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775:
551:. They opposed this union victory at a time when downsizing was happening all over France. The previous Minister of Industrial Development, Jean Charbonnel, testified that Giscard had declared: "LIP must be punished. Let them be unemployed and stay that way. Otherwise they will infect all of society." According to Charbonnel, the employers and Chirac's government had deliberately "assassinated LIP."
346:, the national leader of the CFDT metallurgist section, was wary of the Action Committee. At request of the striking workers, he sent a representative, Fredo Coutet, a metal worker, to discuss the strike with the local section of the CFTC. After a week, Coutet was convinced by his experience, but Chérêque remained wary. At that time, the workers were still skeptical about trying
581:
230:(government labor inspection office) which would eliminate all of the sector of the company to which most of the union workers belonged, including Charles Piaget. However, he offered Piaget a promotion, naming him head of the workshop. For the next year, the workers blocked attempts to eliminate the department, opposing those who tried to move the machines out of the factory.
224:(works council, the workers' representation in the factory), in order to have younger representatives. Although this was illegal, the union workers agreed, and elections were organized. Although Fred Lip had believed this would allow him more control of the workers, in less than a year all the young representatives joined the CFTC. Fred Lip then submitted a proposal to the
89:
430:, named Henri Giraud as mediator of the conflict. The government then proposed a new plan, which included the firing of 159 employees (or 180, out of a total of 1,200.) On 3 August 1973 the workers refused this offer. Negotiations between the trade-unions, the Action Committee and the mediator Giraud started again on 11 August. Four days later, the
625:
participation of all sorts. It must be pointed out that at LIP, the workers are in charge of approximately thirty jobs, from the restaurant, which serves 300 meals a day for 4 francs, to a hairdresser for the unemployed, to a judicial commission for these same unemployed, to various artisanal activities, one being the game
633:
The second struggle did not end until 1980, when six cooperatives, employing 250 workers out of a total of 850, were created. Most of the other workers who had joined the struggle (around 400) were either hired by the city, or signed agreements granting them early retirement. The cooperatives lasted
624:
A few more than 500 workers are effectively in battle, gathering every day, and this, nineteen months after having been fired. It is living proof of democracy. It is impossible to have such a collective force without the sustained practice of democracy, without sharing responsibilities, and without
415:
The national leadership of the CGT union now tried to take control, calling meetings during the day against the workers' will. Finally, a large part of the members of the CGT moved to the CFDT, and the CGT decided to let them go. Despite these tensions with the leadership of the CGT, Charles Piaget
176:(CFTC, French Confederation of Christian Workers) trade union. He later recalled that during national strikes, only 30 or 40 workers at LIP out of a total of 1200 would go on strike. Those who did strike were listed by the management and called in to explain themselves. Semi-skilled workers on the
437:
After this violent occupation, many firms of Besançon and of the region decided to go on strike, and workers rushed to the LIP factory to fight the military forces. Union leaders tried to intercede to prevent any confrontation, but the government proceeded to order arrests, which led to court
536:(European Clockwork Co.), directed by Claude Neuschwander, took control of LIP. Neuschwander had 850 former workers rehired in March, and the strike ended. By December 1974, the conflict appeared to be finished: the workers no longer ran the factory, and all of the employees were rehired.
445:(March of 100,000). Chérêque of the CFDT disapproved of this demonstration, fearing that the police would be provoked. An old farmer then went to see Michel Rocard and told him that he had heard, during a family meeting, a member of the special police forces boast that he had thrown
334:
movements. They included
Charles Piaget, Roland Vittot, Raymond Burgy, worker-priest Jean Raguenes, and an executive of the company, Michel Jeanningros. Two women, Jeannine Pierre-Emile and Fatima Demougeot, were also CFDT leaders at LIP. Noëlle Dartevelle and Claude Mercet were the
296:
Having lost their human hostages, the workers decided to take materials hostage to block the restructuring plans. They seized 65,000 watches and hid them in various remote locations. They discussed the moral legitimacy of the action, wondering if it was a theft or a
401:(Lip-Unity), this newspaper would help popularize the movement. To be able to restart production at the factory, this time without an employer, they sold the watches that they had seized. In six weeks, they made the equivalent of half the revenue of a normal year.
