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decoys. The rate at which this happens depends on the types of decoys used, but the warhead will have passed even advanced types of decoy by the time it is 250,000–100,000 feet (76,000–30,000 m). At this point the warhead is vulnerable to attack, but is only 5 to 10 seconds from its planned detonation (air burst or ground burst). To address these issues, a very high speed missile was required. Zeus was simply not fast enough to perform such an attack; it was designed for interceptions lasting about two minutes.
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target and one interceptor at a time. It was planned that Zeus bases would actually consist of several launcher sites connected to a central control, but even in this case, the site might be able to guide four to six missiles simultaneously. As the ICBM fleet numbered hundreds even before Zeus could become operational, it would be simple to overcome the defense by directing sufficient warheads over it to overwhelm its ability to guide interceptions rapidly enough.
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445:, and began building an entire Zeus site on the island. By 1962 the system was ready for testing, and after some initial problems, demonstrated its ability to intercept warheads launched from California. Eventually fourteen "all up" tests were carried out over the next two years, with ten of them bringing the missile within the lethal radius of its warhead, sometimes within a few hundred meters.
502:) systems. Combining the two would allow hundreds of warheads and interceptors to be tracked and controlled at once. As long as the interceptor missile was not significantly more expensive than the ICBM, which was likely given their relative sizes, overwhelming such a system would not be feasible in a weapons system.
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In that environment it would be difficult to pick out the warhead. As long as the decoys spread out or the chaff blocked an area larger than the lethal radius of the 5 Megaton (Mt) interceptor (much smaller in space than in the atmosphere), several interceptors would have to be launched to guarantee
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In spite of Zeus' successful testing program and interceptions, it was becoming increasingly clear that the fully integrated system would not be effective in an actual operational scenario. This was due primarily to two problems; decoys shielding the warhead from detection until it was too late for
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At the same time, both the US and USSR were in the midst of introducing their first truly mass-produced ICBMs, and their numbers were clearly going to grow dramatically during the early 1960s. Zeus, like
Hercules and Ajax before it, used mechanically directed radar dishes that could track only one
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Decoys are less dense than warheads, though with the same aerodynamics. Therefore, they are subject to more deceleration when they begin their reentry of the upper atmosphere. The warhead, which is dense and streamlined, experiences less deceleration from air resistance, eventually passing by the
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outlined four potential approaches to a new ABM system. The first was Nike Zeus in its current form. The second was Zeus combined with a new radar system. The third included new radars and computers. Finally, the fourth, or X, plan called for all of these changes, as well as a new short-range
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in
January 1956, Concluding that the fundamental concept was feasible, utilizing a slightly enhanced iteration of the Hercules missile, but requiring dramatically upgraded radars and computers to handle interceptions that took place at thousands of miles an hour.
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missile. As the shorter range missile would overlap with Zeus, X also called for Zeus to be modified for even greater range as "Zeus EX". After considerable debate, the decision was made to cancel the existing Zeus deployment and move ahead with the X plan.
466:, which is very light weight, and would create additional radar returns that would act indistinguishably from those of the real warhead, in the airless, exo-atmospheric vacuum of sub-orbital space where the missile intercept was planned.
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as warhead design improved, resulting in smaller and lighter warheads. Missile design improved as well, further increasing excess capacity. Even a small amount of excess capacity could be used to carry radar decoys or
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Likewise, the solution to dealing with massive numbers of warheads was to use faster computers and automated radars, allowing many interceptors to be in flight simultaneously. Zeus was being developed just as
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at long range and while still outside the atmosphere. For actual deployment, a five-megaton thermonuclear warhead was planned to destroy the incoming ICBM warheads. It was part of the
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The former problem was becoming increasingly apparent beginning in approximately 1957. Missiles designed to carry a specific warhead began having increasing levels of excess
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The
Spartan was the latest and, as it turned out, final development in a long series of missile designs from the team of Bell Laboratories and
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system in
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The solution to both of these problems was to improve speed of both the defending missiles, and the defensive system as a whole.
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the warhead would be hit. Adding more decoys was extremely inexpensive, requiring very expensive ABMs to be added in response.
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interception, and the rapid increase in the number of deployed ICBMs which threatened to overwhelm the system.
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were experiencing a massive improvement in performance. Radar systems were likewise introducing the first
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that was in the late stages of development as the Ajax's replacement. They returned an initial study on
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missile team to prepare a report on the topic in
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381:. Spartans were deployed as part of the Safeguard system from October 1975 to early 1976.
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The first test-launch of the
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Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
1949:
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377:. This was eventually cancelled and replaced with the much smaller
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Seize the High Ground: The U.S. Army in Space and
Missile Defense
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system that was in widespread use around the US, as well as the
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United States tri-service rocket designations post-1963
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ADA park (Fort Sill), photo journal of Daniel DeCristo
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Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the United States
358:. Spartan was developed directly from the preceding
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1963 United States Tri-Service missile designations
668:James Walker; Lewis Bernstein; Sharon Lang (2005).
