LIGO - Knowledge

632:, and the increase was approved. In 1994, with a budget of US$ 395 million, LIGO stood as the largest overall funded NSF project in history. The project broke ground in Hanford, Washington in late 1994 and in Livingston, Louisiana in 1995. As construction neared completion in 1997, under Barish's leadership two organizational institutions were formed, LIGO Laboratory and LIGO Scientific Collaboration (LSC). The LIGO laboratory consists of the facilities supported by the NSF under LIGO Operation and Advanced R&D; this includes administration of the LIGO detector and test facilities. The LIGO Scientific Collaboration is a forum for organizing technical and scientific research in LIGO. It is a separate organization from LIGO Laboratory with its own oversight. Barish appointed Weiss as the first spokesperson for this scientific collaboration. 7909: 1189: 1232: 988: 288: 265: 251: 233: 217: 186: 57: 301: 517: 735: 628:(Caltech) was appointed laboratory director, and the NSF made clear that LIGO had one last chance for support. Barish's team created a new study, budget, and project plan with a budget exceeding the previous proposals by 40%. Barish proposed to the NSF and National Science Board to build LIGO as an evolutionary detector, where detection of gravitational waves with initial LIGO would be possible, and with advanced LIGO would be probable. This new proposal received NSF funding, Barish was appointed 1073: 1333:. On 6 January 2020, LIGO announced the detection of what appeared to be gravitational ripples from a collision of two neutron stars, recorded on 25 April 2019, by the LIGO Livingston detector. Unlike GW170817, this event did not result in any light being detected. Furthermore, this is the first published event for a single-observatory detection, given that the LIGO Hanford detector was temporarily offline at the time and the event was too faint to be visible in Virgo's data. 509: 1240: 40: 7945: 308: 322: 1379:

collaboration links three detectors of comparable sensitivity and forms the core of this international network. Studies indicate that the localization of sources by a network that includes a detector in India would provide significant improvements. Improvements in localization averages are predicted to be approximately an order of magnitude, with substantially larger improvements in certain regions of the sky.

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work and scheduling on the Advanced LIGO upgrades already underway. In August 2012, the U.S. National Science Board approved the LIGO Laboratory's request to modify the scope of Advanced LIGO by not installing the Hanford "H2" interferometer, and to prepare it instead for storage in anticipation of sending it to LIGO-India. In India, the project was presented to the

1180:. The prevailing explanation of most short gamma-ray bursts is the merger of a neutron star with either a neutron star or a black hole. LIGO reported a non-detection for GRB 070201, ruling out a merger at the distance of Andromeda with high confidence. Such a constraint was predicated on LIGO eventually demonstrating a direct detection of gravitational waves. 939:. These sites are separated by 3,002 kilometers (1,865 miles) straight line distance through the earth, but 3,030 kilometers (1,883 miles) over the surface. Since gravitational waves are expected to travel at the speed of light, this distance corresponds to a difference in gravitational wave arrival times of up to ten milliseconds. Through the use of 817:. In 1962, M. E. Gertsenshtein and V. I. Pustovoit published the very first paper describing the principles for using interferometers for the detection of very long wavelength gravitational waves. The authors argued that by using interferometers the sensitivity can be 10 to 10 times better than by using electromechanical experiments. Later, in 1965, 996:: A beamsplitter (green line) splits coherent light (from the white box) into two beams which reflect off the mirrors (cyan oblongs); only one outgoing and reflected beam in each arm is shown, and separated for clarity. The reflected beams recombine and an interference pattern is detected (purple circle). 2008:

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration; the Virgo Collaboration; Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.; Abraham, S.; Acernese, F.; Ackley, K.; Adams, C.; Adhikari, R. X.; Adya, V. B. (4 September 2019). "GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo

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recommended that an expansion of the global array of interferometric detectors be pursued as a highest priority. Such a network would afford astrophysicists with more robust search capabilities and higher scientific yields. The current agreement between the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo

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The fourth observing run (O4) was planned to start in December 2022, but was postponed until 24 May 2023. O4 is projected to continue until February 2025. As of O4, the interferometers are operating at a sensitivity of 155-175 Mpc, within the design sensitivity range of 160-190 Mpc for binary neutron

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When a gravitational wave passes through the interferometer, the spacetime in the local area is altered. Depending on the source of the wave and its polarization, this results in an effective change in length of one or both of the cavities. The effective length change between the beams will cause the

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emits a beam with a power of 20 W that passes through a power recycling mirror. The mirror fully transmits light incident from the laser and reflects light from the other side increasing the power of the light field between the mirror and the subsequent beam splitter to 700 W. From the beam splitter

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arm cavities had the same optical finesse, and, thus, half the storage time as the 4 km interferometers. With half the storage time, the theoretical strain sensitivity was as good as the full length interferometers above 200 Hz but only half as good at low frequencies. During the same era,

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By mid-September 2015, "the world's largest gravitational-wave facility" completed a five-year US$ 200-million overhaul, bringing the total cost so far to $ 620 million. On 18 September 2015, Advanced LIGO began its first formal science observations at about four times the sensitivity of the initial

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on their product. This is done by injecting a "squeezed vacuum state" into the dark port (interferometer output) which is quieter, in the relevant parameter, than simple darkness. Such a squeezing upgrade was installed at both LIGO sites prior to the third observing run. The A+ improvement will see

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of gravitational waves. Maintenance and upgrades of the detectors are made between runs. The first run, O1, which ran from 12 September 2015 to 19 January 2016, made the first three detections, all black hole mergers. The second run, O2, which ran from 30 November 2016 to 25 August 2017, made eight

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On 15 June 2016, LIGO announced the detection of a second gravitational wave event, recorded on 26 December 2015, at 3:38 UTC. Analysis of the observed signal indicated that the event was caused by the merger of two black holes with masses of 14.2 and 7.5 solar masses, at a distance of 1.4 billion

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In actual operation, noise sources can cause movement in the optics, producing similar effects to real gravitational wave signals; a great deal of the art and complexity in the instrument is in finding ways to reduce these spurious motions of the mirrors. Background noise and unknown errors (which

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After an equivalent of approximately 280 trips down the 4 km length to the far mirrors and back again, the two separate beams leave the arms and recombine at the beam splitter. The beams returning from two arms are kept out of phase so that when the arms are both in coherence and interference

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A location in India was discussed at a Joint Commission meeting between India and the US in June 2012. In parallel, the proposal was evaluated by LIGO's funding agency, the NSF. As the basis of the LIGO-India project entails the transfer of one of LIGO's detectors to India, the plan would affect

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Initial LIGO operations between 2002 and 2010 did not detect any gravitational waves. In 2004, under Barish, the funding and groundwork were laid for the next phase of LIGO development (called "Enhanced LIGO"). This was followed by a multi-year shut-down while the detectors were replaced by much

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After the completion of Science Run 5, initial LIGO was upgraded with certain technologies, planned for Advanced LIGO but available and able to be retrofitted to initial LIGO, which resulted in an improved-performance configuration dubbed Enhanced LIGO. Some of the improvements in Enhanced LIGO

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agreed to fund LIGO for the first year for $ 23 million. However, requirements for receiving the funding were not met or approved, and the NSF questioned the technological and organizational basis of the project. By 1992, LIGO was restructured with Drever no longer a direct participant. Ongoing

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was willing to permit this relocation, and its consequent schedule delays, as long as it did not increase the LIGO budget. Thus, all costs required to build a laboratory equivalent to the LIGO sites to house the detector would have to be borne by the host country. The first potential distant

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and Advanced LIGO partners from the U.K., Germany and Australia, has offered to provide all of the designs and hardware for one of the three planned Advanced LIGO detectors to be installed, commissioned, and operated by an Indian team of scientists in a facility to be built in India.

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The LIGO Hanford Observatory houses one interferometer, almost identical to the one at the Livingston Observatory. During the Initial and Enhanced LIGO phases, a half-length interferometer operated in parallel with the main interferometer. For this 2 km interferometer, the

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in Japan are coordinating to continue observations after the COVID-caused stop, and LIGO's O4 observing run started on 24 May 2023. LIGO projects a sensitivity goal of 160–190 Mpc for binary neutron star mergers (sensitivities: Virgo 80–115 Mpc, KAGRA greater than 1 Mpc).

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The LIGO-India project is a collaboration between LIGO Laboratory and the LIGO-India consortium: Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar; IUCAA (Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics), Pune and Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore.

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in the primary configuration. This interferometer was successfully upgraded in 2004 with an active vibration isolation system based on hydraulic actuators providing a factor of 10 isolation in the 0.1–5 Hz band. Seismic vibration in this band is chiefly due to

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proposals, and are planned for installation starting from 2019 until the upgraded detector is operational in 2024. The changes would almost double Advanced LIGO's sensitivity, and increase the volume of space searched by a factor of seven. The upgrades include:

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The second observing run (O2) ran from 30 November 2016 to 25 August 2017, with Livingston achieving 15–25% sensitivity improvement over O1, and with Hanford's sensitivity similar to O1. In this period, LIGO saw several further gravitational wave events:

1052:. When a gravitational wave passes through the interferometer, the distances along the arms of the interferometer are shortened and lengthened, causing the beams to become slightly less out of phase. This results in the beams coming in phase, creating a 1504:

A third-generation detector at the existing LIGO sites is being planned under the name "LIGO Voyager" to improve the sensitivity by an additional factor of two, and halve the low-frequency cutoff to 10 Hz. Plans call for the glass mirrors and

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On the detection of low frequency gravitational waves, M.E. Gertsenshtein and V.I. Pustovoit – JETP Vol. 43 pp. 605–607 (August 1962) Note: This is the first paper proposing the use of interferometers for the detection of gravitational

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the start of O3 is currently projected to begin in early 2019. Updates will be provided once the installation phase is complete and the commissioning phase has begun. An update on the engineering run prior to O3 will be provided by late summer

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extensively discussed gravitational-wave sources and their possible detection. He pointed out the 1962 paper and mentioned the possibility of detecting gravitational waves if the interferometric technology and measuring techniques improved.

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In fact as early as the 1960s, and perhaps before that, there were papers published on wave resonance of light and gravitational waves. Work was published in 1971 on methods to exploit this resonance for the detection of high-frequency

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contributing to Advanced LIGO, and by the time the LIGO Laboratory started the first observing run 'O1' with the Advanced LIGO detectors in September 2015, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration included more than 900 scientists worldwide.

750:(EPTA). The characteristic strains of potential astrophysical sources are also shown. To be detectable the characteristic strain of a signal must be above the noise curve. These frequencies that aLIGO can detect are in the range of 7336: 602:, Rainer Weiss), and the following year, Caltech constructed a 40-meter prototype (Ronald Drever and Stan Whitcomb). The MIT study established the feasibility of interferometers at a 1-kilometer scale with adequate sensitivity. 1056:, hence some light arrives at the photodiode and indicates a signal. Light that does not contain a signal is returned to the interferometer using a power recycling mirror, thus increasing the power of the light in the arms. 5379:

Gravitational radiation and the prospect of its experimental discovery, V.B. Braginsky – Usp. Fiz. Nauk Vol. 86 pp. 433–446 (July 1965). English translation: Sov. Phys. Uspekhi Vol. 8 No. 4 pp. 513–521

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On the electromagnetic detection of gravitational waves, V.B. Braginsky, L.P. Grishchuck, A.G. Dooshkevieh, M.B. Mensky, I.D. Novikov, M.V. Sazhin and Y.B. Zeldovisch – GR.G. Vol. 11 No. 6 pp. 407–408

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explosions of massive stars (which form neutron stars and black holes), accreting neutron stars, rotations of neutron stars with deformed crusts, and the remnants of gravitational radiation created by the

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and subsequent ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The observations demonstrated the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.

