389:… the design of the warhead for Spartan, the interceptor used in the upper tier of the U.S. Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system. Spartan missiles were to engage clouds of reentry vehicles and decoys above the atmosphere and destroy incoming warheads with a burst of high- energy x rays. … The Spartan warhead had high yield, produced copious amounts of x rays, and minimized fission output and debris to prevent blackout of ABM radar systems. Livermore also developed and first tested the warhead technology for the second-tier interceptor, the Sprint missile.
35:
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that blinds radars over a large area. Some of these effects are due to the fission fragments being released by the explosion, so care was taken to design the bomb to be "clean" to reduce these effects. Project
Plowshares had previously explored the design of such clean bombs as part of an effort to
151:
missile for the extended range role in March 1965. The result was the Zeus EX, or DM-15X2, which used the original Zeus' first stage as the second stage along with a new first stage to offer much greater range. The design was renamed
Spartan in January 1967, keeping the original LIM-49 designation.
321:
The W71 was lowered 6,150 feet (1,870 m) down a 90-inch-diameter (2.3 m) borehole into a man-made cavern 52 feet (16 m) in diameter. A 264-foot-long (80 m) instrumentation system monitored the detonation. The full yield test was conducted at 11:00 am local time
November 6, 1971
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containing the warhead and the various radar decoys and clutter material that accompanies it. Previously the ABM had to approach within less than 800 feet (240 m) of the warhead to damage it through neutron heating, which presented a serious problem attempting to locate the warhead within a
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metal will work, and depleted uranium is often used because the neutrons released by the secondary will cause fission in this material and add a significant amount of energy to the total explosive release. In this case the increase in blast energy would have no effect as there is little or no
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atmosphere to carry that energy, so this reaction is of little value. The use of gold may have been to tailor its transparency to x-rays. In
Congressional testimony on potential dismantling of the W71, a DOE official described the warhead as "a gold mine".
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Under good conditions, the W71 warhead had a lethal exo-atmospheric radius as much as 30 miles (48 km), although it was later stated to be 12 miles (19 km) against "soft" targets, and as little as 4 miles (6.4 km) against hardened warheads.
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material on the outside of the RV to separate or flake off. The RV would then break up during reentry. The major advantage of this attack is that it takes place over long distances, as great as 30 kilometres (19 mi), which covers the majority of the
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in 1962, demonstrated a number of previously poorly understood or underestimated effects. Among these was the behaviour of x-rays created during the explosion. These tended to react with the atmosphere within a few tens of meters at low altitudes (see
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The W71 warhead had a yield of around 5 megatons of TNT (21 PJ). The warhead package was roughly a cylinder, 42 inches (1.1 m) in diameter and 101 inches (2.6 m) long. The complete warhead weighed around 2,850 pounds (1,290 kg).
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that had been set up to test the earlier Nike Zeus system. Because of a perceived need to rapidly deploy the system, the team took a "do it once, do it right" approach in which the original test items were designed to be the production models.
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This presented a new method of attacking enemy nuclear reentry vehicles (RVs) while still at long range from their targets. X-rays hitting the warhead's outermost layer will react by heating a thin layer of the material so rapidly that
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at distances on the order of 10 miles (16 km), which made the problem of guiding the missile to the required accuracies much simpler than earlier designs that had lethal ranges of less than 1,000 feet (300 m).
221:
There were 30 to 39 units produced between 1974 and 1975. The weapons went into service in 1975, but were retired that same year, and the warheads stored until 1992 when they were dismantled. The short
188:. The lining normally serves the primary purpose of capturing x-ray energy within the bomb casing while the primary is exploding and triggering the secondary. For this purpose, almost any
830:… the Supreme Court ruled by a 4–3 margin that the test could take place. On November 6, 1971, at 6:30 a.m. in Amchitka, the go-ahead came from the White House on a telephone hotline.
