876:(2). Angiomas are difficult to classify as previously they were considered hamartomas, benign tumour-like malformations (6) but there is debate if they are developmental abnormality, true benign tumour or hamartoma, or can be either (1, 4, 5). Haemangiomas are common in the oral mucosa but can occur in other structures such as salivary glands (4), and can be congenital (from birth) or develop in childhood. Congenital lesions can resolve spontaneously (involute) but those that develop later usually continue to slowly grow. They are usually dark red-purple or blue, soft, sometimes fluctuant (5) and painless. They commonly blanch on pressure. Usually solitary, they can occur as part of syndromes such as Sturge-weber Syndrome affecting the trigeminal nerve. They are at risk of trauma with subsequent excessive bleeding, thrombosis or calcification (2). Lymphangiomas are far less common in the oral mucosa, usually appearing on the tongue, less commonly the lip at birth or in infancy (1, 2, 4). They are colourless to pale pink and may be nodular projections (1) or resemble 'frog spawn' domes (2). They can cause macroglossia (enlargement of the tongue) (1, 4). Venous Varix, like varicose vein, usually appear in older people on the lower lip as a blue-purple lump (2).
513:- Saliva is the primary secretion of the oral mucosa. It has many functions including lubrication, pH buffering and immunity. The lubricating and antimicrobial functions of saliva are maintained mainly by resting; saliva results in a flushing effect and the clearance of oral debris and noxious agents. Saliva contains numerous antimicrobial proteins that help protect the oral ecosystem from infectious agent. The components like lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and thiocyanate concentrations act as a defense mechanism in the saliva. Saliva is secreted from 3 pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) alongside many minor salivary glands. It also aids the initial chemical digestion of food as it contains the enzyme amylase, responsible for breaking carbohydrates into sugars.
767:
the occlusal line where the teeth meet and the gingivae (the mucosa which covers the gums); reactive nodules occurring here are specifically categorised as epulides instead of polyps. Also the alveolar ridge (the gum where the teeth erupt up from, or if missing, where they used to be) and the hard palate (roof of the mouth) (1). The most common are fibrous nodules called fibroepithelial polyps and epulides (4). Other hyperplastic reactive hyperplastic lesions include those associated with dentures, and papillomas. However, they are all similar in cause and nature, the overproduction of the cells of the mucosa, primarily the epithelial cells, also fibrous myxoid and low inflamed tissue due to irritation (1). 1.
600:
painless and singular. Verrucae usually appear on the lips. Verrucae
Vulgaris is associated with HPV types 2 and 4. HPV types 16 and 18, designated high risk due to association with cancers, do not present like this in the oral mucosa but as white patches (1). Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (Heck Disease) is rare, usually familial, swellings appear in multiples and are more common to some Native American and Inuit groups. Verruciform Xanthoma, a rare lesion which may resemble papilloma, is often white due to hyperkeratosis, usually appear in 50-70 year age group, commonly on the gingivae. They may be mistaken for papilloma or verrucous leukoplakia but are benign (1).
441:, has two layers: papillary and dense. The papillary layer is the more superficial layer of the lamina propria. It consists of loose connective tissue within the connective tissue papillae, along with blood vessels and nerve tissue. The tissue has an equal amount of fibers, cells, and intercellular substance. The dense layer is the deeper layer of the lamina propria. It consists of dense connective tissue with a large amount of fibers. Between the papillary layer and the deeper layers of the lamina propria is a capillary plexus, which provides nutrition for the all layers of the mucosa and sends capillaries into the connective tissue papillae.
507:- One of the main functions of the oral mucosa is to physically protect the underlying tissues from the mechanical forces, microbes and toxins in the mouth. Keratinised masticatory mucosa is tightly bound to the hard palate and gingivae. It accounts for 25% of all oral mucosa. It supports underlying tissues by resisting the loading forces exerted during mastication. Lining mucosa in the cheeks, lips and floor of mouth is mobile to create space when chewing and talking. During mastication, it allows food to move freely around the mouth and physically protects the underlying tissues from trauma. It accounts for 60% of oral mucosa.
519:- The oral mucosa is richly innervated, meaning it is a very good at sensing pain, touch, temperature and taste. A number of cranial nerves are involved in sensations in the mouth including trigeminal (V), Facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and Vagus (X) nerves. The dorsum of the tongue is covered in specialised mucosa. This contains the presence of taste buds allowing taste, and it accounts for around 15% of oral mucosa. Reflexes such as swallowing, gagging and thirst are also initiated in the mouth.
901:
The lesions are highly vascular and can ulcerate and bleed easily; death is usually from opportunistic infections (1). It is usually associated with HIV /AIDS but also less commonly with immunosuppression such as organ donor recipients or prevalent in some communities such as
Mediterranean Jews (1). There is no cure (4) but the lesions respond well to Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) drugs (2)
843:
Reckllinghausen's
Disease) neurofibromatosis (4). They can be preceded by café au lait pigmentation spots on the skin, and as they grow can become very disfiguring (4). Malignant change can occur in neurofibromatosis but very rarely in single lesion presentation. Mucosal neuromas can be associated with other conditions such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) Syndrome and may precede thyroid cancer. (1, 4)
267:
461:(a layer of loose fatty or glandular connective tissue containing the major blood vessels and nerves supplying the mucosa). The submucosa's composition determines the flexibility of the attachment of oral mucosa to the underlying structures. In regions such as the gingiva and parts of the hard palate, oral mucosa is attached directly to the
642:. There are several predisposing factors to fungal infections such as systemic disease for example Diabetes, recent antibiotics, use of steroid inhalers etc . Management includes identifying and addressing contributory factors, the use of topical/systemic anti-fungal agents, oral and denture hygiene instruction.
390:
Even keratinized tissue can undergo further level of hyperkeratinization; an increase in the amount of keratin is produced as a result of chronic physical trauma to the region. Changes such as hyperkeratinization are reversible if the source of the injury is removed, but it takes time for the keratin
788:
are both vascular rather than fibrous epulides with more dilated blood vessels making them appear darker pink/ red in colour, and soft (2). They may develop more fibrous as they mature. The
Pregnancy variant only appears in pregnancy, usually due to plaque and should resolve with better oral hygiene
499:
Mechanical stress is continuously placed on the oral environment by actions such as eating, drinking and talking. The mouth is also subject to sudden changes in temperature and pH meaning it must be able to adapt to change quickly. The mouth is the only place in the body which provides the sensation
900:
is related to the Kaposi
Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) or Human Herpes Virus (HHV-8) viral infection (3). Predominating on the hard palate and gingivae it develops initially as a macule ranging in colour from red, blue, purple to brown or black, becoming nodular as it grows (2, 3, 4).