609:. Drever, Thorne, and Weiss formed a LIGO steering committee, though they were turned down for funding in 1984 and 1985. By 1986, they were asked to disband the steering committee and a single director, 1262:

The first observing run operated at a sensitivity roughly three times greater than Initial LIGO, and a much greater sensitivity for larger systems with their peak radiation at lower audio frequencies.

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After shutting down for improvements, LIGO resumed operation on 26 March 2019, with Virgo joining the network of gravitational-wave detectors on 1 April 2019. Both ran until 27 March 2020, when the

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are created in both arms that increase the effective path length of laser light in the arm from 4 km to approximately 1,200 km. The power of the light field in the cavity is 100 kW.

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The expansion of worldwide activities in gravitational-wave detection to produce an effective global network has been a goal of LIGO for many years. In 2010, a developmental roadmap issued by the

1113:. Equivalently, this is a relative change in distance of approximately one part in 10. A typical event which might cause a detection event would be the late stage inspiral and merger of two 10- 616:

From 1989 through 1994, LIGO failed to progress technically and organizationally. Only political efforts continued to acquire funding. Ongoing funding was routinely rejected until 1991, when the

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announced the findings at a media event in Washington D.C., while executive director emeritus Barry Barish presented the first scientific paper of the findings at CERN to the physics community.

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Video plus notes: Graduate level but does not assume knowledge of General Relativity, Tensor Analysis, or Differential Geometry; Part 1: Theory (10 lectures), Part 2: Detection (9 lectures)

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published an analysis of interferometer use and initiated the construction of a prototype with military funding, but it was terminated before it could become operational. Starting in 1968,

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that acts to rotate the squeezing quadrature from phase-squeezed at high frequencies (above 50 Hz) to amplitude-squeezed at low frequencies, thereby also mitigating low-frequency

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Science Run 6 (S6) began in July 2009 with the enhanced configurations on the 4 km detectors. It concluded in October 2010, and the disassembly of the original detectors began.

479:. The third run, O3, began on 1 April 2019; it was divided into O3a, from 1 April to 30 September 2019, and O3b, from 1 November 2019 until it was suspended on 27 March 2020 due to 1851:

Castelvecchi, Davide (15 September 2015), "Hunt for gravitational waves to resume after massive upgrade: LIGO experiment now has better chance of detecting ripples in space-time",

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In August 2002, LIGO began its search for cosmic gravitational waves. Measurable emissions of gravitational waves are expected from binary systems (collisions and coalescences of

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and to develop gravitational-wave observations as an astronomical tool. Two large observatories were built in the United States with the aim of detecting gravitational waves by

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project management issues and technical concerns were revealed in NSF reviews of the project, resulting in the withholding of funds until they formally froze spending in 1993.

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The Advanced LIGO Project to enhance the original LIGO detectors began in 2008 and continues to be supported by the NSF, with important contributions from the United Kingdom's

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On 7 April 2023, the LIGO-India project was approved by the Cabinet of Government of India. Construction is to begin in Maharashtra's Hingoli district at a cost of INR 2600

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Under pressure from the NSF, MIT and Caltech were asked to join forces to lead a LIGO project based on the MIT study and on experimental work at Caltech, MIT, Glasgow, and

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with the international participation of scientists from several universities and research institutions. Scientists involved in the project and the analysis of the data for

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In their fourth Science Run at the end of 2004, the LIGO detectors demonstrated sensitivities in measuring these displacements to within a factor of two of their design.

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between July and August 2017. Several of these were also detected by the Virgo Collaboration. Unlike the black hole mergers which are only detectable gravitationally,

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for approval and funding. On 17 February 2016, less than a week after LIGO's landmark announcement about the detection of gravitational waves, Indian Prime Minister

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halted operations. During the COVID shutdown, LIGO underwent a further upgrade in sensitivity, and observing run O4 with the new sensitivity began on 24 May 2023.

394:. These observatories use mirrors spaced four kilometers apart to measure changes in length—over an effective span of 1120 km—of less than one ten-thousandth the 7999: 712:

A fourth detection of a black hole merger, between objects of 30.5 and 25.3 solar masses, was observed on 14 August 2017 and was announced on 27 September 2017.

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black holes, not necessarily located in the Milky Way galaxy, which is expected to result in a very specific sequence of signals often summarized by the slogan

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LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, B. P. Abbott (11 February 2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".

1101:, gravitational waves that originate tens of millions of light years from Earth are expected to distort the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) mirror spacing by about 762:

in 1916, when the technology necessary for their detection did not yet exist. Their existence was indirectly confirmed when observations of the binary pulsar

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After 2010, LIGO went offline for several years for a major upgrade, installing the new Advanced LIGO detectors in the LIGO Observatory infrastructures.

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bandwidth. The baseline inspiral of two roughly solar-mass neutron stars is typically expected to be observable if it occurs within about 8 million

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was detected from the merging of two black holes with 14.2 and 7.5 times the mass of the Sun. The signal was picked up on 26 December 2015, at 3:38 UTC.

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The detection of a third black hole merger, between objects of 31.2 and 19.4 solar masses, occurred on 4 January 2017 and was announced on 1 June 2017.

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During LIGO's fifth Science Run in November 2005, sensitivity reached the primary design specification of a detectable strain of one part in 10 over a

6796: 3973:; Choi, Dae-Il; Koppitz, Michael; van Meter, James (2006). "Gravitational-Wave Extraction from an Inspiraling Configuration of Merging Black Holes". 4260: 624:

In 1994, after consultation between relevant NSF personnel, LIGO's scientific leaders, and the presidents of MIT and Caltech, Vogt stepped down and

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Observations are made in "runs". As of January 2022, LIGO has made three runs (with one of the runs divided into two "subruns"), and made 90

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A brief discussion of efforts to correct for seismic and human-related activity that contributes to the background signal of the LIGO detectors.

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GWTC-1: A Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog of Compact Binary Mergers Observed by LIGO and Virgo during the First and Second Observing Runs

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improved "Advanced LIGO" versions. Much of the research and development work for the LIGO/aLIGO machines was based on pioneering work for the

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On the propagation of electromagnetic radiation in the field of a plane gravitational wave, E. Montanari – gr-qc/9806054 (11 June 1998)

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Because the final LIGO output photodetector is sensitive to phase, and not amplitude, it is possible to squeeze the signal so there is less

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Detector noise curves for Initial and Advanced LIGO as a function of frequency. They lie above the bands for space-borne detectors like the

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Excellent wide-audience newsletters published twice-yearly in March and September. From Issue 1 (September 2012) through to present day.

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The third run (O3) began on 1 April 2019 and was planned to last until 30 April 2020; in fact it was suspended in March 2020 due to

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Direct detection of gravitational waves had long been sought. Their discovery has launched a new branch of astronomy to complement

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This is equivalent to measuring the distance from Earth to the nearest star to an accuracy smaller than the width of a human hair!

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Like Enhanced LIGO, certain improvements will be retrofitted to the existing Advanced LIGO instrument. These are referred to as

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LIGO's advanced detectors are already three times more sensitive than Initial LIGO was by the end of its observational lifetime

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LIGO interferometers. Its sensitivity was to be further enhanced until it was planned to reach design sensitivity around 2021.

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Hanford retained its original passive seismic isolation system due to limited geologic activity in Southeastern Washington.

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LIGO's mission is to directly observe gravitational waves of cosmic origin. These waves were first predicted by Einstein's

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Finn, Sam; Fritschel, Peter; Klimenko, Sergey; Raab, Fred; Sathyaprakash, B.; Saulson, Peter; Weiss, Rainer (13 May 2010),

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Wave resonance of light and gravitational waves – M.E. Gertsenshtein – JETP Vol. 41 pp. 113–114 (July 1961)

7474: 6981: 5789: 4920:"Cabinet has granted 'in-principle' approval to the LIGO-India mega science proposal for research on gravitational waves" 3440: 1165:(the German-UK interferometric detector) began a joint science run, during which they collected data for several months. 4595: 2350: 1048:(as when there is no gravitational wave passing through), their light waves subtract, and no light should arrive at the 6336: 6075: 5961: 5514: 5376:

Gravitational electromagnetic resonance, V.B. Braginskii, M.B. Mensky – GR.G. Vol. 3 No. 4 pp. 401–402 (1972)

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detector at Hannover, Germany. By February 2015, the detectors were brought into engineering mode in both locations.

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in 1974 showed an orbital decay which matched Einstein's predictions of energy loss by gravitational radiation. The

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McClelland, David; Evans, Matthew; Lantz, Brian; Martin, Ian; Quetschke, Volker; Schnabel, Roman (8 October 2015).

4622:"Prospects for Observing and Localizing Gravitational-Wave Transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA" 1555:, a volunteer distributed computing program one can download in order to help the LIGO/GEO teams analyze their data 1509:

to be replaced by even larger 160 kg silicon test masses, cooled to 123 K (a temperature achievable with

868: 432:. The improved detectors began operation in 2015. The detection of gravitational waves was reported in 2016 by the 7908: 5574:

webpage, with links to summaries of the Collaboration's scientific articles, written for a general public audience

3056: 2964:"Planning for a bright tomorrow: prospects for gravitational-wave astronomy with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo" 1011:

experiment. The primary interferometer consists of two beam lines of 4 km length which form a power-recycled

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Design sensitivity of Advanced LIGO interferometer with major noise sources, maximum sensitivity is around 500 Hz

1041: 3897:; Marronetti, P.; Zlochower, Y. (2006). "Accurate Evolutions of Orbiting Black-Hole Binaries without Excision". 7344: 6948: 6565: 5712: 5702: 3890: 3505:

Gertsenshtein, M. E.; Pustovoit, V. I. (August 1962). "On the detection of low frequency gravitational waves".

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happen daily) are in the order of 10, while gravitational wave signals are around 10. After noise reduction, a

1002:: A gravitational wave passing over the left arm (yellow) changes its length and thus the interference pattern. 244: 5594: 5400: 3139: 6394: 5946: 5042: 3749: 3166: 2967: 2804: 1188: 1064:

around 20 can be achieved, or higher when combined with other gravitational wave detectors around the world.

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at the detector, will have a very slight periodically varying detuning. This results in a measurable signal.

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Schutz, Bernard F. (25 April 2011), "Networks of Gravitational Wave Detectors and Three Figures of Merit",

3173:) (1 June 2017). "GW170104: Observation of a 50-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Redshift 0.2". 1098: 825:

Since the early 1990s, physicists have thought that technology has evolved to the point where detection of

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Prototype interferometric gravitational wave detectors (interferometers) were built in the late 1960s by

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The bottom line is that is better than it was at the beginning of O1; we expect to get more detections.

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Abbott, B.P.; et al. (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".

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announced that the Cabinet has granted 'in-principle' approval to the LIGO-India mega science proposal.