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246:(multiple re-entry vehicles), can create a substantial spacing distance between each warhead once they arrive in space, hence would require at least approximately one
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296:, a Supreme Court decision led to the test shot getting the go-ahead, and a W71 prototype was successfully tested on 6 November 1971 in Project Cannikin of
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of more than 15 feet (4.6 m) at a distance of 2,000 feet (610 m) from the borehole, equivalent to an earthquake of magnitude 7.0 on the
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at long range, as far as 450 miles (720 km) from the launch point. The interception took place at such high altitudes, comparable to
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168:. A nuclear explosion at high altitude has the disadvantage of creating a significant amount of electronic noise and an effect known as
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The W71 design emerged in the mid-1960s as the result of studies of earlier high-altitude nuclear tests carried out before the
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To maximize the production of x-rays, the W71 is reported to have used a gold tamper, rather than the usual
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The W71 produced great amounts of x-rays, and needed to minimize fission output and debris to reduce the
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545:"4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design – 4.4.5.4.1 "Clean" Non-Fissile Tampers"
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843:"Declassification of fact that Cannikin event was a proof test of the W71 warhead"
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threat tube that was typically at least a kilometer across and about ten long.
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Tests of the new missile started in April 1970 from Meck Island, part of the
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use nuclear explosives for civilian uses where the production of long-lived
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565:
Atomic Audit: The Costs and
Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940
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in general, is believed to have been partly tied to it largely becoming
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630:. Foreign Relations of the United States. Vol. XXXIV. p. 41.
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428:"Accomplishments in the 1970s: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"
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declassified the fact that the radiation case of the W71 contained
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ABM Research and
Development at Bell Laboratories, Project History
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were roughly the same, an adversary could afford to overwhelm the
122:). At high altitudes, lacking an atmosphere to interact with, the
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201:
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720:"Underground A-Test Is Still Set For Aleutians but Is Not Final"
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26:
312:. The second highest-yield underground test known occurred in
66:(ABM) defense system briefly deployed by the US in the 1970s.
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Bell received a contract to begin conversion of the earlier
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and debris produce on anti-ballistic missile radar systems.
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of the x-rays could be on the order of tens of kilometers.
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resulting from the nuclear explosion can destroy incoming
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The W71 warhead was designed to intercept incoming enemy
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National Energy
Research Scientific Computing Center
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in the world's largest underground nuclear test, on
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Spartan warhead image from nuclearweaponarchive.org
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US nuclear weapons list at nuclearweaponarchive.org
280:Prior to the W71 test, a calibration test known as
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262:system by adding ICBMs with MIRV warheads to its
254:warhead. As the cost of the Spartan and an enemy
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113:of 1963. A number of tests, especially those of
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595:. U.S. Department of Energy. March 12, 2008.
501:. Vol. 218, no. 3. pp. 21–31.
359:
284:was conducted in 1969. Despite political and
956:National Atmospheric Release Advisory Center
164:(LLNL), drawing on previous experience from
488:Garwin, Richard; Bethe, Hans (March 1968).
487:
402:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons"
2143:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
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1221:
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549:Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions
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314:1973, when the USSR tested a 4 Mt device
234:with the development of Soviet offensive
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160:The warhead for Spartan was designed by
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25:
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38:Warhead being lowered into the borehole
2133:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
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1197:Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment
930:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
686:
568:. Brookings Institution. p. 332.
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162:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
52:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
2128:Nuclear warheads of the United States
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902:
602:from the original on February 3, 2017
820:from the original on August 25, 2021
551:– via Nuclear Weapons Archive.
542:
1603:Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition
749:"Witnesses Oppose Aleutian H-Blast"
624:National Security Policy, 1969–1972
463:(Report). Bell Labs. October 1975.
445:
13:
1597:Special Atomic Demolition Munition
198:United States Department of Energy
54:in California and deployed on the
14:
2154:
1591:Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
869:
590:"Classification Bulletin WNP-118"
524:from the original on 23 June 2021
515:10.1038/scientificamerican0368-21
490:"Anti-Ballistic-Missile Systems"
242:vehicles) warheads, that unlike
217:Production & service history
855:from the original on 2017-03-28
835:
802:
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718:Richard D. Lyons (1971-08-23).
