969:
1177:
1048:). These religious-based social movements had led the internal opposition to Japanese colonial rule in Korea and were very well organized in the northern areas of the Korean peninsula. One of these leaders was actually a first choice by the Soviets (over Kim Il Sung) to lead the newly minted North Korean state in 1945, but he turned down the invitation. Suppressing these non-communist parties led to numerous arrests and executions. And again, family members who remained in the north remained under suspicion.
2157:
315:
3033:
168:
1753:
1113:
66:
2032:
1847:
1535:
25:
1067:. Yet in practice, the distribution of roles between the respective security agencies has apparently varied over time and between provinces, influenced by political priorities, available capacity, the relative power of senior officials, and the extent to which a particular agency enjoyed the trust of the supreme leader. In many cases, the three main security agencies—State Security Department,
1216:
1200:
1184:
1264:
1248:
1232:
833:
1280:
1099:. The number is down from 150,000–200,000 during the 1990s and early 2000s, due to releases, deaths, and also the near-abandonment of the family responsibility principle, where immediate family members of a convicted political criminal were also regarded as political criminals and imprisoned. The earliest estimates were from 1982, when the number was thought to be 105,000.
1075:—competed to show their efficiency in identifying ideological opponents to gain favor with the leader. In relation to incidents or issues seen as major political threats, the leader or central-level decision-making organs required security agencies to coordinate their investigations. There are reports, for example, that semi-permanent structures were set up by secret order of
622:
627:
1060:
the only faction Kim Il Sung desired: his loyal band of
Manchuria-based, communist, anti-Japanese partisans who became the enduring foundation of the present North Korean regime. Yet, there are no references in the documentation to a collectivization process or a systemic means of imprisoning accused “traitors” in dedicated camps.
1831:
Family members: The primary suspect in the family is firstly escorted to the prison camp, and the Bowibu officers later escort family members from their home to the encampment. Family members are usually allowed to bring their own goods with them into the camp; however, these are usually only used by
928:
often, but the split created enormous problems for Kim, who struggled to keep on good terms with both of them. To a large extent, he owed his career as well as his country's well-being to the Soviet Union and China, yet he was always wary of their dominant power. But the Sino-Soviet dispute also gave
1323:
are usually surrounded at their outer perimeters by barbed-wire fences punctuated with guard towers and patrolled by heavily armed guards. The encampments include self-contained, closed "village" compounds for single persons, usually the alleged wrongdoers, and other closed, fenced-in "villages" for
1059:
members and government ministers, were forced to undergo these purposefully humiliating displays of dedication to the Party. These were uniquely cruel, as some victims were ousted from their jobs while a smaller number of individuals even lost their lives. This 1950s wave of persecution finally left
2140:
camps: "Men, women and children in the camp face forced hard labor, inadequate food, beatings, totally inadequate medical care and unhygienic living conditions. Many fall ill while in prison, and a large number die in custody or soon after release." The organization demands the immediate closure of
1020:. Numerous purged police officials and disposed Korean landlords fled to the south, but their family members who remained in the north remained under suspicion, and many would end up imprisoned in the North Korean prison system. During the Korean War, North Koreans accused of collaboration with the
987:
produced an endless wave after wave of persecuted individuals, yet there is no coherent trail showing when the political and penal mechanisms developed to systematically accommodate them. The story of persecuted groups in North Korea begins with the country's origin following Japan's defeat in WWII
1311:
consist of a series of sprawling encampments measuring kilometers long and kilometers wide. The number of these encampments has varied over time. They are located mostly in the valleys between high mountains in the northern provinces of North Korea. There are between 5,000 and 50,000 prisoners per
1086:
Such a huge prison camp system – operating in secret and completely outside the law and the reach of the law, such as is the case in North Korea – risks becoming a dumping ground for all sorts of persons. It is widely suspected that the North Korean camps, then, became the sites for un-repatriated
891:
detailing the story of Ali Lameda, a
Venezuelan poet imprisoned in North Korea. He had been arrested in 1967, held for a year without trial, placed on house arrest, then incarcerated again for six years, a portion of his twenty-year sentence. It was the first-ever report on
1035:
While Kim attempted to fuse returning Korean exiles (mostly members of the
Chinese, Japanese, or Soviet Russian communist parties) into the Korean Workers Party, his plans for northern Korea were challenged by other Korean political parties affiliated with two religions:
1087:
South Korean prisoners of war from the Korean War, or for other South Korean and
Japanese citizens who have been abducted by North Korean security and police operatives over the course of the last thirty to forty years of the 20th century, and into the 21st century.
