340:
31:
20:
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637:, which lie between the extracellular matrix and luminal epithelial cells that also make up the alveoli in breast tissue. When oxytocin binds to the myoepithelial cells, the cells contract. The increased intra-alveolar pressure forces milk into the lactiferous sinuses, into the lactiferous ducts (a study found that lactiferous sinuses may not exist. If this is true then milk simply enters the lactiferous ducts), and then out the nipple.
356:
169:
3151:
663:. It appears plausible that the possibility of lactation in women (or females of other species) who are not biological mothers does confer an evolutionary advantage, especially in groups with high maternal mortality and tight social bonds. The phenomenon has been also observed in most primates, in some lemurs, and in dwarf mongooses.
547:. Oxytocin stimulates the muscles surrounding the breast to squeeze out the milk. Breastfeeding mothers describe the sensation differently. Some feel a slight tingling, others feel immense amounts of pressure or slight pain/discomfort, and still others do not feel anything different. A minority of mothers experience a
748:
which then allowed a decline in egg size by reducing the dependence on a large yolk in the egg. The evolution of lactation is also believed to have resulted in the more complex dentition seen in mammals, as lactation would have allowed the prolonged development of the jaw before the eruption of teeth.
530:
Milk ejection is initiated in the mother's breast by the act of suckling by the baby. The milk ejection reflex (also called let-down reflex) is not always consistent, especially at first. Once a woman is conditioned to nursing, let-down can be triggered by a variety of stimuli, including the sound of
395:
When the breast is stimulated, prolactin levels in the blood rise, peak in about 45 minutes, and return to the pre-breastfeeding state about three hours later. The release of prolactin triggers the cells in the alveoli to make milk. Prolactin also transfers to the breast milk. Some research indicates
228:
stimulates the milk duct system to grow and differentiate. Like progesterone, high levels of estrogen also inhibit lactation. Estrogen levels also drop at delivery and remain low for the first several months of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding mothers should avoid estrogen-based birth control methods, as
437:
During this stage, the more that milk is removed from the breasts, the more the breast will produce milk. Research also suggests that draining the breasts more fully also increases the rate of milk production. Thus the milk supply is strongly influenced by how often the baby feeds and how well it is
747:
evolved a proto-lacteal fluid in order to keep eggs moist, an adaptation necessitated due to synapsids’ parchment shelled eggs which are more vulnerable to evaporation and dehydration than the mineralized eggs produced by some sauropsids. This protolacteal fluid became a complex, nutrient-rich milk
399:
Other hormones—notably insulin, thyroxine, and cortisol—are also involved, but their roles are not yet well understood. Although biochemical markers indicate that
Secretory Activation begins about 30–40 hours after birth, mothers do not typically begin feeling increased breast fullness
147:
and immune protection to the young after birth. Due to lactation, the mother-young pair can survive even if food is scarce or too hard for the young to attain, expanding the environmental conditions the species can withstand. The costly investment of energy and resources into milk is outweighed by
840:
species of
Southeast Asia, also lactates. It nurses its offspring for about 38 days, although they are able to forage on their own after 21 days. Blocking nursing immediately after birth resulted in complete mortality of the offspring, whereas blocking it 20 days after birth resulted in increased
414:(IgA), which coats the lining of the baby's immature intestines, and helps to prevent pathogens from invading the baby's system. Secretory IgA also helps prevent food allergies. Over the first two weeks after the birth, colostrum production slowly gives way to mature breast milk.
675:
to stimulate milk production, followed by discontinuing the birth control and the introducing use of a double electric breast pump to induce milk production. Additional protocols exist to support an accelerated timeline and to support induced lactation in menopausal parents.
803:) is known for (biparentally) feeding their offspring by epidermal mucus secretion. A closer examination reveals that, as in mammals and birds, the secretion of this nourishing fluid may be controlled by prolactin. Similar behavior is seen in at least 30 species of
376:(see below), a thick, sometimes yellowish fluid. At this stage, high levels of progesterone inhibit most milk production. It is not a medical concern if a pregnant woman leaks any colostrum before her baby's birth, nor is it an indication of future milk production.
388:, prolactin levels remain high, while the delivery of the placenta results in a sudden drop in progesterone, estrogen, and HPL levels. This abrupt withdrawal of progesterone in the presence of high prolactin levels stimulates the copious milk production of
531:
any baby. Even thinking about breastfeeding can stimulate this reflex, causing unwanted leakage, or both breasts may give out milk when an infant is feeding from one breast. However, this and other problems often settle after two weeks of feeding.
562:. If a mother has trouble breastfeeding, different methods of assisting the milk ejection reflex may help. These include feeding in a familiar and comfortable location, massage of the breast or back, or warming the breast with a cloth or shower.