382:
forms, a white ridge of calloused tissue that extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together and occlude. Histologically, an excess amount of keratin is noted on the surface of the tissue, and the tissue has all the layers of an orthokeratinized tissue with
793:
also known as
Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma, are like Fibrous Epulis and occur at the anterior interdental margin, the gum between the teeth at the front (2). They are more common in women. They are often soft round and deep red to purplish blue (1). It is important they are investigated to make
766:
Hyperplastic reactive lesions or nodular swellings These occur in the oral mucosa due to low grade inflammation or trauma (1, 2). They develop where the mucosa is subjected to chronic minor irritants, mechanical or infective (4). They most frequently occur on the buccal mucosa (inner cheek) along
771:
are usually pale, firm to touch, and painless but further irritation can cause abrasion and then ulceration or bleeding (1). They are sometimes be called fibroma, such as leaf fibroma, a fibroepithelial polyp often occurring under a denture and appears flattened. However, they are not true benign
377:
Unlike keratinized epithelium, nonkeratinized epithelium normally has no superficial layers showing keratinization. Nonkeratinized epithelium may, however, readily transform into a keratinizing type in response to frictional or chemical trauma, in which case it undergoes hyperkeratinization. This
599:
6. Papillomas and warts/ verrucae They are caused by various strains of the Human
Papilloma Virus (HPV) of which there are more than 100 strains but usually due to HPV types 6 and 11 (2). Papillomas are mostly spiky, finger like projections, or cauliflower head rounded lobular shaped. Usually
395:
and microscopic study of any whitened tissue may be indicated, especially if in a high-risk cancer category, such with a history of tobacco or alcohol use or are HPV positive. Hyperkeratinized tissue is also associated with the heat from smoking or hot fluids on the hard palate in the form of
842:
most commonly are traumatic neuromas, a reactive response to trauma (1), neurilemmoma and neurofibroma which are large growing painless tumours usually found on the tongue (3). Neurofibroma may occur as a benign solitary lesion but can present as multiple lesions associated with (Von
886:
Connective tissue malignancies, sarcomas, are rare in the oral mucosa. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma arise in bone and cartilage, lymphoma in haematological disorders (1). The most common malignancies are carcinomas, overwhelmingly
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SSC) (4). See Oral Cancer.
865:, also known as Congenital Granular Cell Tumour (but not related to Granular Cell Tumour) occur mostly on the upper gum, the maxillary alveolar ridge, of newborns, predominantly females (4). Rarely, they occur elsewhere, usually the tongue. They are usually self-resolving (1).
457:, as well as overlying bone or muscle within the oral cavity. The oral mucosa has no muscularis mucosae, and clearly identifying the boundary between it and the underlying tissues is difficult. Typically, regions such as the cheeks, lips, and parts of the hard palate contain
546:
The majority of viral infections affecting the oral cavity are caused by the human Herpes Virus group. Each human herpes virus may present differently within the oral cavity. They are more likely to affect immunocompromised patients such as children and the elderly.
805:(2,5). The cause may be unknown (1) but there is an association with ill-fitting dentures resulting in irritation to the mucosa, usually by overextended flange, and with poor denture or oral hygiene (2,4). Oral thrush can be present but is not thought to be the cause (1)
818:- Recurrent ulceration found in the mouth with a wide variety of predisposing factors. However, the aetiology remains unclear. There are three forms of RAS: Minor, major, and herpetiform. RAS is usually found in non-smokers and those from high socioeconomic background.
387:) their teeth, a larger area of the buccal mucosa than just the linea alba becomes hyperkeratinized. This larger white, rough, raised lesion needs to be recorded so that changes may be made in the dental treatment plan regarding the patient's parafunctional habits.
857:
is also a tumour arising from neural cells, though it was incorrectly thought to arise from muscle cells and therefore previously called
Granular Cell Myoblastoma (4), It also is slow growing large painless and occurs mostly in the tongue (1, 3).
554:: A self-limiting viral infection which is caused by Herpes Simplex Virus-1(HSV-1). It usually presents in young children and is very contagious . It is characterised by the presence of small oral blisters which break down and coalesce into ulcers
151:. The oral cavity has sometimes been described as a mirror that reflects the health of the individual. Changes indicative of disease are seen as alterations in the oral mucosa lining the mouth, which can reveal systemic conditions, such as
270:
Schematic illustration of the layers found in keratinized oral mucosa that include a deeper lamina propria and basement membrane in-between and superficial layers of strafied squamous epithelium that include from deepest to most
566:: A type of viral infection which is caused by Varicella Zoster Virus and presents in children. Numerous itchy blisters are found on the face and body. Blisters could also be found on inner cheek and palate of the mouth.
850:, are tumour of adipose tissue, or fat, giving them a yellow appearance which varies according to fat content (1, 4). They are usually soft, mobile, slow growing painless and occur mostly in middle age or the elderly.
159:, or the local effects of chronic tobacco or alcohol use. The oral mucosa tends to heal faster and with less scar formation compared to the skin. The underlying mechanism remains unknown, but research suggests that
572:: Viral infection caused by reactivation of latent Varicella Zoster Virus and found in adults. Patients can present with acute pain before or after the onset of blisters. If viral reactivation occurs in the
448:
may or may not be present deep in the dense layer of the lamina propria, depending on the region of the oral cavity. If present, the submucosa usually contains loose connective tissue and may also contain
1062:
Mak, Karen (2009). "Scarless healing of oral mucosa is characterized by faster resolution of inflammation and control of myofibroblast action compared to skin wounds in the red Duroc pig model".
370:
in the stratum granulosum into nonvital surface cells or squames to form the stratum corneum. The cells terminally differentiate as they migrate to the surface from the stratum basale where the
763:
Frictional
Keratosis: This typically presents as white plaques on the oral mucosa due to mechanical trauma. When the cause of frictional keratosis is removed the white patch may resolve
592:: A highly infectious condition which is caused by Measles virus. It most commonly presents in young children who have not been vaccinated. It is characterised by presence of white spots (
586:: A highly contagious viral infection which infects young children and is caused by Coxsackie Virus A16. It is characterised by presence of small blisters all over the limbs and the mouth.
480:
or granules are scattered throughout the nonkeratinized tissue. These are a normal variant, visible as small, yellowish bumps on the surface of the mucosa. They correspond to deposits of
560:(Cold Sore):Reactivation of latent Herpes Simplex Virus-1 triggered by sunlight, stress, and hormonal changes. It is characterised by the presence of crusting blisters on the upper lip.
789:
and at the end of the pregnancy if not (1). Pyogenic Granuloma may occur elsewhere in the mouth such as the tongue and lips (3), but are not therefore epulides. c)
491:
A basal lamina (basement membrane without aid of the microscope) is at the interface between the oral epithelium and lamina propria similar to the epidermis and dermis.