1953:
Areas of the encampments are zoned or designated accordingly for individuals or families of the wrong-doers or wrong-thinkers. Both individuals and families are further sub divided accordingly into either a "revolutionary processing zone" or "total control zone":
1978:) accommodates prisoners having the opportunity of future release from the camp back into society. Thus these prisoners are likely ideologically re-educated in so called "revolutionizing" areas of the camp – tasks include forced memorization of speeches by
973:
642:
1940:
fences usually demark camp boundaries apart from where terrain is impassable. Prisoners are housed within scattered villages usually at the base of valleys and mountains. Single inhabitants are sub grouped accordingly into an assigned communal
988:
and the liberation of the Korean peninsula. In the North, Kim Il Sung systematically purged his political opponents, creating a highly centralized system that accorded him unlimited power and generated a formidable
2142:
1658:
has decided, in its mercy, not to kill, but to keep alive in order to repay the nation for their treachery, through forced labor for the rest of their lives. The emphasis of these camps is very much placed upon
896:. Yet this international awareness did not indicate something new, for long before this report was compiled, individuals had been systematically imprisoned for political crimes in North Korea for decades.
929:
Kim Il Sung ample space to maneuver between the two great powers of communism, each of which was forced to tolerate his independence for fear of pushing him decisively to the opposite camp.
968:
1683:
level food rations coupled with hard, forced labor results in a high level of deaths in detention not only as a result of working to death but also by rife disease caused by poor
2125:, ordinary North Korean citizens are aware that the camps exist, if not the exact locations. Political prisoners are referred to as the "people who are sent to the mountains".
940:, hailed as the fundamental original Korean ideology, has been attributed to earlier Korean philosophers. In sum, the model for the prison camp system may have come from the
2702:
652:
1671:'s speeches into wood signs and door entrances. Work teams are given stringent work quotas, and the failure to meet them means even further reduced food rations.
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2869:
2618:
2519:
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2951:
2721:
680:
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1413:
was closed to convert the area into a villa for Kim Il Sung. Approximately 20,000 family prisoners were transferred to other political penal labor camps.
2904:
2806:
2677:
639:
2228:
1695:
of any prisoner but these may be supplemented by other foods found during labor such as weeds and animals. Each five-person work group has an
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2233:
589:
1654:
Detainees are regularly told that they are traitors to the nation who have betrayed their leader and thus deserve execution, but whom the
3159:
1056:
972:
Map of the location of political prison camps (kwanliso) and ordinary prison camps (kyohwaso) in North Korea. Map issued in 2014 by the
1063:
Today, the internment camps for people accused of political offenses or denounced as politically unreliable are reportedly run by the
956:, led by the Soviet Union, in the 1950s. Another possibility is that Kim's departure from Soviet doctrine indicated a shift closer to
2944:
742:
673:
2907:– Report to emphasize the urgent need to respond to mass killings, arbitrary imprisonment, torture and related international crimes
2894:
1821:
1699:, as does every prison camp "village". Survivors and commentators have compared the conditions of these camps to those operated in
1629:
1064:
594:
427:
1442:, was closed. Approximately 20,000 prisoners were relocated after fears that the camp was located too close to the Chinese border.
2042:
1857:
1545:
1463:, South Hamgyong Province was closed in 1984, and approximately 30,000-40,000 prisoners were relocated to help develop a mine in
599:
741:. They constitute one of three forms of political imprisonment in the country, the other two being what Washington DC based NGO
2692:
1051:
Another round of purges occurred during the fallout after the attempt to overthrow Kim Il Sung in 1956. Here, the practice of “
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1295:
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camps originally operating within North Korea, these later merged or were closed following the reallocation of prisoners.
2754:
2603:
Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2597:
2575:
1986:
with specific emphasis placed on re-education of children. A revolutionary processing zone is thought to be operating in
977:
2910:
2880:
2627:
2100:
1915:
1603:
355:
130:
2523:
2072:
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149:
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52:
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was closed in 2014 to create a model prison as part of a campaign to whitewash North Korea's human rights record.
