Lázaro Cárdenas - Knowledge

1188:

by-products), and all similar undertakings.” In addition, the Factory Inspection Service was instructed by the Federal authorities “to make arrangements to secure regular and effective supervision of working hours and to prevent infringements of the 8-hour day.” Under an Act of 20 February 1936 that concerned the payment of wages for the weekly rest day, the State authorities “are free to allow for the special circumstances and needs of each locality when promulgating administrative regulations.” An enquiry made by the Department of Labour into silicosis in mines and byssinosis in the cotton industry “led to the adoption of measures to ensure notification and compensation of these diseases.”Regulations dealing with general industrial hygiene were issued on the 6th of June 1936. Dust-exhaust apparatus and respirators “were made compulsory for factories using certain raw materials (wool, padding, etc.), and the Federal Department of Public Health issued regulations for the protection of the health of workers in the woollen industry.” The Industrial Hygiene Regulations of 6 June 1936 “make it compulsory for factories to establish a medical service.” Regulations for the inspection of boilers were laid down on 30 August 1936, while regulations of 25 June 1936 “concerning industrial hygiene provide that the Department of Health must determine the cases in which industrial undertakings are to establish crêches and day nurseries for the children of their workers.” The Government also undertook to give effect to Article 123 of the Constitution, which provides “that all agricultural, industrial and mining undertakings shall supply comfortable and healthy living accommodation for their employees.” Under an Act of 27 September 1938, which was promulgated on 5 December 1938, “laying down the Federal Civil Servants' Statute, hours of work and other conditions of employment are regulated for all Federal civil servants other than those employed in a confidential capacity.” On 21 March 1939, regulations for a maritime inspection service were promulgated.

1477:

principle of Article 27 of the Constitution." In 1936, the 18,000-member oil workers' union forced oil companies to sign the first-ever collective bargaining agreement. The union demanded 26 million pesos, the companies offered 12 million. Giving more force to Mexican workers' demands, Cárdenas set up the National Oil Administration and the government's Council of Conciliation and Arbitration took jurisdiction over the wage dispute. The Council supported the workers' demands, which the companies refused to pay. To put even more force into the government's position, it cancelled oil concessions dating to the Porfirato. This move was unprecedented in the history of foreign oil in Mexico. Management and high-skilled workers were all foreigners, so the companies thought that nationalization would be a rash move for Mexico. The companies appealed the government's decision to force companies to pay their wages to the Mexican Supreme Court, which ruled against them on 1 March 1938. Cárdenas was ready to act. Cárdenas tasked his old ally, Francisco J. Múgica, with writing the declaration to the nation about expropriation. On 18 March 1938, Cárdenas nationalized Mexico's petroleum reserves and expropriated the equipment of the foreign oil companies in Mexico. The announcement inspired a spontaneous six-hour parade in

1803:(1958-1964), Cárdenas emerged from retirement and pressed the president toward leftist stances. With the victory of the Cuban Revolution in January 1959, Cárdenas among others in Latin America saw the hope of young revolution. Mexico was run by a party that claimed the legacy of the Mexican Revolution but had turned away from revolutionary ideals. Cárdenas went to Cuba in July 1959 and was with Castro at a huge rally where the former guerrilla leader declared himself premier of Cuba. Cárdenas returned to Mexico with the hope that the ideals of the Mexican Revolution could be revived, with land reform, support for agriculture, and an expansion of education and health services to Mexicans. He also directly appealed to López Mateos to free jailed union leaders. López Mateos became increasingly hostile to Cárdenas, who was explicitly and implicitly rebuking him. To Cárdenas he said, "They say the Communists are weaving a dangerous web around you." The pressure on López Mateos had an impact, and he began implementing reforms in land, education, and the creation of social programs that emulated those under Cárdenas. Cárdenas withdrew his public challenge to the PRI's policies and supported López Mateos's designated successor in 1964, 811: 1104:(National Peasant League) and promised to integrate it into the party structure. The Liga split over this question, but one element was integrated into the Partido Nacional Revolucionario. Cárdenas expanded the peasant league's base in 1938 into the Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC). Cárdenas "believed that an organized peasantry would represent a political force capable of confronting the established landholding elite, as well as providing a critical voting block for the new Mexican state." Scholars differ as to Cárdenas's intent for the CNC, with some viewing it as an autonomous organization that would advocate for peasants regarding land tenure, rural projects, and peasant political interests, while others see the CNC as in patron-client relationship with the state, restricting its autonomy. The CNC was created with the idea of "peasant unification" and was controlled by the government. Peasants' rights were acknowledged, but peasants were to be responsible allies of the political regime. The radical 1976:

Church. Although accused of being a communist, the charge did not stick; he was instead a leftist Mexican nationalist. He opened Mexico to refugees of the Spanish Civil War, who included many intellectuals who enriched the life of Mexico. His choice of his close associate Manuel Ávila Camacho, a moderate revolutionary rather than his old leftist ally Francisco Múgica marked the end of an era. Having chosen his party's candidate in the 1940 election and using the political machinery he created to make sure Ávila Camacho won the flawed election, Cárdenas left power to his successor. This set an important precedent. "When he concluded his mandate marked the full institutionalization of the post-revolutionary Mexican state". The party that Cárdenas founded, the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM), established the basic structure of sectoral representation of important groups, a structure retained by its successor in 1946, the

1425:(CTM), the peasant sector by the National Confederation of Campesinos, (CNC); and the middle class sector by the Federation of Unions of Workers in Service to the State (FSTSE), created in 1938. The old Federal Army had been destroyed in the Revolution and the post-revolutionary military had increasingly been transformed from a collection of veteran revolutionary fighters into a military organized along more traditional lines of hierarchy and control. The military had in most of Latin America in the post-independence period viewed itself as the arbiter of power and intervened in politics by force or the threat of force. In the post-revolutionary period, presidents of Mexico, including Cárdenas, were former generals in the revolutionary army. Curbing the power of the military was instigated by Álvaro Obregón and Calles, but the threat of revolt and undermining of the state remained, as the 1838:, actively participated in the movement and was pursued by Díaz Ordaz's secret police. Cárdenas hosted a meeting at his residence in the Polanco section of Mexico City with Castillo and some student leaders. Cárdenas was increasingly concerned about the impact on the movement on the political peace that had been built by the party. Despite the National University being a center of the movement, Cárdenas did not think that the government would violate the university's autonomy and take over the campus. It did, with tanks rolling into campus on 18 September. Castillo had a harrowing escape. In October government troops fired on demonstrators at the Plaza of the Three Cultures in Tlatelolco, someone who had been there made his way to Cárdenas's house to tell him in tears what happened. Cárdenas's wife 1363:

purposes, and attempted to guarantee medical attention to people addicted to drugs by authorizing medical professionals to prescribe and administer narcotic drugs. The government allocated funds to create a special budget for clinics or dispensaries to open up in order to effectively treat patients by administering controlled doses of low-cost, safe, quality drugs. Patients were required to officially register with clinics in order to receive treatment. Around six clinics were set up around Mexico City. Around 200 people—as many as 1,000, according to some estimates—attended the clinics daily. The state-controlled monopoly on drugs made it so they could provide high quality drugs at a low cost, and much lower and safer than what was sold on the streets of Mexico City at the time.

1517: 1263:

and social conditions, and then propose measures to the executive power for coordinated action to promote and manage measures considered to be in the interests of centers of indigenous populations. Most indigenous people were found in Veracruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Yucatán, according to the 1930 national census. In 1936 and 1937, the department had approximately 100 employees and a budget of $ 750,000 pesos, but as with other aspects of the Cárdenas regime, 1938 marked a significant increase personnel and budget; 350 employees in 1938 and a budget of $ 2.77 million pesos and in 1939, the high point in the department's budget, there were 850 employees with a budget of $ 3.75 million pesos. In 1940, the budget remained robust at $ 3 million pesos, with 650 employees.

1539:. Franco was given support by Germany and Italy. Mexico's support of the Republican government was "by selling arms to the Republican army, underwriting arms purchases from third parties, supporting the Republic in the League of Nations, providing food, shelter and education for children orphaned during the Spanish Civil War." Although Mexico's efforts in the Spanish Civil War were not enough to save the Spanish Republic, it did provide a place of exile for as many as 20,000-40,000 Spanish refugees. Among those who reached Mexico were distinguished intellectuals who left a lasting imprint on Mexican cultural life. The range of refugees may be seen from an analysis of the 4,559 passengers arriving in Mexico in 1939 on board the ships 1654:. Cedillo was a supporter of Calles and had participated in the formation of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario. He was a "paradigmatic figure," acting as a strongman in his region and mediating between the federal government and his local power base. As a powerbroker with demonstrated military and political skills, he had a great deal of autonomy in San Luis Potosí, serving a term as governor (1927–32), but then modeling Calles's Maximato was the power behind the governorship. Cedillo supported Cárdenas in his power struggle with Calles. However, relations between Cedillo and Cárdenas soured, particularly as Cárdenas's new political system was consolidated and undermined the autonomous power of local caciques. 1661:“Gold Shirts”, seen as a force capable of ousting Cárdenas. Cedillo rose in revolt in 1938 against Cárdenas, but the federal government had clear military superiority and crushed the uprising. In 1939, Cedillo, members of his family, and a number of supporters were killed, Cedillo himself was betrayed by a follower while he was in hiding. He was “the last of the great military caciques of the Mexican Revolution who maintained his own quasi-private army,” and who constructed “his campesino fiefdom.” Cárdenas's victory over Cedillo showed the power and consolidation of the newly reorganized Mexican state, but also a showdown between two former revolutionary generals in the political sphere. 1013:. Cárdenas's election had not triggered revolts by disgruntled military men with ambitions to the presidency, as had happened in 1923, 1928, and 1929. Much of the military remained loyal to Calles, but Cárdenas had supporters among the army leadership as well. Cárdenas sought to serve as president in his own right, not be a puppet of Calles, and to do that he needed to broaden his base of support. Cárdenas sought to arm the peasantry as a counterpoise to the army, a move that disturbed the more conservative generals. Cárdenas cultivated the loyalty of the junior officer corps, providing better housing, pensions, and schooling for their children. 1444:, whose rise in Germany and Italy in the 1930s coincided with Cárdenas's presidency. Cárdenas was emphatically opposed to fascism, but created the PRM and organized the Mexican state on authoritarian lines. That reorganization can be seen as the enduring legacy of the Cárdenas presidency. Although the PRM was reorganized into the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1946, the basic structure was retained. Cárdenas's calculation that the military's incorporation into the PRM would undermine its power was essentially correct, since it disappeared as a separate sector of the party, but was absorbed into the "popular" sector. 1197: 935: 906:

constituents who had never seen a presidential candidate before and thus building Cárdenas a personal power base. The campaign also allowed him to refine and articulate for popular consumption what he considered the important elements of the Six Year Plan. On the campaign trail, he acted more like someone already in office than a candidate, settling disputes between groups. He reached out to Mexican workers, as well as peasants, to whom he promised land reform. Cárdenas promised indigenous peoples schools and educational opportunities, and urged them to join with workers against exploitative practices.

463: 671: 1811: 1389: 74: 840: 1738: 922: 1433:. Cárdenas aimed to undermine the military's potential to dominate politics by making it a sector of the official party. Although some critics questioned the military's incorporation into the party, Cárdenas saw it as a way to assert civilian control. He is quoted as saying, "We did not put the Army in politics. It was already there. In fact it had been dominating the situation, and we did well to reduce its voice to one in four." Cárdenas had already mobilized workers and peasants into a counterweight to the "military's domination of politics." 5147: 1310:) were, by virtue of their membership umbrella organizations, also members of Cárdenas's reorganized party, the Party of the Mexican Revolution or PRM, done in 1938. In practice, however, women were marginalized from power. Women could not stand for national or local governmental elections or vote. The Constitution of 1917 did not explicitly address women's rights and so to enfranchise women required a constitutional amendment. The amendment itself was simple and brief, specifying that "mexicanos" referred to both women and men. 1465: 1033:, a major figure in Mexico's Catholic Church who successfully persuaded Mexicans to obey the government's laws peacefully. However, he also implemented educational reforms, particularly socialist education and the elimination of religious schooling. Nevertheless, the Cárdenas administration bridged a gap between church and state, developed a working and friendly relationship with the church, and helped subdue the bitter animosity between Catholics and leftists that had lingered since the Mexican Revolution, with the 1168:, which evolved into the Mexican Confederation of Workers or CTM. The CTM's alliance with Cárdenas was tactical and conditional, seeing their interests being forwarded by Cárdenas, but not controlled by him. As with the agrarian sector with mobilized peasants, mobilized and organized workers had long agitated and fought for their interests. Article 123 of the Constitution was a tangible result of their participation in the Mexican Revolution on the Constitutionalist side. In fact, workers organized by the 1698:, guaranteeing the rights of labor. Múgica had known Cárdenas personally since 1926 when the two were working in Veracruz. Múgica had served in Cárdenas's cabinet as Secretary of the National Economy and as Secretary of the Ministry of Communications and Public Works. In those positions, Múgica made sure the federal government pursued social goals; Múgica was considered "the social conscience of Cardenismo." Múgica resigned his cabinet post to be a candidate for the 1940 presidential election. 1132:, who now found the state attentive to their issue. Land reform, with some exceptions such as in Yucatán, took place in areas of previous mobilization. Peasants themselves pushed for agrarian reform and to the extent it was accomplished, they were integral agents not merely the recipients of top-down state largesse. However, the peasantry was under the control of the national government with no outlet for independent organization or the formation of alliances with Mexican urban workers. 831:, Cortés's cultural translator. Eréndira became a popular historical figure under Cárdenas. At his estate, he commissioned murals for the house, which are now lost, but it is known from historical sources that they had indigenous themes, particularly the rise and fall of the Purépecha Empire at the time of the Spanish conquest. The murals and the texts "appropriate national historical narratives in order to supplant the national myths and locate Mexico's ideal foundations in Michoacán." 1141: 683: 1702: 1072: 754:, an oil-producing region on the Gulf Coast. Cárdenas saw first-hand the operations of foreign oil companies. In the Huasteca, U.S. oil companies extracted oil, avoided taxes owed to the Mexican government, and treated the region as “conquered territory.” Múgica also was posted to the Huasteca and he and Cárdenas became close. During their time in the Huasteca, Múgica told Cárdenas that “socialism the appropriate doctrine for resolving conflicts in Mexico.” 709:, but Huerta's forces scattered the group, where Cárdenas had served as captain and paymaster. Given that revolutionary forces were voluntary organizations, his position of leadership points to his skills and his being a paymaster to the perception that he would be honest in financial matters. Both characteristics followed him through his subsequent career. He escaped the Federal forces in Michoacán and moved north, where he served initially with 1713:

centrist than Múgica, as the PRM's official candidate. He was "known as a conciliator rather than a leader" and later derided as "the unknown soldier." Múgica withdrew, realizing his personal ambitions would not be satisfied, and went on to hold other posts in the government. Cárdenas may well have hoped Ávila Camacho would salvage some of his progressive policies and be a compromise candidate compared to his conservative opponent, General