3614:
728::An autoimmune chronic disease with clinical presentation of formation of superficial and large blisters which then burst into ulcers on the skin or mucous membrane.
192:, the lining between the buccal and labial mucosae. It is a brighter red, smooth, and shiny with many blood vessels, and is not connected to underlying tissue by
1693:. Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme,, Scotland. National Dental Advisory Committee., NHS Education for Scotland. (Third ed.). Dundee. 2016.
101:
734:: Autoimmune disease which affects only mucous membranes with clinical presentation of hard and rigid blisters which then rupture eventually into deep ulcers.
2088:
3688:
3673:
3377:
3365:
525:- Although not significant in humans, some animals e.g. dogs rely on panting to regulate their temperature, as sweat glands are only present in their paws
894:
are fast growing destructive swellings usually in the maxilla. It is the most common oral sarcoma in children and adolescents (1), but rare (4).
753:- Intra-oral lesion which shares the appearance of Lichen Planus but arises due to contact hypersensitivity to certain dental materials or drug-induced.
3870:
830:
This is a condition that involves inflammation of the tissues under the surface. This may cause rigid tissues and difficulty opening the mouth.
355:, inner lips, inner cheeks, the floor of the mouth, and ventral surface of the tongue. Keratinized squamous epithelium is present in the gingiva and
2917:
2731:
1722:
1546:
3875:
77:
3937:
351:
Depending on the region of the mouth, the epithelium may be nonkeratinized or keratinized. Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium covers the
740:: These present as oral discoid lesions which may be present on the inner cheek and behind the lips. White papules may also be present.
2529:
4502:
3700:
3651:
2115:
2072: – Histology Learning System at Boston University – "Digestive System: Oral Cavity and Teeth – lip, oral mucosa"
1698:
1522:
1375:
1157:
3513:
4185:
4028:
2089:
https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221658/http://pamodules.mc.duke.edu/Oral_Health/Print.asp?CourseNum=1&LessonNum=3
580:
in which patients can develop facial paralysis, blisters around the ears and on the tongue, and loss of tongue sensation.
3302:
2786:
772:
neoplasms (denoted by suffix ~oma), which are similar in appearance but very rare in the mouth (4). 2.
4429:
3062:
1277:
1221:
686:
4404:
4341:
4336:
4218:
3646:
3626:
2538:
1197:
681:
1173:
500:
of taste. Due to these unique physiological features, the oral mucosa must fulfil a number of distinct functions.
4250:
3887:
3341:
2471:
719:: An autoimmune disease developed following bone marrow transplant in which its oral presentation is similar to
4235:
4070:
943:
750:
296:
257:
on the dorsal surface of the tongue; contains nerve endings for general sensory reception and taste perception.
224:
183:
138:
4075:
583:
96:
17:
701:: A chronic inflammatory disease with different forms of oral presentations. The most classic appearance of
3938:
3599:
3208:
2912:
2897:
2835:
2781:
2704:
2522:
1241:
Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 106
653:
4127:
4090:
3820:
3101:
3013:
2108:
577:
4137:
4085:
3892:
3825:
3594:
3094:
3089:
3040:
2156:
1726:
731:
661:
551:
4142:
3860:
3764:
3235:
2699:
2428:
922:
716:
676:
1470:
4449:
4228:
4213:
3909:
3865:
3810:
3683:
3641:
3409:
3255:
929:
438:
378:
change to hyperkeratinization commonly occurs on the usually nonkeratinized buccal mucosa when the
60:
4282:
1326:
1309:
1039:
1022:
4527:
4346:
4147:
4112:
3805:
3609:
3389:
3230:
3176:
3106:
3028:
3008:
2995:
2972:
2515:
2351:
706:
1099:"Exosomes derived from clinical-grade oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets promote wound healing"
4492:
4459:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4059:
3986:
3942:
3838:
3833:
3619:
3449:
3444:
3419:
3265:
3196:
3023:
2932:
2850:
2577:
2438:
2371:
2101:
160:
108:
84:
72:
2840:
1147:
4301:
4203:
3815:
3693:
3555:
3514:
3314:
3116:
3050:
2977:
2486:
2466:
2344:
2270:
2260:
2255:
2151:
1457:
948:
912:
2069:
780:. These are just fibroepithelial polyps located only on the gingivae (5). b)
383:
its granular and keratin layers. In patients who have habits such as clenching or grinding (
4399:
4300:
4038:
4023:
3589:
3522:
3128:
2860:
2408:
2403:
2398:
1391:
Pedersen, A. M. L.; Sørensen, C. E.; Proctor, G. B.; Carpenter, G. H.; Ekström, J. (2018).
427:
397:
363:
2081:
2075:
1584:
Jones, L.; Ong, E. L. C.; Okpokam, A.; Sloan, P.; Macleod, I.; Staines, K. S. (May 2012).
1004:
8:
4454:
4190:
4170:
4160:
4033:
3966:
3848:
3843:
3769:
3668:
3321:
3245:
3084:
3033:
2982:
2962:
2875:
2865:
2791:
2766:
2624:
2433:
2327:
2265:
2235:
1450:"Textbook of Dental & Oral Histology with Embryology & MCQs - 2nd ed. (2010).pdf"
815:
737:
4497:
4444:
4419:
4351:
4155:
4080:
3971:
3919:
3880:
3577:
3493:
3424:
3133:
2957:
2937:
2890:
2776:
2721:
2684:
2674:
2659:
2589:
2481:
2423:
2332:
2043:
2008:
1981:
1946:
1927:
1864:
1831:
1807:
1782:
1716:
1667:
1634:
1540:
1430:
1123:
1098:
725:
709:
can be seen in patients with Lichen Planus. Biopsy is done for definitive diagnosis of
635:
614:
379:
319:
156:
1758:
1741:
613:- Bacterial infection which is usually sexually transmitted. It is caused by bacteria
4195:
3784:
3749:
3723:
3582:
3478:
3336:
3260:
2967:
2907:
2870:
2845:
2694:
2572:
2567:
2295:
2048:
2030:
1986:
1968:
1919:
1911:
1869:
1851:
1847:
1812:
1763:
1704:
1694:
1672:
1654:
1615:
1607:
1528:
1518:
1422:
1414:
1371:
1339:
1331:
1273:
1217:
1153:
1128:
1079:
1044:
671:
626:
Oral fungal infections are most commonly caused by different Candida species such as
593:
412:
404:
142:
1434:
4165:
3800:
3790:
3754:
3663:
3414:
3353:
3287:
3277:
3225:
3123:
3018:
2855:
2507:
2339:
2217:
2141:
2038:
2020:
1976:
1958:
1903:
1859:
1843:
1802:
1794:
1753:
1662:
1646:
1597:
1404:
1321:
1265:
1118:
1110:
1075:
1071:
1034:
631:
627:
617:
and it has different types of oral presentation at different stages of the disease.