264:), influenced by the May 1968 movement, was founded. During an extraordinary works council meeting on 12 June 1973, workers stumbled upon the management's plans to restructure and downsize, which had been kept secret from them (one note said "
646:, which employs about twenty persons. SCOP focuses on precision mechanics. According to Charles Piaget, the difficulties of the second conflict, compared to the large victory obtained in 1974, could be explained by the May 1974 election of
289:(government labor inspector) as hostages. The workers wanted to exchange them for "more precise information," declared Piaget (as shown in the 2007 film documentary). However, around midnight, the three hostages were quickly rescued by the
316:
The workers also took the plans of the factory, to avoid any risk of the competition obtaining these industrial secrets. The following day, the workers held a general assembly and decided to occupy the factory day and night.
368:
A large demonstration of 12,000 persons in the average-size town of Besançon, took place on 15 June 1973. Three days later, a general assembly of the workers decided to continue production of watches, under the
634:
between 3 and 12 years. Three of them, which have since become incorporated, still exist today, employing a hundred workers each. For instance, some former LIP workers returned to work in
Palente with the
605:" (Lip, it's starting again!). No one offered to take over LIP this time. The firm was definitively liquidated on 12 September 1977. After long internal debates, on 28 November 1977 the workers created a
251:
In the following weeks, the struggles at the LIP factory drew a national audience, thus beginning one of the emblematic social conflicts of the era after May 1968. The conflict was to last several years.
145:
However, in the 1960s, this highly specialized company began to have financial troubles. Fred
Lipmann, who changed his name to Fred Lip, took the company public in 1967, and Ebauches S.A. (subsidiary of
2174:
2164:
670:
then bought the brand in 1990, and relaunched the production with modern marketing methods. The sales increased to a million watches a year. The LIP reissued
Charles de Gaulle's watch, which
591:
started liquidation proceedings in April. Problems between workers and management began again. On 5 May 1976 LIP workers again occupied the factory, restarting the production of watches.
408:"The question of women was a revolution inside the revolution," Piaget declared later. The clock factory had a majority of female workers, especially among semi-skilled workers (OS,
326:
501:(PSU), agreed to become the factory's manager. LIP became a subsidiary of BSN, and Neuschwander managed to have Antoine Riboud bypass the regular control of weekly accounts.
449:
and burned more cars than the May '68 demonstrators. Rocard decided to send a letter to the organizers of the demonstration, warning them. The demonstration was non-violent.
293:
riot police in a violent assault. According to Piaget, this assault shocked the workers, who had been careful during previous strikes not to damage the factory in any way.
173:
351:
220:
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However, the workers were angry at the secret restructuring plan and immediately occupied the factory. On the same day, June 12, they took two administrators and an
273:
54:
29:
in eastern France, began to experience financial problems in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and management decided to attempt a factory shutdown. However, after
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517:
In the meanwhile, beside the PSU, all the far-left movements supported the LIP self-management experiment. LIP workers took part in the 1973-74 struggle in the
1318:
490:
562:, withdrew its orders, and the Ministry of Industry refused promised funding. In contradiction to the DĂ´le agreement of January 1974, the commercial court (
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324:. Half the workers were by then affiliated with a union, either the CFDT or the CGT; most belonged to the CFDT. The leaders were mostly members of the
486:
1785:
233:
However, Ebauches became the biggest shareholder in 1970, taking control of 43% of the stock. Ebauches then fired 1,300 workers. The next year, the
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470:
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727:
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On 29 September 1973 there was a national protest at Besançon; 100,000 persons demonstrated under pouring rain. The protest was nicknamed the
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in 1896. Thereafter Lip became the brand name of the company. They built approximately 2,500 pieces per year. The company launched the first
613:" (Palente's Industries) – Palente was the neighborhood of Besançon where the factory was located. The LIP acronym remained.
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employees were rehired by March 1974, but the firm was liquidated again in the spring of 1976. This led to a new struggle, called "
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is a French watch and clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and capital in France.
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The workers now decided to open up the factory to outsiders, including journalists. This made them more popular. At first,
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629:("ChĂ´mage" means unemployment in French), which has already sold more than 6,000 games, and finally industrial production.