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are organized by the LSC, which includes more than 1000 scientists worldwide, as well as 440,000 active

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Setting Priorities for Large Research Facility Projects Supported by the National Science Foundation

2007: 7636: 7494: 7197: 1757: 1330: 1012: 480: 335: 56: 6664: 3684: 3422: 2160:"Gravitational-wave detector LIGO is back — and can now spot more colliding black holes than ever" 1231: 232: 185: 7856: 7234: 7095: 6970: 6902: 6800: 6434: 4332:"GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22 Solar-mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence" 4043: 3175: 1626:

Barish, Barry C.; Weiss, Rainer (October 1999). "LIGO and the Detection of Gravitational Waves".

250: 224: 5614: 5291: 4497:"LIGO and Virgo make first detection of gravitational waves produced by colliding neutron stars" 2558: 1779: 1395:, however the Australian government was unwilling to commit funding by 1 October 2011 deadline. 606: 584: 7735: 7604: 7464: 7388: 7248: 7081: 5195: 4905: 1606: 1323: 1255: 865:

LIGO operates two gravitational wave observatories in unison: the LIGO Livingston Observatory (

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blog: answering questions about LIGO science and being a scientist by LIGO member Amber Stuver

4712: 4069: 467:"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves". 8009: 7664: 7498: 4893: 4568: 4331: 3577: 1484: 1061: 897: 532:, the existence of gravitational waves. Starting in the 1960s, American scientists including 483:. The O3 run included the first detection of the merger of a neutron star with a black hole. 352: 76: 3724:"Suddenly there came a tapping: Ravens cause blips in massive physics instrument at Hanford" 7626: 7191: 7055: 6874: 6824: 5957: 5632: 5226: 5067: 4923: 4836: 4787: 4734: 4496: 4353: 4225: 4134: 3992: 3916: 3837: 3779: 3753: 3638: 3541: 3194: 3170: 3008: 2769: 2726: 2657: 2614: 2457: 2448:

Waldrop, M. Mitchell (7 September 1990). "Of politics, pulsars, death spirals – and LIGO".

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Video from IHMC Florida Institute for Human Machine Cognition 2004 Evening Lecture Series.

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and was also detected electromagnetically by gamma ray satellites and optical telescopes.

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The LIGO Livingston control room as it was during Advanced LIGO's first observing run (O1)

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the light travels along two orthogonal arms. By the use of partially reflecting mirrors,

814: 743: 613:(Caltech), was appointed. In 1988, a research and development proposal achieved funding. 476: 437: 7688: 5230: 5149: 5071: 5012: 4840: 4791: 4738: 4401:. LIGO Scientific Collaboration & VIRGO collaboration. 1 August 2017. Archived from 4357: 4237: 4229: 4138: 3996: 3920: 3841: 3783: 3642: 3554: 3545: 3527: 3198: 3012: 2938: 2849: 2773: 2730: 2661: 2618: 2461: 2261: 2175: 2032: 1941: 1864: 1800: 1639: 264: 7961: 7949: 7668: 7398: 7268: 7179: 7061: 6898: 6848: 6812: 6730: 6698: 6617: 6532: 6439: 6326: 6142: 6030: 5697: 5539: 5484:

Traveling at the speed of thought : Einstein and the quest for gravitational waves

5482: 5459: 5436: 5413: 5083: 5057: 4803: 4777: 4750: 4724: 4656: 4633: 4621: 4538: 4377: 4343: 4241: 4215: 4158: 4124: 4024: 3982: 3948: 3906: 3869: 3827: 3769: 3662: 3628: 3361: 3218: 3184: 3072: 3032: 2998: 2533: 2491: 2213: 2195: 2052: 2018: 1977: 1546: 1529: 1493: 1461: 1211: 826: 818: 771: 529: 425: 384: 287: 216: 72: 7798: 7481: 5326: 4453:

Grant, Andrew (12 December 2016). "Advanced LIGO ramps up, with slight improvements".

2904: 2071: 975: 7866: 7852: 7820: 7790: 7770: 7574: 7536: 7458: 7183: 7157: 7103: 7051: 7009: 6989: 6838: 6834: 6644: 6593: 6583: 6091: 5525: 5510: 5489: 5466: 5443: 5420: 5254: 5215:"Quantum-Enhanced Advanced LIGO Detectors in the Era of Gravitational-Wave Astronomy" 5213:; Blair, C. D.; Brown, D. D.; Dwyer, S. E.; Effler, A.; Evans, M. (5 December 2019). 5108: 5041:; Vitale, Salvatore; Fritschel, Peter; Evans, Matthew; Sigg, Daniel (16 March 2015). 4852: 4807: 4754: 4661: 4381: 4369: 4245: 4162: 4150: 4112: 4016: 4008: 3940: 3932: 3861: 3853: 3797: 3666: 3654: 3222: 3210: 3076: 3036: 3024: 2988: 2787: 2742: 2673: 2630: 2537: 2473: 2273: 2199: 2187: 2159: 2056: 2044: 1878: 1392: 1286: 1282: 951: 723: 610: 598:

In 1980, the NSF funded the study of a large interferometer led by MIT (Paul Linsay,

568: 7804: 7724: 7226: 5641:, 2/11/16 CERN Courier Interview with Barry Barish (18 March 2016 publication date). 5087: 4427: 4028: 3873: 3448: 793:

pioneered the effort to detect gravitational waves in the 1960s through his work on

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LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF. In 2017, the

7925: 7654: 7622: 7540: 7440: 7424: 7376: 7302: 7252: 7222: 7153: 7147: 7121: 7047: 7035: 6997: 6938: 6918: 6828: 6710: 6694: 6656: 6611: 6553: 6424: 6415: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5214: 5075: 4919: 4844: 4795: 4742: 4686: 4651: 4643: 4460: 4365: 4361: 4294: 4233: 4142: 4000: 3952: 3924: 3845: 3792: 3787: 3757: 3650: 3646: 3620: 3549: 3206: 3202: 3064: 3020: 3016: 2777: 2734: 2665: 2622: 2525: 2465: 2265: 2179: 2036: 1868: 1686: 1643: 1415: 1177: 572: 7578: 7359: 4848: 4402: 4004: 3928: 3849: 3758:"GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral" 2738: 2669: 2469: 1895: 734: 417:. They collected data from 2002 to 2010 but no gravitational waves were detected. 7882: 7878: 7834: 7816: 7739: 7706: 7592: 7582: 7558: 7532: 7298: 7278: 7264: 7238: 7201: 7113: 7109: 7091: 7077: 7043: 7029: 7025: 7017: 6952: 6932: 6914: 6880: 6736: 6702: 6686: 6549: 5345: 5333: 4581: 4524: 4510: 4181: 2626: 2529: 2101: 1601: 1510: 1472: 1173: 751: 525: 524:

The LIGO concept built upon early work by many scientists to test a component of

464: 7608: 7382: 5638: 4511:"Gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger observed by LIGO and Virgo" 3278: 564:, and was convinced that gravitational wave detection would eventually succeed. 7913: 7860: 7846: 7812: 7678: 7674: 7630: 7618: 7518: 7504: 7420: 7410: 7286: 7260: 7256: 7165: 7139: 7005: 6993: 6894: 6884: 6856: 6820: 6808: 6804: 6668: 6587: 6501: 6373: 6046: 5655: 5079: 4647: 3970: 3352: 2293:

Gertsenshtein, M.E. (1962). "Wave Resonance of Light and Gravitational Waves".

2183: 1489: 1457: 1193: 1077: 962: 955: 806: 802: 706: 545: 391: 7430: 5644: 5350: 4146: 4078: 3708: 3599: 3068: 2040: 1161:, averaged over all directions and polarizations. Also at this time, LIGO and 1072: 7983: 7842: 7828: 7824: 7808: 7702: 7660: 7640: 7570: 7282: 7230: 7161: 7087: 7069: 7039: 6960: 6956: 6922: 6864: 6792: 6762: 6744: 6706: 6676: 6652: 6623: 6605: 6577: 6483: 6304: 6158: 5210: 5038: 4455: 4154: 4012: 3936: 3894: 3857: 3383: 2416:"Funding of two science labs receives pork barrel vs beer peer review debate" 2048: 1552: 1423: 1408: 1106: 1033: 940: 922: 909: 883: 870: 850: 599: 588: 580: 445: 395: 151: 137: 110: 96: 5276: 5170: 5102: 4878: 4480: 4298: 3748:

Abbott BP, Abbott R, Abbott TD, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams C, et al. (

1994: 1340:

The fifth observing run (O5) is projected to begin in late 2025 or in 2026.

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Einstein's unfinished symphony : listening to the sounds of space-time

5357: 5258: 5249: 4856: 4822:"U.S. Physicists Eye Australia for New Site of Gravitational-Wave Detector" 4665: 4373: 4020: 3944: 3865: 3801: 3658: 3242: 3214: 3028: 2791: 2746: 2677: 2634: 2477: 2191: 1882: 1532:

for frequencies beyond 10 Hz, but lower sensitivity under 10 Hz.

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Based on current models of astronomical events, and the predictions of the

1020: 967: 901: 833: 798: 790: 763: 681: 625: 576: 549: 533: 456: 68: 5629: – An extensive description of gravitational waves and their sources. 5338: 4111:

Danilishin, Stefan L.; Khalili, Farid Ya.; Miao, Haixing (29 April 2019).

2827:"Daniel Sigg: The Advanced LIGO Detectors in the era of First Discoveries" 1669: 560:

initiated theoretical efforts on gravitational waves and their sources at

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Report of the Committee to Compare the Scientific Cases for AHLV and HHLV

1801:"Revolutionary Grassroots Astrophysics Project "Einstein@Home" Goes Live" 1480: 1419: 1158: 837: 767: 674: 592: 508: 4569:

Status of the Virgo gravitational-wave detector and the O3 Observing Run

3423:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993: Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr" 3113: 7838: 7786: 7755: 7117: 6966: 6860: 6766: 6748: 6672: 6599: 6410: 6382: 6168: 5321: 5209:

Tse, M.; Yu, Haocun; Kijbunchoo, N.; Fernandez-Galiana, A.; Dupej, P.;

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Anderson, Christopher (11 March 1994). "LIGO director out in shakeup".

2648:

Anderson, Christopher (11 March 1994). "LIGO director out in shakeup".

1516:

Voyager would be an upgrade to A+, to be operational around 2027–2028.

1465: 1359: 1290: 1239: 1154: 1114: 1049: 954:

system, measuring four kilometers (2.5 miles) on each side. Up to five

670: 557: 460: 194: 4464: 4396:"VIRGO joins LIGO for the "Observation Run 2" (O2) data-taking period" 3987: 3911: 3832: 3818:

Pretorius, Frans (2005). "Evolution of Binary Black-Hole Spacetimes".

2313: 361: 7745: 7554: 7274: 7205: 6714: 6648: 6467: 6362: 5932: 5865: 5861: 5829: 5758: 4917: 4113:"Advanced quantum techniques for future gravitational-wave detectors" 3400:

Moore, Christopher; Cole, Robert; Berry, Christopher (19 July 2013).

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Abbott, B.P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T.D.; et al. (15 June 2016).