751:
Oftedal also proposed that the protolacteal fluid was initially secreted through pilosebaceous glands on mammary patches, analogous to the areola, and that hairs on this patch transported the fluid to the hatchlings as is seen in
742:
As all mammals lactate, lactation must have evolved before the last common ancestor of all mammals, which places it at a minimum in the Middle or Late
Triassic when monotremes diverged from therians. O. T. Oftedal has argued that
235:
contributes to the increased growth and differentiation of the alveoli, and also influences differentiation of ductal structures. High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase
666:
Lactation can be induced in humans by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods. Several protocols for inducing lactation were developed by
81:
In most species, lactation is a sign that the female has been pregnant at some point in her life, although in humans and goats, it can happen without pregnancy. Nearly every species of mammal has
316:(s). After birth, oxytocin contracts the smooth muscle layer of band-like cells surrounding the alveoli to squeeze the newly produced milk into the duct system. Oxytocin is necessary for the
764:. In this scenario, some genes and signaling pathways involved in lactation evolved from ancient precursors which facilitated secretions from spiny structures, which themselves evolved from
735:
of fish, where they would provide nourishment for eggs. The latter aspect of his hypothesis has not been confirmed; however, more recently the same mechanism has been postulated for early
702:
successfully inducing lactation. Research has indicated that such breast milk is nutritionally comparable to both the milk of naturally lactating and induced lactating cisgender women.
2288:
Chong K, Joshi S, Jin LT, Shu-Chien AC (April 2006). "Proteomics profiling of epidermal mucus secretion of a cichlid (Symphysodon aequifasciata) demonstrating parental care behavior".
671:
and Lenore
Goldfarb and are commonly called the Newman-Goldfarb protocols. The "regular protocol" involves the use of birth control pills to mimic the hormone levels of pregnancy with
288:
have an important lactation inducing function in several animal species, including humans. Glucocorticoids play a complex regulating role in the maintenance of tight junctions.
606:, where they synapse with oxytocinergic third-order neurons. The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus, but their axon and axon terminals are located in the
523:
surrounding the alveoli, which already hold milk. The increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple. This response can be
396:
that prolactin in milk is greater at times of higher milk production, and lower when breasts are fuller, and that the highest levels tend to occur between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.
2331:
Khong HK, Kuah MK, Jaya-Ram A, Shu-Chien AC (May 2009). "Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase".
618:, respectively. The oxytocin is produced in the neuron's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is then transported down the infundibulum via the
254:
releases large amounts of HPL. This hormone is closely associated with prolactin and appears to be instrumental in breast, nipple, and areola growth before birth.
2544:
590:
for one or two vertebral levels and synapses with second-order neurons, called tract cells, in the posterior dorsal horn. The tract cells then decussate via the
240:, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining
222:
and lobes; high levels of progesterone inhibit lactation before birth. Progesterone levels drop after birth; this triggers the onset of copious milk production.
1203:
deCarvalho M, Anderson DM, Giangreco A, Pittard WB (May 1985). "Frequency of milk expression and milk production by mothers of nonnursing premature neonates".
570:
This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the nipple. Suckling by the baby innervates slowly adapting and rapidly-adapting
987:
818:. The single egg of the tsetse develops into a larva inside the uterus where it is fed by a milky substance secreted by a milk gland inside the uterus. The
732:
659:
In humans, induced lactation and relactation have been observed frequently in some cultures, and demonstrated with varying success in adoptive mothers and
559:
268:(hCG), through control of estrogen and progesterone production, and also, by extension, prolactin and growth hormone production, are essential.
2415:
Williford A, Stay B, Bhattacharya D (2004). "Evolution of a novel function: nutritive milk in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata".
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recognized that mammary glands seemed to have developed specifically from cutaneous glands, and hypothesized that they evolved from glands in
2915:
899:
1009:
131:
is milk production unrelated to nursing. It can occur in males and females of many mammal species as result of hormonal imbalances such as
2910:
2537:
2900:
649:. These may range from period-like cramps to strong labour-like contractions and can be more severe with second and subsequent babies.
3617:
551:
immediately before let-down, causing anxiety, anger or nausea, amongst other negative sensations, for up to a few minutes per feed.
2368:"Analysis of milk gland structure and function in Glossina morsitans: milk protein production, symbiont populations and fecundity"
633:
Following the electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream. Through the bloodstream, oxytocin makes its way to
3627:
2789:
2530:
1501:
3060:
1567:
Bose CL, D'Ercole AJ, Lester AG, Hunter RS, Barrett JR (April 1981). "Relactation by mothers of sick and premature infants".
1484:
1459:
1434:
1187:
1113:
1040:
1131:"Milk prolactin, feed volume and duration between feeds in women breastfeeding their full-term infants over a 24 h period"
1661:
Creel SR, Monfort SL, Wildt DE, Waser PM (June 1991). "Spontaneous lactation is an adaptive result of pseudopregnancy".
2512:"How mammals lost their egg yolks]—Did mammals develop nutritional milk before or after they abandoned yolky eggs?"
884:
619:
2511:
1937:
3543:
3287:
2056:"The platypus is in its place: nuclear genes and indels confirm the sister group relation of monotremes and Therians"
645:
A surge of oxytocin also causes the uterus to contract. During breastfeeding, mothers may feel these contractions as
3607:
2799:
1754:
554:
A poor milk ejection reflex can be due to sore or cracked nipples, separation from the infant, a history of breast
1773:
995:
1521:
Sobrinho LG (2003). "Prolactin, psychological stress and environment in humans: adaptation and maladaptation".