2013: 1635: 1097:, who argued that the Ejidal Bank that Cárdenas established when he embarked on his sweeping redistribution of land was, in fact, making the Mexican state the new hacienda owner. For Molina Enríquez, the Yucatecan henequen plantations were an "evil legacy" and "hellholes" for the Maya. As a lifelong supporter of land reform, Molina Enríquez's support of Cárdenas's "glorious crusade" was important. 1410:

policies in mid-1935, Cardenas purged his cabinet of Calles’s most loyal supporters. This action demonstrated that the power of the Jefe Máximo was more apparent than real. In its wake, Cardenistas took over the PNR, Congress, and the governments of 14 states.” As noted by another study, “Calles left the country and the Cardenista blocs in the Union Congress became the majority.”

774:, under the slogan of “Union, Land, Work.” The organization was funded by the state government, although not listed as an official expenditure. It became the single-most powerful organization representing both workers and peasants. Mobilizing worker and peasant support and controlling the organization to which they belonged became the model for Cárdenas when he became president. 1402:. Calles founded the PNR in the wake of President-elect Obregón's assassination in order to create some way for revolutionary leaders to maintain order and power. Calles could not be re-elected as president, but did hold power through the newly created party. Often called the "official party", it "was created as a cartel to control localized political machines and interests." 1282:), with their rights respected by the primary goal was to incorporate indigenous into the larger, national population on an equal basis. Initially in 1936 and 1937, there was one annual conference. The first one drew approximately 300 pueblos, while the second only 75. In 1938, there were two conferences with 950 pueblos represented. The last two years of the Cárdenas 1721:

from voting. Since the government controlled the electoral process, the official results declared Ávila Camacho as winner; Almazán cried fraud and threatened revolt, trying to set up a parallel government and congress. Ávila Camacho crushed Almazán's forces and assumed office on December 1, 1940. His inauguration was attended by US Vice President-elect

1717:. Cárdenas is said to have secured the support of the CTM and the CNC for Ávila Camacho by personally guaranteeing their interests would be respected. Cárdenas's followers maintained a degree of representation in the new government, with Camacho naming Cardenistas “to head the ministries that mattered most to Mexican workers and to leftist ideologues.” 1760:, Michoacán, and worked the rest of his life supervising irrigation projects and promoting free medical clinics and education for the nation's poor. He also continued to speak out about international political issues and in favor of greater democracy and human rights in Latin America and elsewhere. For example, he was one of the participants in the 1205:

under the patronage of fierce anticlerical Calles, was in favor of such policies. The opposition to socialist education by the Catholic Church as an institution and rural Catholics in such strongholds as Michoacán, Jalisco, and Durango saw the revival of armed peasant opposition, sometimes known as the Second

1983:

In his 1969 "Political Testament", he acknowledged that his regime had failed to make the changes in distribution of political power and corruption that were the basis for his presidency and the revolution. He expressed his dismay in the fact that some people and groups were making themselves rich to

1712:

However, the political system was not one of open competition among candidates, although the PRM's rules required an open convention to select the candidate. Cárdenas established the unwritten rule that the president chose his successor. Cárdenas chose political unknown Manuel Ávila Camacho, far more

1491:

Mexico was eventually able to restart the oil fields and refineries, but production did not rise to pre-nationalization levels until 1942, after the entry of the United States into World War II. The US sent technical advisers to Mexico to ensure production could support the overall Allied war effort.

1436:

These groups often had different interests, but rather than creating a pluralist system in which the groups competed, the corporatist model placed the President as the arbiter of interests. Thus, the organization of different interest groups with formal representation in the party gave them access to

876:

Cárdenas ran on the Six Year Plan for social and political reform that the party drafted under Calles's direction. Such a multiyear program was patterned after the just-completed Five Year Plan of the Soviet Union. The Six-Year Plan (to span the presidential term 1934–40) was a patchwork of proposals

1728:

Much to the surprise of Mexicans who expected that Cárdenas might follow the example of Calles and remain the power behind the presidency—particularly since Ávila Camacho did not appear to have major leadership skills at a time that the conflict in Europe and domestic turmoil were in evidence—he set

1720:

The campaign and elections were marked by violent incidents; on election-day the opposing parties hijacked numerous polling places and each issued their own "election results". Cárdenas himself was unable to vote on election day because the polling place closed early to prevent supporters of Almazán

1313:

Many PNR congressmen and senators gave supportive speeches for the amendment, but there was opposition. Cárdenas's impending reorganization of the party, which took place in 1938, was a factor in changing some opponents into supporters. In the end, it passed unanimously and was sent to the states to

1209:. The extent of the opposition was significant and Cárdenas chose to step back from implementing the radical educational policies, particularly as he became engaged with undermining Calles's power. Cárdenas gained support from the Catholic Church when he distanced himself from anticlerical policies. 951:, turned into the National Museum of History. In a move that struck at the financial interests of his patron Calles's cronies, Cárdenas closed down their gambling casinos and brothels, where "prominent Callistas had invested their profits from bribery and industrial activities." Cárdenas did not use 1999:

Cárdenas is a mysterious president. He announces no plans, reveals no projects, travels without a detailed itinerary, delivers marvelous speeches when least expected, solves conflicts with the most surprising audacity, and what redeems him, what excuses all his errors, is the fact that he does not

1286:

there were two congresses each year, but sparser attendance at around 200 pueblos each. The government attempted to engage the active participation of the indigenous pueblos, seeing that such engagement was the key to success, but the fall-off in the last two years indicates decreased mobilization.

1262:

The official 1940 government report on the Cárdenas administration states that “the indigenous problem is one of the most serious that the revolutionary government has had to confront.” The aim of the department was to study fundamental problems concerning Mexico's indigenous, particularly economic

864:. Instead, they selected Cárdenas as the presidential candidate. Calles agreed, believing he could control Cárdenas as he had controlled his predecessors. Not only had Cárdenas been associated with Calles for two decades, but he had prospered politically with Calles' patronage. Cárdenas resigned as 851:

Calles tapped Cárdenas to be the party's president. Of the revolutionary generals, Cárdenas was considered "honest, able, anti-clerical, and politically astute," He had come from a poor and marginal state of Mexico, but had risen to political prominence by his military skills on the battlefield but

1476:

in his capacity as a military commander. Ongoing issues with the foreign-owned companies and the Mexican petroleum workers' organization became increasingly tense. Early in his presidency, he declared that a previous agreement between companies and the government "was not in harmony with the basic

1329:

The concern about Mexican women taking advice from priests on voting had some foundation in the example of the leftist Spanish Republic of the 1930s. Many Spanish women indeed supported the position of the Catholic Church which was opposed to the republic's anticlerical policies. The Spanish Civil

1204:

During the Calles Maximato, Mexican education policies were directed at curtailing the cultural influence of the Catholic Church by introducing sex education and leftist ideology via socialist education, and generally aiming to create a national civic culture. Cárdenas as a presidential candidate,

1975:

President Cárdenas and his administration are credited with land reform that broke the back of the hacienda system, put resources toward rural education, press reform of the labor movement, helping unify it but also controlling it. He enacted significant reforms without antagonizing the Catholic

733:

Indians and against Zapatistas in Michoacán and Jalisco, during which time he rose to a field command as general. In 1920, after Carranza was overthrown by northern generals, Cárdenas was given the rank of brigadier general at the age of 25. Cárdenas was appointed provisional governor of his home

1495:

In 1938, the British severed diplomatic relations with Cárdenas' government, and boycotted Mexican oil and other goods. An international court ruled that Mexico had the authority for nationalization. With the outbreak of World War II, oil became a highly sought-after commodity. The company that

1405:

When Cárdenas ran as the candidate of the PNR in 1934, Calles had expected to continue to be the real power in Mexico. Cárdenas might have been one of the short-term, powerless presidents of the years 1929–1934, but instead he built a large and mobilized base of support of industrial workers and

1301:

Cárdenas had pushed for women's suffrage in Mexico, responding to the pressure from women activists and from the political climate that emphasized equality of citizens. Mexico was not alone in Latin America in not enfranchising women, but in 1932, both Brazil and Uruguay had extended suffrage to

1409:

Although Congress was dominated by Callistas early in his term, Cárdenas persuaded congressmen to his side, “to the point that he commanded a majority in the Chamber.” As noted by one study, “when Calles began to criticize agrarian and labor agitation and pressure the government to moderate its

1392:

Logo of the PRM, based on the logo of its predecessor the Partido Nacional Revolucionario that used the colors of the Mexican flag as its symbol. Cárdenas's PRM created formal sectoral representation within the party structure, including one for the Mexican military. The sectoral structure was

1151:

The other key sector of reform was industrial labor. Article 123 of the 1917 Constitution had empowered workers in an unprecedented way, guaranteeing human rights such as the minimum wage, an eight-hour workday and the right to strike and form trade unions, but in a more comprehensive fashion,

1123:

Agrarian reform took place in a patchwork fashion with uneven results. Over years, many regions had experienced peasant mobilization in the face of repression and "low intensity agrarian warfare." The peasant movement in Morelos had mobilized before the Mexican Revolution and had success under

905:

Assured of the backing of the powerful Calles and a presidential victory, Cárdenas took the opportunity to actively campaign in many parts of Mexico rather than remaining in Mexico City. His 25,000-kilometer campaign accomplished several things, including making direct contact with regions and

1362:

The law decriminalized sales and purchases of small quantities of drugs, eliminating former punishments for drug offenses. In addition, drug users jailed for small criminal drug offenses were released. The law also in effect created a legal way of access to psychoactive drugs for non-medical

1059:

During Cárdenas' presidency, the government enacted land reform that was "sweeping, rapid, and, in some respects, innovative". He redistributed large commercial haciendas, some 180,000 km of land to peasants. With the powers of Article 27 of the Mexican constitution, he created agrarian

801:

During his four years as governor, Cárdenas initiated a modest re-distribution of land at the state level, encouraged the growth of peasant and labor organizations, and improved education at a time when it was neglected by the federal government. Cárdenas ensured teachers were paid on time,

881:

did not get his cabinet's approval for the plan in 1933 so Calles's next move was to present it in draft form to the party convention. "Rather than a blueprint, the Six-Year Plan was a sales prospectus," and a "hopeless jumble" filled with compromises and contradictions, as well as utopian

1187:

Various measures affecting labor were also introduced under Cárdenas. A decree was issued “giving binding force throughout the Republic to a collective agreement which establishes a maximum working week of 48 hours for persons employed in sugar-cane plantations, sugar factories (including

1064:, which in early twentieth-century Mexico were an atypical form of landholding. Two high-profile regions of expropriation for Cárdenas's agrarian reform were in the productive cotton-growing region in northern Mexico, known as La Laguna, and in Yucatán, where the economy was dominated by 1093:, intellectual father of Article 27 of the 1917 Constitution, to accompany him to Yucatán to implement the land reform, even though Molina Enríquez was not a big supporter of the collective ejido system. Although he could not go due to ill health, he defended Cárdenas's action against 1251:, who earned a doctorate in education from Columbia University and had held a position in the Calles administration in the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP). Although initially an assimilationist for Mexico's indigenous, he shifted his perspective after a period of residence in a 1008:

As a revolutionary general, Cárdenas followed in the tradition of his immediate predecessors in the presidency who had standing as military leaders but sought to curb the power of the military. Obregón and Calles sought to downsize and professionalize the Mexican military and make it

1333:

Cárdenas was unable to overcome opposition to women's suffrage although he personally was committed to the cause. Women did not get the vote in Mexico until 1953, when the Mexican government was pursuing economic policies friendlier to business and there was a modus vivendi with the

1318:. Skeptics of women's suffrage were suspicious that conservative Catholic women would take instructions on voting from priests and so undermine the progressive gains of the Revolution. Conservative Catholic women had mobilized during the church-state conflict of the late 1920s, the 1787:

amended to allow him to be re-elected. Cárdenas and Ávila Camacho had former President Abelardo Rodríguez give a statement that they didn't "think extension of the presidential term or re-election is convenient for the country." This allowed for the transfer of power to President

855:

As the PNR's candidate, Cárdenas's election was a foregone conclusion. It was politically impossible for his patron, Calles, to serve as president again, but he continued to dominate Mexico after his presidency (1924–28) through "puppet administrations" in a period known as the

1504:), later served as a model for other nations seeking greater control over their oil and natural gas resources. In the early 21st century, its revenues continued to be the most important source of income for the country, despite weakening finances. Cárdenas founded the 877:

from a variety of participants, but the driving force behind it was Calles, who had given a speech in May 1933, saying that the "Mexican Revolution had failed in most of its important objectives," and that a plan needed to implement its objectives. Interim President

1725:, who was appointed by the U.S. as a "special representative with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary" for Mexico, indicating that the U.S. recognized the legitimacy of the election results. Almazán also attended Ávila Camacho's inauguration. 1277:

The department promoted a series of national indigenous congresses, bringing together different indigenous groups to meet as indigenous and discuss common issues. The government's aim in doing this was to have them move in concert toward the “integral liberation”

852:

importantly he had chosen the correct side of decisive splits since 1913. When he was chosen as the presidential candidate in 1934, no one expected him to be anything other than being loyal to Calles, the "Jefe Máximo", and power behind the presidency since 1929.