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French: «Il faut les punir . Qu'ils soient chômeurs et qu'ils le restent. Ils vont véroler tout le corps social.»
817:
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647:
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This was done by confronting the left-wing employer, Neuschwander, and the firm with unforeseen difficulties.
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in 1973 but had to face increasing competition from the United States and Japan. The firm was forced to start
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2070:
1930:
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434:(a military unit) occupied the factory and expelled the workers. The military remained until February 1974.
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In 1964, the CFTC became the CFDT, a secular trade union. Piaget participated in some meetings of the ACO (
696:), a union of unemployed people, while the Dominican Jean Raguenès lives in Brazil, where he supports the
522:
3109:
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1980:
1707:
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77:
1925:
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1992:
1307:
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280:(PSU), opposed a strike, preferring a slowdown, in which workers would pause for ten minutes an hour.
180:
were not allowed to talk or move more than 25 centimeters (less than ten inches) during their shifts.
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2619:
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1021:
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in 1952, called "Electronic" (considered 'electronic' rather than electric due to the presence of a
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104:. Sixty years later, Emmanuel Lipman and his sons founded a clockwork workshop under the name of
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172:, who began working at the factory in 1946 as a skilled worker, became a representative of the
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514:, the transition from paternalistic capitalism, under Fred Lip, to modern finance capitalism
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745:
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Meanwhile, workers started organizing to improve labor conditions. This proved difficult.
8:
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In 2002, Sensemat signed a LIP world license contract with Jean-Luc
Bernerd, who created
843:
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2008:
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218:(scientific management), and proposed to increase the number of representatives on the
214:
Fred Lip tried to smooth down the growing discontent. He spoke to the union workers of
34:
2389:
650:, whose government decided not to help companies in a difficult situation, and by the
248:
formalities on 17 April 1973, leading
Jacques Saint-Esprit to resign on the same day.
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1970:
1955:
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889:
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489:, deputy president of the CNPF, tried to find a solution to the conflict. Finally,
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373:, to insure "survival wages." The LIP struggle was thereafter popularized with the
950:
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423:
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207:. During the nationwide unrest of May 1968, the workers at LIP voted to join the
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730:,and produced from 1933 to 1949 – a T18 was offered in 1948 to
203:, a popular left-wing figure who had been President of the Council during the
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2424:
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Shareholders forced Claude
Neuschwander to resign on 8 February 1976 and the
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Neuschwander advocated "the death of enterprise capitalism and the advent of
402:
397:
magazine to assist them in making a newspaper dedicated to the strike. Named
177:
30:
848:
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405:, then national secretary of the PSU, took part in the sale of the watches.
47:
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3104:
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2013:
1975:
1940:
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717:
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465:" (LIP, it's over!). Behind the scenes, some progressive managers of the
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268:", "get rid of 450"). The company then employed 1,300 workers. At first,
245:
26:
3144:
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2038:
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1565:
1535:
1430:
1061:, ("They wanted a boss, not a cooperative enterprise.") interview with
529:
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357:
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3134:
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2023:
1580:
1475:
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666:'s presidency. However, the new firm was liquidated six years later.
525:). However, tensions increased between the CFDT and the CGT unions.
215:
195:(1954–62). The UGS later merged with other organizations to form the
166:
119:
1091:"Les Lip, l'imagination au pouvoir": le samedi soir et le grand soir
237:
forced Fred Lip to resign, replacing him with
Jacques Saint-Esprit.
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2043:
1727:
1545:
1209:(Lip, Imagination to Power – film documentary, 2007)
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1067:
494:
255:
101:
138:; while previously in 1948, LIP's iconic T18 model was offered to
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555:
363:
169:
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2271:
803:
518:
374:
310:
155:
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The LIP cooperative was bought back by Kiplé in 1984, during
382:
It is possible: we make them, we sell them, we pay ourselves!
147:
127:
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1257:
466:
88:
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416:
later declared that the "Communists remained essential.".
354:, the CFDT now tried to find an employer to buy the firm.