548:
2181:
Horseman ND, Buntin JD (1995). "Regulation of pigeon cropmilk secretion and parental behaviors by prolactin".
295:
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265:
257:
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291:
277:
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298:(TRH) are very important galactopoietic hormones whose levels are naturally increased during pregnancy.
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2759:
1171:
717:
591:
3597:
2976:
1238:
Hopkinson JM, Schanler RJ, Garza C (June 1988). "Milk production by mothers of premature infants".
274:(GH) is structurally very similar to prolactin and independently contributes to its galactopoiesis.
247:
811:
695:
599:
406:
is the first milk a breastfed baby receives. It contains higher amounts of white blood cells and
196:
64:, although it may predate mammals. The process of feeding milk in all female creatures is called
2095:
Oftedal OT (July 2002). "The origin of lactation as a water source for parchment-shelled eggs".
1017:
339:
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3468:
2809:
2458:
Chen Z, Corlett RT, Jiao X, Liu SJ, Charles-Dominique T, Zhang S, et al. (November 2018).
524:
500:
153:
74:. Newborn infants often produce some milk from their own breast tissue, known colloquially as
3022:
3017:
2858:
2687:
1891:"Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman: Macronutrient Analysis and Patient Perspectives"
889:
482:
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1619:
668:
587:
181:
89:, egg-laying mammals, which instead release milk through ducts in the abdomen. In only one
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foraging and reduced survival. This form of lactation may have evolved from production of
8:
3360:
2862:
2779:
2750:
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birds. As in mammals, this also appears to be directed by prolactin. Other birds such as
694:) exist in historical medical and anthropological literature. Most recently a subject of
634:
615:
579:
520:
400:(the sensation of milk "coming in the breast") until 50–73 hours (2–3 days) after birth.
261:
132:
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the benefit to offspring survival. In almost all mammals, lactation induces a period of
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937:
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2011:
Oftedal OT (July 2002). "The mammary gland and its origin during synapsid evolution".
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drowsiness in the baby, due to illness, medication or recovery from medical procedures
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2804:
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2333:
Comparative
Biochemistry and Physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
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2270:
2239:"Biparental mucus feeding: a unique example of parental care in an Amazonian cichlid"
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inability of the infant to transfer milk effectively caused by, among other things:
30:
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van Rheede T, Bastiaans T, Boone DN, Hedges SB, de Jong WW, Madsen O (March 2006).
2020:
1978:
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630:, where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons.
411:
1283:"The short-term synthesis and infant-regulated removal of milk in lactating women"
756:. This would have occurred in the mammal lineages that diverged after monotremes,
495:
This is the mechanism by which milk is transported from the breast alveoli to the
60:
lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature
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3220:
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or anxiety can cause difficulties with breastfeeding. The release of the hormone
512:
347:
94:
75:
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Another well known example of nourishing young with secretions of glands is the
329:
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of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
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2695:
2616:
2344:
1842:"Lactation Induction in a Transgender Woman Wanting to Breastfeed: Case Report"
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61:
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control system drives milk production during pregnancy and the first few days
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Buckley J, Maunder RJ, Foey A, Pearce J, Val AL, Sloman KA (November 2010).
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1714:"Relactation: an effective intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding"
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able to transfer milk from the breast. Low supply can often be traced to:
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3113:
3098:
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3002:
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Attardo GM, Lohs C, Heddi A, Alam UH, Yildirim S, Aksoy S (August 2008).
2265:
1378:"Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging"
1335:
842:
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443:
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During the latter part of pregnancy, the woman's breasts enter into the
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Oftedal OT, Dhouailly D (June 2013). "Evo-devo of the mammary gland".
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626:, to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, and then stored in
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1938:"Transgender woman able to breastfeed in first documented case"
814:– a breeding mechanism developed by some insects, most notably
575:
496:
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without pregnancy through combinations of birth control pills,
313:
309:
208:
57:
35:
23:
2053:
1610:
König B (March 1997). "Cooperative care of young in mammals".
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Breastfeeding
Answers Made Simple: A Guide for Helping Mothers
679:
Some couples may stimulate lactation outside of pregnancy for
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a spike in estrogen levels may reduce a mother's milk supply.
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is also known to feed their offspring by milky secretions.
111:
is the maintenance of milk production. This stage requires
82:
49:
39:
2330:
1376:
Ramsay DT, Kent JC, Hartmann RA, Hartmann PE (June 2005).
1375:
3438:
2877:
2414:
1108:(3rd (revised) ed.). La Leche League International.
2236:
3038:
1959:"Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman"
1793:"Case Report: Induced Lactation in a Transgender Woman"
1035:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
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inadequate calorie intake or malnutrition of the mother
2287:
1660:
1479:. Rapid Review Series (2nd ed.). Mosby Elsevier.
1348:
1322:
Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA (March 1977). "".