1115:

Cárdenas further strengthened the government's role by creating rural militias or reserves, which armed some 60,000 peasants by 1940, which were under the control of the army. The armed peasantry helped promote political stability against regional strongmen

1488:. The Mexican government was more worried about the lack of technical expertise within the nation to run the refineries. Before leaving, the oil companies had ensured they left nothing of value behind, hoping to force Cárdenas to accept their conditions. 802:

personally inspected schools, and opened one hundred new rural schools. Due to his grassroots style of governing, Cárdenas made important policy decisions based on direct information received from the public rather than on the advice of his confidants.

1617:

Cárdenas ended capital punishment (in Mexico, usually in the form of a firing squad). Capital punishment has been banned in Mexico since that time. The control of the republic by Cárdenas and the PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional) predecessor

1274:) and agricultural cooperatives. The goals that the department worked toward were primarily economic and education, with cultural actions second. Social measures and public health/sanitation were less important in terms of action for this department. 729:. Although Cárdenas was from the southern state of Michoacán, his key experiences in the Revolution were with Constitutionalist northerners, whose faction won. In particular, he served under Calles, who tasked him with military operations against 990:, who had been interim president of Mexico following the assassination of Obregón but not chosen as the PNR presidential candidate in 1929, held the position of Foreign Secretary (1934–1935). Cárdenas chose his comrade-in-arms and mentor General 551:(1928–1934) and expected to maintain that role when Cárdenas took office. Cárdenas, however, out-maneuvered him politically and forced Calles into exile. He established the structure of the National Revolutionary Party, eventually renamed the 1397:

The Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM) came into being on March 30, 1938, after the party founded in 1929 by Calles, the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR), was dissolved. Cárdenas's PRM was reorganized again in 1946 as the

614:

Cárdenas has been praised as "the greatest constructive radical of the Mexican Revolution", for implementing its ideals, but has also been criticized as an "authoritarian populist". He was the first Mexican president to serve for a

822:

into a tourist destination. Once he was president of Mexico, he continued to devote government funding to the project. Cárdenas built a house in Pátzcuaro when he became governor of the state, naming it "La Quinta Eréndira," after

464: 1613:

Cárdenas became known for his progressive program of building roads and schools and promoting education, gaining Congressional approval to allocate twice as much federal money to rural education as all his predecessors combined.

1591:, especially in the cultural sphere. Mexico sent artists, engineers, and athletes as goodwill efforts. No Latin American country emulated Cárdenas's radical policies in the agrarian sector, education, or economic nationalism. 1302:

women, and Ecuador had also done so. Women had made a significant contribution to the Mexican Revolution, but had not made gains in the postrevolutionary phase. Women who were members of the National Peasants Confederation (

1547:; the largest groups were technicians and qualified workers (32%), farmers and ranchers (20%), along with professionals, technicians, workers, business people students and merchants, who represented 43% of the total. The 1176:

against the peasant revolutionaries led by Emiliano Zapata. Lombardo Toledano and the CTM supported Cárdenas's exile of Calles and in the same stroke Cárdenas also exiled CROM's discredited leader, Luis Napoleón Morones.

792:, collectively held, state-controlled landholdings. Ejiditarios, members of the ejido, worked individual plots of land but did not hold title to it as private property. Opposition to the program came from estate owners ( 1987:

Cárdenas lived another 30 years after he left the presidency and remained an influential figure in Mexico. In the assessment of historian Enrique Krauze, Cárdenas in his post-presidency became "an icon, a kind of moral

1350:

who was head of the Drugs authority in the Department of Public Health (departamento de salubridad pública). Salazar's scientific investigations and writings served as the intellectual foundation for Lázaro Cárdenas'

1574:

Mexico's most important relations with foreign countries during the Cárdenas presidency was the United States, but Cárdenas attempted to influence fellow Latin American nations viable formal diplomatic efforts in

1112:(PCM) sought to organize peasants, but Cárdenas asserted the government's right to do that since it was in charge of land reform and warned that their attempting to organize the peasantry would sow dissension. 1128:'s leadership extinguished the hacienda system in that state. In Cárdenas's agrarian reform, with the revolutionary regime consolidated and agrarian problems still unresolved, the president courted mobilized 631: 3137:

LA ALTERNATIVA MEXICANA AL MARCO INTERNACIONAL DE PROHIBICIÓN DE DROGAS DURANTE EL CARDENISMO; TESIS PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE LICENCIADA EN RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES (DIRECTOR: DR. LORENZO MEYER COSÍO)

1685:

In the elections of 1940, Cárdenas, hoping to prevent another uprising or even "an outright counter-revolution throughout the Republic" by those opposed to his leftist policies, endorsed the PRM nominee

942:

Cárdenas was inaugurated on December 1, 1934. His first action after taking office was to have his presidential salary cut in half. He became the first occupant of the official presidential residence of

1120:). They could ensure that government land reform was accomplished. Peasant reserves could protect recipients of reform against estate owners and break rural strikes that threatened government control. 705:

in February 1913, although Michoacán was far from the revolutionary action that had brought Madero to the Mexican presidency. After Huerta's coup and Madero's assassination, Cárdenas joined a group of

1259:. He came to see indigenous culture as having value. Sáenz advocated for educational and economic reforms that would better the indigenous, and this became the aim of the department Cárdenas created. 5495: 1694:

Francisco Múgica would have been Cárdenas's ideological heir, and he had played an important role in the Revolution, the leader of the left-wing faction that successfully placed key language in the

1037:

eventually supporting Cárdenas in comparison to condemning the militant atheism of Calles. The attempts to make peace with the Catholic Church came in spite of the fact that Cardenas himself was an

978:, the brother-in-law of Calles's second son, Plutarco Jr. ("Aco"), was appointed the administrator for Mexico City (1934–1935), a cabinet-level position. Others with loyalty to Calles were radical 1484:

The legislation for nationalization provided compensation for the expropriated assets, but Cárdenas' action angered the international business community and Western governments, especially the

1160:. Morones was forced out of his cabinet post in Calles's government and the CROM declined in power and influence, with major defections of Mexico City unions, one of which was led by socialist 770:

through laws. He mobilized groups to support his positions, creating “political shock troops,” consisting of public school teachers and members of a disbanded agrarian league, forming the

1352: 1413:

The PRM was organized in four sectors, industrial labor, peasants, a middle class sector (composed largely of government workers), and the military. This organization was a resurrection of

563:. Cárdenas's incorporation of the army into the party structure was a deliberate move to diminish the power of the military and prevent their intervention in politics through coups d'état. 654:

ancestry. After the death of his father, from the age of 16, Cárdenas supported his family (including his mother and seven younger siblings). By the time he reached 18, he had worked as a

1290:

In February 1940, the department established a separate medical/sanitary section with 4 clinics in Chihuahua and one in Sonora, but the largest number were in central in southern Mexico.

1771:

Although Cárdenas did not play the role that Calles had as the power behind the presidency, Cárdenas did exert influence on the PRI and in Mexican politics. He opposed the candidacy of

818:

During his term as governor, Cárdenas sought to bring peace to the state, unite its population divided by the on-going Cristero War, and make Michoacán, especially the historic town of

1406:

peasants and forced Calles into exile in 1935. Cárdenas further consolidated power by dissolving the PNR and creating a new party with a completely different kind of organization.

955:

or bodyguards to protect himself. In the presidential campaign of 1934, he traveled through much of the rural areas by auto and horseback, accompanied only by Rafael M. Pedrajo, a

2192: 994:

as Secretary of the National Economy (1934–1935). As Cárdenas began to chart his course and outflank Calles politically, he replaced Calles loyalists in 1935 with his own men.

662:, and a jail keeper. Although he left school when he was eleven, he used every opportunity to educate himself and read widely throughout his life, especially works of history. 3112: 5663: 1314:

ratify it. Despite the speeches and the ratifications, opponents used a loophole to block the amendment's implementation by refusing to publish notice of the change in the

5723: 1266:

The function of the department was primarily economic and educational. Specifically it was tasked with defending indigenous villages and communities, holders of ejidos (

1068:

production. Other areas that saw significant land reform were Baja California and Sonora in northern Mexico, his home state of Michoacán and Chiapas in southern Mexico.

5257: 1673:(UNS), a popular, pro-Catholic, quasi-fascist movement founded in 1937 that opposed his "atheism" and collectivism. Catholic, pro-business conservatives founded the 810: 1551:, founded with Mexican government support in the early 1930s, was an organization to provide a haven for Spanish loyalist intellectuals and artists. It became the 5678: 5475: 1657:

Cárdenas was ideologically more radical than Cedillo, and Cedillo became a major figure in right-wing opposition to Cárdenas. Groups around him included the

1566:. Cárdenas was not as left-wing as Leon Trotsky and other socialists would wish, but Trotsky described his government as the only honest one in the world. 762:

Cárdenas was appointed governor of his home state of Michoacán in 1928, which was undergoing the political conflict between state and Church, known as the

5490: 4152: 1945:

in that country. In Chicago, Lazaro Cardenas K-8 School in the Mexican neighborhood of Little Village. Under the Chicago Public Schools administration.

1243:

leader in charge. After a controversy at the DAI, Sánchez was replaced by a scholar, Prof. Luis Chávez Orozco. Cárdenas was influenced by an advocate of

1221:

A basic Act on Education, which contained detailed provisions on technical and professional training and education, was promulgated on 30 December 1939.

4736: 4034: 622:

a practice that continues today. According to numerous opinion polls and analysts, Cárdenas is the most popular Mexican president of the 20th century.

486: 238: 3181: 1745:

After his presidential term that ended 1 December 1940, Cárdenas served as Mexico's Minister of War 1942–1945, when Mexico was a solid participant in

974:

when he was first in office included Calles family members, his oldest son Rodolfo at the Secretariat of Communications and Public Works (1934–1935);

1826:, which mobilized tens of thousands of students and middle class supporters during the summer and early fall 1968. The movement ended in the bloody 1100:

Cárdenas knew that peasant support was important and as a presidential candidate in 1933, he reached out to an autonomous peasant organization, the

1041:

who even once reportedly said "Man should not put his hope in the supernatural. Every moment spent on ones knees is a moment stolen from humanity."

2246: 1960: 1152:

Article 123 signaled that the Mexican state was firmly on the side of workers. A labor organization already existed when Cárdenas took office, the

2959: 2391: 4776: 3852: 3672: 2543: 1370:. The formal government explanation attributed this decision to a shortage of resources and the inability to purchase drugs from Europe due to 1293:

In 1940, the first Interamerican Indigenista Congress met in Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, with Cárdenas giving a plenary address to the participants.

971: 1287:

The department published 12 edited books with a total publication run of 350 as well as 170 tape recorded materials in indigenous languages.

1366:

The law was in effect for about 5 months when, on July 3, 1940, the Mexican government repealed the Reglamento in a decree published in the

5698: 5595: 5208: 5708: 963:. His fearlessness generated widespread respect for Cárdenas, who had demonstrated his bravery and leadership as a revolutionary general. 5548: 1129: 827:, who has been identified as Mexico's first anticolonial heroine for her resistance to the Spanish conquest, and a contrasting figure to 1669:

There was more organized and ideological opposition to Cárdenas. Right-wing political groups opposed Cárdenas's policies, including the

1626:. Despite Cárdenas' policy of socialist education, he also improved relations with the Roman Catholic Church during his administration. 1003: 5668: 5658: 5585: 4500:

Weston, Charles H. "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas." The Americas, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jan., 1983), pp. 383–405 Stable URL:

5713: 5569: 2593:

The Course of Mexican History 9th edition by Michael Meyer, William Sherman, and Susan Deeds, Oxford University Press, March 12, 2010

2330:

Ramírez Barreto, Ana Cristina, "'Eréndira a caballo': Acoplamamiento de Cuerpos e historias en un relato de conquista y resistencia."