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759:
528:
The LIP delegation and the factory management signed the
298:
901:(Autogestion Lessons), interview with Charles Piaget on
1052:"Ils voulaient un patron, pas une coopérative ouvrière"
740:: 1952 – the first models were worn by
45:
social conflict of the 1970s" by the daily newspaper
770:
358:
An experience in workers' self-management (1973–74)
309:and worker Jean Raguenès, who himself was close to
174:Confédération Française des Travailleurs Chrétiens
657:
378:C'est possible: on fabrique, on vend, on se paie!
187:, Workers' Catholic Action), and then joined the
100:of Besançon offered a mechanical pocket watch to
3239:
256:1973: beginning of the strike and demonstrations
568:) requested that LIP honor a debt of 6 million
274:Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail
55:Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail
191:(UGS, Union of the Socialist Left) during the
130:). The first 'Electronic' models were worn by
1352:
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37:in 1973, LIP became worker-managed. All the
1227:, Postscript by Michel Rocard, Syros, 1975.
1138:Chez Lip: On fabrique; on vend; on se paye!
3140:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
1359:
1345:
919:, «Un an de lutte chez Lip», supplĂ©ment Ă
521:against the extension of a military base (
16:French watchmaking and clockmaking company
1189:
989:
987:
985:
983:
858:
616:Charles Piaget testified in 1977, in the
597:newspaper, founded three years before by
543:, representing free enterprise, had been
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1039:
981:
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973:
971:
969:
967:
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620:, about the self-management experiment:
579:
508:". – or, in the words of
461:wistfully declared on 15 October 1973: "
87:
3283:Watch manufacturing companies of France
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1017:
1015:
422:'s Minister of Industrial Development,
330:(AOC, Workers' Catholic Action) and of
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2140:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
839:
837:
835:
833:
572:owed by the former firm to providers.
260:In May 1973, an Action Committee (CA,
1340:
1036:
960:
1077:
1012:
923:(Revue théorique du PSU), n°5, 1971.
688:Charles Piaget is today a member of
497:advertising group and member of the
350:, and requested an employer. Led by
1111:PSU, « Lip au féminin »,
926:
830:
685:in Lectoure Gers for the occasion.
438:convictions in the following days.
313:, absolved the workers in advance.
305:was strong in this region. But the
13:
789:History of clockmaking in Besançon
532:agreement on 29 January 1974. The
115:(Lipmann Brothers Clock Factory).
14:
3314:
1260:Les LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
1247:
1207:Les Lip, l'imagination au pouvoir
683:La Manufacture Générale Horlogère
640:Société coopérative de production
589:Compagnie européenne d'horlogerie
534:Compagnie européenne d'horlogerie
337:Confédération générale du travail
3204:
2175:International Conference of Rome
2165:International Conference of Rome
773:
703:
412:) working on the assembly line.
1118:
818:France in the twentieth century
694:Agir ensemble contre le chĂ´mage
2285:Australian Anarchist Centenary
2212:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1243:(How I saved Lip) (1990–2005).
1184:(Lip, the dream and the story)
1105:
910:
658:LIP in the 1980s and the 1990s
1:
1926:Decentralized planned economy
1366:
1306:Magazine article in English:
1288:LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
1258:Christian Rouaud's Film Site
1162:"Lip, une mémoire ouvrière",
1023:Lip, héros des Temps Modernes
994:LIP, l'imagination au pouvoir
823:
387:The CGT-CFDT union alliance (
189:Union de la gauche socialiste
65:(PSU), which included former
3268:Watch movement manufacturers
1521:Proletarian internationalism
1254:Le grand conflit Lip de 1973
469:employers' union, including
7:
3263:Contemporary French history
2222:1919 United States bombings
794:List of watch manufacturers
766:
545:elected President of France
240:LIP built the first French
113:d'Horlogerie Lipmann Frères
10:
3319:
3293:Labor relations by company
3180:Situationist International
2247:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2105:Self-managed social center
1200:Les paroissiens de Palente
1182:Lip, le rĂŞve et l'histoire
1131:
698:Landless Workers' Movement
674:offered to U.S. President
361:
327:Action Catholique Ouvrière
185:Action Catholique Ouvrière
158:) took 33% of the shares.