1321:
1237:
1128:
1755:"The Newman Goldfarb Protocols for Induced Lactation"
417:
2365:
1846:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1839:
1711:
1056:
McNeilly AS (July 1997). "Lactation and fertility".
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1351:
Fiziologicheskii
Zhurnal SSSR Imeni I. M. Sechenova
1324:
Fiziologicheskii
Zhurnal SSSR Imeni I. M. Sechenova
430:. When the milk supply is more firmly established,
2457:
1175:
1129:Cregan MD, Mitoulas LR, Hartmann PE (March 2002).
491:Flowchart showing the mechanism of let-down reflex
2460:"Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider"
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1099:
1097:
1095:
655:Without pregnancy, induced lactation, relactation
565:
3579:
2137:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1956:
1790:
1349:Grachev II, Alekseev NP, Velling VA (1976). "".
250:(HPL) – from the second month of pregnancy, the
143:The chief function of a lactation is to provide
1506:. The American Surrogacy Center. Archived from
1103:
2408:
2180:
2140:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
2097:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
2013:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
1840:Wamboldt R, Shuster S, Sidhu BS (April 2021).
1231:
1196:
1092:
1058:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
771:
594:to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the
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2174:
1999:
1514:
1281:Daly SE, Owens RA, Hartmann PE (March 1993).
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929:
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410:than mature milk, and is especially high in
363:
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1712:Patwari AK, Satyanarayana L (August 1997).
1603:
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935:
578:region. The electrical impulse follows the
336:, and milk expression using a breast pump.
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586:. The electrical impulse then ascends the
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1982:
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963:
953:
519:. Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the
343:Breastfeeding (Correct Latch-On Position)
2451:
1791:Reisman T, Goldstein Z (December 2018).
1520:
1205:American Journal of Diseases of Children
1055:
582:, which begins by innervation of fourth
486:
354:
346:
338:
167:
29:
18:
2509:
2227:
2094:
2010:
1771:
938:"The origin and evolution of lactation"
698:, multiple case reports have described
476:
379:
156:), which serves to provide the optimal
16:Release of milk from the mammary glands
3580:
1935:
1888:
1474:
1010:"Goats with Precocious Udder Syndrome"
622:with the help of the carrier protein,
499:. Suckling by the baby stimulates the
186:
3042:
2916:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
2526:
1774:"Strange but True: Males Can Lactate"
1609:
900:Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis
718:Evolution of mammals § Lactation
708:is a drug that can induce lactation.
372:stage. This is when the breasts make
1449:
1217:10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140070057033
792:utilize similar feeding techniques.
483:Breastfeeding § Let-down reflex
324:, in response to suckling, to occur.
2911:Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
2243:The Journal of Experimental Biology
2195:10.1146/annurev.nu.15.070195.001241
574:that are densely packed around the
312:during and after birth, and during
13:
2503:
885:Lactation failure (disambiguation)
810:Lactation is also the hallmark of
620:hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract
434:(or local) control system begins.
418:Autocrine control - Galactopoiesis
172:Milk secretion from a human breast
68:, and in humans it is also called
14:
3639:
3544:Milk quotas in the United Kingdom
511:, which signals to the posterior
466:rare maternal endocrine disorders
218:influences the growth in size of
203:that stimulate the growth of the
3618:Secondary sexual characteristics
3562:
3561:
3149:
2429:10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04012.x
1394:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00417.x
1300:10.1113/expphysiol.1993.sp003681
2209:
2088:
2060:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2047:
1957:Reisman T, Goldstein Z (2018).
1950:
1929:
1882:
1833:
1784:
1765:
1746:
1493:
1468:
1418:
1369:
452:jaw or mouth structure deficits
359:Breastfeeding of an older child
160:for survival of the offspring.
2384:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.06.008
1718:Journal of Tropical Pediatrics
1104:Mohrbacher N, Stock J (2003).
1049:
1033:Milk: the biology of lactation
1024:
1002:
980:
724:Mammary gland § Evolution
566:Milk ejection reflex mechanism
558:, or tissue damage from prior
549:dysphoric milk ejection reflex
101:, is milk production a normal
56:and the period of time that a
1:
3628:Human female endocrine system
1936:Glenza J (14 February 2018).
1106:The Breastfeeding Answer Book
1031:Power ML, Schulkin J (2016).
988:"Lactating Without Pregnancy"
920:
640:
527:e.g. to the cry of the baby.
296:thyrotropin-releasing hormone
2372:Journal of Insect Physiology
936:Capuco AV, Akers RM (2009).
711:
351:Breastfeeding a newborn baby
266:human chorionic gonadotropin
258:Follicle stimulating hormone
191:From the eighteenth week of
7:
2510:CBarras C (18 March 2008).
2417:Evolution & Development
848:
772:Occurrence outside Mammalia
292:Thyroid-stimulating hormone
278:Adrenocorticotropic hormone
199:), a woman's body produces
48:describes the secretion of
10:
3644:
2901:Reproductive endocrinology
2345:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.005
2183:Annual Review of Nutrition
1895:Journal of Human Lactation
721:
715:
480:
175:
138:
3557:
3487:
3421:
3301:
3158:
3147:
3076:
2990:
2969:Human reproductive system
2967:
2934:
2899:
2876:
2788:
2686:
2602:
2564:
2152:10.1007/s10911-013-9290-8
1907:10.1177/08903344231170559
1889:Weimer AK (August 2023).