1383: 1153: 540: 3800:

The War Has Brought Peace to Mexico World War II and the Consolidation of the Post-Revolutionary State By Halbert Jones, 2014, P.17.

2166: 1270:) and indigenous citizens from persecution and abuse that could be committed by any type of authority. It defended ejido officials ( 4681: 3104: 2616: 1835: 490: 152: 1606:

was founded during his term as president. Although not extensively active during that period, in the post-World War II era of the

1374:. Not mentioned in the official declaration were the increasing economic and political pressures from the U.S. to repeal the law. 5733: 2047: 1184:

in 1938 and put under a "workers' administration." His most sweeping nationalization was that of the petroleum industry in 1938.

847:

in 1929. The logo has the colors and arrangement of the Mexican flag, with the party's acronym replacing the symbol of the eagle.

3702: 5728: 4199: 600: 5718: 5564: 5543: 4871: 4212: 1516: 35: 1181: 766:. His ideological mentor Múgica had previously served as the state's governor and had attempted to counter the power of the 5528: 5272: 4633: 3406: 1323: 1218:(IPN), a technical university in Mexico City, in the wake of the 1938 oil expropriation to train engineers and scientists. 1437:

largesse from the State, but also limited their ability to act autonomously since they were dependents of the new system.

4330: 3220: 3076: 1230: 638:

Lázaro Cárdenas del Río was born on 21 May 1895, one of eight children in a lower-middle-class family in the village of

4769: 4293:

Dwyer, John. "Diplomatic Weapons of the Weak: Mexican Policymaking during the U.S.-Mexican Agrarian Dispute, 1934–1941,

2143: 1886: 1421:

or interest groups. Each sector of the party had a parallel organization, so that the labor sector was composed of the

1346:

During the last years of his mandate, Cárdenas impulsed groundbreaking drug policy reforms in the country, assisted by

5673: 4153:

https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/0cb89ba8-6779-40b6-893b-93c6e70d5960/el-testamento-politico-de-cardenas

1952:, awarded to foreigners politically sympathetic to the Soviet Union. The prize was later renamed for Lenin as part of 1882: 1603: 750:, a strongly anticlerical, secular socialist. President Calles appointed Cárdenas Chief of Military Operations in the 17: 5703: 5558: 5164: 4466: 4443: 4420: 4412: 4397: 4375: 4264: 3991: 2463: 2078: 1977: 1753: 1399: 552: 345: 1214: 592: 5693: 5627: 5201: 5174: 5130: 4785: 2036: 2031: 1520: 1422: 1165: 1105: 1010: 556: 4486:, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Jan., 1983), pp. 383–405 Published by: Academy of American Franciscan History Stable, URL: 4283:, second edition, Chapter 11, "The Cárdenas Upheaval", pp. 215–238. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1961. 3291:

Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America Edited by Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, 1997, P.234

1901:

named for him was inaugurated in 1946. There are also many streets that have been named after him, including the

1600: 3485:

Pla Brugat, 1989, quoted by Clara E. Lida (1993): "Los españoles en México: población, cultura y sociedad", in:

1555:

in October 1940, an elite institution of higher education in Mexico, with the support of Cárdenas's government.

3309:

XVII Jornadas de Historia de Occidente Lázaro Cárdenas en las regiones : 26-27 de octubre 1995, 1996, P.61

1674: 1505: 5308: 4856: 4836: 1524: 4886: 4762: 4257:

Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán Peasants, and the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution

1894: 1890: 1783:

in July 1959. In 1951, Alemán Valdés, nearing the end of his six-year term, expressed his desire to have the

910: 533: 5378: 4982: 4831: 798:), the clergy, and in some cases, tenant farmers, but Cárdenas continued land reform programs in his state. 5590: 5470: 5383: 4866: 4270:

Cárdenas, Enrique. "The Great Depression and Industrialization: The Case of Mexico" in Rosemary Thorp, ed.

3173: 1459: 706: 5553: 4957: 1850: 1677:(PAN) in 1939, which became the principal opposition party in later years and won the presidency in 2000. 333: 5194: 4911: 4629: 3036:

Sr. Barbara Miller, "The Role of Women in the Mexican Cristero Rebellion: Las Señoras y Las Religiosas".

2799: 1330:

War (1936–1939) was for Mexico a cautionary tale, the failure of a leftist regime after a military coup.

1090: 2634:

From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500–2000

2632:

Wells, Allen. "Reports of Its Demise Are Not Exaggerated: The Life and Times of Yucatecan Henequen", in

786:

at a time when President Calles was disillusioned by the program. He expropriated haciendas and created

5236: 3539: 3244:"Estados Unidos frente a la promulgación y suspensión en México del Reglamento de Toxicomanías de 1940" 1881:

In his honor, his name was given to a number of cities, towns, and a municipality in Mexico, including

1870: 1795:

Cárdenas was not happy with the rightward shift of Mexican presidents, starting with the presidency of

991: 860:. After two of his hand-picked men held office, the PNR balked in 1932 at supporting his first choice, 670: 31: 5455: 5419: 5022: 4901: 4451:

Mexico Between Hitler and Roosevelt:Mexican Foreign Relations in the Age of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934-1940

2566:

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, & Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979

2000:

kill, does not imprison, fabricates no conspiracies, needs no collaborators willing to confess crimes.

5688: 5683: 5105: 5070: 4806: 4746: 3243: 2963: 2824: 2810: 2041: 1796: 1772: 1670: 1453: 1347: 1335: 1161: 1144: 861: 767: 574: 502: 273: 4977: 3860: 3680: 2551: 607:. An achievement of Cárdenas was his complete surrender of power in December 1940 to his successor, 528:, whose revolutionary generals dominated Mexican politics in the 1920s, Cárdenas was hand-picked by 5538: 5095: 4962: 4929: 2636:, Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr Frank, eds. Durham: Duke University Press 2006, p. 315. 1941:

dedicated to his memory for his role in admitting defeated Spanish Republicans to Mexico after the

1866: 1823: 1647: 1030: 380: 5358: 5052: 5037: 4706: 4649: 3489:, Guillermo Bonfil Batalla (ed.), México DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 425–454, here p. 443. 1157: 1082: 979: 878: 844: 718: 529: 482: 200: 133: 5480: 5277: 4944: 4389: 4342: 1622:

without widespread bloodshed effectively signaled the end of rebellions that began with the 1910

1196: 1169: 1109: 934: 865: 746:

Cárdenas was a political protégé of Calles, but his ideological mentor was revolutionary General

5338: 5065: 5017: 4881: 4826: 4666: 4087:

Watering the Revolution: An Environmental and Technological History of Agrarian Reform in Mexico

1818:

In 1968, Cárdenas did not anticipate the draconian crackdown by Díaz Ordaz in the run-up to the

1749:, which reassured Mexican nationalists concerned about a close alliance with the United States. 1687: 608: 596: 509: 145: 5518: 5513: 4896: 4691: 1784: 975: 193: 73: 5368: 5080: 3787:

Weston, "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 400, fn. 53 quoting Brandenburg, Frank.

1800: 1714: 1705: 747: 5002: 4934: 4337:

Populism in Twentieth-Century Mexico: The Presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría

3555:"Nacional Financiera durante la industrialización vía sustitución de importaciones en México" 3407:"The Empire Struck Back: Sanctions and Compensation in the Mexican Oil Expropriation of 1938" 1862: 1050: 783: 582: 532:, Sonoran general and former president of Mexico, as a presidential candidate and won in the 498: 5600: 5125: 5085: 4876: 4405:

The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama

4323:

Creating Pátzcuaro, Creating Mexico: Art, Tourism, and Nation Building Under Lázaro Cárdenas

1804: 5653: 5648: 5075: 4816: 4100: 3300:

The Oxford History of Mexico edited by Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, 2000, P.478

3135: 2319:

Creating Pátzcuaro, Creating Mexico: Art, Tourism and Nation Building Under Lázaro Cárdenas

1819: 1810: 1789: 1695: 1418: 947:, seized from the Martínez del Río family. He had the previous residence, the ostentatious 570: 5012: 4861: 1552: 1481:; it was followed by a national fundraising campaign to compensate the private companies. 824: 8: 5434: 5333: 5323: 5303: 5159: 5100: 5047: 5032: 5027: 5007: 4987: 4656: 4380:

Leonard, Thomas M.; Rankin, Monica; Smith, Joseph; Bratzel, John (ed.) (September 2006).

1854: 1830:

on 2 October 1968. During the troubles that summer, one of Cárdenas's long-time friends,

1827: 1756:(PRI) who did not use the office to make himself wealthy. He retired to a modest home by 1388: 1094: 735: 726: 710: 690:

Cárdenas set his sights on becoming a teacher but was drawn into the military during the

675: 630: 544: 521: 474: 470: 469:; 21 May 1895 – 19 October 1970) was a Mexican army officer and politician who served as 95: 4846: 1839: 1737: 357: 5217: 4796: 4207:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. 3434: 1992:, the only true living Mexican Revolutionary, the moral conscience of the Revolution." 1949: 1623: 1430: 1426: 1319: 948: 839: 691: 659: 567: 517: 478: 437: 5120: 5090: 4992: 4841: 4821: 1741:

Monument to the Revolution, where Cárdenas is buried along with revolutionary leaders.

1651: 1212:

An important addition to higher education in Mexico was when Cárdenas established the

5439: 5429: 5313: 5231: 5170: 5135: 5042: 4997: 4921: 4729: 4462: 4439: 4408: 4393: 4371: 4326: 4260: 4208: 3987: 3706: 3576: 3438: 3426: 3261: 3144: 2469: 2459: 2084: 2074: 2026: 1964: 1942: 1643: 1536: 1248: 987: 952: 921: 722: 695: 604: 261: 5353: 4967: 4939: 4906: 4198:

Aguilar Casas, Elsa; Serrano Álvarez, Pablo (2012). Martínez Ocampo, Lourdes (ed.).

3342:

Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1919–1940

2717:. Mexico: Centro de Estudios Económicos y Social del Tercer Mundo-Nuevo Imagen 1984. 2528:

Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and Fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1910-1940

1757: 5403: 4801: 4385: 3566: 3418: 3251: 1953: 1831: 1776: 1761: 1729:

the important precedent of leaving the presidency and its powers to his successor.

1722: 1532: 898:

modern secular schools and eradication of the influence of the Catholic Church; and

702: 617: 457: 427: 394: 5348: 5298: 4972: 4952: 4851: 5533: 5465: 5460: 5328: 5110: 4625: 4277: 3981: 1607: 1531:

Cárdenas supported the Republican government of Spain against right-wing general

1125: 983: 698: 5373: 4916: 3959:"After the Revolution:Lázaro Cárdenas and the Movimiento de Liberación Nacional" 2704:. Mexico: Siglo XXI-Centro de Estudios Históricos del Agrarismo en México, 1990. 2392:"Mr. Clean: the phenomenon of Lázaro Cárdenas (1895–1970) : Mexico History" 1807:, his Minister of the Interior. In 1964, he attended Díaz Ordaz's inauguration. 1464: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5343: 4891: 4363: 4357: 3958: 1485: 1173: 4811: 3422: 3212: 3068: 5642: 5424: 3580: 3430: 3265: 2018: 1322:, giving material aid to Cristero armies, and even forming a secret society, 655: 647: 5282: 4250:

As if Jesus Walked the Earth: Cardenismo, Sonora, and the Mexican Revolution

3571: 3554: 2473: 1140: 682: 30:

This article is about the former president of Mexico. For his grandson, see

5605: 5523: 5318: 4360:, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 241–320, 417–422. 3256: 2088: 1858: 1780: 1746: 1701: 1610:, the bank was an important tool in government industrialization projects. 1562:

to settle in Mexico, reportedly to counter accusations that Cárdenas was a

1559: 1371: 1206: 1071: 1026: 960: 889:

destruction of the hacienda economy and creation of a collective system of

763: 714: 560: 409: 42: 2492: 2480: 2368: 1752:

It has been said that Cárdenas was the only president associated with the

1252: 819: 651: 643: 513: 5115: 4302:

Cárdenas Compromised: The Failure of Reform in Post-Revolutionary Yucatán

3983:

Medios de comunicación: del destrape a las campañas electorale, 1934-1982

3594: 3105:"El psiquiatra que luchó contra los cuerdos para despenalizar las drogas" 2453: 1906: 1898: 1846: 1478: 1414: 1244: 1235:

Cárdenas created the new cabinet-level Department of Indigenous Affairs (

322: 3703:"Manuel Ávila Camacho – History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts" 2068: 1948:

In 1955, Lázaro Cárdenas was one of several recipients that year of the

1849:

in Mexico City on 19 October 1970 at the age of 75. He is buried in the

1508:

to ensure the education and training of people to run the oil industry.