118:The firm launched the Lip
83:
25:The LIP factory, based in
3199:
3084:
2639:
2589:
2314:
2300:Really Really Free Market
2295:1999 Seattle WTO protests
2119:
1991:
1899:
1863:
1816:
1739:
1670:
1661:
1611:
1586:Temporary autonomous zone
1511:Permanent autonomous zone
1446:Consensus decision-making
1374:
611:Les Industries de Palente
601:, printed the headline, "
576:1976: the second movement
453:End of the first conflict
272:, now an official of the
3248:Labor disputes in France
2290:Carnival Against Capital
2217:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2206:Manifesto of the Sixteen
2100:Radical environmentalism
2049:Independent Media Center
1981:Workers' self-management
1426:Autonomous social center
1332:The official LIP website
1225:Lip: affaire non classée
809:Workers' self-management
648:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
541:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
276:union and active in the
108:. In 1893 it became the
78:workers' self-management
33:and a highly publicized
1921:Cost the limit of price
1323:Socialist Unified Party
1202:, Grasset, 1974 (novel)
948:(Lip hour by hour), in
814:Fifth Republic (France)
781:Organized labour portal
644:Lip Précision Industrie
499:Unified Socialist Party
493:, then number 2 at the
426:, a historic figure of
339:(CGT) representatives.
278:Unified Socialist Party
197:Unified Socialist Party
72:, was then in favor of
63:Unified Socialist Party
3278:Cooperatives in France
2715:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1526:Propaganda of the deed
1516:Prefigurative politics
1506:Participatory politics
1451:Conscientious objector
1233:Comment j'ai sauvé Lip
1230:Jean-Claude Sensemat,
1190:Bibliography and films
758:, the designer of the
631:
584:
547:, with the support of
539:However, in May 1974,
320:The strike was led by
199:(PSU), which included
93:
3170:Libertarian socialism
2280:Kate Sharpley Library
2257:Red inverted triangle
2200:High Treason Incident
2190:Congress of Amsterdam
1596:Voluntary association
1406:Anti-authoritarianism
1396:Anarchist criminology
1391:Anarchist Black Cross
1297:Le Monde diplomatique
1220:, Lutter Stock, 1973.
1003:Le Monde diplomatique
622:
583:
286:inspecteur du travail
227:inspection du travail
91:
3211:Anarchism portal
2610:Fictional characters
2095:Radical cheerleading
1327:University of Nantes
1325:(PSU) hosted by the
1270:Leçons d'autogestion
1172:History of the brand
891:Leçons d'autogestion
746:Dwight D. Eisenhower
672:Jean-Claude Sensemat
668:Jean-Claude Sensemat
565:tribunal de commerce
201:Pierre Mendès-France
136:Dwight D. Eisenhower
70:Pierre Mendès-France
61:led the strike. The
57:(CFDT) union leader
3288:Squatting in France
3273:Anarchism in France
3258:Recovered factories
3253:Former cooperatives
3160:Left-libertarianism
2232:Kronstadt rebellion
2170:Trial of the Thirty
2135:Revolutions of 1848
2077:No gods, no masters
1886:Synthesis anarchism
1876:Anarcho-syndicalism
1864:Types of federation
1150:Le Monde libertaire
1113:Critique Socialiste
945:Lip heure par heure
921:Critique Socialiste
844:Lip Lip Lip hourra!
744:and U.S. President
664:François Mitterrand
603:Lip, c'est reparti!
491:Claude Neuschwander
221:comité d'entreprise
154:which later became
134:and U.S. President
3110:Anti-globalization
2780:Dominican Republic
2600:Anarcho-punk bands
2262:Labadie Collection
2252:Barcelona May Days
2155:Cantonal rebellion
2089:Property is theft!
2055:The Internationale
2009:Anarchist bookfair
1808:Without adjectives
1663:Schools of thought
1312:2015-05-01 at the
1238:2006-12-02 at the
1205:Christian Rouaud,
1143:2007-05-07 at the
1057:2007-10-22 at the
954:, 22 October 2005
897:2007-07-07 at the
618:Quotidien de Paris
585:
506:finance capitalism
443:marche des 100,000
432:Mobile Gendarmerie
428:left-wing Gaullism
410:ouvrier spécialisé
301: –
235:board of directors
94:
35:factory occupation
3233:
3232:
3190:Spontaneous order
3120:Anti-war movement
2620:Jewish anarchists
2130:French Revolution
2083:Popular education
1859:
1858:
1576:Spontaneous order
1436:Classless society
1273:. Interview sith
1099:, March 20, 2007
762:high-speed train.