592:anterior white commissure
469:hypoplastic breast tissue
370:Secretory Differentiation
364:Secretory differentiation
3068:
248:Human placental lactogen
163:
3608:Reproduction in mammals
2485:10.1126/science.aat3692
2109:10.1023/A:1022848632125
2025:10.1023/A:1022896515287
1731:10.1093/tropej/43.4.213
1612:Die Naturwissenschaften
1535:10.1023/A:1026229810876
1287:Experimental Physiology
1135:Experimental Physiology
1070:10.1023/A:1026340606252
812:adenotrophic viviparity
696:transgender health care
600:paraventricular nucleus
455:poor latching technique
328:It is also possible to
3505:Fidel Castro and dairy
3469:Plastic milk container
2991:Diseases and disorders
2800:Sexual differentiation
2302:10.1002/pmic.200500591
1975:10.1089/trgh.2017.0044
1859:10.1210/clinem/dgaa976
1809:10.1089/trgh.2017.0044
1753:Goldfarb L, Newman J.
1500:Wilson-Clay B (1996).
1178:The Breastfeeding Book
501:paraventricular nuclei
492:
360:
352:
344:
195:(the second and third
173:
154:lactational amenorrhea
42:
27:
3023:Premature ejaculation
3018:Hard flaccid syndrome
2688:Human sexual activity
2073:10.1093/molbev/msj064
1632:10.1007/s001140050356
1581:10.1542/peds.67.4.565
1425:Mohrbacher N (2010).
1252:10.1542/peds.81.6.815
890:Lactation suppression
722:Further information:
716:Further information:
490:
358:
350:
342:
171:
33:
22:
3013:Erectile dysfunction
2249:(Pt 22): 3787–3795.
1020:on January 14, 2021.
588:posterolateral tract
477:Milk ejection reflex
390:Secretory Activation
380:Secretory activation
318:milk ejection reflex
182:Lactation consultant
121:milk let-down reflex
119:is critical for the
2792:reproductive system
2780:Vaginal lubrication
2558:sexual reproduction
2476:2018Sci...362.1052C
2470:(6418): 1052–1055.
1778:Scientific American
1675:1991Natur.351..660C
1624:1997NW.....84...95K
1510:on 9 February 2010.
1454:. Random House NZ.
1429:. Hale Publishing.
998:on 14 January 2021.
836:, an ant-mimicking
825:Diploptera punctata
635:myoepithelial cells
616:posterior pituitary
580:spinothalamic tract
521:myoepithelial cells
262:luteinizing hormone
187:Hormonal influences
133:hyperprolactinaemia
2790:Development of the
2701:Sexual intercourse
2256:10.1242/jeb.042929
1963:Transgender Health
1852:(5): e2047–e2052.
1797:Transgender Health
1759:www.asklenore.info
1382:Journal of Anatomy
1148:10.1113/eph8702327
942:Journal of Biology
690:(as distinct from
596:supraoptic nucleus
584:intercostal nerves
505:supraoptic nucleus
493:
361:
353:
345:
238:insulin resistance
174:
43:
28:
3588:Animal physiology
3575:
3574:
3434:Glass milk bottle
3036:
3035:
2805:Sexual dimorphism
2770:Postpartum period
1669:(6328): 660–662.
1503:Induced Lactation
1486:978-0-323-04414-1
1475:Goljan E (2007).
1461:978-1-86941-713-0
1436:978-0-9845039-0-2
1189:978-0-316-77924-1
1182:. Little, Brown.
1115:978-0-912500-92-8
1042:978-1-4214-2042-4
1014:berryemporium.com
700:transgender women
686:Rare accounts of
34:Lactating female
3635:
3565:
3564:
3153:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3039:
2775:Mechanics of sex
2584:Follicular phase
2554:Human physiology
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2378:(8): 1236–1242.
2363:
2357:
2356:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2296:(7): 2251–2258.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2221:web.stanford.edu
2213:
2207:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2008:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1820:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1683:10.1038/351660a0
1658:
1652:
1651:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1181:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1016:. Archived from
1006:
1000:
999:
994:. Archived from
992:sites.google.com
984:
978:
977:
967:
957:
955:10.1186/jbiol139
933:
895:Erotic lactation
572:mechanoreceptors
412:immunoglobulin A
330:induce lactation
3643:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3598:Exocrine system
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3553:
3483:
3474:Square milk jug
3417:
3297:
3154:
3145:
3072:
3067:
3037:
3032:
2986:
2963:
2930:
2903:and infertility
2902:
2895:
2872:
2791:
2784:
2682:
2612:Spermatogenesis
2598:
2566:Menstrual cycle
2560:
2551:
2506:
2504:Further reading
2501:
2456:
2452:
2413:
2409:
2364:
2360:
2329:
2325:
2286:
2282:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2179:
2175:
2136:
2132:
2093:
2089:
2052:
2048:
2009:
2000:
1955:
1951:
1943:TheGuardian.com
1934:
1930:
1887:
1883:
1838:
1834:
1789:
1785:
1772:Swaminathan N.