611:, who was a political moderate without a distinguished military record. 5622: 5610: 5267: 5262: 5241: 4754: 2702:

El Cardenismo: un parteaguas histórico en el proceso agrario, 1934–1940

1842:

reportedly said, "And I believe that the General shed some tears too."

1775:

for president in 1946, opposed the Vietnam War, and supported the 1959

1638:

Saturnino Cedillo, revolutionary general and post-revolutionary cacique

1022: 982:

at the Secretariat of Agriculture and Development (1934–1935); Marxist

390: 4501: 4487: 2647:

Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era

1650:

and former revolutionary general whose power base was in the state of

901:

workers' cooperatives to oppose the excesses of industrial capitalism.

882:

aspirations. But the direction of the plan was toward renewed reform.

547:, Plutarco Elías Calles had unofficially remained in power during the 5186: 4272:

Latin America in the 1930s: The Role of the Periphery in World Crisis

1934: 1910: 1563: 1117: 1025:

soon after he became president in 1934. Cárdenas earned respect from

986:

held the post of Secretary of Finance and Public Credit (1934–1935);

956: 944: 639: 305: 4482:

Weston, Jr., Charles H.; "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas",

2070:

El minimato presidencial: historia política del maximato (1928-1935)

1995:

Another Mexican scholar summed up Cárdenas's particular importance:

1634: 805: 5615: 5485: 5246: 3659:, second edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1961, p. 262. 2986:

Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay

2728:

The Mexican Revolution and the Limits of Agrarian Reform, 1915-1946

1926: 1914: 1584: 1473: 1065: 1034: 857: 828: 794: 751: 548: 494: 3822:

Weston, "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 400, fn. 53.

3318:

Charles H. Weston, Jr. "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas",

2715:

La Confederación Nacional Campesina en la reforma agraria mexicana

1004:

Military history of Mexico § Lázaro Cárdenas and the military

2193:"Lázaro Cárdenas, el presidente más popular que ha tenido México" 1765: 1658: 1441: 1429:

showed in the late 1920s, led by a former revolutionary general,

1077: 1038: 868:

on May 15, 1933, and he accepted the PNR's nomination on June 5.

46: 4556:

Los Artífices del Cardenismo: Historia de la Revolución Mexicana

4236:

Organized Labor and the Mexican Revolution under Lázaro Cárdenas

4598:

La vida en México en el periodo presidencial de Lázaro Cárdenas

4318:, vol. 1, pp. 192–195. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 4245:, vol. 1. pp. 195–199. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 4182:

La vida en México en el periodo presidencial de Lázaro Cárdenas

2103: 1938: 1930: 585:, redistributing large estates to smallholders in lands termed 525: 4459:

Talons of the eagle: dynamics of U.S.-Latin American relations

3980:

Aguilar Plata & García, Áurea Blanca & Carola (2006).

3103:

Ocaña Salazar, Magali; Olvera Hernández, Nidia (24 May 2018).

2820: 2818: 5251: 3535:

Mexico's Relations with Latin America during the Cárdenas Era

3522:

Mexico's Relations with Latin America During the Cárdenas Era

3487:

Simbiosis de Culturas. Los inmigrantes y su cultura en México

3102: 2671:

Stanford, Lois. "Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC)", in

2568:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2014, pp. 61-2. 1629: 1580: 1501: 1497: 1061: 1054: 938:

Cárdenas decrees nationalization of foreign railways in 1937.

891: 788: 730: 586: 578: 473:

from 1934 to 1940. Previously, he served as a general in the

4288:

Yesterday in Mexico: A Chronicle of the Revolution 1919–1936

4197: 3884: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2498: 2486: 2374: 2167:"Quién fue Lázaro Cárdenas y cuáles fueron sus aportaciones" 2073:(First ed.). México, D.F.: Ediciones Era. p. 144. 493:. During his presidency, which is considered the end of the 4129:. 10th edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2014, 454 2815: 2687:

Stanford, "Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC)", p. 286.

1588: 1576: 1511: 1147:, socialist leader of the Confederation of Mexican Workers. 3979: 3765:

Weston, "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 399.

3213:"El año en el que México legalizó (brevemente) las drogas" 3069:"El año en el que México legalizó (brevemente) las drogas" 2852:, vol. 2, pp. 1325–26. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 2530:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1968, 115-16 871: 599:(Colmex). His foreign policy supported and gave asylum to 555:(PRM), on the sectoral representation of peasant leagues, 543:(PNR) in the wake of the assassination of president-elect 4563:

La mecánica cardenista: Histora de la Revolución Mexicana

2596: 2132:, vol. 1, p. 555. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 1664: 4309:

The Limits of State Authority: Post-Revolutionary Mexico

2865:, Mexico City, La Nacional Impresora, S.A. 1940, p. 355. 1779:, even making an appearance in Havana with Cuban leader 1384:

Institutional Revolutionary Party § PRM (1938–1946)

4605:

Lázaro Cárdenas: una vida fecunda al servicio de México

4238:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1963. 4201:

Posrevolucionario y estabilidad. Cronología (1917-1967)

4089:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2017, pp. 163-170 3986:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3646:

vol. 1, p. 554. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1994.

3053:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1962, p. 23. 1814:

Tanks in the Zócalo during the Mexican Movement of 1968

1472:

Cárdenas had had dealings with the oil industry in the

1231:

Indigenismo in Mexico § Indigenismo under Cárdenas

843:

Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario founded by

717:, and after 1915 when Villa was defeated by Obregón to 4508:

The Reconquest of Mexico: The Years of Lázaro Cárdenas

3379:

Weston, "Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 395.

3331:

Weston, "Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 394.

3098: 3096: 3094: 2839:, Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2004, pp. 74-78. 2649:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1994, pp. 97-98. 1180:

Cárdenas nationalized the railway system creating the

4063:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2004, pp. 68-69 3922:, vol. 1, p. 194. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 3629: 3627: 3625: 3619:, vol. 1, p. 230. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 3467:, vol. 1, p. 205. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 2790:, vol. 2, p. 955. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 2675:, vol. 1, p. 286. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997. 2332:

e-misférica: Performance and Politica in the Americas

1853:

in Mexico City, sharing his final resting place with

1642:

The last military major revolt in Mexico was that of

5664:

Candidates in the 1934 Mexican presidential election

4241:

Bantjes, Adrian A. "Cardenismo: Interpretations" in

3344:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3014:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1962, 33. 2863:

Seis Años de Gobierno al Servicio de México, 1934–40

2786:

Aguilar García, Javier. "Luis Napoleón Morones", in

2730:. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers 1993, p. 104-05. 2696:

Escárcega López, Evarardo and Escobar Toledo, Saúl.

2576: 2574: 2008: 1440:

The corporatist model is most often associated with

1377: 5724:

Presidents of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

4453:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1998. 4431:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1981. 4352:Knight, Alan. "The Rise and Fall of Cardenismo" in 4180:. Mexico: Conaculta 2014, 51 citing Salvador Novo, 3835:, vol. 1, p. 41. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997 3744:

vol. 2, p. 975. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997.

3091: 1980:. The PRI stayed in power continuously until 2000. 1029:and had a close friendship with Mexican Archbishop 1016: 772:

Confederación Revolucionaria Michoacana del Trabajo

757: 4737:President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party 4558:. vol. 14. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1979. 3936:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 3752: 3750: 3644:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 3622: 3595:"Mexico – Cardenismo and the Revolution Rekindled" 3524:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2016 3063: 3061: 3059: 2458:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 472. 2130:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 2104:"A 82 años de la expropiación petrolera en México" 1708:, revolutionary general and presidential candidate 487:President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party 239:President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party 4593:. Mexico City: Siglo XXI 1972, 13th edition 1986. 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3151: 2571: 2301: 2299: 814:Cárdenas's home "La Quinta Eréndira" in Pátzcuaro 806:Promotion of tourism, art, and indigenous culture 741: 734:state of Michoacán under the brief presidency of 516:, to a working-class family, Cárdenas joined the 5640: 4418:Michaels, Albert L. "The Crisis of Cardenismo," 2509: 2507: 2357: 2355: 2353: 1680: 1044: 834: 577:and the creation of the state-owned oil company 4572:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económico 1987. 4565:. vol. 16. Mexico City: Colegio de México 1979. 3747: 3282:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1963, p. 149. 3056: 3025:Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico 2999:Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 1834:, a professor of mechanical engineering at the 1569: 1393:retained when the party became the PRI in 1946. 53: and the second or maternal family name is 4591:Ideología y praxis política de Lázaro Cárdenas 3196: 3133: 2296: 2293:Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power pp. 451-52. 2284:Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power, pp. 448-51 2241: 2239: 1172:, a radical labor organization, fought in the 909:As expected, Cárdenas won handily, officially 5679:Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians 5202: 4770: 4577:El estado capitalista en la época de Cárdenas 4524:El Estado y la política obrera del cardenismo 4311:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1982. 4184:, Mexico City: Empresas Editoriales 1964, 559 3740:Schuler, Friedrich E. "Francisco Múgica", in 3615:Falcón Vega, Romana. “Saturnino Cedillo”, in 3463:Matesanz, José Antonio. "Casa de España", in 2988:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1995. 2504: 2350: 2141: 2108:Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. UNAM 1933:, is also named after him, as is a street in 1594: 4339:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2010. 4335:Kiddle, Amelia, and María L.O. Muñoz, eds. 4259:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4176:Quoted in Carmen Nava, "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3813:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1942). 3241: 2751: 2749: 2210: 2101: 997: 3880: 3878: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3001:. Durham: Duke University Press 2005, p. 8. 2621:The Storm That Swept Mexico: The Revolution 2236: 2144:"Lázaro Cárdenas, el presidente del pueblo" 2102:Barbosa Cano, Fabio Erazo (12 March 2020). 1984:the detriment of the mainly poor majority. 1306:) or the Confederation of Mexican Workers ( 505:, and implemented many key social reforms. 503:expropriation of the country's oil industry 5209: 5195: 4777: 4763: 4407:. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press. 4325:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2018. 3667: 3665: 3368:Mexico, 1940–1960: Revolution to Evolution 3280:Mexico, 1940–1960: Revolution to Evolution 3174:"The time when drugs were legal in Mexico" 2683: 2681: 2617:Faces of the Revolution: "Lazaro Cardenas" 2455:Elections in the Americas: a data handbook 2308:by Michael C. Meyer and William L. Sherman 1630:Failed Saturnino Cedillo revolt, 1938–1939 1164:. Cárdenas promoted Toledano's "purified" 165:1 September 1942 – 31 August 1945 72: 5570:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution 4626:Newspaper clippings about Lázaro Cárdenas 4290:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1961. 4252:. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources 1998., 4074:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy 4061:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy 3633:Falcón Vega, “Saturnino Cedillo”, p. 231. 3570: 3255: 2837:Indian and Nation in Revolutionary Mexico 2746: 2538: 2536: 2321:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2018. 1893:, and other smaller communities. A major 1873:have been prominent Mexican politicians. 1447: 575:expropriation of the Mexican oil industry 251:16 October 1930 – 27 August 1931 4784: 4600:, Mexico City: Empresas Editoriales 1964 4531:Lázaro Cárdenas y la revolución mexicana 3930: 3928: 3885:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012 3875: 3838: 3242:Pérez Ricart, Carlos A. (29 June 2021). 2848:Dawson, Alexander A. “Moisés Sáenz”, in 2698:Historia de la cuestión agraria mexicana 2499:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012 2487:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012 2385: 2383: 2375:Aguilar Casas & Serrano Álvarez 2012 1809: 1736: 1700: 1633: 1558:In 1936, Cárdenas allowed Russian exile 1515: 1512:Spanish Civil War and refugees in Mexico 1463: 1387: 1341: 1195: 1139: 1070: 933: 920: 916: 895:(common lands) under government control; 838: 809: 681: 669: 629: 625: 524:. Although he was not from the state of 3831:David Lorey, "Juan Andreu Almazán," in 3662: 3559:América Latina en la historia económica 3543:vol. 122 (5) December 2017, pp. 1660–61 3498:Matesanz, "Casa de España", pp. 205-06. 2678: 1822:. That summer saw the emergence of the 1308:Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos 872:Six-Year Plan and presidential campaign 782:As governor, Cárdenas also prioritized 14: 5641: 5216: 4345:. "Cardenismo: Juggernaut or Jalopy?" 3587: 3404: 2533: 2451: 1799:(1946-1952). During the presidency of 1665:Other political opposition to Cárdenas 1359:), signed into law on January 5, 1940 1011:subordinate to the civilian government 116: – 30 November 1940 5565:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 5190: 4758: 4456: 4314:Hamilton, Nora. "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3956: 3925: 3918:Hamilton, Nora. "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3552: 3451: 3400: 3398: 3223:from the original on 16 February 2023 3115:from the original on 19 December 2022 3079:from the original on 16 February 2023 2380: 2247:"Lázaro Cárdenas, 75, Dies In Mexico" 2190: 2164: 2066: 1937:, Spain, and a monument in a park in 1357:Federal Regulation on Drug Addictions 1239:) in 1936, with Graciano Sánchez, an 929: 925:Lázaro Cárdenas, President of Mexico. 456: 27:President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940 3947:Hamilton, "Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 194. 3896:Lorey, "Juan Andreu Almazán", p. 41. 3853:"MEXICO: Cárdenas & Almazán Out" 3756:Schuler, "Francisco Múgica", p. 975. 3673:"MEXICO: Cárdenas & Almazán Out" 3184:from the original on 28 January 2023 1324:Feminine Brigades of St. Joan of Arc 1257:Carapan: Bosquejo de una experiencia 581:in 1938. He implemented large-scale 5699:Mexican secretaries of the interior 5476:Querétaro Constitutional Convention 4542:La política de masas del cardenismo 4502:https://www.jstor.org/stable/981231 4488:https://www.jstor.org/stable/981231 4035:"Díaz Is Sworn In As Mexico's Head" 3476:Matesanz, "Casa de España", p. 205. 3322:vol. 39, no. 3 (Jan. 1963), p. 388. 3147:CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS INTERNACIONALES. 2345:Creating Pátzcuaro, Creating Mexico 1296: 911:winning over 98 percent of the vote 24: 4570:Lázaro Cárdenas: General misionero 4549:El cardenismo, una utopía mexicana 4535:Historia de la revolución mexicana 4222: 4138:Carmen Nava, "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3859:. 25 November 1940. Archived from 3679:. 25 November 1940. Archived from 3642:Alan Knight, "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3395: 2550:. 26 December 1938. Archived from 2128:Alan Knight, "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 2048:Statue of Lázaro Cárdenas (Madrid) 1732: 1353:Reglamento Federal de Toxicomanías 1182:Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México 665: 25: 5745: 5669:Deaths from lung cancer in Mexico 5659:20th-century presidents of Mexico 5559:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4619: 4582:León, Samuel and Ignacio Marván. 4506:Weyl, Nathaniel and Sylvia Weyl. 4490:Accessed: February 26, 2009 14:16 4477:Lázaro Cárdenas, Mexican Democrat 4421:Journal of Latin American Studies 4382:Latin America during World War II 4347:Journal of Latin American Studies 1754:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1620:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 1400:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1378:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 1237:Departamento de Asuntos Indígenas 346:Institutional Revolutionary Party 5714:People of the Mexican Revolution 5709:People from Jiquilpan, Michoacán 5628:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution 5145: 4612:Cárdenas y la izquierda mexicana 4551:. Mexico City: Cal y Arena 1994. 4461:. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. 4438:. New York City: Vintage Books. 4429:Mexico and the Spanish Civil War 4370:. New York: HarperCollins 1997. 4170: 4157: 4145: 4132: 4119: 4098: 4092: 4079: 4066: 4053: 4027: 4014: 4001: 3973: 3950: 3941: 3912: 3899: 3890: 3825: 3816: 3803: 3794: 3781: 3768: 3759: 3734: 3721: 3134:FLORES GUEVARA, MARIANA (2013). 2389: 2032:List of heads of state of Mexico 2011: 1764:for investigating war crimes in 1423:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1304:Confederación Nacional Campesina 1200:General Lázaro Cárdenas del Río. 1166:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1106:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1017:Cárdenas and the Catholic Church 758:Governor of Michoacán, 1928–1932 36:Lázaro Cárdenas (disambiguation) 4274:. London 1984, pp. 222–41. 4191: 4059:Preston, Julia and Sam Dillon, 3695: 3649: 3636: 3609: 3546: 3527: 3514: 3501: 3492: 3479: 3470: 3457: 3445: 3411:The Journal of Economic History 3382: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3334: 3325: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3272: 3235: 3127: 3043: 3030: 3017: 3004: 2991: 2978: 2952: 2940: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2880: 2868: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2804: 2793: 2780: 2771: 2758: 2733: 2720: 2707: 2690: 2665: 2652: 2639: 2626: 2610: 2587: 2558: 2520: 2445: 2432: 2419: 2406: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2287: 2278: 1905:in Mexico City and highways in 1368:Diario Oficial de la Federación 1255:village, which he published as 553:Party of the Mexican Revolution 366: 5734:World War II political leaders 4304:. Duke University Press 2001. 4072:quoted in Preston and Dillon, 2265: 2184: 2165:Ayala, Rodrigo (19 May 2018). 2158: 2135: 2122: 2095: 2060: 1506:National Polytechnic Institute 1417:, essentially organization by 1224: 1215:Instituto Politécnico Nacional 777: 742:Service under President Calles 650:. His family was of prominent 593:National Polytechnic Institute 583:land reform programs in Mexico 13: 1: 5729:Stalin Peace Prize recipients 5273:French Intervention in Mexico 4682:Secretary of National Defence 4515: 4227: 4127:The Course of Mexican History 3934:Knight, "Lázaro Cárdenas" in 3705:. History.com. Archived from 2306:The Course of Mexican History 2053: 1887:Lázaro Cárdenas, Quintana Roo 1681:Presidential election of 1940 1045:Land reform and the peasantry 866:secretary of war and the navy 835:Presidential election of 1934 491:Secretary of National Defence 153:Secretary of National Defence 79: 5591:Liberation Army of the South 5519:Mexican Constitution of 1917 5471:Convention of Aguascalientes 4584:En el cardenismo (1934–1940) 4403:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent (2010). 4281:The United States and Mexico 4142:. Mexico: Conaculta 2014, 51 3957:Doyle, Katie (31 May 2004). 3657:The United States and Mexico 2960:"Memoria Política de México" 2777:Knight, "Cardenismo", p. 95. 2755:Knight, "Cardenismo", p. 94. 2607:Knight, "Cardenismo", p. 82. 1570:Relations with Latin America 1460:Petroleum industry in Mexico 1191: 541:National Revolutionary Party 520:and became a general in the 45:, the first or paternal 7: 5131:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4857:Francisco Javier Echeverría 4837:Antonio López de Santa Anna 4630:20th Century Press Archives 4475:Townsend, William Cameron. 3961:. National Security Archive 3789:The Making of Modern Mexico 2825:The I.L.O YEAR-BOOK 1939-40 2811:The I.L.O YEAR-BOOK 1938-39 2800:The I.L.O YEAR-BOOK 1936-37 2037:Monument to Lázaro Cárdenas 2004: 1903:Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas 1820:Mexico City Summer Olympics 1690:, a moderate conservative. 1521:Monument to Lázaro Cárdenas 646:, where his father owned a 634:Cárdenas as a child, c.1900 10: 5750: 5719:Politicians from Michoacán 5554:Monument to the Revolution 5379:Francisco León de la Barra 5237:Economic History of Mexico 4983:Francisco León de la Barra 4561:Hernández Chávez, Alicia. 4368:Mexico: Biography of Power 4165:Mexico: Biography of Power 4022:Mexico: Biography of Power 4009:Mexico: Biography of Power 3811:Covering the Mexican Front 3540:American Historical Review 3390:Mexico: Biography of Power 3040:vol. 4-, no. 3. Jan. 1984. 2713:González Navarro, Moisés. 2273:Mexico: Biography of Power 2142:Batres Guadarrama, Marti. 1919:Šetalište Lazaro Kardenasa 1883:Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán 1851:Monument to the Revolution 1595:Other presidential actions 1457: 1451: 1381: 1228: 1089:In 1937, Cárdenas invited 1048: 1001: 966: 557:labor union confederations 458:[ˈlasaɾoˈkaɾðenas] 334:Monument to the Revolution 40: 29: 5578: 5506: 5491:United States involvement 5448: 5412: 5291: 5224: 5154: 5143: 5106:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4958:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada 4792: 4743: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4688: 4679: 4673: 4663: 4654: 4646: 4641: 4537:. Colegio de México 1978. 4424:vol. 2 (May 1970): 51–79. 4354:Mexico Since Independence 4255:Becker, Marjorie (1995). 3423:10.1017/S0022050711001859 2044:, Puerto Vallarta, Mexico 1970: 1923:Lázaro Cárdenas promenade 1876: 1671:National Synarchist Union 1454:Mexican oil expropriation 1356: 1348:Leopoldo Salazar Viniegra 1336:Catholic Church in Mexico 1162:Vicente Lombardo Toledano 1145:Vicente Lombardo Toledano 1075:President Cárdenas, with 998:Cárdenas and the military 768:Catholic Church in Mexico 497:, he implemented massive 489:. He later served as the 443: 433: 423: 415: 405: 400: 386: 376: 351: 341: 329: 312: 288: 283: 279: 267: 255: 244: 237: 227: 217: 206: 199: 187: 177: 169: 158: 151: 139: 127: 108:1 December 1934 101: 93: 89: 71: 64: 5704:Mexican social democrats 5319:Francisco "Pancho" Villa 5053:Abelardo Luján Rodríguez 4722:Party political offices 4544:. Mexico City: Era 1974. 4526:. Mexico City: Era 1975. 4457:Smith, Peter H. (1996). 4390:Rowman & Littlefield 3907:United States and Mexico 3776:United States and Mexico 3729:United States and Mexico 3553:López, Pablo J. (2012). 