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1824:, detained in small cells and subjected to intense and prolonged interrogation, involving beatings and severe
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2673:
1484:, North Hamgyong Province was closed in 2012 and approximately 3,000 remaining prisoners were relocated to
1424:
936:, Kim is the sole originator of all policy, the original leader was not original in all of his ideas. Even
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2017:) presumably because these prisoners are not seen fit to be released and are deemed counter-revolutionary.
1901:
1589:
116:
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3060:
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3015:
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2985:
2170:
1987:
1477:
1464:
1428:
1377:
1363:
1206:
1190:
893:
551:
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329:
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and dormitories and families are usually placed into shack rooms and are required to feed themselves.
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541:
531:
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992:. North Korea instituted a revolution that included genuinely popular reforms such as establishing an
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1723:. There have also been comparisons between the North Korean network of political prison camps to the
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83:
38:
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1991:
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Durations of imprisonment are variable. However, many are condemned to labor for their whole life.
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1004:. However, it also included a purge of Koreans in the police and government bureaucracies who had
3003:
1767:
1453:
1410:
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449:
76:
2857:
Report of the
Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2581:
Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
912:. Immediately after the end of the Korean War (1953), North Korea and Kim Il Sung looked to the
3090:
2960:
2175:
2122:
1813:
1720:
1423:, North Hamgyong Province was also closed in 1989 because the camp was deemed too close to the
1029:
984:
556:
497:
368:
1474:, South Hamgyong Province was closed in 1990 to decrease the amount of political prison camps.
3164:
2901:– Analysis of the phenomena of repression associated with North Korea's political labor camps
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2292:
2133:
2008:
1969:
1001:
888:
417:
281:
2601:
2489:
342:
2862:
2415:
8:
2891:
2833:
Escape from Camp 14: One Man's
Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West
2579:
181:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2273:
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724:
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where individuals ultimately take responsibility for their own class's "wrongdoing".
917:
2697:
2607: page 226 (paragraph 749). 7 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
1503:
953:
949:
402:
2356:
2053:
1868:
1556:
1495:, South Hamgyong Province was shut down in 1987 with all prisoners being released.
2898:
2585: page 12 (paragraph 61). 7 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
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2257:
1998:
1959:
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all other political prison camps in North Korea. The demand is supported by the
1704:
1700:
1499:
1492:
1385:
1357:
993:
2929:
2750:
3153:
2905:
Christian
Solidarity Worldwide: North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act
2888:– Comprehensive analysis of various aspects of life in political prison camps
2385:
1732:
1633:
1517:
1510:
1439:
1371:
1343:
1037:
1021:
945:
812:
44:
1640:. However, each camp is expected to operate in strict accordance with state
2859:—detailed report, resources include maps and satellite photographs of camps
1712:
1708:
1449:
957:
913:
905:
904:
From its inception, North Korea has maintained a complex relationship with
765:
734:
1488:. The camp was closed after the warden running it and an officer defected.
1016:
that expropriated the landholdings of absentee
Japanese landlords and the
2964:
1997:
There is no reported re-education of prisoners in "total control zones" (
1983:
1979:
1937:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1637:
1636:
agency and are therefore not specifically tied to the laws and courts of
1080:
1076:
1025:
1013:
789:
785:
754:
738:
727:
1045:
750:
3032:
2803:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea
2329:
2326:
2276:
2143:
International Coalition to Stop Crimes against Humanity in North Korea
1095:
In 2013, there were between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners in
314:
272:
257:
1942:
1716:
1696:
1435:
1406:
948:
in the 1930s, which ironically might have come into North Korea as a
916:
and China for both economic and military support. Prior to the great
793:
2031:
1846:
1752:
1534:
1112:
65:
1828:, after which they are dispatched to one of the prison labor camps.
1481:
1381:
997:
781:
389:
1825:
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1471:
1460:
1339:
1222:
1041:
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397:
1667:
guards emphasize this point by reportedly carving excerpts from
1520:, North Pyongan Province was closed in 1990 for unknown reasons.