1770:
1766:
1751:
1747:
1710:
1706:
1659:
1655:
1608:
1604:
1565:
1558:
1519:
1515:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1450:Fray K (2005).
1448:
1444:
1437:
1423:
1419:
1374:
1370:
1347:
1343:
1320:
1316:
1279:
1275:
1236:
1232:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1168:
1164:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1102:
1093:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1025:
1008:
1007:
1003:
986:
985:
981:
934:
927:
923:
851:
774:
726:
720:
714:
681:sexual purposes
657:
643:
568:
545:let-down reflex
513:pituitary gland
485:
479:
458:premature birth
442:not feeding or
428:after the birth
420:
382:
366:
282:glucocorticoids
242:tight junctions
189:
184:
166:
141:
123:in response to
95:Dayak fruit bat
93:of mammal, the
17:
12:
11:
5:
3641:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3549:World Milk Day
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Sexual arousal
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2617:spermatogonium
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2450:
2407:
2358:
2323:
2280:
2226:
2208:
2173:
2146:(2): 105–120.
2130:
2103:(3): 253–266.
2087:
2066:(3): 587–597.
2046:
2019:(3): 225–252.
1998:
1949:
1928:
1901:(3): 488–494.
1881:
1832:
1783:
1764:
1745:
1724:(4): 213–216.
1704:
1653:
1602:
1575:(4): 565–569.
1556:
1513:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1388:(6): 525–534.
1368:
1357:(6): 885–892.
1341:
1330:(3): 391–400.
1314:
1293:(2): 209–220.
1273:
1246:(6): 815–820.
1230:
1211:(5): 483–485.
1195:
1188:
1162:
1141:(2): 207–214.
1121:
1114:
1091:
1064:(3): 291–298.
1048:
1041:
1023:
1001:
979:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:Male lactation
867:
862:
857:
855:Lactation room
850:
847:
838:jumping spider
773:
770:
729:Charles Darwin
713:
710:
688:male lactation
656:
653:
642:
639:
628:Herring bodies
567:
564:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
447:
419:
416:
381:
378:
365:
362:
326:
325:
304:contracts the
299:
289:
275:
272:Growth hormone
269:
255:
245:
230:
223:
207:system in the
188:
185:
165:
162:
140:
137:
109:Galactopoiesis
99:Southeast Asia
62:female mammals
54:mammary glands
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3640:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Breastfeeding
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3515:Breastfeeding
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Milk delivery
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:Crème fraîche
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3293:Ultrafiltered
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2959:Breastfeeding
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:Fertilization
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:Gametogenesis
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2517:
2516:New Scientist
2513:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2399:
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2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:10026.1/12620
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:(3): 95–104.
1617:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1496:
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1482:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
997:
993:
989:
983:
975:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
930:
925:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
905:Roman charity
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:Breastfeeding
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
846:
844:
839:
835:
834:
833:Toxeus magnus
829:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
802:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
749:
746:
740:
738:
734:
733:brood pouches
730:
725:
719:
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
677:
674:
670:
664:
662:
652:
650:
648:
638:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:neurophysin I
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
560:breast trauma
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
541:milk ejection
539:leads to the
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
484:
471:
468:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
448:
445:
441:
440:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
422:The hormonal
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
357:
349:
341:
337:
335:
334:galactagogues
331:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:smooth muscle
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
234:
231:
227:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
183:
179:
178:Breastfeeding
170:
161:
159:
158:birth spacing
155:
151:
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
104:
103:male function
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:; except for
84:
79:
77:
73:
72:
71:breastfeeding
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
38:with visible
37:
32:
25:
21:
3509:
2953:
2863:Paternal age
2859:Maternal age
2832:Tanner scale
2815:Virilization
2810:Feminization
2760:Implantation
2746:Insemination
2730:Ejaculation
2706:Masturbation
2622:spermatocyte
2594:Luteal phase
2579:Menstruation
2515:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2423:(2): 67–77.
2420:
2416:
2410:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2339:(1): 18–28.
2336:
2332:
2326:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2246:
2242:
2220:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2016:
2012:
1969:(1): 24–26.
1966:
1962:
1952:
1941:
1931:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1835:
1803:(1): 24–26.
1800:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1767:
1758:
1748:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1572:
1568:
1529:(1): 35–39.