3533:Alan Knight, "Review of 3051:Woman Suffrage in Mexico 3012:Woman Suffrage in Mexico 2544:"Religion: Where Is He?" 2515:United States and Mexico 2440:United States and Mexico 2427:United States and Mexico 2414:United States and Mexico 2363:United States and Mexico 2231:United States and Mexico 1891:Lázaro Cárdenas, Jalisco 1824:Mexican Movement of 1968 1135: 5694:Mexican revolutionaries 5481:Pancho Villa Expedition 5456:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez 5420:Plan of San Luis Potosí 5023:Francisco Lagos Cházaro 4902:Manuel María Lombardini 4867:José Joaquín de Herrera 4603:Suárez Valles, Manuel. 3572:10.18232/alhe.v19i3.531 2452:Nohlen, Dieter (2005). 1170:Casa del Obrero Mundial 1110:Mexican Communist Party 1102:Liga Nacional Campesina 686:General Lázaro Cárdenas 450:Lázaro Cárdenas del Río 293:Lázaro Cárdenas del Río 5674:Governors of Michoacán 5514:Emigration from Mexico 5449:Political developments 5309:José María Pino Suárez 4978:Manuel González Flores 4897:Juan Bautista Ceballos 4692:Francisco Luis Urquizo 4449:Schuler, Friedrich E. 4316:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4243:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3920:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3833:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3742:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3617:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3465:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3257:10.24201/fi.v61i3.2775 3111:(in Mexican Spanish). 3109:Chacruna Latinoamérica 2861:Government of Mexico, 2850:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2788:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2766:The Mexican Revolution 2741:The Mexican Revolution 2673:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2660:Andrés Molina Enríquez 2002: 1885:, the municipality of 1815: 1742: 1709: 1639: 1528: 1469: 1448:1938 oil expropriation 1394: 1201: 1148: 1091:Andrés Molina Enríquez 1086: 1021:Cárdenas repealed the 939: 926: 913:, or 2,268,507 votes. 848: 825:the Purépecha princess 815: 687: 679: 635: 522:Constitutionalist Army 454:Spanish pronunciation: 194:Francisco Luis Urquizo 34:. For other uses, see 5539:1968 student protests 5359:Plutarco Elías Calles 5038:Plutarco Elías Calles 5003:Francisco S. Carvajal 4935:Manuel Robles Pezuela 4832:Valentín Gómez Farías 4707:Governor of Michoacán 4650:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 4434:Riding, Alan (1986). 3405:Maurer, Noel (2011). 2835:Dawson, Alexander S. 2582:Jesuit Student Groups 2334:, 2 no. 2 (2005)1-19. 1997: 1967:was named after him. 1871:Lázaro Cárdenas Batel 1863:Plutarco Elias Calles 1813: 1740: 1704: 1675:National Action Party 1637: 1535:'s forces during the 1519: 1467: 1391: 1342:Legalization of drugs 1272:comisariados ejidales 1199: 1143: 1083:Roberto Cueva del Río 1074: 1051:Land reform in Mexico 1049:Further information: 992:Francisco José Múgica 980:Tomás Garrido Canabal 937: 924: 917:Presidency, 1934–1940 879:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 845:Plutarco Elías Calles 842: 813: 719:Plutarco Elías Calles 685: 673: 633: 626:Early life and career 534:1934 general election 530:Plutarco Elías Calles 483:Governor of Michoacán 416:Years of service 201:Governor of Michoacán 134:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 32:Lázaro Cárdenas Batel 5339:Ricardo Flores Magón 5258:Constitution of 1857 5076:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 5071:Miguel Alemán Valdés 5066:Manuel Ávila Camacho 5018:Roque González Garza 4917:Juan Álvarez Hurtado 4882:Pedro María de Anaya 4827:Manuel Gómez Pedraza 4817:Anastasio Bustamante 4807:José María Bocanegra 4786:Presidents of Mexico 4747:Manuel Pérez Treviño 4676:Jesús Agustín Castro 4667:Manuel Ávila Camacho 4607:(Mexico City, 1971). 4151:Testamento Político 3509:Inside Latin America 2067:Medin, Tzvi (1982). 2042:Lázaro Cárdenas Park 1790:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 1773:Miguel Alemán Valdés 1696:Constitution of 1917 1688:Manuel Ávila Camacho 885:The plan called for 862:Manuel Pérez Treviño 609:Manuel Ávila Camacho 597:El Colegio de México 571:economic nationalist 499:land reform programs 274:Manuel Pérez Treviño 183:Jesús Agustín Castro 173:Manuel Ávila Camacho 146:Manuel Ávila Camacho 5435:Plan of Agua Prieta 5369:José Yves Limantour 5324:Venustiano Carranza 5304:Francisco I. Madero 5160:President of Mexico 5101:Miguel de la Madrid 5096:José López Portillo 5081:Adolfo López Mateos 5048:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 5028:Adolfo de la Huerta 5008:Venustiano Carranza 4988:Francisco I. Madero 4963:José María Iglesias 4930:Félix María Zuloaga 4657:President of Mexico 4610:Viscaíno, Rogelio. 4529:Benítez, Fernando. 4493:Whetten, Nathan L. 4295:Diplomatic History, 4286:Dulles, John W. F. 3597:. Countrystudies.us 3353:quoted in Lieuwen, 2645:Shadle, Stanley F. 2554:on 21 October 2012. 2191:Velazquez, Carlos. 1867:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1855:Venustiano Carranza 1836:National University 1828:Tlatelolco massacre 1801:Adolfo López Mateos 1715:Juan Andreu Almazán 1706:Juan Andreu Almazán 1604:Nacional Financiera 1498:Petróleos Mexicanos 1280:liberación integral 1031:Luis María Martínez 748:Francisco J. Múgica 736:Adolfo de la Huerta 727:Venustiano Carranza 676:Constitutional Army 573:, Cárdenas led the 539:After founding the 475:Constitutional Army 471:president of Mexico 381:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 337:Mexico City, Mexico 308:, Michoacán, Mexico 96:President of Mexico 5601:División del Norte 5596:Constitutionalists 5384:Félix Díaz Velasco 5218:Mexican Revolution 5126:Enrique Peña Nieto 5086:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 4945:José Ignacio Pavón 4877:José Mariano Salas 4797:Guadalupe Victoria 4642:Political offices 4540:Córdova, Arnaldo. 4522:Anguiano, Arturo. 4178:Mexico Illustrated 4140:Mexico Illustrated 4125:Meyer, Michael C. 4039:The New York Times 4007:quoted in Krauze, 3863:on 7 November 2012 3683:on 7 November 2012 3520:Amelia M. Kiddle, 3355:Mexican Militarism 3248:Foro Internacional 2984:Lavrin, Asunción. 2726:Markiewicz, Dana. 2251:The New York Times 1950:Stalin Peace Prize 1816: 1805:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1743: 1710: 1640: 1624:Mexican Revolution 1529: 1496:Cárdenas founded, 1470: 1431:Enrique Gorostieta 1427:Cristero Rebellion 1395: 1320:Cristero Rebellion 1202: 1149: 1087: 972:Cárdenas's cabinet 949:Chapultepec Castle 940: 930:Presidential style 927: 849: 816: 692:Mexican Revolution 688: 680: 636: 518:Mexican Revolution 479:Mexican Revolution 438:Mexican Revolution 78:Official Potrait, 5636: 5635: 5549:Historical Museum 5440:Plan of San Diego 5430:Plan of Guadalupe 5314:Victoriano Huerta 5232:History of Mexico 5184: 5183: 5171:Emperor of Mexico 5138:(President-elect) 5136:Claudia Sheinbaum 5043:Emilio Portes Gil 5013:Eulalio Gutiérrez 4998:Victoriano Huerta 4922:Ignacio Comonfort 4887:Manuel de la Peña 4862:Valentín Canalizo 4753: 4752: 4744:Succeeded by 4714:Succeeded by 4689:Succeeded by 4664:Succeeded by 4568:Krauze, Enrique. 4479:. Ann Arbor 1952. 4436:Distant Neighbors 4321:Jolly, Jennifer. 4248:Bantjies,Adrian. 4214:978-607-7916-65-9 4101:"Lázaro Cárdenas" 4085:Wolfe, Mikael D. 4041:. 2 December 1964 3938:, vol. 1, p. 555. 3655:Cline, Howard F. 3340:Lieuwen, Edward. 3278:Cline, Howard F. 3145:Colegio de Mexico 2997:Olcott, Jocelyn. 2317:Jolly, Jennifer. 2253:. 20 October 1970 2171:Cultura Colectiva 2027:History of Mexico 1965:Mexico City Metro 1869:and his grandson 1865:. Cárdenas's son 1845:Cárdenas died of 1644:Saturnino Cedillo 1553:Colegio de México 1537:Spanish Civil War 1085:, watercolor 1937 988:Emilio Portes Gil 976:Aarón Sáenz Garza 723:Constitutionalist 696:Victoriano Huerta 605:Spanish Civil War 591:. He created the 447: 446: 262:Emilio Portes Gil 16:(Redirected from 5741: 5689:Mexican generals 5684:Mexican atheists 5404:Genovevo de la O 5292:Important people 5211: 5204: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5149: 5148: 4847:José Justo Corro 4802:Vicente Guerrero 4779: 4772: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4727:Preceded by 4699:Preceded by 4674:Preceded by 4647:Preceded by 4639: 4638: 4575:Lanni, Octavio. 4554:González, Luis. 4472: 4386:Lanham, Maryland 4307:Hamilton, Nora. 4297:26:3 (2002): 375 4278:Cline, Howard F. 4218: 4206: 4185: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4031: 4025: 4018: 4012: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3932: 3923: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3849: 3836: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3779: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3745: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3669: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3574: 3550: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3402: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3364: 3358: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3259: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3209: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180:. 7 March 2020. 3170: 3149: 3148: 3142: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3100: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3065: 3054: 3049:Morton, Ward M. 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3010:Morton, Ward M. 3008: 3002: 2995: 2989: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2962:. Archived from 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2822: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2705: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2564:David Espinosa, 2562: 2556: 2555: 2540: 2531: 2526:Lieuwen, Edwin. 2524: 2518: 2511: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2449: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2423: 2417: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2394:. Mexconnect.com 2387: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2348: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2271:Enrique Krauze, 2269: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2243: 2234: 2227: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2064: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2014: 1954:de-Stalinization 1832:Heberto Castillo 1777:Cuban Revolution 1762:Russell Tribunal 1723:Henry A. Wallace 1601:development bank 1533:Francisco Franco 1358: 1297:Women's suffrage 1060:collectives, or 703:Francisco Madero 674:Cárdenas in the 468: 467: 466: 460: 455: 401:Military service 370: 368: 358:Amalia Solórzano 319: 302: 300: 284:Personal details 270: 258: 249: 230: 220: 211: 190: 180: 163: 142: 130: 123: 121: 115: 113: 106: 84: 83: 1934-1940 81: 76: 62: 61: 21: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5574: 5544:Popular culture 5534:Mexican miracle 5502: 5466:Morelos Commune 5444: 5408: 5364:Lázaro Cárdenas 5329:Emiliano Zapata 5287: 5220: 5215: 5185: 5180: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5121:Felipe Calderón 5111:Ernesto Zedillo 5091:Luis Echeverría 5061:Lázaro Cárdenas 5057: 4993:Pedro Lascuráin 4949: 4926: 4872:Mariano Paredes 4842:Miguel Barragán 4822:Melchor Múzquiz 4788: 4783: 4749: 4740: 4732: 4717: 4716:Dámaso Cárdenas 4710: 4702: 4694: 4685: 4677: 4669: 4660: 4652: 4622: 4617: 4596:Salvador Novo, 4547:Gilly, Adolfo. 4518: 4513: 4497:. Chicago 1948. 4469: 4364:Krauze, Enrique 4331:978-1477-314203 4230: 4225: 4223:Further reading 4215: 4204: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4175: 4171: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4067: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4019: 4015: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3926: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3839: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3709:on 8 March 2010 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3551: 3547: 3532: 3528: 3519: 3515: 3507:Gunther, John. 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3211: 3210: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3172: 3171: 3152: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3101: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2966:on 2 April 2015 2958: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2712: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2627: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2542: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2338: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2228: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2197:Sinaloa Dossier 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2140: 2136: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2100: 2096: 2081: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1973: 1879: 1735: 1733:Post-presidency 1683: 1667: 1652:San Luis Potosí 1632: 1608:Mexican Miracle 1597: 1572: 1541:Sinaia, Ipanema 1514: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1386: 1380: 1344: 1316:Diario official 1299: 1233: 1227: 1194: 1138: 1126:Emiliano Zapata 1057: 1047: 1019: 1006: 1000: 984:Narciso Bassols 969: 932: 919: 874: 837: 808: 780: 760: 744: 668: 666:Military career 660:printer's devil 628: 462: 461: 453: 372: 369: 1932) 364: 360: 342:Political party 336: 321: 317: 316:19 October 1970 304: 298: 296: 295: 294: 268: 256: 250: 245: 233:Dámaso Cárdenas 228: 218: 212: 207: 188: 178: 164: 159: 140: 128: 119: 117: 111: 109: 107: 102: 85: 82: 67: 66:Lázaro Cárdenas 58: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Lázaro Cardenas 15: 12: 11: 5: 5747: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5461:Decena trágica 5458: 5452: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5399:Manuel Palafox 5396: 5394:Eufemio Zapata 5391: 5389:Bernardo Reyes 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5354:Aquiles Serdán 5351: 5346: 5344:Pascual Orozco 5341: 5336: 5334:Álvaro Obregón 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5165:Vice president 5155: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Álvaro Obregón 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Juan N. Méndez 4965: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4940:Miguel Miramón 4937: 4932: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907:Martín Carrera 4904: 4899: 4894: 4892:Mariano Arista 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4782: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4662: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4620:External links 4618: 4616: 4615: 4614:. Mexico 1975. 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4586:. Mexico 1985. 4580: 4579:. Mexico 1977. 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4527: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510:. London 1939. 4504: 4498: 4491: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4454: 4447: 4432: 4425: 4416: 4401: 4378: 4361: 4358:Leslie Bethell 4350: 4340: 4333: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4275: 4268: 4253: 4246: 4239: 4234:Ashby, Joe C. 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4169: 4156: 4144: 4131: 4118: 4091: 4078: 4065: 4052: 4026: 4013: 4000: 3992: 3972: 3949: 3940: 3924: 3911: 3898: 3889: 3874: 3837: 3824: 3815: 3802: 3793: 3780: 3767: 3758: 3746: 3733: 3720: 3694: 3661: 3648: 3635: 3621: 3608: 3586: 3565:(3): 129–163. 3561:(in Spanish). 3545: 3526: 3513: 3511:(1941), p. 84. 3500: 3491: 3478: 3469: 3456: 3444: 3417:(3): 590–615. 3394: 3381: 3372: 3359: 3346: 3333: 3324: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3271: 3234: 3219:(in Spanish). 