2190:
1420:
1055:” was introduced. People at all levels of the party, including
1040:
and an indigenous syncretic faith known as “Eastern Learning” (
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758:
230:
2918:
2320:
2267:
2185:
1724:
1688:
1642:
941:
937:
909:
882:
246:
2548:
1816:
statements suggest prisoners come to the camps in two ways:
799:
Estimates suggest that at the start of 2007, a total of six
2919:"North Korea's Largest Concentration Camps on Google Earth"
1728:
777:
773:
2863:
Amnesty International: North Korea: Political Prison Camps
2049:
1864:
1552:
803:
camps were operating within the country. Despite fourteen
772:
typically include work in mines (known examples including
2737:
North Korea isn't Nazi Germany — in some ways, it's worse
2718:"The Invisible Holocaust: North Korea's Horrible Mimicry"
2693:"North Korean Prison Camps Are 'Like Hitler's Auschwitz'"
1719:
calling the DPRK's network of political prison camps the
286:
2913:- Explore North Korean prison camps with interactive map
2221:"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing North Korea's Prison Camps"
963:
2617:"1. History of Political Prison Camps (p. 61 - 428)".
2865:- Document on conditions in North Korean prison camps
2145:, a coalition of over 40 human rights organizations.
2748:
2350:
2340:
2296:
2286:
2152:
2136:
summarizes the human rights situation North Korea's
2012:
1973:
2769:"End horror of North Korean political prison camps"
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2491:The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future
1327:The following lists former or currently operating
899:
2494:. Internet Archive. New York: Ecco. p. 172.
1820:Individuals are likely taken and escorted by the
974:Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the DPRK
3151:
2690:
2520:"The Surprising News From North Korea's Prisons"
2959:
815:, an American college student, was jailed in a
2911:Washington Post: North Koreas Hard Labor Camps
2593:
2591:
2513:
2511:
1735:, with many Western media outlets describing "
1044:), later called “Church of the Heavenly Way” (
2945:
2877:Database Center for North Korean Human Rights
2870:"Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today"
2229:The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
811:gained yet more international attention when
788:duties. Furthermore, camps contain state run
749:/forced-labor centers" and "long-term prison
674:
2751:"The North Korean Holocaust. Yes. Holocaust"
2571:
2569:
2475:Everyday Life in The North Korean Revolution
2324:
2314:
2271:
2261:
2058:introducing citations to additional sources
2002:
1963:
1873:introducing citations to additional sources
1561:introducing citations to additional sources
703:
252:
236:
2892:Freedom House: Concentrations of inhumanity
2620:Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today
2588:
2508:
1781:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1513:'s Hwachŏn-dong was closed in January 1991.
1141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2952:
2938:
2439:
2214:
2212:
2210:
1832:prisoners as bribing commodities later on.
1742:
1324:the extended families of the wrongdoers.
887:In January 1979, a report was released by
883:Historical emergence and conceptualization
822:
681:
667:
2566:
1948:
1801:Learn how and when to remove this message
1161:Learn how and when to remove this message
870:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:Committee for Human Rights in North Korea
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
2048:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1863:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1551:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1524:
967:
918:split between the Soviet Union and China
2916:
2375:
2207:
1649:
600:Korean War POWs detained in North Korea
3152:
2830:
2779:from the original on December 25, 2011
2671:
2517:
819:and died very shortly after release.
2933:
2757:from the original on August 25, 2016.
2715:
2705:from the original on August 16, 2016.
2543:
2541:
2396:from the original on October 30, 2012
2128:
1958:The "revolutionary processing zone" (
1674:
964:Development of the prison camp system
920:in the early 1960s, Kim visited both
712:
2724:from the original on August 8, 2016.
2468:
2466:
2454:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2025:
1840:
1836:
1779:adding citations to reliable sources
1746:
1528:
1427:. The prisoners were transferred to
1139:adding citations to reliable sources
1106:
826:
784:), tree felling, timber cutting, or
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
2809:from the original on April 26, 2012
2680:from the original on April 3, 2016.
2598:United Nations Human Rights Council
2576:United Nations Human Rights Council
2518:Lankov, Andrei (October 13, 2014).
2487:
2301:, literally "place(s) of gathering"
2239:from the original on March 13, 2015
1434:At the end of 1990, Camp No. 13 in
978:United Nations Human Rights Council
595:Abductions of South Korean citizens
13:
3160:Concentration camps in North Korea
2824:
2672:Sichel, Jared (January 23, 2014).