742:Charles de Gaulle
732:Winston Churchill
447:Molotov cocktails
352:François Chérêque
332:popular education
140:Winston Churchill
132:Charles de Gaulle
3310:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3100:Anti-consumerism
3095:Anti-corporatism
2242:Amakasu Incident
2185:Strandza Commune
2160:Haymarket affair
2061:Jewish anarchism
2003:A las Barricadas
1971:Social ownership
1956:Market socialism
1931:Free association
1891:Union of egoists
1668:
1667:
1601:Workers' council
1591:Union of egoists
1551:Security culture
1461:Decentralization
1456:Critique of work
1361:
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841:
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599:Jean-Paul Sartre
560:state enterprise
463:LIP, c'est fini!
391:) now asked the
371:workers' control
344:Jacques Chérêque
307:Dominican priest
150:, a large Swiss
124:electronic watch
106:Comptoir Lipmann
98:Jewish community
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3150:Labour movement
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2180:Ferrer movement
2115:
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1987:
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1776:Insurrectionary
1735:
1657:
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1607:
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1531:Refusal of work
1416:Anti-militarism
1411:Anti-capitalism
1370:
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1314:Wayback Machine
1301:
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1281:trade-unionist
1263:
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754:: Conceived by
726:: conceived by
716:): created for
714:La Croix du Sud
706:
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652:1973 oil crisis
578:
457:Prime Minister
455:
424:Jean Charbonnel
366:
360:
348:self-management
262:Comité d'action
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165:, the son of a
111:Société Anonyme
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1196:Maurice Clavel
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394:Cahiers de Mai
389:intersyndicale
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270:Charles Piaget
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209:general strike
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3303:Watch brands
3235:
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3202:
3115:Anti-statism
3105:Anti-fascism
3010:South Africa
2505:Pi i Margall
2204:
2053:
2014:Anarcho-punk
2001:
1976:Wage slavery
1941:Gift economy
1836:Postcolonial
1818:Contemporary
1771:Independence
1718:Collectivist
1637:Love and sex
1466:Deep ecology
1401:Anationalism
1295:
1292:Serge Halimi
1268:
1259:
1253:
1231:
1224:
1223:Collective,
1213:
1212:Ch. Piaget,
1206:
1199:
1181:
1175:(in English)
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998:Serge Halimi
949:
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756:Roger Tallon
751:
738:l'Electronic
737:
723:
713:
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676:Bill Clinton
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3025:Switzerland
2985:Puerto Rico
2970:Philippines
2935:New Zealand
2930:Netherlands
2800:El Salvador
2630:Periodicals
2195:Tragic Week
2066:Lifestylism
1961:Mutual bank
1916:Cooperative
1881:Platformism
1831:Free-market
1759:Primitivist
1642:Nationalism
1571:Somatherapy
1481:Freethought
1302:(in French)
1283:(in French)
1264:(in French)
1158:(in French)
1115:, n°5, 1971
1101:(in French)
1073:(in French)
1032:(in French)
1008:(in French)
956:(in French)
906:(in French)
854:(in French)
728:André Donat
718:Jean Mermoz
607:cooperative
303:Catholicism
246:liquidation
74:autogestion
3242:Categories
3145:Dual Power
3130:Autonomism
3125:Autarchism
2785:East Timor
2750:Costa Rica
2695:Bangladesh
2690:Azerbaijan
2400:Feyerabend
2039:Freeganism
1689:Illegalist
1627:Capitalism
1566:Sociocracy
1536:Revolution
1501:Mutual aid
1431:Black bloc
1028:L'Humanité
951:L'Humanité
903:Mouvements
849:Libération
824:References
594:Libération
511:L'Humanité
362:See also:
152:consortium
48:Libération
3185:Socialism
3135:Communism
3070:Venezuela
3005:Singapore
2940:Nicaragua
2865:Indonesia
2845:Hong Kong
2840:Guatemala
2680:Australia
2670:Argentina
2641:By region
2625:Musicians
2530:Santillán
2480:Malatesta
2450:Kropotkin
2430:Guillaume
2110:Symbolism
2024:DIY ethic
1901:Economics
1846:Post-left
1791:Christian
1786:Religious
1723:Communist
1708:Mutualist
1672:Classical
1632:Education
1581:Squatting
1541:Rewilding
1476:Free love
1368:Anarchism
1165:Les Echos
752:Mach 2000
720:'s plane.