3401: 3357:"2017 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to LIGO Black Hole Researchers" 2875:"Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction" 2782: 2492:"Gravitational waves detected 100 years after Einstein's prediction" 1873: 7550: 6571: 6367: 6341: 6243: 6237: 6232: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 5983: 5978: 5605:

American Museum of Natural History film and other materials on LIGO

5279:(Report). LIGO Scientific Collaboration. LIGO Document T1500290-v2. 4906:

Memorandum to Members and Consultants of the National Science Board

4348: 4129: 3889: 3774: 3633: 3330: 3189: 3003: 2318:

Quarterly Progress Report of the Research Laboratory of Electronics

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operated an interferometric detector at Hughes in the early 1970s.

786: 699: 39: 5124:"LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory Getting $ 30 Million Upgrade" 5062: 4782: 4729: 4638: 4220: 2314:"Electromagnetically coupled broadband gravitational wave antenna" 1750:"Major research project to detect gravitational waves is underway" 6101: 5559: 5363:

Electromagnetically coupled broad-band gravitational wave antenna

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for contributing to the direct detection of gravitational waves.

561: 410: 380: 7725:

Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research

5351:

Einstein's Unfinished Symphony: Sounds from the Distant Universe

5208: 5196:"The Quantum Enhanced LIGO Detector Sets New Sensitivity Record" 2760:

Witze, Alexandra (16 July 2014), "Physics: Wave of the future",

2605:

Travis, John (18 February 2016). "LIGO: A$ 250 million gamble".

405:

The initial LIGO observatories were funded by the United States

276: 6942: 6389: 5937: 5748: 5582: 4942:"First LIGO Lab Outside US To Come Up In Maharashtra's Hingoli" 4596:"LIGO Laboratory statement on long term future observing plans" 4068:

Adhikari, Rana; Fritschel, Peter; Waldman, Sam (17 July 2006).

2805:"Gravitational wave detection a step closer with Advanced LIGO" 1707: 1558: 1354: 1235:

Simplified diagram of an Advanced LIGO detector (not to scale).

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Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research

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This article is about LIGO observatories. For other uses, see

6163: 5952: 5921: 5799: 5289: 5036: 4685:. Gravitational Waves International Committee. Archived from 1579: 1430: 1032:

light currently in the cavity to become very slightly out of

491: 388: 5621:

Caltech's Physics 237-2002 Gravitational Waves by Kip Thorne

5588: 5438:

Fundamentals of interferometric gravitational wave detectors

5013:"Upgraded LIGO to search for universe's most extreme events" 2516:

Irion, Robert (21 April 2000). "LIGO's mission of gravity".

1728: 1570:

North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves

1561:, a gravitational wave detector located in Hannover, Germany 7692: 5927: 5917: 4946: 4918:

Office of the Prime Minister of India (17 February 2016).

4582:"LIGO-Virgo network catches another neutron star collision" 4329: 4287:"Here's the first person to spot those gravitational waves" 1582:, an open source software package to help analyze LIGO data 1524:

A design for a larger facility with longer arms is called "

1388: 947:, located at an even greater distance in Europe, is added. 657:

On 11 February 2016, the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and

24: 7932: 5274: 4894:

U.S.-India Bilateral Cooperation on Science and Technology

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waves and anthropogenic sources (traffic, logging, etc.).

5507:

Black hole blues : and other songs from outer space.

5327:

Spacetime Warps and the Quantum: A Glimpse of the Future.

4876: 4619: 4261:"Gravitational Wave Detection Heralds New Era of Science" 3968: 2380:"Going after gravity: How a high-risk project got funded" 1549:, a European third-generation gravitational wave detector 991:

Simplified operation of a gravitational wave observatory

666: 553: 414: 4067: 2850:"Einstein's gravitational waves 'seen' from black holes" 829:—of significant astrophysical interest—is now possible. 307: 3885: 3883: 3055:

Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (11 February 2016).

2594:. Large Facility Projects Best Practices Workshop. NSF. 1250:

The project continued to attract new members, with the

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Larger physics projects in the United States, such as

8015:

Buildings and structures in Benton County, Washington

7897: 4178:"The Newest Search for Gravitational Waves has Begun" 4110: 3964: 3962: 2939:"Advanced Ligo: Labs 'open their ears' to the cosmos" 1846: 1844: 1842: 1619: 1414:

A site near pilgrimage site of Aundha Nagnath in the

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experiment and observatory designed to detect cosmic

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43 km (7.0 kHz)–10,000 km (30 Hz)

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Gravity's kiss: the detection of gravitational waves

3880: 2256:. National Academies Press. 2004. pp. 109–117. 409:(NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by 5461:

Gravity's shadow the search for gravitational waves

5043:"Prospects for doubling the range of Advanced LIGO" 3140:"For second time, LIGO detects gravitational waves" 2753: 2693:"Experts clash over project to detect gravity wave" 1609:, a space-based Chinese gravitational wave detector 544:, conceived of basic ideas and prototypes of laser 475:detections: seven black hole mergers and the first 373:

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory

33:

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory

5565: 5481: 5458: 5435: 5412: 5401:"The Science and Detection of Gravitational Waves" 5290:LIGO Scientific Collaboration (10 February 2015). 3959: 3528:"Astrophysical Sources of Gravitational Radiation" 3469: 2920:"The Long Search for Elusive Ripples in Spacetime" 2841: 1839: 4428:"Update on the start of LIGO's 3rd observing run" 3472:"Wave Resonance of Light and Gravitational Waves" 3229: 3099:New results on the Search for Gravitational Waves 3054: 3050: 3048: 3046: 1376:Gravitational Wave International Committee (GWIC) 961:The LIGO Livingston Observatory houses one laser 693:Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics 7995:Astronomical observatories in Washington (state) 7981: 6531: 5685: 5342:Video from CERN Academic Training Lectures, 1996 3813: 3811: 1593:, an interferometer located close to Pisa, Italy 1483:and more amplitude noise, without violating the 715:In 2017, Weiss, Barish, and Thorne received the 7693:European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN 4620:Abbott, B. P.; et al. (24 November 2020). 4313:"Gravitational waves from black holes detected" 4180:. LIGO Scientific Collaboration. Archived from 3613: 3611: 3609: 3324:Rincon, Paul; Amos, Jonathan (3 October 2017). 3238:"LIGO snags another set of gravitational waves" 2901:"LIGO Hanford's H1 Achieves Two-Hour Full Lock" 2295:Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 8000:Interferometric gravitational-wave instruments 5442:. Singapore River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. 4713:"Improved Source Localization with LIGO India" 4525:"LIGO and Virgo Detect Neutron Star Smash-Ups" 3525: 3399: 3057:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last" 3043: 2096: 2094: 2092: 7330: 6517: 6240:(first-ever possible light from bh-bh merger) 5671: 5488:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4896:meeting fact sheet – dated 13 June 2012. 4169: 3808: 3533:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2956: 2311: 2292: 2009:during the First and Second Observing Runs". 1940:. National Science Foundation. Archived from 1450:Improvements to the mirror suspension system. 709:was appointed the first deputy spokesperson. 5544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4680:"The future of gravitational wave astronomy" 3617: 3606: 3345: 3317: 3164: 2157: 1850: 1007:The parameters in this section refer to the 4305: 3741: 3679: 3106: 2214:"LIGO, VIRGO AND KAGRA OBSERVING RUN PLANS" 2089: 1625: 1176:arrived at Earth from the direction of the 1172:In February 2007, GRB 070201, a short 900:, and the LIGO Hanford Observatory, on the 486:The gravitational wave observatories LIGO, 7337: 7323: 6524: 6510: 5678: 5664: 5646:Video (3:10): LIGO Orrey (1 December 2018) 5299:(Technical report). LIGO. LIGO-T1400316-v4 5270: 5268: 3576:. University of Birmingham. Archived from 3402:"Gravitational Wave Detectors and Sources" 3323: 3158: 2443: 2441: 2409: 2407: 2405: 1934:"LIGO: The Search for Gravitational Waves" 740:evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna 286: 263: 249: 231: 215: 184: 55: 38: 8020:Science and Technology Facilities Council 6909:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration 5524:. Cambridge, MA & London: MIT Press. 5479: 5410: 5248: 5238: 5150:"Black hole detectors to get big upgrade" 5061: 4987: 4960: 4781: 4728: 4710: 4655: 4637: 4420: 4347: 4219: 4206:Aasi, J (9 April 2015). "Advanced LIGO". 4128: 3986: 3910: 3831: 3817: 3791: 3773: 3632: 3553: 3188: 3002: 2781: 2373: 2371: 2022: 1872: 1777: 1654: 1597:Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) 422:Science and Technology Facilities Council 6252:(first black hole - neutron star merger) 5465:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5121: 4711:Fairhurst, Stephen (28 September 2012), 4672: 4490: 4488: 3721: 3433: 2716: 2647: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2102:"LIGO Suspends Third Observing Run (O3)" 1989: 1987: 1919:, have traditionally been funded by the 1271:first observation of gravitational waves 1238: 1230: 1187: 1089:First observation of gravitational waves 1071: 986: 733: 515: 507: 262:4,000 m (13,123 ft 4 in) 7990:Astronomical observatories in Louisiana 5633:Q&A: Rainer Weiss on LIGO's origins 5519: 5456: 5433: 5265: 5171:"LIGO-T1800042-v5: The A+ design curve" 4963:"LIGO-India: Origins & site search" 4278: 4176:Burtnyk, Kimberly (18 September 2015). 4175: 4091: 3351: 3235: 2867: 2585: 2583: 2447: 2438: 2402: 2133:"Gravitational-Wave Observatory Status" 1926: 1093:List of gravitational wave observations 7982: 5419:. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press. 5398: 5104:Getting an A+: Enhancing Advanced LIGO 5100: 4975:from the original on 15 September 2019 4767: 4041: 3133: 3131: 2690: 2604: 2377: 2368: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2137:Gravitational Wave Open Science Center 1460:, which would simultaneously decrease 1453:Increased reflectivity of the mirrors. 950:Each observatory supports an L-shaped 691:and other contributors were awarded a 673:black holes merging about 1.3 billion 7723: 7358: 7349:for Technical and Scientific Research 7318: 6505: 5659: 5339:The Detection of Gravitational Waves. 5147: 4717:Journal of Physics: Conference Series 4485: 4452: 4258: 4252: 2917: 2847: 2759: 2544: 2515: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 1984: 1888: 1814: 1019:arms. A pre-stabilized 1064 nm 958:can be set up in each vacuum system. 635: 595:and colleagues in Glasgow, Scotland. 7347:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 5810:Stanford gravitational wave detector 5122:Thompson, Avery (15 February 2019). 4961:Souradeep, Tarun (18 January 2019). 4205: 2937:Amos, Jonathan (19 September 2015). 2936: 2691:Browne, Malcolm W. (30 April 1991). 2592:NSF Management and Oversight of LIGO 2589: 2580: 2378:Buderi, Robert (19 September 1988). 2158:Castelvecchi, Davide (24 May 2023). 2069: 1405:Department of Science and Technology 805:to gravitational wave measurements. 801:realized the applicability of laser 7475:Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad 4819: 4494: 4284: 3555:10.1146/annurev.ns.44.120194.003255 3447:. 21 September 2002. Archived from 3137: 3128: 2227: 16:Gravitational wave observatory site 13: 5962:European Gravitational Observatory 5392: 5148:Ghosh, Pallab (15 February 2019). 5101:Zucker, Michael E. (7 July 2016). 4259:Naeye, Robert (11 February 2016). 4048:California Institute of Technology 4044:"LIGO Sheds Light on Cosmic Event" 3326:"Einstein's waves win Nobel Prize" 3116:. Fundamental Physics Prize (2016) 3114:"Fundamental Physics Prize – News" 2918:Zhang, Sarah (15 September 2015). 2848:Ghosh, Pallab (11 February 2016). 2590:Cook, Victor (21 September 2001). 2413: 2349:. ligo.caltech.edu. Archived from 2151: 2116: 1519: 1488:the installation of an additional 1298:light years. The signal was named 1265:On 11 February 2016, the LIGO and 1040:and the beams, which are tuned to 1008: 665:, from a signal detected at 09.51 14: 8031: 7499:Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar 6246:(first-ever "mass gap" collision) 5553: 4549:from the original on 9 April 2020 4495:Chu, Jennifer (16 October 2017). 3526:Bonazzola, S; Marck, J A (1994). 3441:"Obituary: Dr. Robert L. Forward" 3300:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017" 1964:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017" 1279:predictions of general relativity 698:On 16 June 2016 LIGO announced a 8005:Gravitational wave observatories 7967: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7907: 5283: 5202: 5188: 5163: 5141: 5115: 5094: 5030: 5005: 4954: 4934: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4870: 4813: 4285:Cho, Adrian (11 February 2016). 4042:Svitil, Kathy (2 January 2008). 1780:"The evolution of Advanced LIGO" 1226: 1183: 860: 669:on 14 September 2015 of two ~30 663:detection of gravitational waves 448:users as of December 2016. 347: 320: 314:LIGO Livingston Observatory 306: 299: 5993: 4761: 4704: 4613: 4588: 4574: 4561: 4531: 4517: 4503: 4474: 4446: 4388: 4323: 4199: 4104: 4094:"Firm Date Set for Start of S6" 4085: 4061: 4035: 3722:Doughton, Sandi (14 May 2018). 3715: 3701: 3673: 3592: 3574:Gravitational Wave Astrophysics 3562: 3519: 3498: 3463: 3415: 3393: 3376: 3292: 3271: 3257: 3090: 2930: 2911: 2903:. February 2015. Archived from 2893: 2819: 2797: 2710: 2684: 2641: 2598: 2509: 2484: 2336: 2305: 2286: 2206: 2063: 2001: 1970: 1956: 1909: 1896:"BOINCstats project statistics" 1499: 1105:, less than one-thousandth the 1067: 770:in Physics 1993 was awarded to 536:, as well as Soviet scientists 5703:Gravitational-wave observatory 5627:Caltech Tutorial on Relativity 5293:Instrument Science White Paper 5277:Instrument Science White Paper 5240:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.231107 4820:Cho, Adrian (27 August 2010), 4800:10.1088/0264-9381/28/12/125023 4747:10.1088/1742-6596/484/1/012007 4366:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103 4092:Beckett, Dave (15 June 2009). 3793:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101 3651:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 3207:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.221101 3138:Chu, Jennifer (15 June 2016). 3021:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 1793: 1771: 1742: 1721: 1700: 1364:US National Science Foundation 1324:collision of two neutron stars 1252:Australian National University 687:On 2 May 2016, members of the 245:gravitational-wave observatory 1: 6395:Gravitational wave background 5947:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 5600:Columbia Experimental Gravity 5566:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 5314: 4849:10.1126/science.329.5995.1003 4770:Classical and Quantum Gravity 4238:10.1088/0264-9381/32/7/074001 4208:Classical and Quantum Gravity 4005:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111102 3929:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.111101 3850:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.121101 3750:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 3167:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2968:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 2739:10.1126/science.263.5152.1366 2670:10.1126/science.263.5152.1366 2559:"Interview with Barry Barish" 2470:10.1126/science.249.4973.1106 1754:University of Birmingham News 1348: 1269:collaborations announced the 1192:Northern leg (x-arm) of LIGO 689:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 652: 503: 434:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 328:LIGO Hanford Observatory 180:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 132:LIGO Livingston Observatory: 21:LIGO Scientific Collaboration 6817:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory 6198:First observation (GW150914) 5984:TAMA 20, later known as LISM 5687:Gravitational-wave astronomy 4908: – dated 24 August 2012 4626:Living Reviews in Relativity 4117:Living Reviews in Relativity 3482:(1): 113–114. Archived from 2627:10.1126/science.260.5108.612 2530:10.1126/science.288.5465.420 1099:general theory of relativity 982: 760:general theory of relativity 748:European Pulsar Timing Array 661:published a paper about the 573:Hughes Research Laboratories 442:gravitational-wave astronomy 7: 6741:Supernova Cosmology Project 6332:Tests of general relativity 5520:Collins, Harry, M. (2017). 5509:New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 4883:, LIGO document T1000251-v1 4757:, LIGO document P1200054-v6 3470:M.E. Gertsenshtein (1961). 3236:Conover, E. (1 June 2017). 3165:B. P. Abbott; et al. ( 1586:Tests of general relativity 1535: 1475:with lower mechanical loss. 1401:Department of Atomic Energy 795:resonant mass bar detectors 680:Current executive director 520:LIGO Livingston Observatory 430:Australian Research Council 407:National Science Foundation 163:LIGO Livingston Observatory 10: 8036: 5994:Caltech 40m interferometer 5480:Kennefick, Daniel (2007). 5457:Collins, Harry M. (2004). 5411:Bartusiak, Marcia (2000). 5080:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.062005 4648:10.1007/s41114-020-00026-9 2184:10.1038/d41586-023-01732-4 1456:Using frequency-dependent 1352: 1281:for the inward spiral and 1219:In-vacuum readout hardware 1157:), or the vicinity of the 1125:quasi-normal mode ringing, 1086: 923:46.4551444°N 119.4076556°W 729: 498: 334:LIGO observatories in the 111:46.4551444°N 119.4076556°W 91:LIGO Hanford Observatory: 18: 7730: 7719: 7405:Antonio González González 7383:Luis Antonio Santaló Sors 7365: 7354: 6980: 6633: 6540: 6403: 6350: 6319: 6259: 6185: 6178: 6151: 6118: 6084: 6068: 6059: 6039: 6018: 6002: 5971: 5910: 5899: 5854: 5838: 5772: 5731: 5720: 5711: 5693: 5399:Barish, Barry C. (2000). 4147:10.1007/s41114-019-0018-y 3069:10.1038/nature.2016.19361 2344:"A brief history of LIGO" 2041:10.1103/PhysRevX.9.031040 1778:Shoemaker, David (2012). 