2538:
842:tone or style may not reflect the
16:Concentration camps in North Korea
14:
3181:
2850:
2734:
2463:
2433:
2362:
1102:
34:This article has multiple issues.
3031:
2218:
2196:Penal labor in the United States
2181:Forced labor in the Soviet Union
2155:
2041:relies largely or entirely on a
2030:
1856:relies largely or entirely on a
1845:
1751:
1544:relies largely or entirely on a
1533:
1392:
1278:
1262:
1246:
1230:
1215:
1214:
1199:
1198:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1111:
1018:native Korean landed aristocracy
852:guide to writing better articles
831:
398:Songbun (ascribed social status)
313:
166:
64:
23:
2791:
2761:
2742:
2728:
2716:Hearn, Patrick (May 24, 2016).
2709:
2684:
2665:
2626:. July 15, 2011. Archived from
2610:
2472:
1263:
1247:
900:Stalinist and Maoist influences
590:Abductions of Japanese citizens
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2481:
2448:
2408:
2378:"Concentrations of Inhumanity"
2325:
2315:
2304:
2272:
2262:
2251:
2003:
1964:
1231:
1010:Japanese colonization of Korea
704:
374:Kwanliso (concentration camps)
253:
237:
1:
2917:Stanton, Joshua (July 2017).
2201:
1279:
1090:
1069:Ministry of People's Security
499:Re-education camps (Kyohwaso)
2799:"ICNK Letter To Kim Jong Il"
2457:North Korea: Another Country
2021:
1988:Pukch'ang concentration camp
1739:" as "North Korea's Gulag".
653:List of human rights reports
648:Balloon propaganda campaigns
442:Political prisons (Kwanliso)
7:
3170:Penal system in North Korea
2600: Session 25
2578: Session 25
2522:. Bloomberg. Archived from
2351:
2341:
2297:
2287:
2171:Human rights in North Korea
2148:
2013:
1994:in South Hamgyong Province.
1974:
1401:closures are listed below:
894:human rights in North Korea
330:Human rights in North Korea
306:Human rights in North Korea
287:
273:
10:
3186:
2897:September 8, 2011, at the
2749:Judith Apter Klinghoffer.
2674:"Holocaust in North Korea"
1000:, and positing the formal
480:Sunghori (No. 26 - closed)
470:Hoeryong (No. 22 - closed)
3040:
3029:
2971:
2355:, literally "place(s) of
1822:State Security Department
1661:collective responsibility
1630:State Security Department
1073:Military Security Command
1065:State Security Department
745:described as "short-term
643:United Nations COI Report
562:Tanchon (No. 77 - closed)
428:Persecution of Christians
390:Kippumjo (Pleasure Squad)
280:
266:
245:
229:
220:
175:This article needs to be
2440:Oberdorfer, Don (1997).
1992:Yodŏk concentration camp
1405:In 1989, Camp No. 11 in
1319:As typical for prisons,
1302:locations in North Korea
485:Onsong (No. 12 - closed)
2831:Harden, Blaine (2012).
2488:Cha, Victor D. (2013).
1743:Internment of prisoners
1454:South Hamgyong Province
1411:North Hamgyong Province
1038:Protestant Christianity
934:North Korean propaganda
823:Origins and development
761:offenses respectively.
635:South Korea Law of 2016
612:International reactions
455:Yodok (No. 15 - closed)
2973:Political prison camps
2691:Agence France Presse.
2176:Prisons in North Korea
2123:North Korean defectors
1949:Zoning of prison camps
1721:North Korean Holocaust
1691:rations are the usual
1032:were also imprisoned.
1030:United Nations Command
981:
640:UNGA Resolution 62/167
2773:Amnesty International
2134:Amnesty International
1525:Legislative structure
1079:and maintained under
1002:equality of the sexes
971:
889:Amnesty International
714:[kwa̠ʎʎisʰo̞]
710:Korean pronunciation:
557:Oro (No. 22 - closed)
423:Human experimentation
2886:on October 19, 2013.
2805:. October 13, 2011.
