587: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5014: 5013: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4986:. July 6, 2016. 4978: 4977: 4973: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4871: 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4759: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4709: 4707: 4701:"Authorization" 4699: 4698: 4694: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4639: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4428: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4377: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4158: 4154: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3999:. 11 July 2016. 3991: 3990: 3986: 3979:Kubernetes Blog 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3933: 3930:Kubernetes Blog 3924: 3923: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3639:. 18 May 2017. 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3585: 3583: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3501: 3497: 3496: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3458: 3457: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3346: 3342: 3333: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3277: 3275: 3258: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3216: 3212: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3185: 3183: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3015: 3008: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2862: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2599:Support windows 2592: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2547:13 August 2024 2539: 2523: 2507: 2497:15 August 2023 2491: 2475: 2459: 2449:23 August 2022 2443: 2427: 2411: 2395: 2379: 2363: 2358: 2351:26 August 2020 2345: 2329: 2313: 2297: 2281: 2265: 2249: 2233: 2217: 2201: 2185: 2175:28 August 2017 2169: 2153: 2137: 2130:1 October 2017 2121: 2105: 2089: 2073: 2058: 2042: 2020: 1944: 1910: 1875: 1860: 1844: 1831: 1780: 1740: 1711: 1699:CA certificates 1683: 1675: 1637: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1542: 1533: 1504: 1487:Cost monitoring 1461: 1452: 1448: 1440: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1388:label selectors 1376: 1320: 1300: 1259: 1242: 1218: 1192: 1183: 1164: 1153:In Kubernetes, 1151: 1132: 1089: 1077: 1065: 1033: 1012: 979: 967:Container Linux 954: 940:, and a strong 929: 909:loosely coupled 893: 859:Microsoft Azure 845:) in September, 778: 745: 742: 739: 735: 732: 729: 696: 543: 522: 501: 471: 465: 456: 452: 436: 394: 376: 359: 354: 352: 349: 341: 321: 319: 316: 312:Initial release 267: 256: 255: 254: 249: 238: 232: 229: 214: 194: 179: 168: 162: 159: 145:Please help by 144: 135: 131: 120: 109: 103: 100: 81: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6795:Summer of Code 6792: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6583:Frameworks and 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6344: 6337: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6227:VMware ThinApp 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6169:VMware Horizon 6166: 6161: 6156: 6150: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6020: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5760: 5758: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5702:VMware vSphere 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5616: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5590:Virtualization 5586: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5547: 5531: 5530:External links 5528: 5526: 5525: 5507: 5489: 5471: 5453: 5435: 5417: 5399: 5396:. May 3, 2022. 5381: 5363: 5345: 5327: 5309: 5284: 5259: 5241: 5223: 5205: 5187: 5169: 5151: 5133: 5115: 5097: 5079: 5061: 5043: 5025: 5007: 4989: 4971: 4953: 4935: 4905: 4880: 4855: 4835: 4817: 4792: 4767: 4742: 4717: 4692: 4672: 4647: 4620: 4595: 4570: 4545: 4514: 4489: 4464: 4452: 4422: 4404: 4386: 4362: 4338: 4313: 4292: 4274: 4249: 4225: 4200: 4182: 4152: 4134: 4116: 4107:"StatefulSets" 4098: 4071: 4038: 4020: 4002: 3984: 3966: 3942: 3917: 3899: 3881: 3856: 3828: 3818:. 26 July 2020 3803: 3777: 3745: 3715: 3679: 3654: 3624: 3597: 3582:on 5 July 2018 3560: 3531: 3520: 3481: 3446: 3401: 3371: 3340: 3312: 3288: 3252: 3231: 3210: 3207:on 2020-09-26. 3192: 3171: 3150: 3129: 3111: 3081: 3061: 3032: 3006: 2959: 2938: 2917: 2887: 2853: 2835: 2810: 2786: 2757: 2730: 2701: 2683: 2661: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2589:Future release 2587: 2582: 2578:Latest version 2575: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529:17 April 2024 2527: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481:11 April 2023 2479: 2472: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2401:4 August 2021 2399: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2335:25 March 2020 2333: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271:25 March 2019 2269: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207:28 March 2018 2205: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2143:28 March 2017 2141: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114:21 April 2017 2112: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079:16 March 2016 2077: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2055: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1874: 1871: 1859: 1856: 1843: 1840: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1787: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1739: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1709:Authentication 1707: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1554: 1551: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1460: 1457: 1375: 1372: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1319: 1316: 1299: 1296: 1258: 1255: 1241: 1238: 1217: 1214: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1131: 1128: 1088: 1085: 1076: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1032: 1029: 1011: 1008: 978: 975: 953: 950: 942:authentication 934:TLS encryption 928: 925: 892: 889: 869: 868: 862: 856: 851:(proponent of 846: 839: 834:(proponent of 775:Promise Theory 695: 692: 608:' or 'pilot'. 444: 443: 434: 430: 429: 424: 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 393: 392: 373: 371: 365: 364: 361: 360: 339: 337: 335:Stable release 331: 330: 327: 326: 313: 309: 308: 303: 297: 296: 291: 285: 284: 269: 268: 251: 250: 197: 195: 188: 181: 180: 138: 136: 129: 122: 121: 92:external links 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6873: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6816:2014 software 6814: 6813: 6811: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Closure Tools 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6500: 6495: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6350: 6345: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115:Orchestration 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6046: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Linux-VServer 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966:OS containers 5964: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5902:VMware Server 5900: 5898: 5897:VMware Fusion 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5521: 5520:kubernetes.io 5517: 5511: 5503: 5502:kubernetes.io 5499: 5493: 5485: 5484:kubernetes.io 5481: 5475: 5467: 5466:kubernetes.io 5463: 5457: 5449: 5448:kubernetes.io 5445: 5439: 5431: 5430:kubernetes.io 5427: 5421: 5413: 5412:kubernetes.io 5409: 5403: 5395: 5394:kubernetes.io 5391: 5385: 5377: 5376:kubernetes.io 5373: 5367: 5359: 5358:kubernetes.io 5355: 5349: 5341: 5340:kubernetes.io 5337: 5331: 5323: 5322:kubernetes.io 5319: 5313: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5254:kubernetes.io 5251: 5245: 5237: 5236:kubernetes.io 5233: 5227: 5219: 5218:kubernetes.io 5215: 5209: 5201: 5200:kubernetes.io 5197: 5191: 5183: 5182:kubernetes.io 5179: 5173: 5165: 5164:kubernetes.io 5161: 5155: 5147: 5146:kubernetes.io 5143: 5137: 5129: 5128:kubernetes.io 5125: 5119: 5111: 5110:kubernetes.io 5107: 5101: 5093: 5092:kubernetes.io 5089: 5083: 5075: 5074:kubernetes.io 5071: 5065: 5057: 5056:kubernetes.io 5053: 5047: 5039: 5038:kubernetes.io 5035: 5029: 5021: 5020:kubernetes.io 5017: 5011: 5003: 5002:kubernetes.io 4999: 4993: 4985: 4984:kubernetes.io 4981: 4975: 4967: 4966:kubernetes.io 4963: 4957: 4949: 4948:kubernetes.io 4945: 4939: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4894: 4893:The New Stack 4890: 4884: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4676: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4624: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4417:kubernetes.io 4414: 4408: 4400: 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