3217:BBC News Mundo 3195: 3150: 3126: 3090: 3075:(in Spanish). 3073:BBC News Mundo 3055: 3042: 3029: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2915: 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2828: 2814: 2803: 2792: 2779: 2770: 2757: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2706: 2689: 2677: 2664: 2651: 2638: 2625: 2609: 2595: 2586: 2570: 2557: 2532: 2519: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2464: 2444: 2442:, pp. 217-219. 2431: 2418: 2416:, pp. 217-218. 2405: 2379: 2367: 2349: 2336: 2323: 2310: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2264: 2235: 2209: 2183: 2157: 2134: 2121: 2094: 2079: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2006: 2003: 1972: 1969: 1878: 1875: 1758:Lake Pátzcuaro 1734: 1731: 1682: 1679: 1666: 1663: 1631: 1628: 1596: 1593: 1571: 1568: 1549:Casa de España 1513: 1510: 1486:United Kingdom 1452:Main article: 1449: 1446: 1382:Main article: 1379: 1376: 1343: 1340: 1298: 1295: 1229:Main article: 1226: 1223: 1193: 1190: 1174:Red Battalions 1137: 1134: 1108:(CTM) and the 1046: 1043: 1018: 1015: 999: 996: 968: 965: 931: 928: 918: 915: 903: 902: 899: 896: 873: 870: 836: 833: 807: 804: 779: 776: 759: 756: 743: 740: 711:Álvaro Obregón 667: 664: 627: 624: 545:Álvaro Obregón 445: 444: 441: 440: 435: 431: 430: 425: 421: 420: 417: 413: 412: 407: 406:Branch/service 403: 402: 398: 397: 388: 384: 383: 378: 374: 373: 362: 356: 355: 353: 349: 348: 343: 339: 338: 331: 327: 326: 320:(aged 75) 314: 310: 309: 292: 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 265: 264: 259: 253: 252: 242: 241: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 221: 215: 214: 204: 203: 197: 196: 191: 185: 184: 181: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 156: 155: 149: 148: 143: 137: 136: 131: 125: 124: 99: 98: 91: 90: 87: 86: 77: 69: 68: 65: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5746: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5425:Plan of Ayala 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349:Carmen Serdán 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299:Porfirio Díaz 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254:social system 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5207: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973:Porfirio Díaz 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953:Benito Juárez 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Nicolás Bravo 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4731: 4730:Emilio Portes 4725: 4720: 4709: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589:Medin, Tzvi. 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4468:9780195083040 4464: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4444:9780679724414 4441: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4427:Powell, T.G. 4426: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4414: 4413:0-7734-3665-0 4410: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398:9780742537415 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4376:0-06-016325-9 4373: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300:Fallaw, Ben. 4299: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265:9780520084193 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4122: 4106: 4102: 4099:CDMX, Metro. 4095: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4024:, pp. 658-660 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 3995: 3993:970-722-577-7 3989: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3909:, pp. 264-65. 3908: 3902: 3893: 3887:, p. 141 3886: 3881: 3879: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3812: 3809:Kirk, Betty. 3806: 3797: 3790: 3784: 3777: 3771: 3762: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3523: 3517: 3510: 3504: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3392:, pp. 472-75. 3391: 3385: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3328: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3146: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2987: 2981: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2883: 2877:, pp. 355-56. 2876: 2871: 2864: 2858: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2743:, pp. 105-06. 2742: 2736: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2529: 2523: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2501:, p. 93. 2500: 2495: 2489:, p. 90. 2488: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465:0-19-925358-7 2461: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2435: 2428: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2377:, p. 86. 2376: 2371: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2340: 2333: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2274: 2268: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080:968-411-077-4 2076: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2019:Mexico portal 2009: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797:Miguel Alemán 1793: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1646:, a regional 1645: 1636: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527:, Mexico City 1526: 1525:Parque España 1522: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1390: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1198: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1052: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 936: 923: 914: 912: 907: 900: 897: 894: 893: 888: 887: 886: 883: 880: 869: 867: 863: 859: 853: 846: 841: 832: 830: 826: 821: 812: 803: 799: 797: 796: 791: 790: 785: 775: 773: 769: 765: 755: 753: 749: 739: 737: 732: 728: 724: 721:, who served 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 697: 693: 684: 677: 672: 663: 661: 657: 656:tax collector 653: 649: 648:billiard hall 645: 641: 632: 623: 621: 619: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 584: 580: 576: 572: 569: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 465: 459: 451: 442: 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 408: 404: 399: 396: 392: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 359: 354: 350: 347: 344: 340: 335: 332: 330:Resting place 328: 324: 315: 311: 307: 291: 287: 282: 278: 275: 272: 266: 263: 260: 254: 248: 243: 240: 236: 232: 226: 222: 216: 210: 205: 202: 198: 195: 192: 186: 182: 176: 172: 168: 162: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 126: 105: 100: 97: 92: 88: 75: 70: 63: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 5529:Land Reforms 5524:Cristero War 5374:Ramón Corral 5363: 5158: 5060: 4735: 4705: 4680: 4655: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4507: 4495:Rural Mexico 4494: 4484:The Americas 4483: 4476: 4458: 4450: 4435: 4428: 4419: 4404: 4381: 4367: 4353: 4346: 4343:Knight, Alan 4336: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4271: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4235: 4200: 4192:Bibliography 4181: 4177: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4147: 4139: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4109:. Retrieved 4107:(in Spanish) 4104: 4094: 4086: 4081: 4073: 4068: 4060: 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4038: 4029: 4021: 4016: 4008: 4003: 3982: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3952: 3943: 3935: 3919: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3892: 3865:. Retrieved 3861:the original 3856: 3832: 3827: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3796: 3788: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3761: 3741: 3736: 3728: 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3707:the original 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3681:the original 3676: 3656: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3616: 3611: 3599:. Retrieved 3589: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3494: 3486: 3481: 3472: 3464: 3459: 3454:, p. 79 3447: 3414: 3410: 3389: 3384: 3375: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3349: 3341: 3336: 3327: 3320:The Americas 3319: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3279: 3274: 3247: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3216: 3186:. Retrieved 3178:El Universal 3177: 3136: 3129: 3117:. Retrieved 3108: 3081:. Retrieved 3072: 3050: 3045: 3038:The Americas 3037: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2968:. Retrieved 2964:the original 2954: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2836: 2831: 2806: 2795: 2787: 2782: 2773: 2768:, pp. 106-07 2765: 2764:Markiewicz, 2760: 2740: 2739:Markiewicz, 2735: 2727: 2722: 2714: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2672: 2667: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2620: 2612: 2589: 2581: 2565: 2560: 2552:the original 2547: 2527: 2522: 2514: 2494: 2482: 2454: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2426: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2396:. Retrieved 2370: 2362: 2344: 2339: 2331: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2305: 2289: 2280: 2275:, pp. 442-44 2272: 2267: 2255:. Retrieved 2250: 2230: 2202:12 September 2200:. Retrieved 2196: 2186: 2176:12 September 2174:. Retrieved 2170: 2160: 2150:12 September 2148:. Retrieved 2146:. La Jornada 2137: 2129: 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2110:(in Spanish) 2107: 2097: 2069: 2062: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1958: 1947: 1922: 1918: 1902: 1880: 1859:Pancho Villa 1844: 1817: 1794: 1785:Constitution 1781:Fidel Castro 1770: 1751: 1747:World War II 1744: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1691: 1684: 1668: 1656: 1641: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1598: 1573: 1560:Leon Trotsky 1557: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1471: 1439: 1435: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1372:World War II 1367: 1365: 1361: 1345: 1332: 1328: 1315: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1292: 1289: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1249:Moisés Sáenz 1240: 1236: 1234: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1203: 1186: 1179: 1158:Luis Morones 1150: 1122: 1114: 1101: 1099: 1095:Luis Cabrera 1088: 1076: 1058: 1027:Pope Pius XI 1020: 1007: 970: 961:aide-de-camp 953:armored cars 941: 908: 904: 890: 884: 875: 854: 850: 817: 800: 793: 787: 781: 771: 764:Cristero War 761: 745: 715:Pancho Villa 689: 637: 616: 613: 587: 565: 561:Mexican Army 538: 507: 449: 448: 410:Mexican Army 318:(1970-10-19) 269:Succeeded by 246: 229:Succeeded by 208: 189:Succeeded by 160: 141:Succeeded by 103: 59: 54: 50: 43:Spanish name 5654:1970 deaths 5649:1895 births 5283:Científicos 5242:Encomiendas 5116:Vicente Fox 4912:Rómulo Díaz 4812:Pedro Vélez 4701:Luis Méndez 3250:: 649–686. 3227:16 February 3119:19 December 3083:16 February 2390:Tuck, Jim. 1990:Jefe Máximo 1907:Guadalajara 1899:Nazas River 1895:dam project 1847:lung cancer 1692:Obregonista 1479:Mexico City 1415:corporatism 1268:ejidatarios 1245:indigenismo 1225:Indigenismo 784:land reform 778:Land reform 603:during the 601:Republicans 477:during the 323:Mexico City 303:21 May 1895 257:Preceded by 223:Luis Méndez 219:Preceded by 179:Preceded by 129:Preceded by 5643:Categories 5623:Soldaderas 5616:Magonistas 5611:Felicistas 5496:formations 5278:Porfiriato 5268:La Reforma 5263:Reform War 5225:Background 4741:1930–1931 4711:1928–1932 4686:1942–1945 4661:1934–1940 4516:In Spanish 4349:26 (1994). 4228:In English 4105:Metro CDMX 3867:15 October 3713:15 October 3687:15 October 3601:15 October 3452:Smith 1996 3188:3 February 2700:, vol. 5: 2580:Espinosa, 2398:15 October 2054:References 1468:PEMEX logo 1458:See also: 1355:(English: 1130:agraristas 1078:campesinos 1023:Calles Law 1002:See also: 795:hacendados 707:Zapatistas 701:President 595:(IPN) and 559:, and the 501:, led the 387:Occupation 299:1895-05-21 120:1940-11-30 112:1934-12-01 5606:Federales 5247:Haciendas 4533:, vol. 3 4045:28 August 4011:, p. 650. 3778:, p. 263. 3731:, p. 262. 3581:1405-2253 3439:153774511 3431:0022-0507 3370:, p. 153. 3357:, p. 114. 3266:2448-6523 2949:, p. 370. 2947:Seis Años 2937:, p. 368. 2935:Seis Años 2925:, p. 361. 2923:Seis Años 2913:, p. 359. 2911:Seis Años 2901:, p. 358. 2899:Seis Años 2889:, p. 357. 2887:Seis Años 2875:Seis Años 2584:, p. 61-3 2517:, p. 219. 2429:, p. 218. 2365:, p. 216. 2347:, p. 189. 2257:24 August 2233:, p. 217. 1943:Civil War 1935:Barcelona 1911:Monterrey 1792:in 1954. 1564:Stalinist 1253:Purépecha 1241:agrarista 1207:Cristiada 1192:Education 1156:union of 1118:caudillos 957:chauffeur 945:Los Pinos 820:Pátzcuaro 699:overthrew 652:Purépecha 644:Michoacán 640:Jiquilpan 568:left-wing 514:Michoacán 510:Jiquilpan 419:1913–1928 391:Statesman 306:Jiquilpan 247:In office 213:1928–1932 209:In office 170:President 161:In office 104:In office 94:51st 5586:Factions 5486:Maximato 4163:Krauze, 4076:, p. 74. 4020:Krauze, 3791:, p. 93. 3388:Krauze, 3221:Archived 3182:Archived 3113:Archived 3077:Archived 3023:Olcott, 2662:, p. 98. 2658:Shadle, 2474:58051010 2005:See also 1927:Belgrade 1915:Mexicali 1648:caudillo 1585:Colombia 1474:Huasteca 1066:henequen 1035:Holy See 858:Maximato 829:Malinche 752:Huasteca 678:, c.1913 549:Maximato 508:Born in 495:Maximato 434:Commands 377:Children 325:, Mexico 51:Cárdenas 41:In this 4632:of the 4628:in the 4111:22 June 3905:Cline, 3774:Cline, 3727:Cline, 3366:Cline, 3027:, p. 2. 2970:2 March 2513:Cline, 2438:Cline, 2425:Cline, 2412:Cline, 2361:Cline, 2343:Jolly, 2229:Cline, 2114:22 June 2089:8674374 1963:in the 1961:station 1897:on the 1766:Vietnam 1659:fascist 1545:Mexique 1442:fascism 1419:estates 1284:sexenio 1039:atheist 967:Cabinet 959:and an 725:leader 713:, then 618:sexenio 481:and as 428:General 395:General 371: 363: 118: ( 110: ( 55:del Río 47:surname 5507:Legacy 5175:Regent 4465: 4442: 4411: 4396: 4374: 4329: 4263: 4211: 3990: 3965:2 June 3579: 3437: 3429: 3264: 2623:, PBS. 2472: 2462: 2087: 2077: 1971:Legacy 1939:Madrid 1931:Serbia 1877:Honors 1861:, and 1840:Amalia 1587:, and 1062:ejidos 892:ejidos 789:ejidos 694:after 588:ejidos 526:Sonora 352:Spouse 5579:Other 5561:(PRI) 5413:Plans 5252:Casta 4205:(PDF) 4167:, 480 3998:p. 78 3435:S2CID 3141:(PDF) 1925:) in 1581:Chile 1502:Pemex 1136:Labor 1055:Ejido 731:Yaqui 579:Pemex 365:( 361: 4463:ISBN 4440:ISBN 4409:ISBN 4394:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4327:ISBN 4261:ISBN 4209:ISBN 4113:2022 4047:2023 3988:ISBN 3967:2024 3869:2011 3857:TIME 3715:2011 3689:2011 3677:TIME 3603:2011 3577:ISSN 3427:ISSN 3262:ISSN 3229:2023 3190:2023 3121:2022 3085:2023 2972:2015 2548:Time 2470:OCLC 2460:ISBN 2400:2011 2259:2023 2204:2018 2178:2018 2152:2018 2116:2022 2085:OCLC 2075:ISBN 1913:and 1599:The 1589:Peru 1577:Cuba 1543:and 1500:(or 1154:CROM 1053:and 658:, a 485:and 424:Rank 313:Died 289:Born 4634:ZBW 3567:doi 3537:", 3419:doi 3252:doi 1978:PRI 1768:. 1523:in 1081:by 49:is 5645:: 4392:. 4388:: 4384:. 4366:, 4356:, 4103:. 4037:. 3927:^ 3877:^ 3855:. 3840:^ 3749:^ 3675:. 3664:^ 3624:^ 3575:. 3563:19 3557:. 3433:. 3425:. 3415:71 3413:. 3409:. 3397:^ 3260:. 3246:. 3215:. 3198:^ 3176:. 3153:^ 3143:. 3107:. 3093:^ 3071:. 3058:^ 2817:^ 2748:^ 2680:^ 2619:, 2598:^ 2573:^ 2546:. 2535:^ 2506:^ 2468:. 2382:^ 2352:^ 2298:^ 2249:. 2238:^ 2212:^ 2195:. 2169:. 2106:. 2083:. 1959:A 1956:. 1929:, 1917:. 1909:, 1889:, 1857:, 1583:, 1579:, 1338:. 1326:. 1247:, 738:. 642:, 566:A 536:. 512:, 393:, 367:m. 80:c. 5210:e 5203:t 5196:v 5177:) 5173:( 5167:) 5163:( 4778:e 4771:t 4764:v 4471:. 4446:. 4415:. 4400:. 4267:. 4217:. 4115:. 4049:. 3996:. 3969:. 3871:. 3717:. 3691:. 3605:. 3583:. 3569:: 3441:. 3421:: 3268:. 3254:: 3231:. 3192:. 3123:. 3087:. 2974:. 2476:. 2402:. 2261:. 2206:. 2180:. 2154:. 2118:. 2091:. 1921:( 1278:( 1116:( 620:, 452:( 301:) 297:( 122:) 114:) 57:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index