2054:improve this article
2014:wanjŏn t'ongje kuyŏk
1869:improve this article
1775:improve this section
1725:penal labor colonies
1650:Operating principles
1557:improve this article
1296:class=notpageimage|
1135:improve this section
985:North Korean history
623:Japanese Law of 2006
268:Revised Romanization
84:improve this article
2633:on October 19, 2013
2605: A/HRC/25/CRP.1
1975:hyŏngmyŏnghwa kuyŏk
1506:was closed in 1990.
1014:land reform program
994:eight-hour work day
990:cult of personality
932:While according to
584:Abductions and POWs
356:Freedom of religion
324:Human rights abuses
299:Part of a series on
2163:North Korea portal
2129:Demand for closure
1675:Working conditions
1478:Prison camp No. 22
1417:Prison camp No. 12
1378:Prison camp No. 25
1364:Prison camp No. 18
1350:Prison camp No. 16
1336:Prison camp No. 14
982:
952:against a wave of
3147:
3146:
3042:Reeducation camps
2842:978-0-670-02332-5
2526:on August 3, 2017
2501:978-0-06-199850-8
2455:Cummings, Bruce.
2119:
2118:
2104:
1936:Guard towers and
1934:
1933:
1919:
1837:Encampment outlay
1811:
1810:
1803:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1171:
1170:
1163:
880:
879:
872:
846:used on Knowledge
844:encyclopedic tone
691:
690:
552:Chongori (No. 12)
547:Chungsan (No. 11)
475:Chongjin (No. 25)
465:Pukchang (No. 18)
407:Human trafficking
294:
293:
282:McCune–Reischauer
214:
213:
206:
196:
195:
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
3177:
3035:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2887:
2885:
2879:. Archived from
2874:
2846:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2765:
2759:
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2746:
2740:
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2732:
2726:
2725:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2698:Business Insider
2688:
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2681:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2638:
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2625:
2614:
2608:
2595:
2586:
2583: A/HRC/25/63
2573:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2553:freedomhouse.org
2545:
2536:
2535:
2533:
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2216:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2062:
2034:
2026:
2016:
2006:
2005:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1877:
1849:
1841:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1755:
1747:
1632:, North Korea's
1617:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1565:
1537:
1529:
1504:Chagang Province
1407:Kyŏngsŏng County
1282:
1281:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1115:
1107:
954:de-Stalinization
875:
868:
864:
861:
855:
854:for suggestions.
850:See Knowledge's
835:
834:
827:
723:is the term for
716:
711:
707:
706:
683:
676:
669:
631:
618:U.S. Law of 2004
537:Ryongdam (No. 8)
522:Kangdong (No. 4)
500:
460:Hwasong (No. 16)
450:Kaechon (No. 14)
443:
317:
307:
296:
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290:
276:
261:
260:
240:
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92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
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3176:
3175:
3174:
3150:
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3148:
3143:
3036:
3027:
2967:
2958:
2899:Wayback Machine
2883:
2872:
2868:
2853:
2843:
2827:
2825:Further reading
2822:
2812:
2810:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2775:. May 4, 2011.
2767:
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2670:
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2634:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2596:
2589:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2549:"Freedom House"
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2529:
2527:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2420:www.amnesty.org
2414:
2413:
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2309:
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2256:
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2240:
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2156:
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2131:
2115:
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2106:
2063:
2061:
2047:
2035:
2024:
1951:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1850:
1839:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1772:
1756:
1745:
1677:
1652:
1628:are run by the
1618:
1612:
1609:
1566:
1564:
1550:
1538:
1527:
1516:Camp No. 27 at
1509:Camp No. 26 in
1498:Camp No. 24 in
1491:Camp No. 23 in
1470:Camp No. 19 in
1459:Camp No. 17 in
1395:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1273:
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1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1132:
1116:
1105:
1093:
1012:and a sweeping
966:
944:established by
902:
885:
876:
865:
859:
856:
849:
840:This section's
836:
832:
825:
796:manufacturing.