1526:
1522:
1516:
1508:the original
1502:
1495:
1476:
1470:
1451:
1445:
1426:
1420:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1177:
1165:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1105:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1032:
1026:
1018:the original
1013:
1004:
996:the original
991:
982:
945:
941:
860:Galactogogue
843:trophic eggs
831:
830:
823:
816:tsetse flies
809:
800:
794:
775:
750:
741:
727:
704:
692:galactorrhea
685:
678:
665:
658:
651:
646:
644:
632:
612:pars nervosa
608:infundibulum
604:hypothalamus
569:
553:
544:
540:
529:
509:hypothalamus
494:
446:often enough
436:
421:
402:
398:
394:
389:
383:
369:
367:
327:
321:
317:
216:Progesterone
190:
152:(in humans,
142:
129:Galactorrhea
120:
108:
107:
80:
76:witch's milk
69:
65:
45:
44:
3623:Breast milk
3449:Milk carton
3253:Pasteurized
3008:Dyspareunia
3003:Dysorgasmia
2949:Development
2217:"Bird Milk"
2189:: 213–238.
801:Symphysodon
797:discus fish
782:columbiform
706:Domperidone
673:domperidone
669:Jack Newman
525:conditioned
515:to produce
280:(ACTH) and
150:infertility
3582:Categories
3479:Tetra Brik
3459:Milk crate
3454:Milk churn
3429:Bag-in-box
3422:Containers
3391:Sour cream
3319:Buttermilk
3231:Watermelon
3221:Strawberry
3186:Evaporated
3176:Carbonated
3028:Vaginismus
2998:Anorgasmia
2852:Adrenarche
2847:Spermarche
2827:Gonadarche
2290:Proteomics
1569:Pediatrics
1240:Pediatrics
921:References
758:metatheria
754:monotremes
745:therapsids
661:wet nurses
647:afterpains
641:Afterpains
481:See also:
408:antibodies
294:(TSH) and
264:(LH), and
197:trimesters
176:See also:
87:monotremes
3510:Lactation
3381:Milkshake
3349:Ice cream
3206:Chocolate
3181:Condensed
3119:Colostrum
2954:Lactation
2944:Thelarche
2921:Andrology
2868:Menopause
2765:Pregnancy
2755:Fertility
2710:Erection
2666:Germ cell
2639:Oogenesis
2627:spermatid
2589:Ovulation
1923:258485541
1876:231755160
1523:Pituitary
1477:Pathology
1170:Sears M,
948:(4): 37.
915:Crop milk
910:Pregnancy
865:Milk line
820:cockroach
786:flamingos
778:crop milk
766:odontodes
737:synapsids
712:Evolution
432:autocrine
424:endocrine
404:Colostrum
374:colostrum
233:Prolactin
205:milk duct
193:pregnancy
145:nutrition
113:prolactin
52:from the
46:Lactation
3567:Category
3534:Milkmaid
3527:Pipeline
3444:Milk bag
3366:Filmjölk
3354:Ice milk
3302:Products
3258:Powdered
3196:Flavored
2891:Vivipary
2861: /
2842:Menarche
2837:Pubarche
2719:Clitoral
2671:gonocyte
2644:oogonium
2574:Menarche
2494:30498127
2445:31048064
2437:15009119
2402:18647605
2353:19272315
2318:37973363
2310:16385477
2275:21037057
2160:23681303
2117:12751890
2082:16291999
2041:25806501
2033:12751889
1993:29372185
1915:37138506
1868:33513241
1827:29372185
1648:23240724
1597:12991397
1543:14674722
1412:15960763
1268:36906244
1174:(2000).
1157:11856965
1086:30817565
1078:10882312
974:19439024
849:See also
822:species
805:cichlids
790:penguins
762:eutheria
537:oxytocin
517:oxytocin
322:let-down
302:Oxytocin
286:cortisol
284:such as
252:placenta
226:Estrogen
201:hormones
125:suckling
117:Oxytocin
3539:Milkman
3522:Milking
3495:Allergy
3361:Jewelry
3339:Custard
3273:Skimmed
3268:Scalded
3248:Organic
3238:Haymilk
3226:Vanilla
3124:Newborn
3084:Buffalo
2926:Hormone
2822:Puberty
2472:Bibcode
2464:Science
2393:2613686
2203:8527218
2168:6608975
2125:8319185
1984:5779241
1818:5779241
1740:9283123
1699:4336672
1691:2052092
1671:Bibcode
1640:9112240
1620:Bibcode
1589:6789296
1551:1335211
1403:1571528
1363:1010088
1309:8471241
1260:3368280
1225:3984973
1172:Sears W
965:2688910
614:of the
602:in the
576:areolar
556:surgery
507:in the
444:pumping
308:of the
260:(FSH),
220:alveoli
209:breasts
139:Purpose
91:species
66:nursing
26:nursing
24:Kittens