1343: 884:30.5628944°N 90.7742417°W 358: 345: 294: 271: 258: 240: 223: 203: 193: 175: 152:30.5628944°N 90.7742417°W 87: 64: 49: 37: 7766:Scientific Collaboration 7471:Manuel Losada Villasante 7447:Francisco Bolívar Zapata 6435:Supermassive black holes 5330:Lecture slides and audio 5128:www.popularmechanics.com 3570:"Location of the Source" 3102:. CERN Colloquium. 2016. 2497:. LIGO. 11 February 2016 2070:LIGO (1 November 2019). 1758:University of Birmingham 1613: 1485:quantum mechanical limit 1468:at high frequencies, and 1013:Michelson interferometer 928:46.4551444; -119.4076556 512:LIGO Hanford Observatory 353:Related media on Commons 336:Contiguous United States 122:LIGO Hanford Observatory 116:46.4551444; -119.4076556 7857:Everett Peter Greenberg 7509:Enrique Moreno González 7453:Federico García Moliner 7235:Shankar Balasubramanian 6971:Alexander Zamolodchikov 6903:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen 6274:Resonant mass detectors 5434:Saulson, Peter (1994). 5219:Physical Review Letters 4336:Physical Review Letters 4299:10.1126/science.aaf4039 3975:Physical Review Letters 3899:Physical Review Letters 3820:Physical Review Letters 3762:Physical Review Letters 3709:"LIGO's Interferometer" 3600:"LIGO's Interferometer" 3176:Physical Review Letters 2991:Physical Review Letters 1464:at low frequencies and 1042:destructively interfere 889:30.5628944; -90.7742417 157:30.5628944; -90.7742417 7736:Emmanuelle Charpentier 7395:David Vázquez Martínez 7389:Antonio Garcia-Bellido 7249:Clifford P. Brangwynne 7082:Emmanuelle Charpentier 5595:Advanced LIGO homepage 4499:(Press release). LIGO. 2881:. Max-Planck-Gelschaft 2312:Weiss, Rainer (1972). 1708:"LIGO Lab Caltech MIT" 1607:Taiji Program in Space 1256:University of Adelaide 1244: 1236: 1200: 1084: 1004: 755: 717:Nobel Prize in Physics 630:Principal Investigator 521: 513: 453:Nobel Prize in Physics 50:Alternative names 7665:Arturo Álvarez-Buylla 6753:High-Z Supernova Team 6459:Rotating neutron star 6270:Laser interferometers 5639:LIGO: a strong belief 5324:, ITP & Caltech. 5109:LIGO–DAWN Workshop II 2907:on 22 September 2015. 1436: 1242: 1234: 1208:Increased laser power 1191: 1075: 1062:signal-to-noise ratio 1017:Gires–Tournois etalon 990: 898:Livingston, Louisiana 847:birth of the universe 737: 587:Germany, and then by 538:Mikhail Gertsenshtein 519: 511: 25:Ligo (disambiguation) 7627:George M. Whitesides 7192:Virginia Man-Yee Lee 7056:Alexander Varshavsky 6875:Jocelyn Bell Burnell 6773:and contributors to 6351:Effects / properties 6280:Atom interferometers 6193:List of observations 6120:Pulsar timing arrays 5615:Earth-Motion studies 4539:"Observatory Status" 4098:LIGO Laboratory News 4077:(Technical report). 1944:on 15 September 2016 1921:Department of Energy 1591:Virgo interferometer 1273:. The signal, named 1076:Western leg of LIGO 1026:Fabry–Pérot cavities 937:Richland, Washington 778:for this discovery. 744:pulsar timing arrays 579:at MIT, and then by 428:of Germany, and the 241:Telescope style 229:23 August 2002 7871:Jeffrey M. Friedman 7699:Avelino Corma Canós 7495:Emilio Méndez Pérez 7176:Jeffrey M. Friedman 7066:Charles David Allis 6751:and members of the 6739:and members of the 6440:Stellar black holes 6420:quantum fluctuation 6300:Pulsar timing array 6287:Indirect detection 6227:neutron star merger 6010:INDIGO (LIGO-India) 5231:2019PhRvL.123w1107T 5111:. LIGO-G1601435-v3. 5072:2015PhRvD..91f2005M 4950:. 8 September 2016. 4841:2010Sci...329.1003C 4792:2011CQGra..28l5023S 4739:2014JPhCS.484a2007F 4358:2016PhRvL.116x1103A 4319:. 11 February 2016. 4230:2015CQGra..32g4001L 4139:2019LRR....22....2D 3997:2006PhRvL..96k1102B 3921:2006PhRvL..96k1101C 3842:2005PhRvL..95l1101P 3784:2017PhRvL.119p1101A 3754:Virgo Collaboration 3643:2016PhRvL.116f1102A 3546:1994ARNPS..44..655B 3451:on 2 September 2013 3199:2017PhRvL.118v1101A 3171:Virgo Collaboration 3013:2016PhRvL.116f1102A 2774:2014Natur.511..278W 2731:1994Sci...263.1366A 2662:1994Sci...263.1366A 2619:1993Sci...260..612T 2462:1990Sci...249.1106W 2456:(4973): 1106–1108. 2262:2004splr.rept.....C 2176:2023Natur.618...13C 2033:2019PhRvX...9c1040A 1966:. Nobel Foundation. 1865:2015Natur.525..301C 1640:1999PhT....52j..44B 1575:Richard A. Isaacson 1507:1064 nm lasers 1426:has been selected. 1216:Output mode cleaner 1198:Hanford Reservation 1082:Hanford Reservation 919: / 880: / 827:gravitational waves 815:gravitational waves 659:Virgo Collaboration 542:Vladislav Pustovoit 477:neutron star merger 438:Virgo Collaboration 385:gravitational waves 379:) is a large-scale 147: / 106: / 34: 7669:Giacomo Rizzolatti 7599:Juan Ignacio Cirac 7399:Emilio Rosenblueth 7269:Masashi Yanagisawa 7180:Franz-Ulrich Hartl 7110:Stephen J. Elledge 7062:Alim Louis Benabid 6949:Charles H. Bennett 6899:Daniel Z. Freedman 6849:Charles L. Bennett 6813:Arthur B. McDonald 6801:Kōichirō Nishikawa 6731:John Henry Schwarz 6721:Alexander Polyakov 6699:Michel Della Negra 6618:Daniel A. Spielman 6533:Breakthrough Prize 6327:General relativity 6031:Einstein Telescope 5933:Fermilab holometer 5698:Gravitational wave 5366:, MIT RLE QPR 1972 4999:The Times of India 4567:Diego Bersanetti: 4408:on 10 October 2017 3756:) (October 2017). 3580:on 8 December 2015 3486:on 6 February 2016 3362:The New York Times 3355:(3 October 2017). 2970:. 23 December 2015 1822:"LSC/Virgo Census" 1547:Einstein Telescope 1530:Einstein Telescope 1494:radiation pressure 1462:radiation pressure 1245: 1237: 1212:Homodyne detection 1201: 1128:exponential decay. 1085: 1005: 756: 636:Observations begin 583:and colleagues in 571:and colleagues at 530:general relativity 522: 514: 426:Max Planck Society 32: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7867:Daniel J. Drucker 7853:Jeffrey I. Gordon 7791:Ingrid Daubechies 7781:Sandra Myrna Díaz 7715: 7714: 7679:Richard A. Lerner 7641:Raymond Tomlinson 7437:Santiago Grisolía 7345:Laureates of the 7312: 7311: 7291:Fredrick Van Goor 7184:Arthur L. Horwich 7158:Adrian R. Krainer 7052:Richard P. Lifton 7010:Napoleone Ferrara 6990:Cornelia Bargmann 6839:Andrew Strominger 6835:Joseph Polchinski 6645:Nima Arkani-Hamed 6594:Vincent Lafforgue 6584:Christopher Hacon 6499: 6498: 6315: 6314: 6266:Direct detection 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6092:Big Bang Observer 6055: 6054: 5895: 5894: 5531:978-0-262-03618-4 5495:978-0-691-11727-0 5472:978-0-226-11378-4 5449:978-981-02-1820-1 5426:978-0-425-18620-6 5056:(62005): 062005. 5050:Physical Review D 4545:. 23 March 2020. 4465:10.1063/PT.5.9074 4265:Sky and Telescope 4079:LIGO-T060156-01-I 4046:(Press release). 3728:The Seattle Times 2613:(5108): 612–614. 2524:(5465): 420–423. 2414:Mervis, Jeffery. 2279:978-0-309-09084-1 2072:"Welcome to O3b!" 2011:Physical Review X 1859:(7569): 301–302, 1393:Western Australia 952:ultra high vacuum 724:COVID-19 pandemic 569:Robert L. Forward 369: 368: 8027: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7959: 7958: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7936: 7935: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7912: 7911: 7903: 7721: 7720: 7689:François Englert 7547:Lawrence Roberts 7541:Jean Weissenbach 7465:Manuel Patarroyo 7441:Salvador Moncada 7425:Marcos Moshinsky 7377:Manuel Ballester 7356: 7355: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7303:Andrew Singleton 7253:Anthony A. Hyman 7223:Jeffery W. Kelly 7218: 7210:Richard J. Youle 7154:C. Frank Bennett 7148:Don W. Cleveland 7122:Yoshinori Ohsumi 7048:Robert S. Langer 7036:James P. Allison 6998:Lewis C. Cantley 6939:Hidetoshi Katori 6919:Jens H. Gundlach 6829:Super-Kamiokande 6711:Joseph Incandela 6695:Fabiola Gianotti 6657:Maxim Kontsevich 6612:Takuro Mochizuki 6554:Maxim Kontsevich 6526: 6519: 6512: 6503: 6502: 6431:Binary inspiral 6425:Phase transition 6416:Cosmic inflation 6183: 6182: 6066: 6065: 5908: 5907: 5729: 5728: 5718: 5717: 5680: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5647: 5560:LIGO Newsletters 5549: 5543: 5535: 5499: 5487: 5476: 5464: 5453: 5441: 5430: 5418: 5407: 5405: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5298: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5242: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5065: 5047: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4974: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4866:on 11 April 2013 4865: 4859:, archived from 4826: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4785: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4732: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4641: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4351: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4189: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4132: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4039: 4033: 4032: 3990: 3969:Baker, John G.; 3966: 3957: 3956: 3914: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3835: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3795: 3777: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3689: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3636: 3621:Phys. Rev. Lett. 3615: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3445:www.spaceref.com 3437: 3431: 3430: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3192: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3135: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3052: 3041: 3040: 3006: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2785: 2768:(7509): 278–81, 2757: 2751: 2750: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2445: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2411: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2248: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2098: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2026: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1930: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1848: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1687:Proxima Centauri 1684: 1679: 1677: 1668:. Archived from 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648:10.1063/1.882861 1623: 1416:Hingoli district 1387:location was at 1178:Andromeda Galaxy 1149: 1148: 1138: 1104: 935:), located near 934: 933: 931: 930: 929: 924: 920: 917: 916: 915: 912: 902:DOE Hanford Site 895: 894: 892: 891: 890: 885: 881: 878: 877: 876: 873: 362:edit on Wikidata 351: 324: 323: 310: 309: 303: 290: 285: 282: 280: 278: 267: 254: 253: 236: 235: 225:First light 219: 214: 212: 189: 188: 171: 170: 168: 167: 166: 164: 159: 158: 153: 148: 145: 144: 143: 140: 130: 129: 127: 126: 125: 123: 118: 117: 112: 107: 104: 103: 102: 99: 60: 59: 42: 35: 31: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8024: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7956: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7906: 7898: 7896: 7887: 7883:Svetlana Mojsov 7879:Jens Juul Holst 7875:Joel F. Habener 7835:Geoffrey Hinton 7799:Emmanuel Candès 7760:Barry C. Barish 7740:Jennifer Doudna 7726: 7711: 7707:Galen D. Stucky 7593:Antonio Damasio 7587:Robert Weinberg 7583:Bert Vogelstein 7559:Tim Berners-Lee 7533:Francis Collins 7482:Valentín Fuster 7361: 7350: 7343: 7313: 7308: 7299:Ellen Sidransky 7279:Michel Sadelain 7265:Emmanuel Mignot 7239:David Klenerman 7212: 7202:Catherine Dulac 7114:Harry F. Noller 7092:Karl Deisseroth 7078:Jennifer Doudna 7044:Michael N. Hall 7030:Bert Vogelstein 7026:Shinya Yamanaka 7022:Robert Weinberg 7018:Charles Sawyers 6976: 6953:Gilles Brassard 6933:Steven Weinberg 6915:Eric Adelberger 6825:Yōichirō Suzuki 6737:Saul Perlmutter 6703:Tejinder Virdee 6687:Stephen Hawking 6636: 6629: 6550:Simon Donaldson 6536: 6530: 6500: 6495: 6404:Types / sources 6399: 6346: 6337:Metric theories 6311: 6255: 6174: 6147: 6106: 6080: 6062:interferometers 6061: 6051: 6035: 6026:Cosmic Explorer 6014: 5998: 5967: 5903:interferometers 5902: 5891: 5886:Mario Schenberg 5850: 5834: 5768: 5764:Mario Schenberg 5723: 5707: 5689: 5684: 5645: 5635:at news.mit.edu 5578:LIGO Laboratory 5556: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5496: 5473: 5450: 5427: 5403: 5395: 5393:Further reading 5390: 5346:Barry C. Barish 5334:Barry C. Barish 5317: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5273: 5266: 5250:1721.1/136579.2 5207: 5203: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5120: 5116: 5099: 5095: 5045: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5001:. 7 April 2023. 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4766: 4762: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4692:on 30 July 2017 4689: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4566: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4475: 4451: 4447: 4433: 4431: 4430:. 24 April 2018 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4257: 4253: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4170: 4109: 4105: 4090: 4086: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4036: 3971:Centrella, Joan 3967: 3960: 3888: 3881: 3816: 3809: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3540:(44): 655–717. 