680:
660:
637:from the original on 2021-11-18
470:from the original on 2016-03-03
380:from the original on 2021-08-25
111:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
621:Bennett, M. Todd, ed. (2011).
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1:
1244:United States nuclear devices
894:magazine, Round 2 at Amchitka
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16:American thermonuclear weapon
1955:Reliable Replacement Warhead
1187:Laser Inertial Fusion Energy
1096:Reliable Replacement Warhead
787:. 1971-11-15. Archived from
779:"The Amchitka Bomb Goes Off"
207:
58:missile, a component of the
7:
1182:Inertial confinement fusion
944:Mirror Fusion Test Facility
687:Gravel, Mike (1969-07-31).
333:
322:and resulted in a vertical
282:Milrow of Operation Mandrel
134:develop that can cause the
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966:National Ignition Facility
562:Schwartz, Stephen (2011).
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46:nuclear warhead was a US
1091:Micropower impulse radar
949:Tandem Mirror Experiment
406:nuclearweaponarchive.org
226:of the W71, Spartan and
700:. Letters to the Editor
689:"Risks in Alaska Tests"
30:The W71 nuclear warhead
668:"Multimegaton Weapons"
238:(Multiple independent
64:anti-ballistic missile
39:
31:
1192:Stockpile stewardship
791:on September 30, 2007
666:Wm. Robert Johnston,
270:Shot Grommet Cannikin
177:had to be minimized.
48:thermonuclear warhead
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29:
154:Kwajalein Test Range
21:W71 (disambiguation)
19:For other uses, see
507:1968SciAm.218c..21G
498:Scientific American
166:Operation Plowshare
2138:Military in Alaska
814:Globalsecurity.org
757:The New York Times
728:The New York Times
697:The New York Times
673:2012-06-04 at the
374:Globalsecurity.org
115:Operation Fishbowl
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987:ASCI Blue Pacific
543:Sublette, Carey.
408:. 14 October 2006
298:Operation Grommet
228:Safeguard Program
120:rope trick effect
60:Safeguard Program
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1626:Gravity bombs
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1618:Thermonuclear
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1265:Gravity bombs
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1161:Edward Teller
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606:September 13,
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575:9780815722946
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434:on 2005-02-17
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328:Richter scale
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324:ground motion
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196:In 2008, the
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175:radionuclides
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50:developed at
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22:
2090:Experimental
1894:
1130:
891:
857:. Retrieved
837:
829:
822:. Retrieved
813:
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793:. Retrieved
789:the original
782:
773:
762:. Retrieved
760:. 1971-05-30
755:
743:
732:. Retrieved
726:
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702:. Retrieved
695:
682:
662:
655:Bennett 2011
650:
639:. Retrieved
623:
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604:. Retrieved
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526:. Retrieved
496:
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472:. Retrieved
436:. Retrieved
432:the original
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410:. Retrieved
405:
396:
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382:. Retrieved
373:
345:
341:
320:
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279:
224:service life
220:
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195:
179:
169:
159:
146:
140:
128:
108:
97:effect that
92:
88:
68:
43:
41:
1737:Depth bombs
1471:Depth bombs
528:13 December
290:Mike Gravel
141:threat tube
136:heat shield
132:shock waves
2122:Categories
1273:Little Boy
1254:(including
1202:Z-Division
992:ASCI White
982:ASC Purple
937:Facilities
859:2019-06-08
795:2006-10-09
764:2007-12-30
734:2007-12-30
704:2007-12-30
641:2014-10-21
474:2015-05-19
438:2006-10-09
384:2006-03-29
354:References
294:Greenpeace
2022:Artillery
1977:radiation
1568:munitions
1502:Artillery
1045:Long path
824:March 29,
340:Amchitka
208:Lethality
2107:RACER IV
2081:Starling
1985:Warheads
1975:Enhanced
1753:Warheads
1360:Warheads
1287:(Mark 3)
1281:(Mark 2)
1279:Thin Man
1275:(Mark 1)
1256:boosted)
1016:Products
850:Archived
818:Archived
671:Archived
632:Archived
597:Archived
519:Archived
465:Archived
378:Archived
346:Cannikin
334:See also
276:Cannikin
240:re-entry
232:obsolete
71:warheads
2102:Sausage
2076:Kinglet
1688:Mark 39
1683:Mark 36
1673:Mark 27
1668:Mark 26
1663:Mark 24
1653:Mark 21
1648:Mark 17
1638:Mark 15
1633:Mark 14
1576:XM1 ADM
1478:Mark 90
1341:Mark 20
1336:Mark 18
1331:Mark 13
1326:Mark 12
1321:Mark 11
1316:Mark 10
1285:Fat Man
1252:Fission
1170:Related
1055:Novette
1035:Cyclops
1002:Sequoia
997:Peloton
503:Bibcode
412:June 6,
304:in the
204:metal.