609:, named "
481:, CEO of
473:, CEO of
399:Lip-Unité
216:taylorism
167:clockwork
120:stopwatch
92:LIP brand
3218:Category
2980:Portugal
2960:Paraguay
2920:Mongolia
2905:Malaysia
2745:Colombia
2725:Bulgaria
2515:Proudhon
2475:Maksimov
2455:Landauer
2405:Giovanni
2355:Bookchin
2272:May 1968
2044:Infoshop
1796:Buddhist
1781:Pacifist
1749:Feminist
1728:Magonist
1696:Naturist
1652:Violence
1647:Religion
1546:Sabotage
1376:Concepts
1319:Archives
1310:Archived
1236:Archived
1141:Archived
1096:Le Monde
1068:Le Monde
1055:Archived
895:Archived
767:See also
495:Publicis
102:Napoleon
27:Besançon
3225:Outline
3175:Marxism
3075:Vietnam
3065:Uruguay
3050:Ukraine
3040:Tunisia
2990:Romania
2945:Nigeria
2925:Morocco
2875:Ireland
2855:Iceland
2850:Hungary
2830:Germany
2825:Georgia
2810:Finland
2805:Estonia
2790:Ecuador
2775:Denmark
2755:Croatia
2710:Bolivia
2705:Belgium
2700:Belarus
2685:Austria
2675:Armenia
2665:Andorra
2660:Algeria
2655:Albania
2575:Yarchuk
2550:Tolstoy
2545:Thoreau
2540:Stirner
2535:Spooner
2500:Parsons
2425:Graeber
2415:Goldman
2375:Durruti
2360:Chomsky
2350:Bonanno
2345:Berkman
2340:Bakunin
2121:History
2071:May Day
1993:Culture
1386:Anarchy
1321:of the
1132:Sources
700:(MST).
556:Renault
364:Work-in
170:artisan
84:History
67:Radical
31:strikes
3045:Turkey
3035:Taiwan
3020:Sweden
3000:Serbia
2995:Russia
2975:Poland
2955:Panama
2950:Norway
2915:Monaco
2910:Mexico
2900:Latvia
2880:Israel
2835:Greece
2815:France
2765:Cyprus
2730:Canada
2720:Brazil
2650:Africa
2580:Zerzan
2570:Warren
2555:Tucker
2525:Rocker
2520:Reclus
2510:Pouget
2490:Michel
2470:Makhno
2445:KĹŤtoku
2435:He-Yin
2410:Godwin
2395:Ferrer
2365:Cleyre
2330:Armand
2325:Alston
2316:People
1801:Jewish
1713:Social
1684:Egoist
1613:Issues
804:May 68
570:Francs
523:photos
519:Larzac
375:slogan
311:Maoism
156:Swatch
3030:Syria
3015:Spain
2895:Korea
2890:Japan
2885:Italy
2860:India
2795:Egypt
2740:China
2735:Chile
2615:Films
2605:Books
2591:Lists
2560:Volin
2465:MagĂłn
2440:Kanno
2390:Faure
2385:Ervin
2380:Ellul
2267:Provo
2034:Films
1851:Queer
1826:Black
1754:Green
148:ASUAG
128:diode
39:fired
2965:Peru
2870:Iran
2760:Cuba
2565:Ward
2495:Most
2485:Mett
2019:Arts
1279:CFDT
816:and
636:SCOP
558:, a
530:Dole
485:and
467:CNPF
2460:Liu
2370:Day
2276:LIP
1496:Law
1294:in
1256::
1214:Lip
1153:by
1065:in
1026:in
1000:in
917:PSU
760:TGV
724:T18
710:T10
690:AC!
475:BSN
384:).
299:sin
291:CRS
80:).
43:the
20:LIP
3244::
2335:Ba
1277:,
1198:,
1093:,
1079:^
1038:^
1014:^
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477:,
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142:.
51:.
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1360:e
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712:(
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