485:
391:
to be shed or lost by the tissue. Thus, to check for malignant changes, a baseline
337:
313:
254:
228:
1931:
1781:
Margaix-Munoz, M.; Bagan, Jv.; Jimenez, Y.; Sarrion, Mg.; Poveda-Roda, R. (2015).
1114:
4321:
4107:
3902:
3795:
3631:
3550:
3530:
3454:
3439:
3309:
3213:
3181:
3152:
3074:
3000:
2796:
2679:
2669:
2614:
2599:
2496:
2491:
2413:
2250:
2245:
2240:
1365:
1201:
958:
557:
454:
408:
371:
325:
130:
65:
4487:
4439:
4409:
4277:
4208:
4175:
3897:
3636:
3370:
3250:
3045:
2830:
2643:
2443:
2307:
2212:
2184:
2146:
470:
450:
434:
333:
307:
300:
147:
4521:
4389:
4267:
4095:
3914:
3678:
3658:
3567:
3434:
3394:
3191:
2952:
2927:
2902:
2880:
2664:
2654:
2619:
2315:
2034:
1972:
1963:
1945:
Kamath, VenkateshVishwanath; Setlur, Krishnanand; Yerlagudda, Komali (2015).
1915:
1855:
1830:
Imanguli, Mm; Alevizos, I; Brown, R; Pavletic, Sz; Atkinson, Jc (July 2008).
1767:
1708:
1658:
1611:
1532:
1418:
1335:
720:
710:
702:
698:
477:
89:
2025:
1891:
1602:
1585:
171:
Oral mucosa can be divided into three main categories based on function and
4240:
4016:
4011:
3996:
3976:
3946:
3779:
3488:
3429:
3360:
3282:
3272:
3240:
3203:
3164:
3156:
2771:
2726:
2711:
2609:
2604:
2320:
2275:
2052:
1990:
1923:
1873:
1816:
1676:
1650:
1619:
1426:
1343:
1132:
1083:
1048:
963:
573:
367:
4376:
1269:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4331:
4326:
4257:
3331:
3292:
3111:
2987:
2947:
2736:
2716:
2361:
2207:
2202:
2125:
953:
666:
646:
639:
423:
356:
352:
236:
1194:
426:, which are responsible for the production of the fibers as well as the
114:
4394:
4180:
4006:
3774:
3604:
3545:
3483:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3399:
3382:
3326:
3297:
3218:
3079:
3057:
2942:
2922:
2461:
2166:
2093:
1798:
1409:
1392:
968:
563:
462:
1907:
303:. In keratinized oral mucosa, the epithelium consists of four layers:
4262:
4245:
3981:
3759:
3562:
3186:
3069:
2689:
2584:
2562:
2393:
1009:
466:
458:
445:
422:
fibers in some regions. The main cells of the lamina propria are the
250:
193:
172:
1449:
918:
Labial Mucosa (inner lips): Suitable for buccal drug administration.
4272:
4223:
3991:
3744:
3725:
3705:
3526:
3404:
3348:
2594:
2285:
2280:
2161:
610:
569:
415:
152:
2007:
Preeti, L; Magesh, Kt; Rajkumar, K; Karthik, Raghavendhar (2011).
1193:
University of Michigan Health System, Learning Resource Center at
794:
are they are not true giant cell granuloma (4). 3.
705:
is the presence of white streaks in inner cheek, tongue, and gum.
488:
in the submucosa that are usually associated with hair follicles.
186:, found almost everywhere else in the oral cavity, including the:
4358:
4316:
4001:
3961:
3855:
3729:
3518:
2885:
2290:
2084:
at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center – "Lip"
2078:
at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center – "Lip"
589:
419:
384:
240:
221:
1780:
1390:
4100:
3572:
3160:
2755:
2382:
2194:
392:
232:
1691:
Drug prescribing for dentistry : dental clinical guidance
1561:"NICE | The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"
1149:
Textbook of Dental and Oral Histology and Embryology with MCQs
266:
2476:
2176:
2087:
Common Dental and Oral Mucosal Disorders, Duke University at
1829:
481:
203:
134:
48:
2227:
2006:
1783:"Graft-versus-host disease affecting oral cavity. A review"
1560:
212:, the inside lining of the lips; part of the lining mucosa.
1250:
Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 285
2551:
2133:
1189:
1187:
1517:. Preceded by (work): Cawson, R. A. (Ninth ed.). .
1742:"Oral lichen planus: Malignant potential and diagnosis"
1515:
Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
1944:
1184:
359:
as well as areas of the dorsal surface of the tongue.
340:) remain the same but the outer layers are termed the
1367:
Oral Mucosa in Health and Disease: A Concise Handbook
2537:
1583:
1314:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
1027:
Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs
332:
In nonkeratinised epithelium, the two deep layers (
3951:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
2002:
2000:
1260:Squier, Christopher; Brogden, Kim A, eds. (2011).
2814:
928:Sublabial Mucosa (under lower lip): Suitable for
4519:
3151:
1021:Squier, Christopher A.; Kremer, Mary J. (2001).
776:The most common epulides are: a)
295:Oral mucosa consists of two layers, the surface
4306:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
1997:
827:● Oral Submucous Fibrosis:
2918:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1947:"Oral lichenoid lesions - A review and update"
1787:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
141:, termed "oral epithelium", and an underlying
3876:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2523:
2109:
1327:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003443
1259:
1152:. Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 180–.
1040:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003443
596:) which rupture to form ulcers on the palate.
1890:Kayani, Mahaz; Aslam, Arif M. (2017-06-08).
1586:"Three cases of oral syphilis – an overview"
1512:
1307:
1020:
921:Sublingual Mucosa (under tongue): Ideal for
881:Malignant Neoplasms of oral mucosa- Sarcomas
744:
2013:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
1892:"Bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris"
1889:
1632:
905:
473:and provides a firm, inelastic attachment.
2530:
2516:
2116:
2102:
1721:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1545:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1393:"Salivary secretion in health and disease"
1139:
911:Buccal Mucosa (inner cheek): Suitable for
2042:
2024:
1980:
1962:
1863:
1806:
1757:
1739:
1666:
1601:
1408:
1363:
1325:
1122:
1038:
2123:
1096:
1005:Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
529:
465:of underlying bone, with no intervening
374:are located to the superficial surface.