437:To test the system fully, the Army took control of
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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734:a further development of the Nike Zeus B missile
729:Directory of U.S. Military Rockets and Missiles
688:The SPARTAN test program began on 30 March 1968
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625:List of military aircraft of the United States
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2210:Anti-ballistic missiles of the United States
635:Comparison of anti-ballistic missile systems
398:started their first serious efforts in the
2240:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
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505:Taking these factors into consideration,
233:nuclear; 5 megatonnes of TNT (21 PJ)
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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500:Passive electronically scanned array
246:1st Stage: Thiokol TX-500 (2200 kN);
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
543:, have Spartan missiles on display.
354:that started in the 1940s with the
341:intercontinental ballistic missiles
13:
655:"List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
369:The Spartan was superseded by the
335:, designed to intercept attacking
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2187:Drones designated in UAV sequence
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2220:Nuclear missiles of the Cold War
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31:needs additional citations for
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676:. Government Printing Office.
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1:
2230:Nuclear anti-aircraft weapons
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373:project, later becoming the
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744:Mickelsen Safeguard Complex
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150:Place of origin
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352:Douglas Aircraft Company
520:Kwajalein Missile Range
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400:anti-ballistic missile
364:tri-service identifier
333:anti-ballistic missile
144:Anti-ballistic missile
118:Anti-ballistic missile
2157:M30 GMLRS/M31 GMLRS-U
602:Nike-Hercules missile
533:Air Defense Artillery
362:, retaining the same
198:29,000 lb (13,100 kg)
1441:AGM-84/RGM-84/UGM-84
929:Taurus Nike Tomahawk
222:9 ft 9.6 in (2.98 m)
40:improve this article
206:55 ft 2 in (16.8 m)
701:"Sprint Gallery 1"
522:on 30 March 1968.
496:phased array radar
430:and the launch of
330:United States Army
214:3 ft 7 in (1.08 m)
171:Production history
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783:family of rockets
739:index of pictures
492:digital computers
379:Safeguard Program
345:Safeguard Program
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597:Sprint (missile)
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424:LIM-49 Nike Zeus
375:Sentinel Program
360:LIM-49 Nike Zeus
337:nuclear warheads
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55:"LIM-49 Spartan"
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278:350 mi (560 km)
275:Flight altitude
270:460 mi (740 km)
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163:In service
158:Service history
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924:Nike-Yardbird
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914:Nike-Tomahawk
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884:Nike-Malemute
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874:Nike-Iroquois
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803:Nike Hercules
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619:Related lists
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548:Photo gallery
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57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2197:
2174:
2045:Undesignated
1254:
909:Nike T40 T55
899:Nike-Recruit
879:Nike-Javelin
822:
790:Project Nike
709:
695:
687:
671:
663:
649:
614:(video game)
517:
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488:
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468:
459:throw-weight
456:
452:
449:Cancellation
436:
421:
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393:
368:
349:
325:
323:
176:Manufacturer
102:
96:October 2014
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
2142:Senior Prom
1180:LGM-35 (II)
859:Nike-Deacon
839:Nike-Apache
264:Operational
2204:Categories
1859:AGM-158A/B
1175:AQM-35 (I)
919:Nike-Viper
904:Nike Smoke
894:Nike-Orion
869:Nike-Hydac
854:Nike-Cajun
683:0160723086
641:References
541:Fort Bliss
535:museum at
258:Solid fuel
255:Propellant
66:newspapers
2175:See also:
2087:Have Dash
1451:AGM-84H/K
1150:MGM-31A/B
889:Nike-Nike
864:Nike-Hawk
813:Nike Zeus
798:Nike Ajax
607:Nike Zeus
537:Fort Sill
526:Survivors
441:from the
432:Sputnik I
408:Nike Ajax
404:Bell Labs
166:1975-1976
1950:AIM-174B
1864:AGM-158C
1601:BGM-109G
1498:"AIM-92"
844:Nike-Asp
591:See also
314:platform
298:Guidance
219:Wingspan
211:Diameter
2152:Wagtail
2132:OpFires
2052:Aequare
2036:MIM-401
2031:AIM-260
2015:AGM-187
2010:MQM-186
2005:MQM-185
2000:RGM-184
1995:AGM-183
1990:LGM-182
1985:AGM-181
1980:AGM-180
1975:AGM-179
1970:MQM-178
1965:BQM-177
1960:AGM-176
1955:MQM-175
1946:RIM-174
1941:GQM-173
1936:FGM-172
1931:MQM-171
1926:MQM-170
1921:AGM-169
1916:MGM-168
1911:BQM-167
1906:MGM-166
1901:RGM-165
1896:MGM-164
1891:GQM-163
1886:RIM-162
1881:RIM-161
1876:ADM-160
1871:AGM-159
1854:MGM-157
1849:RIM-156
1844:BQM-155
1839:AGM-154
1834:AGM-153
1829:AIM-152
1824:FQM-151
1817:151–200
1808:PQM-150
1803:PQM-149
1798:FGM-148
1793:BQM-147
1788:MIM-146
1783:BQM-145
1778:ADM-144
1773:MQM-143
1768:AGM-142
1763:ADM-141
1758:MGM-140
1753:RUM-139
1748:CEM-138
1743:AGM-137
1738:AGM-136
1733:ASM-135
1728:MGM-134
1723:UGM-133
1718:AIM-132
1713:AGM-131
1708:AGM-130
1703:AGM-129
1698:AQM-128
1693:AQM-127
1688:BQM-126
1678:AGM-124
1673:AGM-123
1668:AGM-122
1658:AIM-120
1653:AGM-119
1648:LGM-118
1643:FQM-117
1638:RIM-116
1633:MIM-115
1628:AGM-114
1623:RIM-113
1618:AGM-112
1613:BQM-111
1608:BGM-110
1591:BQM-108
1586:MQM-107
1581:BQM-106
1576:MQM-105
1571:MIM-104
1566:AQM-103
1561:PQM-102
1556:RIM-101
1549:101–150
1540:LIM-100
1446:AGM-84E
1250:XLIM-49
1154:MGM-31C
1118:LGM-25C
1113:HGM-25A
823:Spartan
514:Testing
443:US Navy
416:Nike II
396:US Army
385:History
227:Warhead
80:scholar
2147:Sprint
1535:LIM-99
1530:YQM-98
1525:AIM-97
1520:UGM-96
1515:AIM-95
1510:YQM-94
1505:XQM-93
1493:FIM-92
1488:AQM-91
1483:BQM-90
1478:UGM-89
1473:AGM-88
1468:AGM-87
1463:AGM-86
1458:RIM-85
1436:AGM-83
1431:AIM-82
1426:AQM-81
1421:AGM-80
1416:AGM-79
1411:AGM-78
1406:FGM-77
1401:AGM-76
1396:BGM-75
1391:BQM-74
1386:UGM-73
1381:MIM-72
1376:BGM-71
1371:LEM-70
1366:AGM-69
1361:AIM-68
1356:RIM-67
1351:RIM-66
1346:AGM-65
1341:AGM-64
1336:AGM-63
1331:AGM-62
1326:MQM-61
1321:AQM-60
1316:RGM-59
1311:MQM-58
1306:MQM-57
1301:PQM-56
1296:RIM-55
1291:AIM-54
1286:AGM-53
1281:MGM-52
1276:MGM-51
1269:51–100
1260:RIM-50
1255:LIM-49
1245:AGM-48
1240:AIM-47
1235:MIM-46
1230:AGM-45
1225:UUM-44
1220:FIM-43
1215:MQM-42
1210:AQM-41
1205:MQM-40
1200:MQM-39
1195:AQM-38
1190:AQM-37
1185:MQM-36
1170:AQM-34
1165:MQM-33
1160:MGM-32
1145:LGM-30
1140:MGM-29
1135:AGM-28
1130:UGM-27
1125:AIM-26
1108:RIM-24
1103:MIM-23
1098:AGM-22
1093:MGM-21
1088:ADM-20
1083:PGM-19
1078:MGM-18
1073:PGM-17
1068:CGM-16
1063:RGM-15
1058:MIM-14
1048:AGM-12
1043:PGM-11
1038:CIM-10
818:Nike-X
808:Nike J
680:
478:Nike X
371:Nike-X
328:was a
312:Launch
300:system
243:Engine
203:Length
182:&
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
2162:GLSDB
2122:NCADE
2112:MA-31
2062:Brazo
2057:ASALM
1033:AIM-9
1028:RIM-8
1021:RIM-7
1016:AIM-7
1011:RGM-6
1006:MGM-5
1001:AIM-4
996:MIM-3
991:RIM-2
986:MGM-1
464:chaff
428:ICBMs
339:from
266:range
87:JSTOR
73:books
2137:PrSM
2127:NLOS
2117:MSDM
2107:LRHW
2102:LREW
2082:HACM
2077:HALO
2024:201–
979:1–50
781:Nike
779:The
678:ISBN
531:The
507:ARPA
394:The
390:Zeus
356:Nike
324:The
318:Silo
290:Mach
288:>
195:Mass
140:Type
59:news
2097:KEI
2092:JSM
2072:GBI
292:3-4
231:W71
42:by
2206::
686:.
347:.
1948:/
1156:)
1152:(
963:e
956:t
949:v
772:e
765:t
758:v
703:.
657:.
498:(
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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