3524: 3520: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3487: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3353:Overbye, Dennis 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3234: 3230: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3136: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3053: 3044: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2935: 2931: 2916: 2912: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2829:. SPIE Newsroom 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2807:. SPIE Newsroom 2803: 2802: 2798: 2783:10.1038/511278a 2758: 2754: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2689: 2685: 2646: 2642: 2603: 2599: 2588: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2568:. Caltech. 1998 2561: 2557: 2556: 2545: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2446: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2412: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2376: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2306: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2250: 2249: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2170:(7963): 13–14. 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2131: 2130: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2104:. 26 March 2020 2100: 2099: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2068: 2064: 2006: 2002: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1947: 1945: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1914: 1910: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1874:10.1038/525301a 1849: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1760: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1673: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1602:LISA Pathfinder 1538: 1526:Cosmic Explorer 1522: 1520:Cosmic Explorer 1511:liquid nitrogen 1502: 1473:mirror coatings 1439: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1229: 1186: 1174:gamma-ray burst 1146: 1144: 1136: 1107:charge diameter 1102: 1095: 1070: 1003: 997: 985: 956:interferometers 927: 925: 921: 918: 913: 910: 908: 906: 905: 888: 886: 882: 879: 874: 871: 869: 867: 866: 863: 789:observatories. 785:telescopes and 783:electromagnetic 732: 655: 638: 526:Albert Einstein 506: 501: 465:Barry C. Barish 455:was awarded to 396:charge diameter 365: 341: 340: 339: 338: 332: 331: 330: 329: 325: 317: 316: 315: 311: 275: 248: 230: 210: 208: 183: 162: 160: 156: 154: 150: 149: 146: 141: 138: 136: 134: 133: 131: 121: 119: 115: 113: 109: 108: 105: 100: 97: 95: 93: 92: 54: 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8033: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7977: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7893: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7885: 7863: 7861:Bonnie Bassler 7849: 7847:Demis Hassabis 7831: 7813:Philip Felgner 7805:Katalin Karikó 7801: 7783: 7773: 7767: 7748: 7742: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7709: 7695: 7681: 7675:Gregory Winter 7671: 7657: 7643: 7633: 7619:Shuji Nakamura 7611: 7605:Peter Lawrence 7601: 7595: 7589: 7567: 7561: 7551:Robert E. Kahn 7543: 7537:Hamilton Smith 7521: 7519:Luc Montagnier 7511: 7505:Ricardo Miledi 7501: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7433: 7427: 7421:Manuel Cardona 7417: 7411:Jacinto Convit 7407: 7401: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7352: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7287:Paul Negulescu 7272: 7257:Demis Hassabis 7246: 7227:Katalin Karikó 7220: 7195: 7173: 7166:Xiaowei Zhuang 7151: 7140:Kazutoshi Mori 7129: 7107: 7085: 7059: 7033: 7006:Titia de Lange 6994:David Botstein 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6946: 6936: 6926: 6912: 6906: 6895:Sergio Ferrara 6888: 6878: 6868: 6861:Lyman Page Jr. 6857:Norman Jarosik 6846: 6832: 6821:Takaaki Kajita 6778: 6777:project (2016) 6756: 6734: 6724: 6718: 6680: 6669:Nathan Seiberg 6665:Juan Maldacena 6641: 6639: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6588:James McKernan 6581: 6575: 6569: 6566:Richard Taylor 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6381:Chirp signal ( 6379: 6376: 6374:speed of light 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6272: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6230: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6189: 6187: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6047:LIGO-Australia 6043: 6041: 6040:Past proposals 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5958:Advanced Virgo 5955: 5950: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5914: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884:(downsized to 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864:(downsized to 5858: 5856: 5855:Past proposals 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5797: 5787: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5735: 5733: 5726: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5610:40 m Prototype 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5554:External links 5552: 5551: 5550: 5530: 5517: 5515:978-0307958198 5500: 5494: 5477: 5471: 5454: 5448: 5431: 5425: 5408: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5282: 5264: 5225:(23): 231107. 5201: 5187: 5162: 5140: 5114: 5093: 5039:Barsotti, Lisa 5037:Miller, John; 5029: 5004: 4986: 4968:. p. 27. 4953: 4933: 4926:) – via 4910: 4898: 4886: 4869: 4835:(5995): 1003, 4812: 4776:(12): 125023, 4760: 4703: 4671: 4612: 4587: 4573: 4560: 4530: 4516: 4502: 4484: 4473: 4445: 4419: 4387: 4342:(24): 241103. 4322: 4304: 4277: 4251: 4198: 4184:on 4 July 2017 4168: 4103: 4084: 4060: 4034: 3981:(11): 111102. 3958: 3905:(11): 111101. 3891:Campanelli, M. 3879: 3826:(12): 121101. 3807: 3768:(16): 161101. 3740: 3714: 3700: 3672: 3605: 3591: 3561: 3518: 3497: 3462: 3432: 3427:nobelprize.org 3414: 3392: 3375: 3344: 3316: 3304:Nobelprize.org 3291: 3270: 3256: 3228: 3183:(22): 221101. 3157: 3127: 3105: 3089: 3042: 2981: 2955: 2929: 2910: 2892: 2866: 2840: 2818: 2796: 2752: 2725:(5152): 1366. 2709: 2697:New York Times 2683: 2656:(5152): 1366. 2640: 2597: 2579: 2543: 2508: 2483: 2437: 2401: 2367: 2356:on 3 July 2017 2335: 2304: 2285: 2278: 2270:10.17226/10895 2226: 2205: 2150: 2115: 2088: 2062: 2000: 1983: 1969: 1955: 1925: 1908: 1887: 1838: 1813: 1792: 1770: 1741: 1720: 1699: 1672:on 4 July 2017 1653: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1537: 1534: 1521: 1518: 1501: 1498: 1490:optical cavity 1477: 1476: 1469: 1458:squeezed light 1454: 1451: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1353:Main article: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1337:star events. 1322:came from the 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1209: 1194:interferometer 1185: 1182: 1078:interferometer 1069: 1066: 998: 992: 984: 981: 963:interferometer 914:119°24′27.56″W 862: 859: 851:cosmic strings 807:Robert Forward 803:interferometry 731: 728: 707:Laura Cadonati 654: 651: 637: 634: 611:Rochus E. Vogt 548:, and in 1967 546:interferometry 505: 502: 500: 497: 490:in Italy, and 436:(LSC) and the 392:interferometry 367: 366: 359: 356: 355: 343: 342: 333: 327: 326: 319: 318: 313: 312: 305: 304: 298: 297: 296: 295: 292: 291: 273: 269: 268: 260: 256: 255: 242: 238: 237: 227: 221: 220: 205: 201: 200: 197: 191: 190: 177: 173: 172: 101:119°24′27.56″W 89: 85: 84: 66: 62: 61: 51: 47: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8032: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7975: 7965: 7963: 7953: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7843:Yoshua Bengio 7840: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7829:Sarah Gilbert 7826: 7825:Derrick Rossi 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7809:Drew Weissman 7806: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7756:Kip S. Thorne 7753: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7704: 7703:Mark E. Davis 7700: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7661:Joseph Altman 7658: 7656: 7655:Linda Watkins 7652: 7648: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637:Martin Cooper 7634: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623:Robert Langer 7620: 7616: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7579:Joan Massagué 7576: 7572: 7571:Judah Folkman 7568: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7490:research team 7489: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7477:of Costa Rica 7476: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7460: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7416: 7415:Pablo Rudomín 7412: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7295:Thomas Gasser 7292: 7288: 7284: 7283:Sabine Hadida 7280: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7231:Drew Weissman 7228: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7162:Angelika Amon 7159: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7118:Roeland Nusse 7115: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088:Edward Boyden 7086: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7070:Victor Ambros 7067: 7063: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7040:Mahlon DeLong 7037: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6982:Life sciences 6979: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6961:Peter W. Shor 6958: 6957:David Deutsch 6954: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6923:Blayne Heckel 6920: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6865:David Spergel 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6793:Atsuto Suzuki 6790: 6789:Daya Bay team 6786: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6763:Ronald Drever 6760: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6745:Brian Schmidt 6742: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727:Michael Green 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6707:Guido Tonelli 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6677:Edward Witten 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6653:Alexei Kitaev 6650: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6624:Simon Brendle 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6606:Martin Hairer 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6578:Jean Bourgain 6576: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6534: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6489: 6488:other unknown 6485: 6484:cosmic string 6481: 6480: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6445:Neutron stars 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6384: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6306: 6305:Binary pulsar 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6171:: Gravity Spy 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6159:Einstein@Home 6157: 6156: 6154: 6152:Data analysis 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6058: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5944: 5943:Advanced LIGO 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722:Resonant mass 5719: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5572:LIGO outreach 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5541: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5440: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5295: 5294: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5191: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5151: 5144: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4990: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4723:(1): 012007, 4722: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4577: 4571:, EPS-HEP2019 4570: 4564: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4520: 4512: 4506: 4498: 4491: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4456:Physics Today 4449: 4442: 4429: 4423: 4404: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4214:(7): 074001. 4213: 4209: 4202: 4195: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4080: 4073: 4072: 4071:Enhanced LIGO 4064: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3988:gr-qc/0511103 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3912:gr-qc/0511048 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3833:gr-qc/0507014 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3710: 3704: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3627:(6): 061102. 3626: 3623: 3622: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3601: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3403: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3364: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3161: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3132: 3115: 3109: 3101: 3100: 3093: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2997:(6): 061102. 2996: 2992: 2985: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2828: 2822: 2806: 2800: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2567: 2566:Shirley Cohen 2560: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2493: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2442: 2425: 2421: 2420:The Scientist 2417: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2389: 2385: 2384:The Scientist 2381: 2374: 2372: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2215: 2209: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2139:. 