265:
4503:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3652:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
1145:
14:
4520:
3689:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1310:"Biology of oral mucosa and esophagus"
1023:"Biology of Oral Mucosa and Esophagus"
874:haemangioma, lymphangioma, venus varix
4476:
4375:
4299:
4057:
3936:
3722:
3512:
3150:
2813:
2753:
2641:
2549:
2511:
2097:
1885:
1883:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1370:. Springer International Publishing.
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1308:Squier, C. A.; Kremer, M. J. (2001).
1292:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1195:http://histology.med.umich.edu/node/2
988:
249:, specifically in the regions of the
3535:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1633:Akpan, A.; Morgan, R. (2002-08-01).
1212:Luiz Carlos Junquiera et al (2005),
796:Papilliary Hyperplasia of the palate
407:layer that consists of a network of
4186:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
4058:
4029:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1061:
24:
3303:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2787:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1880:
1477:
1350:
1286:
1226:
1166:
800:Epulis Fissaratum/ Denture-induced
25:
4539:
2063:
1447:
1103:Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
1064:Journal of Dermatological Science
997:
982:
687:Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
166:
4405:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4342:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4337:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4219:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3647:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3627:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2539:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1848:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2008.01448.x
1832:"Oral graft-versus-host disease"
1174:"NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms"
682:Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis
645:Different presentations of oral
403:The lamina propria is a fibrous
4251:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3888:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3342:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2472:Plica semilunaris of the fauces
2009:"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis"
1938:
1823:
1774:
1733:
1683:
1626:
1577:
1553:
1441:
1384:
1364:Bergmeier, Lesley, ed. (2018).
1301:
1253:
1244:
840:Peripheral nerve sheath tumours
469:. This arrangement is called a
4236:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
4071:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1397:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
1206:
1090:
1076:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.09.005
1055:
1014:
944:Oral mucosa tissue engineering
297:stratified squamous epithelium
225:stratified squamous epithelium
184:stratified squamous epithelium
139:stratified squamous epithelium
13:
1:
4430:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4379:Soft tissues around the mouth
4076:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1951:Indian Journal of Dermatology
1759:10.1016/S1348-8643(13)00030-X
1740:Shirasuna, Kanemitsu (2014).
1115:10.1080/20013078.2019.1565264
975:
809:
738:Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
692:
584:Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
3600:Gingival cyst of the newborn
3209:Failure of eruption of teeth
2913:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2898:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2836:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2782:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2705:Transient lingual papillitis
1639:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1097:Sjöqvist, Sebastian (2019).
932:due to good vascularization.
834:Benign soft tissue neoplasms
816:Recurrent Apthous Stomatitis
757:
654:Pseudomembranous Candidiasis
604:
534:
261:
206:; part of the lining mucosa.
27:Mouth-lining mucous membrane
7:
4128:Salivary gland diverticulum
4091:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
3102:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
3014:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
936:
494:
202:, the inside lining of the
10:
4544:
4138:Salivary gland hyperplasia
4086:HIV salivary gland disease
3595:Gingival cyst of the adult
3041:Oral florid papillomatosis
2754:
2642:
2157:Labial commissure of mouth
1746:Oral Science International
1146:Chandra (1 January 2004).
732:Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
552:Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
4483:
4477:
4472:
4385:
4377:Orofacial soft tissues –
4371:
4312:
4295:
4143:Salivary gland hypoplasia
4066:
4053:
3957:
3932:
3871:Bisphosphonate-associated
3765:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3740:
3718:
3541:
3508:
3236:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
3172:
3146:
2826:
2809:
2762:
2749:
2700:Median rhomboid glossitis
2650:
2637:
2558:
2545:
2454:
2381:
2360:
2306:
2226:
2193:
2175:
2132:
2070:Histology image: 09601loa
1178:National Cancer Institute
991:Ten Cate's Oral Histology
925:due to high permeability.
923:sublingual administration
745:Hypersensitivity Reaction
717:Graft versus Host Disease
677:Median Rhomboid Glossitis
621:
133:lining the inside of the
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
47:
42:
37:
32:
4450:Orofacial granulomatosis
4229:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
4214:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
4148:Salivary gland neoplasms
3939:Temporomandibular joints
3910:Periapical periodontitis
3642:Linear gingival erythema
3410:Regional odontodysplasia
3256:Enamel hypocalcification
2550:
1964:10.4103/0019-5154.147830
1297:. Elsevier. p. 278.
993:. Elsevier. p. 280.
930:sublabial administration
906:Routes of administration
658:Erythematous Candidiasis
541:
439:connective tissue proper
4347:Obstructive sleep apnea
4113:Salivary duct stricture
3893:Paget's disease of bone
3390:Pulp canal obliteration
3231:Dentin hypersensitivity
3177:Amelogenesis imperfecta
3029:Squamous cell carcinoma
3009:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2996:Squamous cell papilloma
2973:Melanocytic oral lesion
2352:Tubarial salivary gland
2026:10.4103/0973-029X.86669
1603:10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.420
707:Desquamative Gingivitis
4493:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4460:Pyostomatitis vegetans
4133:Salivary gland fistula
4123:Salivary gland atresia
4118:Salivary gland aplasia
3972:Mandibular dislocation
3943:muscles of mastication
3821:Calcifying odontogenic
3450:Vertical root fracture
3445:Cracked tooth syndrome
3420:Shovel-shaped incisors
3315:Wisdom tooth impaction
3197:Early childhood caries
3063:Benign mucous membrane
3024:Spindle cell carcinoma
2933:Intraoral dental sinus
2851:Burning mouth syndrome
2439:Glossoepiglottic folds
2082:Histology image: 95_07
2076:Histology image: 95_04
1651:10.1136/pmj.78.922.455
1590:British Dental Journal
1465:Cite journal requires
1295:Ten Cate's Oral Mucosa
848:Lipoma and fibrolipoma
769:Fibroepithelial Polyps
667:Antibiotic Candidiasis
570:Herpes Zoster/Shingles
362:Keratinization is the
292:
161:extracellular vesicles
109:Anatomical terminology
4302:Stomatognathic system
4204:Acinic cell carcinoma
3826:Glandular odontogenic
2978:Molluscum contagiosum
2487:Palatopharyngeal arch
2261:Mucogingival junction
2256:Junctional epithelium
2152:Frenulum of lower lip
1725:) CS1 maint: others (
1513:Odell, E. W. (2017).