709:
687:
658:
657:
625:
613:
605:
604:
585:
577:
576:
567:Wonsan (No. 88)
542:Hamhung (No. 9)
532:Kanggye (No. 7)
527:Sariwon (No. 6)
517:Sinuiju (No. 3)
512:Tongrim (No. 2)
507:Kaechon (No. 1)
502:
498:
490:
489:
445:
441:
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432:
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12:
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5:
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2989:
2982:
2980:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2923:One Free Korea
2914:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2851:External links
2849:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2790:
2760:
2741:
2735:Weber, Peter,
2727:
2708:
2683:
2664:
2609:
2587:
2565:
2537:
2507:
2500:
2480:
2462:
2447:
2442:The Two Koreas
2432:
2407:
2361:
2303:
2250:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
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2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2150:
2147:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2052:. Please help
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
1995:
1950:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1867:. Please help
1853:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1809:
1808:
1759:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1705:Eastern Europe
1676:
1673:
1656:Workers' Party
1651:
1648:
1620:
1619:
1555:. Please help
1541:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1496:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1461:Toksong County
1457:
1443:
1432:
1425:Chinese border
1414:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:North Hamgyong
1375:
1361:
1358:North Hamgyong
1347:
1307:North Korea's
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1276:
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1260:
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1172:
1169:
1168:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:Camp locations
1101:
1092:
1089:
1053:self-criticism
965:
962:
901:
898:
884:
881:
878:
877:
839:
837:
830:
824:
821:
768:duties within
732:rehabilitation
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3158:
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3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
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3115:
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3074:
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3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
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2990:
2987:
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2800:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2770:
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2723:
2719:
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2700:
2699:
2694:
2687:
2679:
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2668:
2660:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2554:
2550:
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2525:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2400:September 21,
2392:
2388:
2387:
2386:Freedom House
2379:
2376:Hawk, David.
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2254:
2243:September 21,
2235:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2219:Hawk, David.
2215:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2121:According to
2113:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071: –
2070:
2066:
2065:Find sources:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2043:single source
2039:This section
2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886: –
1885:
1881:
1880:Find sources:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1858:single source
1854:This section
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1760:This section
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:Joseph Stalin
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:secret police
1631:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574: –
1573:
1569:
1568:Find sources:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:single source
1542:This section
1540:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1440:Onsŏng County
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:Onsŏng County
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1393:Camp closures
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:South Pyongan
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:South Pyongan
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1315:
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1301:
1297:
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1208:
1192:
1178:
1165:
1162:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:This section
1118:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:United States
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
979:
975:
970:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:Joseph Stalin
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
919:
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911:
907:
897:
895:
890:
874:
871:
863:
853:
847:
845:
838:
829:
828:
820:
818:
814:
813:Otto Warmbier
810:
806:
802:
797:
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2425:December 8,
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1646:ideology.
1638:North Korea
1486:Camp No. 16
1465:Camp No. 18
1446:Camp No. 15
1429:Camp No. 22
1081:Kim Jong Un
1077:Kim Jong Il
1026:South Korea
860:August 2019
755:misdemeanor
751:labor camps
739:North Korea
728:penal labor
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3154:Categories
2835:. Viking.
2416:"Document"
2298:chipkyŏlso
2288:jipgyeolso
2202:References
2080:newspapers
2069:"Kwalliso"
1943:cafeterias
1895:newspapers
1884:"Kwalliso"
1583:newspapers
1572:"Kwalliso"
1091:Population
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1028:, and the
720:kwan-li-so
413:Executions
361:Disability
351:Corruption
338:Censorship
231:Chosŏn'gŭl
140:April 2019
110:newspapers
99:"Kwalliso"
39:improve it
2657:ignored (
2647:cite book
2110:July 2023
2050:talk page
2022:Awareness
1925:July 2023
1865:talk page
1791:July 2023
1762:does not
1717:Holocaust
1697:informant
1613:July 2023
1553:talk page
1436:Chongsŏng
1388:province.
1382:Ch'ŏngjin
1374:province.
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1151:July 2023
1122:does not
1057:Politburo
1008:with the
794:furniture
747:detention
725:political
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3097:Ryongdam
3079:Kangdong
3073:Hoeryong
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2992:Hoeryong
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2977:Kwalliso
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2807:Archived
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2755:Archived
2722:Archived
2703:Archived
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2352:kyohwaso
2342:gyohwaso
2234:Archived
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1814:Defector
1737:Kwalliso
1665:Kwalliso
1626:kwalliso
1482:Hoeryong
1399:kwalliso
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1346:province
1340:Kaech'ŏn
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1300:Kwalliso
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1191:Bukchang
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782:iron ore
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2998:Hwasong
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1715:in the
1711:during
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