24 May 2023 2138: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2103: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2017:(3): 031040. 2016: 2012: 2004: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1979: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1802: 1796: 1788: 1787:LIGO Magazine 1781: 1774: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1688: 1685:(that is, to 1683: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:Physics Today 1622: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553:Einstein@Home 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424:western India 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1409:Narendra Modi 1406: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314:in June; and 1313: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1241: 1233: 1227:Advanced LIGO 1224: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1184:Enhanced LIGO 1181: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1142: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1065: 1063: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Advanced LIGO 1001: 995: 989: 980: 977: 971: 969: 964: 959: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 941:trilateration 938: 932: 911:46°27′18.52″N 903: 899: 893: 875:90°46′27.27″W 872:30°33′46.42″N 861:Observatories 858: 856: 853:or colliding 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 834:neutron stars 830: 828: 823: 820: 816: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 753: 752:human hearing 749: 745: 741: 736: 727: 725: 720: 718: 713: 710: 708: 703: 701: 700:second signal 696: 694: 690: 685: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 650: 646: 644: 633: 631: 627: 622: 619: 618:U.S. Congress 614: 612: 608: 603: 601: 600:Peter Saulson 596: 594: 590: 589:Ronald Drever 586: 582: 581:Heinz Billing 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528:'s theory of 527: 518: 510: 496: 493: 489: 484: 482: 478: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 446:Einstein@Home 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 363: 357: 354: 350: 344: 337: 302: 293: 289: 284: 274: 270: 266: 261: 257: 252: 246: 243: 239: 234: 228: 226: 222: 218: 206: 202: 198: 196: 192: 187: 181: 178: 174: 169: 142:90°46′27.27″W 139:30°33′46.42″N 128: 98:46°27′18.52″N 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 58: 52: 48: 41: 36: 30: 26: 22: 8010:Hanford Site 7974:Solar System 7821:Özlem Türeci 7777:Joanne Chory 7771:Svante Pääbo 7763: 7752:Rainer Weiss 7651:Baruch Minke 7647:David Julius 7615:Sumio Iijima 7609:Ginés Morata 7565:Jane Goodall 7529:John Sulston 7525:Craig Venter 7515:Robert Gallo 7459:Amable Liñán 7371:Alberto Sols 7243:Pascal Mayer 7188:David Julius 7170:Zhijian Chen 7136:Peter Walter 7132:Joanne Chory 7104:Svante Pääbo 7002:Hans Clevers 6928: 6890: 6881:Charles Kane 6870: 6853:Gary Hinshaw 6774: 6771:Rainer Weiss 6758: 6717:(LHC) (2013) 6682: 6661:Andrei Linde 6487: 6471: 6372:Travel with 6358:Polarization 6277: 6179:Observations 5942: 5901:Ground-based 5521: 5506: 5483: 5460: 5437: 5414: 5361: 5358:Rainer Weiss 5349: 5337: 5325: 5301:. Retrieved 5292: 5285: 5222: 5218: 5211:Barsotti, L. 5204: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5175:dcc.ligo.org 5174: 5165: 5153:. Retrieved 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5127: 5117: 5103: 5096: 5053: 5049: 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5016: 5007: 4998: 4989: 4979:15 September 4977:. Retrieved 4956: 4945: 4936: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4879: 4872: 4861:the original 4832: 4828: 4815: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4720: 4716: 4706: 4694:. Retrieved 4687:the original 4674: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4603:. Retrieved 4599: 4590: 4576: 4563: 4551:. Retrieved 4542: 4533: 4519: 4505: 4476: 4468: 4454: 4448: 4439: 4432:. Retrieved 4422: 4410:. Retrieved 4403:the original 4390: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4290: 4280: 4268:. Retrieved 4264: 4254: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4193: 4186:. Retrieved 4182:the original 4171: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4097: 4087: 4070: 4063: 4051:. Retrieved 4037: 3978: 3974: 3902: 3898: 3895:Lousto, C.O. 3823: 3819: 3765: 3761: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3727: 3717: 3703: 3691:. Retrieved 3675: 3624: 3619: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3578:the original 3573: 3564: 3537: 3531: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3488:. Retrieved 3484:the original 3479: 3475: 3465: 3453:. Retrieved 3449:the original 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3405:. Retrieved 3395: 3378: 3366:. Retrieved 3360: 3347: 3335:. Retrieved 3329: 3319: 3307:. Retrieved 3303: 3294: 3284:29 September 3282:. Retrieved 3273: 3259: 3247:. Retrieved 3243:Science News 3241: 3231: 3180: 3174: 3160: 3148:. Retrieved 3143: 3118:. Retrieved 3108: 3098: 3092: 3080:. Retrieved 3060: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2958: 2948:19 September 2946:. Retrieved 2942: 2932: 2923: 2913: 2905:the original 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2878: 2869: 2857:. Retrieved 2853: 2843: 2831:. Retrieved 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2799: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2696: 2686: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2610: 2606: 2600: 2591: 2570:. Retrieved 2565: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2499:. Retrieved 2486: 2453: 2449: 2428:. Retrieved 2423: 2419: 2392:. Retrieved 2387: 2383: 2358:. 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Retrieved 1670:the original 1665: 1656: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1523: 1515: 1503: 1500:LIGO Voyager 1478: 1440: 1428: 1413: 1397: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1358: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1310:in January; 1304: 1296: 1264: 1261: 1249: 1246: 1222: 1202: 1171: 1150: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1096: 1068:Observations 1058: 1046: 1030: 1021:Nd:YAG laser 1006: 999: 993: 972: 968:microseismic 960: 949: 864: 855:domain walls 831: 824: 811: 799:Rainer Weiss 791:Joseph Weber 780: 757: 746:such as the 742:(eLISA) and 721: 714: 711: 704: 697: 686: 682:David Reitze 679: 677:from Earth. 656: 647: 639: 626:Barry Barish 623: 615: 604: 597: 566: 550:Rainer Weiss 534:Joseph Weber 523: 485: 469: 457:Rainer Weiss 450: 419: 404: 376: 372: 370: 176:Organization 69:Hanford Site 29: 7962:Outer space 7950:Spaceflight 7795:Terence Tao 7685:Peter Higgs 7631:Tobin Marks 7575:Tony Hunter 7555:Vinton Cerf 7431:Guido Münch 7261:John Jumper 7213: [ 7198:David Baker 7144:Kim Nasmyth 7126:Huda Zoghbi 7100:Helen Hobbs 7074:Gary Ruvkun 7014:Eric Lander 6885:Eugene Mele 6843:Cumrun Vafa 6831:team (2016) 6785:Kam-Biu Luk 6781:Yifang Wang 6691:Peter Jenni 6635:Fundamental 6562:Terence Tao 6558:Jacob Lurie 6542:Mathematics 6479:Hypothesis 6456:Continuous 6060:Space-based 5589:Living LIGO 5503:Janna Levin 5348:, Caltech. 5336:, Caltech. 5155:17 February 5133:17 February 5017:www.nsf.gov 4696:3 September 4270:11 February 4188:9 September 4053:14 February 3693:11 February 3681:Thorne, Kip 3584:28 November 3455:3 September 3082:11 February 3061:Nature News 2974:31 December 2885:3 September 2859:18 February 2833:9 September 2702:21 February 2572:21 February 2501:11 February 2430:21 February 2394:18 February 2360:21 February 2328:21 February 2219:14 December 2081:11 November 1948:3 September 1938:www.nsf.gov 1901:14 December 1831:28 November 1763:28 November 1695:10  km 1481:phase noise 1420:Maharashtra 1316:five others 1291:black holes 1159:Local Group 1137:100 Hz 976:Fabry–Pérot 926: / 887: / 838:black holes 768:Nobel Prize 764:PSR 1913+16 675:light-years 593:James Hough 155: / 114: / 88:Coordinates 65:Location(s) 7984:Categories 7839:Yann LeCun 7817:Uğur Şahin 7787:Yves Meyer 7762:, and the 7096:John Hardy 6967:John Cardy 6767:Kip Thorne 6749:Adam Riess 6713:(CMS) and 6673:Ashoke Sen 6600:Alex Eskin 6482:Colliding 6411:Stochastic 6383:chirp mass 6278:Proposed: 6169:Zooniverse 5322:Kip Thorne 5315:References 4412:20 October 4349:1606.04855 4130:1903.05223 3775:1710.05832 3634:1602.03837 3515:: 605–607. 3490:19 January 3384:"LSC News" 3190:1706.01812 3004:1602.03837 2879:www.mpg.de 2024:1811.12907 1995:"LSC News" 1978:"LSC News" 1729:"LIGO MIT" 1634:(10): 44. 1466:shot noise 1360:LIGO-India 1349:LIGO-India 1204:included: 1115:solar-mass 1087:See also: 1050:photodiode 671:solar mass 653:Detections 558:Kip Thorne 504:Background 472:detections 461:Kip Thorne 195:Wavelength 161: ( 120: ( 77:Livingston 73:Washington 53:LIGO 7926:Astronomy 7746:Hugh Herr 7488:Atapuerca 7275:Carl June 7206:Dennis Lo 6715:Lyn Evans 6697:(ATLAS), 6649:Alan Guth 6535:laureates 6468:Supernova 6363:Spin-flip 5989:TENKO-100 5866:MiniGRAIL 5830:Weber bar 5759:MiniGRAIL 5713:Detectors 5583:LIGO News 5540:cite book 5063:1410.5882 4808:119247573 4783:1102.5421 4755:118583506 4730:1205.6611 4639:1304.0670 4434:31 August 4382:118651851 4246:118570458 4221:1411.4547 4163:119238143 4155:2367-3613 4013:0031-9007 3937:0031-9007 3858:0031-9007 3667:124959784 3368:3 October 3337:3 October 3309:4 October 3223:206291714 3077:182916902 3037:124959784 2811:4 January 2538:119020354 2200:258899900 2057:119366083 2049:2160-3308 1676:24 August 1565:Holometer 1471:Improved 1418:of state 1103:10 m 1054:resonance 1038:coherence 983:Operation 842:supernova 819:Braginsky 211:1994–2002 207:1994–2002 81:Louisiana 6827:and the 6815:and the 6803:and the 6795:and the 6787:and the 6572:Ian Agol 6470:or from 6388:Carried 6378:h strain 6368:Redshift 6342:Graviton 6250:GW200105 6244:GW190814 6238:GW190521 6233:GW190412 6223:GW170817 6218:GW170814 6213:GW170608 6208:GW170104 6203:GW151226 6138:NANOGrav 6085:Proposed 6019:Proposed 5979:TAMA 300 5882:Graviton 5839:Proposed 5780:EXPLORER 5739:NAUTILUS 5724:antennas 5568:web page 5505:(2016). 5259:31868462 5088:18460400 4970:Archived 4857:20798288 4666:33015351 4632:(1): 3. 4605:22 March 4600:LIGO Lab 4547:Archived 4374:27367379 4317:BBC News 4123:(1): 2. 4029:23409406 4021:16605809 3945:16605808 3874:24225193 3866:16197061 3802:29099225 3683:(2012). 3659:26918975 3407:20 April 3331:BBC News 3215:28621973 3144:MIT News 3029:26918975 2943:BBC News 2854:BBC News 2792:25030149 2747:17776497 2678:17776497 2635:17812204 2478:17831979 2324:(54): 84 2192:37225822 1917:Fermilab 1883:26381963 1542:BlackGEM 1536:See also 1403:and the 1331:COVID-19 1320:GW170817 1312:GW170608 1308:GW170104 1300:GW151226 1275:GW150914 1000:Figure 2 994:Figure 1 787:neutrino 607:Garching 585:Garching 481:COVID-19 281:.caltech 7914:Physics 7900:Portals 6929:Special 6891:Special 6871:Special 6797:KamLAND 6759:Special 6683:Special 6637:physics 6490:sources 6474:sources 6472:unknown 6291:B-modes 6260:Methods 6225:(first 6102:TianQin 6069:Planned 6003:Planned 5820:GEOGRAV 5790:ALLEGRO 5651:YouTube 5303:23 June 5227:Bibcode 5180:9 April 5068:Bibcode 5022:9 April 4928:Twitter 4837:Bibcode 4829:Science 4788:Bibcode 4735:Bibcode 4657:7520625 4553:23 June 4354:Bibcode 4291:Science 4226:Bibcode 4135:Bibcode 3993:Bibcode 3953:5954627 3917:Bibcode 3838:Bibcode 3780:Bibcode 3639:Bibcode 3542:Bibcode 3195:Bibcode 3150:15 June 3009:Bibcode 2770:Bibcode 2727:Bibcode 2719:Science 2658:Bibcode 2650:Science 2615:Bibcode 2607:Science 2518:Science 2458:Bibcode 2450:Science 2390:(17): 1 2258:Bibcode 2172:Bibcode 2108:15 July 2029:Bibcode 1861:Bibcode 1806:3 March 1789:(1): 8. 1734:24 June 1713:24 June 1662:"Facts" 1636:Bibcode 1496:noise. 1163:GEO 600 1141:parsecs 730:Mission 562:Caltech 499:History 411:Caltech 381:physics 272:Website 209: ( 7881:, and 7865:2024: 7859:, and 7851:2023: 7845:, and 7833:2022: 7827:, and 7803:2021: 7797:, and 7785:2020: 7775:2019: 7769:2018: 7750:2017: 7744:2016: 7734:2015: 7705:, and 7697:2014: 7691:, and 7683:2013: 7673:2012: 7667:, and 7659:2011: 7653:, and 7645:2010: 7635:2009: 7629:, and 7613:2008: 7603:2007: 7597:2006: 7591:2005: 7585:, and 7569:2004: 7563:2003: 7557:, and 7545:2002: 7539:, and 7523:2001: 7513:2000: 7503:1999: 7493:1998: 7486:1997: 7480:1996: 7469:1995: 7463:1994: 7457:1993: 7451:1992: 7445:1991: 7435:1990: 7429:1989: 7419:1988: 7409:1987: 7403:1986: 7393:1985: 7387:1984: 7381:1983: 7375:1982: 7369:1981: 7305:(2024) 7271:(2023) 7245:(2022) 7219:(2021) 7194:(2020) 7172:(2019) 7150:(2018) 7128:(2017) 7106:(2016) 7084:(2015) 7058:(2014) 7032:(2013) 6973:(2024) 6963:(2023) 6945:(2022) 6943:Jun Ye 6935:(2021) 6925:(2021) 6911:(2020) 6905:(2019) 6887:(2019) 6877:(2018) 6867:(2018) 6845:(2017) 6819:team, 6811:team, 6799:team, 6755:(2015) 6733:(2014) 6723:(2013) 6679:(2012) 6626:(2024) 6620:(2023) 6614:(2022) 6608:(2021) 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