1270:10.1002/9781118710470
949:Junctional epithelium
913:buccal administration
530:Clinical significance
476:A variable number of
269:
4445:Oral Crohn's disease
4400:Basal cell carcinoma
4039:Condylar hyperplasia
4024:Maxillary hypoplasia
3590:Gingival enlargement
3523:periodontal ligament
3129:Verruciform xanthoma
2861:Condyloma acuminatum
2296:Periodontal ligament
872:– vascular tumours:
855:Granular Cell Tumour
578:Ramsay-Hunt Syndrome
437:, like all forms of
428:extracellular matrix
398:nicotinic stomatitis
4455:Perioral dermatitis
4191:Pleomorphic adenoma
4171:Monomorphic adenoma
4161:Canalicular adenoma
4034:Condylar hypoplasia
3967:Condylar resorption
3811:Lateral periodontal
3770:Mandibular fracture
3669:Periodontal abscess
3266:Turner's hypoplasia
3034:Verrucous carcinoma
2983:Morsicatio buccarum
2963:Lupus erythematosus
2876:Erythema multiforme
2792:Stomatitis nicotina
2434:Sublingual caruncle
2328:Submandibular gland
2266:Sulcular epithelium
2236:Interdental papilla
328:(keratinized layer)
163:might be involved.
4498:Facial hemiatrophy
4352:Periodic breathing
4283:Sjögren's syndrome
4156:Basal cell adenoma
3920:Torus mandibularis
3898:Periapical abscess
3881:Osteoradionecrosis
3806:Buccal bifurcation
3785:Intraosseous cysts
3674:Periodontal trauma
3578:Pyogenic granuloma
3425:Supernumerary root
3378:Pulp calcification
3366:Premature eruption
3337:Odontogenic tumors
3134:White sponge nevus
3107:Submucous fibrosis
3051:Smoker's melanosis
2938:Irritation fibroma
2777:High-arched palate
2685:Foliate papillitis
2675:Cunnilingus tongue
2660:Black hairy tongue
2590:Congenital lip pit
2482:Palatoglossal arch
1799:10.4317/jced.51975
1635:"Oral candidiasis"
1410:10.1111/joor.12664
1200:2013-05-22 at the
1180:. 2 February 2011.
782:Pyogenic Granuloma
751:Lichenoid Reaction
726:Pemphigus Vulgaris
662:Denture Stomatitis
638:resulting in oral
636:Candida Tropicalis
615:Treponema Pallidum
523:Thermal regulation
320:Stratum granulosum
293:
286:Stratum granulosum
247:Specialized mucosa
218:Masticatory mucosa
157:vitamin deficiency
54:tunica mucosa oris
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4468:
4467:
4367:
4366:
4291:
4290:
4196:Sebaceous adenoma
4049:
4048:
3928:
3927:
3839:Median mandibular
3834:Nasopalatine duct
3750:Alveolar osteitis
3714:
3713:
3701:Perio-endo lesion
3583:Congenital epulis
3504:
3503:
3261:Enamel hypoplasia
3142:
3141:
3117:Riga–Fede disease
2968:Melanocytic nevus
2908:Hairy leukoplakia
2871:Epulis fissuratum
2805:
2804:
2745:
2744:
2695:Geographic tongue
2633:
2632:
2505:
2504:
1908:10.1136/bmj.j2169
1700:978-1-905829-28-6
1524:978-0-7020-4982-8
1377:978-3-319-56064-9
1262:Human Oral Mucosa
1159:978-81-8061-238-1
868:5.
863:Congenital Epulis
861:4.
853:3.
846:2.
838:1.
791:Giant Cell Epulis
672:Angular Cheilitis
405:connective tissue
182:, nonkeratinized
143:connective tissue
123:
122:
118:
16:(Redirected from
4535:
4474:
4473:
4373:
4372:
4297:
4296:
4166:Ductal papilloma
4055:
4054:
3934:
3933:
3831:Non-odontogenic:
3816:Globulomaxillary
3755:Buccal exostosis
3720:
3719:
3664:Peri-implantitis
3510:
3509:
3226:Dentin dysplasia
3148:
3147:
3124:Verruca vulgaris
3019:Mucosal melanoma
2866:Darier's disease
2841:Behçet's disease
2811:
2810:
2767:Bednar's aphthae
2751:
2750:
2639:
2638:
2625:Trumpeter's wart
2547:
2546:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2340:Sublingual gland
2218:Incisive papilla
2142:Vermilion border
2118:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2094:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2028:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1966:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1793:(1): e138–e145.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1712:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1645:(922): 455–459.
1630:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1510:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1453:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1412:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1018:
1012:
1001:
995:
994:
986:
892:Rhabdomyosarcoma
786:Pregnancy Epulis
632:Candida Glabrata
628:Candida Albicans
486:sebaceous glands
372:progenitor cells
322:(granular layer)
314:Stratum spinosum
281:Stratum spinosum
255:lingual papillae
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
30:
29:
21:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4507:
4479:
4464:
4420:Ludwig's angina
4381:
4363:
4322:Mouth breathing
4308:
4287:
4108:Pneumoparotitis
4081:Frey's syndrome
4062:
4060:Salivary glands
4045:
3953:
3924:
3903:Phoenix abscess
3736:
3732:hard tissues –
3710:
3632:Hypercementosis
3551:Cementoblastoma
3537:
3500:
3214:Dens evaginatus
3168:
3138:
3090:Denture-related
3075:Plasmoacanthoma
3001:Keratoacanthoma
2822:
2820:Lining of mouth
2801:
2797:Torus palatinus
2758:
2741:
2722:Lingual thyroid
2680:Fissured tongue
2670:Crenated tongue
2646:
2629:
2615:Nasolabial cyst
2600:Herpes labialis
2554:
2541:
2536:
2506:
2501:
2497:Palatine tonsil
2492:Tonsillar fossa
2450:
2429:Fimbriated fold
2414:Lingual tonsils
2404:Terminal sulcus
2377:
2356:
2302:
2251:Gingival fibers
2246:Gingival margin
2241:Gingival sulcus
2222:
2189:
2171:
2128:
2124:Anatomy of the
2122:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2005:
1998:
1943:
1939:
1888:
1881:
1828:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1738:
1734:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1631:
1627:
1596:(10): 477–480.
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1525:
1511:
1478:
1466:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1351:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1227:
1214:Basic Histology
1211:
1207:
1202:Wayback Machine
1192:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1144:
1140:
1095:
1091:
1060:
1056:
1019:
1015:
1002:
998:
987:
983:
978:
973:
959:Salivary glands
939:
908:
812:
760:
747:
695:
624:
607:
576:, it can cause
558:Herpes Labialis
544:
539:
532:
497:
484:from misplaced
455:salivary glands
364:differentiation
326:Stratum corneum
316:(prickle layer)
299:and the deeper
291:Stratum corneum
287:
282:
277:
272:
264:
239:, and attached
227:, found on the
190:Alveolar mucosa
169:
137:. It comprises
131:mucous membrane
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4528:Dental anatomy
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4488:Eagle syndrome
4484:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4410:Cystic hygroma
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4278:Sialolithiasis
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Adenocarcinoma
4206:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:Myoepithelioma
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3849:Traumatic bone
3846:
3844:Median palatal
3841:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3644:
3639:
3637:Hypocementosis
3634:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3371:Neonatal teeth
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3251:Ectopic enamel
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3046:Oral melanosis
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Bohn's nodules
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Amalgam tattoo
2827:
2824:
2823:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2543:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:Lingual septum
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:Palatine raphe
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2185:Buccal fat pad
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2064:External links
2062:
2059:
2058:
1996:
1937:
1879:
1842:(5): 396–412.