3603:Glands
3488:Topics
3413:Yogurt
3324:Cheese
3314:Butter
3278:Soured
3243:Malted
3216:Papaya
3211:Coffee
3191:Filled
3099:Donkey
3077:Source
2982:Female
2936:Breast
2739:Female
2726:Orgasm
2714:Penile
2676:gamete
2649:oocyte
2492:
2443:
2435:
2400:
2390:
2351:
2316:
2308:
2273:
2201:
2166:
2158:
2123:
2115:
2080:
2039:
2031:
1991:
1981:
1921:
1913:
1874:
1866:
1825:
1815:
1738:
1697:
1689:
1663:Nature
1646:
1638:
1595:
1587:
1549:
1541:
1483:
1458:
1433:
1410:
1400:
1361:
1336:863036
1334:
1307:
1266:
1258:
1223:
1186:
1155:
1112:
1084:
1076:
1039:
972:
962:
533:Stress
497:nipple
314:orgasm
310:uterus
58:mother
36:coyote
3500:Dairy
3376:Kumis
3371:Kefir
3329:Cream
3309:Ayran
3283:Toned
3201:Anise
3171:Baked
3159:Types
3141:Sheep
3131:Moose
3114:Human
3109:Horse
3089:Camel
2654:ootid
2632:sperm
2441:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2164:S2CID
2121:S2CID
2037:S2CID
1919:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1644:S2CID
1593:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1264:S2CID
1082:S2CID
875:Udder
386:birth
320:, or
164:Human
97:from
83:teats
40:teats
3613:Milk
3408:Ymer
3403:Whey
3386:Skyr
3344:Ghee
3334:Curd
3104:Goat
3070:Milk
2977:Male
2886:Ovum
2734:Male
2659:ovum
2490:PMID
2433:PMID
2398:PMID
2349:PMID
2306:PMID
2271:PMID
2199:PMID
2156:PMID
2113:PMID
2078:PMID
2029:PMID
1989:PMID
1911:PMID
1864:PMID
1823:PMID
1736:PMID
1687:PMID
1636:PMID
1585:PMID
1539:PMID
1481:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1408:PMID
1359:PMID
1332:PMID
1305:PMID
1256:PMID
1221:PMID
1184:ISBN
1153:PMID
1110:ISBN
1074:PMID
1037:ISBN
970:PMID
795:The
788:and
760:and
610:and
598:and
503:and
180:and
50:milk
3439:Jug
3288:UHT
3263:Raw
3136:Pig
3094:Cow
2878:Egg
2556:of
2480:doi
2468:362
2425:doi
2388:PMC
2380:doi
2341:doi
2337:153
2298:doi
2261:hdl
2251:doi
2247:213
2191:doi
2148:doi
2105:doi
2068:doi
2021:doi
1979:PMC
1971:doi
1903:doi
1854:doi
1850:106
1813:PMC
1805:doi
1726:doi
1679:doi
1667:351
1628:doi
1577:doi
1531:doi
1398:PMC
1390:doi
1386:206
1295:doi
1248:doi
1213:doi
1209:139
1143:doi
1066:doi
960:PMC
950:doi
780:of
543:or
384:At
3584::
3166:A2
2753:/
2514:.
2488:.
2478:.
2466:.
2462:.
2439:.
2431:.
2419:.
2396:.
2386:.
2376:54
2374:.
2370:.
2347:.
2335:.
2312:.
2304:.
2292:.
2269:.
2259:.
2245:.
2241:.
2229:^
2219:.
2197:.
2187:15
2185:.
2162:.
2154:.
2144:18
2142:.
2119:.
2111:.
2099:.
2076:.
2064:23
2062:.
2058:.
2035:.
2027:.
2015:.
2001:^
1987:.
1977:.
1965:.
1961:.
1940:.
1917:.
1909:.
1899:39
1897:.
1893:.
1870:.
1862:.
1848:.
1844:.
1821:.
1811:.
1799:.
1795:.
1776:.
1757:.
1734:.
1722:43
1720:.
1716:.
1693:.
1685:.
1677:.
1665:.
1642:.
1634:.
1626:.
1616:84
1614:.
1591:.
1583:.
1573:67
1571:.
1559:^
1545:.
1537:.
1525:.
1406:.
1396:.
1384:.
1380:.
1355:62
1353:.
1328:63
1326:.
1303:.
1291:78
1289:.
1285:.
1262:.
1254:.
1244:81
1242:.
1219:.
1207:.
1151:.
1139:87
1137:.
1133:.
1094:^
1080:.
1072:.
1060:.
1012:.
990:.
968:.
958:.
944:.
940:.
928:^
845:.
807:.
768:.
739:.
683:.
392:.
211::
135:.
127:.
115:.
105:.
78:.
3062:e
3055:t
3048:v
2546:e
2539:t
2532:v
2518:.
2496:.
2482::
2474::
2447:.
2427::
2421:6
2404:.
2382::
2355:.
2343::
2320:.
2300::
2294:6
2277:.
2263::
2253::
2223:.
2205:.
2193::
2170:.
2150::
2127:.
2107::
2101:7
2084:.
2070::
2043:.
2023::
2017:7
1995:.
1973::
1967:3
1946:.
1925:.
1905::
1878:.
1856::
1829:.
1807::
1801:3
1780:.
1761:.
1742:.
1728::
1701:.
1681::
1673::
1650:.
1630::
1622::
1599:.
1579::
1553:.
1533::
1527:6
1489:.
1464:.
1439:.
1414:.
1392::
1365:.
1338:.
1311:.
1297::
1270:.
1250::
1227:.
1215::
1192:.
1159:.
1145::
1118:.
1088:.
1068::
1062:2
1045:.
976:.
952::
946:8
799:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