202:thorium
2097:Gadget
2071:Tsetse
2066:Python
1605:(TADM)
1599:(SADM)
1593:(MADM)
1581:T2 ADM
1488:Mk 105
1483:Mk 101
1346:Mk 105
1311:Mark 8
1306:Mark 7
1301:Mark 6
1296:Mark 5
1291:Mark 4
1149:People
1136:Yorick
1069:Others
1023:Lasers
1007:Sierra
572:
342:Milrow
310:Alaska
190:high-Z
105:Design
79:x-rays
2056:Robin
1957:(RRW)
1800:XW-46
1780:XW-35
1457:W76-2
1442:XW-51
1106:SCALD
1086:LX-14
1060:Shiva
1040:Janus
1030:Argus
853:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
810:"W71"
635:(PDF)
628:(PDF)
600:(PDF)
593:(PDF)
522:(PDF)
493:(PDF)
468:(PDF)
461:(PDF)
370:"W71"
348:tests
62:, an
2061:Swan
1775:TX29
1703:TX46
1658:TX22
1643:TX16
1111:Silo
1101:ROSE
1076:Gist
1050:Nova
892:Time
826:2006
784:Time
608:2019
570:ISBN
530:2014
414:2007
344:and
308:off
256:ICBM
252:MIRV
244:MRVs
236:MIRV
186:lead
42:The
2035:W82
2029:W79
2012:W70
2007:W66
2002:W65
1997:W64
1992:W63
1961:W93
1950:W91
1945:W89
1940:W88
1935:W87
1930:W86
1925:W85
1920:W84
1915:W80
1910:W78
1905:W76
1900:W73
1895:W71
1890:W70
1885:W69
1880:W68
1875:W67
1870:W64
1865:W63
1860:W62
1855:W61
1850:W60
1845:W59
1840:W58
1835:W56
1830:W55
1825:W53
1820:W52
1815:W50
1810:W49
1805:W47
1795:W41
1790:W39
1785:W38
1770:W28
1765:W27
1760:W15
1744:B90
1728:B90
1723:B83
1718:B77
1713:B61
1708:B53
1698:B43
1693:B41
1678:B28
1555:W82
1549:W79
1544:W75
1539:W74
1534:W54
1529:W48
1524:W33
1519:W23
1514:W19
1493:B57
1462:W81
1452:W72
1447:W54
1437:W45
1432:W44
1427:W42
1422:W40
1417:W37
1412:W34
1407:W31
1402:W30
1397:W25
1392:W13
1387:W12
1351:B57
1131:W71
1126:W70
1121:W47
511:doi
316:392
260:ABM
184:or
44:W71
2124::
2037:-0
2031:-0
2014:-3
1586:T4
1557:-1
1551:-1
1509:W9
1382:W8
1377:W7
1372:W5
1367:W4
848:.
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812:.
781:.
754:.
725:.
694:.
547:.
517:.
509:.
495:.
447:^
404:.
387:.
376:.
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361:^
266:.
1236:e
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915:t
908:v
862:.
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737:.
707:.
644:.
610:.
578:.
532:.
513::
505::
477:.
441:.
416:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