1822:
1773:
1732:
1699:
1682:
1625:
1576:
1552:
1523:
1476:
1467:|journal=
1440:
1403:(9): 730–746.
1383:
1376:
1349:
1300:
1293:Nanci (2013).
1285:
1278:
1252:
1243:
1225:
1205:
1183:
1165:
1158:
1138:
1109:(1): 1565264.
1089:
1070:(3): 168–180.
1054:
1013:
996:
989:Nanci (2013).
980:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
926:
919:
916:
907:
904:
903:
902:
898:Kaposi Sarcoma
895:
884:
883:
820:
819:
811:
808:
807:
806:
778:Fibrous Epulis
764:
759:
756:
755:
754:
746:
743:
742:
741:
735:
729:
723:
714:
694:
691:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
656:
623:
620:
619:
618:
606:
603:
602:
601:
597:
594:Koplik's Spots
587:
581:
567:
561:
555:
543:
540:
538:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
520:
514:
508:
496:
493:
471:mucoperiosteum
451:adipose tissue
435:lamina propria
330:
329:
323:
317:
311:
308:Stratum basale
301:lamina propria
276:Stratum basale
263:
260:
259:
258:
244:
215:
214:
213:
207:
197:
168:
167:Classification
165:
148:lamina propria
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Actinomycosis
4388:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Sialodochitis
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:malocclusions
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:Stafne defect
3913:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3866:Osteonecrosis
3864:
3862:
3861:Osteomyelitis
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:Bones of jaws
3731:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:Periodontitis
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:Pericoronitis
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Granulomatous
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Eruption cyst
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Pulp necrosis
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:Dens in dente
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Discoloration
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Lichen planus
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Herpes zoster
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Fordyce spots
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Erythroplakia
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2665:Caviar tongue
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Ankyloglossia
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Sun poisoning
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:Back of mouth
2453:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Foramen cecum
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Median sulcus
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2372:tooth anatomy
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:Parotid gland
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Oral Diseases
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1459:
1451:
1448:Nyush, Ayko.
1444:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1279:9781118710470
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1223:
1222:0-07-144116-6
1219:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
992:
985:
981:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
888:
882:
879:
878:
877:
875:
871:
866:
864:
859:
856:
851:
849:
844:
841:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
817:
814:
813:
804:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
765:
762:
761:
752:
749:
748:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
722:
721:Lichen Planus
718:
715:
712:
711:Lichen Planus
708:
704:
703:Lichen Planus
700:
699:Lichen Planus
697:
696:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
616:
612:
609:
608:
598:
595:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
548:
537:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
501:
492:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:Fordyce spots
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
442:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
388:
386:
381:
375:
373:
369:
368:keratinocytes
365:
360:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
310:(basal layer)
309:
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
290:
285:
280:
275:
268:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
219:
216:
211:
210:Labial mucosa
208:
205:
201:
200:Buccal mucosa
198:
195:
191:
188:
187:
185:
181:
180:Lining mucosa
178:
177:
176:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
55:
52:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Labial mucosa
4378:
4305:
4241:Sialadenitis
4200:
4152:
4017:Scissor bite
4012:Retrognathia
3997:Overeruption
3977:Malocclusion
3950:
3830:
3789:
3780:Micrognathia
3733:
3724:Periapical,
3610:Desquamative
3534:
3515:Periodontium
3489:Acid erosion
3430:Taurodontism
3361:Open contact
3273:Enamel pearl
3241:Dilaceration
3204:Concrescence
3005:
2992:
2819:
2815:
2772:Cleft palate
2732:Microglossia
2727:Macroglossia
2712:Glossoptosis
2610:Microcheilia
2605:Macrocheilia
2369:
2276:Periodontium
2019:(3): 252–6.
2016:
2012:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1899:
1895:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1690:
1685:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:
1555:
1514:
1458:cite journal
1443:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1366:
1320:(29): 7–15.
1317:
1313:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1213:
1208:
1177:
1168:
1148:
1141:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1033:(29): 7–15.
1030:
1026:
1016:
1003:
999:
990:
984:
964:Basal lamina
897:
891:
885:
880:
873:
869:
867:
862:
860:
854:
852:
847:
845:
839:
837:
833:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
802:
799:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
644:
625:
574:facial nerve
545:
535:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
490:
475:
443:
432:
402:
389:
376:
361:
350:
345:
342:intermediate
341:
331:
294:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:superficial:
246:
217:
209:
199:
189:
179:
170:
146:
126:
124:
78:A05.1.01.002
53:
4435:Microstomia
4425:Macrostomia
4415:Gnathophyma
4332:Catathrenia
4327:Sleep apnea
4258:Sialectasis
3801:Dentigerous
3791:Odontogenic
3620:Plasma cell
3556:Gigantiform
3332:Microdontia
3322:Macrodontia
3293:Hyperdontia
2988:Oral cancer
2948:Leukoplakia
2856:Candidiasis
2816:Oral mucosa
2737:Rhabdomyoma
2717:Hypoglossia
2578:Plasma cell
2208:Soft palate
2203:Hard palate
2147:Cupid's bow
954:Oral cancer
823:Neoplastic:
803:Hyperplasia
647:Candidiasis
640:Candidiasis
564:Chicken Pox
424:fibroblasts
357:hard palate
353:soft palate
346:superficial
237:hard palate
222:keratinized
127:oral mucosa
43:Identifiers
33:Oral mucosa
4395:Angioedema
4201:Malignant:
4181:Oncocytoma
4007:Prognathia
3796:periapical
3775:Microgenia
3726:mandibular
3684:Aggressive
3605:Gingivitis
3546:Cementicle
3484:Abfraction
3474:Tooth wear
3467:Edentulism
3462:Tooth loss
3415:Resorption
3400:Pulp polyp
3383:Pulp stone
3327:Meth mouth
3298:Hypodontia
3288:Gemination
3219:Talon cusp
3112:Ulceration
3080:Stomatitis
3058:Pemphigoid
3006:Malignant:
2958:Linea alba
2943:Leukoedema
2923:Herpangina
2891:Giant-cell
2462:Oropharynx
2420:Underside
2167:White roll
1957:(1): 102.
1752:(1): 1–7.
1570:2020-03-05
1216:, p. 282,
976:References
969:Fibroblast
810:Idiopathic
798:(1,3), or
693:Autoimmune
505:Protection
463:periosteum
380:linea alba
251:taste buds
4263:Sialocele
4246:Parotitis
3987:Open bite
3982:Crossbite
3760:Cherubism
3730:maxillary
3563:Cementoma
3494:Attrition
3310:Impaction
3278:Fluorosis
3187:Anodontia
3182:Ankylosis
3070:Pemphigus
2690:Glossitis
2585:Cleft lip
2563:Cheilitis
2394:Taste bud
2271:Stippling
2035:0973-029X
1973:0019-5154
1916:0959-8138
1902:: j2169.
1856:1354-523X
1768:1881-4204
1717:cite book
1709:948261144
1659:0032-5473
1612:1476-5373
1541:cite book
1533:960030340
1419:1365-2842
1336:1052-6773
1010:eMedicine
774:Epulides.
758:Traumatic
649:include:
605:Bacterial
536:Infective
517:Sensation
511:Secretion
467:submucosa
459:submucosa
446:submucosa
262:Structure
194:rete pegs
173:histology
4522:Category
4273:Sialosis
4224:Lymphoma
4096:Mucocele
3992:Overbite
3745:Agnathia
3706:Teething
3531:alveolus
3527:cementum
3479:Abrasion
3455:Occlusal
3440:Avulsion
3405:Pulpitis
3349:Odontoma
3095:Herpetic
3085:Aphthous
2595:Eclabium
2424:Frenulum
2286:Philtrum
2281:Cementum
2162:Philtrum
2053:22144824
1991:25657414
1924:28596152
1874:18593456
1817:25810826
1677:12185216
1620:22627222
1435:46959534
1427:29878444
1344:11694559
1198:Archived
1133:30719240
1084:19854029
1049:11694559
937:See also
870:Angiomas
611:Syphilis
495:Function
416:collagen
348:layers.
338:spinosum
153:diabetes
4359:Snoring
4317:Bruxism
4153:Benign:
4002:Overjet
3962:Bruxism
3856:Osteoma
3694:Chronic
3519:gingiva
2993:Benign:
2886:Fibroma
2573:Angular
2568:Actinic
2291:Gingiva
2044:3227248
1982:4318020
1865:2565862
1808:4368002
1668:1742467
1124:6346716
590:Measles
420:elastin
385:bruxism
241:gingiva
231:of the
145:termed
129:is the
66:D009061
38:Details
4101:Ranula
3573:Epulis
3435:Trauma
3283:Fusion
3192:Caries
3165:enamel
3161:dentin
2756:Palate
2644:Tongue
2467:fauces
2383:Tongue
2308:Glands
2195:Palate
2051:
2041:
2033:
1989:
1979:
1971:
1932:873223
1930:
1922:
1914:
1872:
1862:
1854:
1815:
1805:
1766:
1707:
1697:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1618:
1610:
1531:
1521:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1374:
1342:
1334:
1276:
1220:
1156:
1131:
1121:
1082:
1047:
622:Fungal
409:type I
393:biopsy
334:basale
233:tongue
229:dorsum
204:cheeks
4478:Other
3153:Teeth
2477:Uvula
2362:Teeth
2177:Cheek
2126:mouth
1928:S2CID
1431:S2CID
542:Viral
482:sebum
135:mouth
113:[
102:59660
49:Latin
4440:Noma
3945:and
3728:and
3533:) –
3157:pulp
2552:Lips
2390:Top
2370:see
2345:duct
2333:duct
2321:duct
2228:Gums
2049:PMID
2031:ISSN
1987:PMID
1969:ISSN
1920:PMID
1912:ISSN
1870:PMID
1852:ISSN
1813:PMID
1764:ISSN
1727:link
1723:link
1705:OCLC
1695:ISBN
1673:PMID
1655:ISSN
1616:PMID
1608:ISSN
1565:NICE
1547:link
1529:OCLC
1519:ISBN
1471:help
1423:PMID
1415:ISSN
1372:ISBN
1340:PMID
1332:ISSN
1318:2001
1274:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1129:PMID
1080:PMID
1045:PMID
1031:2001
784:and
634:and
433:The
418:and
411:and
344:and
336:and
125:The
90:2785
73:TA98
61:MeSH
2134:Lip
2039:PMC
2021:doi
1977:PMC
1959:doi
1904:doi
1900:357
1896:BMJ
1860:PMC
1844:doi
1803:PMC
1795:doi
1754:doi
1663:PMC
1647:doi
1598:doi
1594:212
1405:doi
1322:doi
1266:doi
1119:PMC
1111:doi
1072:doi
1035:doi
1008:at
453:or
413:III
366:of
253:on
155:or
97:FMA
85:TA2
4524::
4304:–
3949:–
3941:,
3529:,
3525:,
3521:,
3163:,
3159:,
2818:–
2047:.
2037:.
2029:.
2017:15
2015:.
2011:.
1999:^
1985:.
1975:.
1967:.
1955:60
1953:.
1949:.
1926:.
1918:.
1910:.
1898:.
1894:.
1882:^
1868:.
1858:.
1850:.
1840:14
1838:.
1834:.
1811:.
1801:.
1789:.
1785:.
1762:.
1750:11
1748:.
1744:.
1719:}}
1715:{{
1703:.
1671:.
1661:.
1653:.
1643:78
1641:.
1637:.
1614:.
1606:.
1592:.
1588:.
1563:.
1543:}}
1539:{{
1527:.
1479:^
1462::
1460:}}
1456:{{
1429:.
1421:.
1413:.
1401:45
1399:.
1395:.
1352:^
1338:.
1330:.
1316:.
1312:.
1272:.
1264:.
1228:^
1186:^
1176:.
1127:.
1117:.
1105:.
1101:.
1078:.
1068:56
1066:.
1043:.
1029:.
1025:.
630:,
444:A
430:.
400:.
289:4:
284:3:
279:2:
274:1:
235:,
220:,
175::
3793::
3517:(
3167:)
3155:(
2531:e
2524:t
2517:v
2117:e
2110:t
2103:v
2055:.
2023::
1993:.
1961::
1934:.
1906::
1876:.
1846::
1819:.
1797::
1791:7
1770:.
1756::
1729:)
1711:.
1679:.
1649::
1622:.
1600::
1573:.
1549:)
1535:.
1473:)
1469:(
1452:.
1437:.
1407::
1380:.
1346:.
1324::
1282:.
1268::
1162:.
1135:.
1113::
1107:8
1086:.
1074::
1051:.
1037::
915:.
713:.
243:.
196:.
117:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.