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been forced to give up the traditional
Southern male prerogatives of "slaveownership and regional dominance" could now "reconstruct" and "valorize themselves by honoring the greater sacrifice of the Confederate Dead." Thus, their function was therapeutic in respect to the psychological trauma suffered as a result of the Confederacy's loss; at the same time, while "ostensibly apolitical", they acted on public policy by "advancing and refining the Confederate tradition and reinforcing the political and social hierarchy they believed in. ... these women accomplished what their overtly political men could not. Remaining above the political fray yet skillfully navigating difficult political situations, they repeatedly gained state support in establishing their version of history as the official public memory." The promotion of public commemoration and the establishment of a Confederate memory by organizations such as the LMAs took place in a world in which the now-public presence of African Americans caused great anxiety, suggesting, according to some scholars, a "more purposeful strategy of racism". While much credit is usually given to the
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20:
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157:. Mary Dunbar Williams of Winchester organized a group of women to give proper burial to Confederate dead whose bodies were found in the countryside, and to decorate those graves annually. In the summer of 1865, the Winchester women appealed in newspapers for financial aid and soon money began pouring in for the Winchester cemetery. Alabamians, following an appeal by a
173:. The history of the Montgomery LMA indicates that these organizations were part of a broader movement: it built on the work of individuals and "Ladies Aid Organizations" done during the war, and was given extra impetus by the formation (by gentlemen of the city) of a historical society (toward the end of 1865) and the news from other states (
211:: "the statue of the soldier is of bronze, a Confederate soldier, six foot high, 'accountred as a private of infantry, a full cartridge box, lightly filled haversack, rolled blanket, canteen and old slouch hat' that in the days gone by waved the measure of the yell of 'Johnny Reb.'--the fiercest war-cry that ever smote a foeman's ear."
181:) of the formation of women's associations in early 1866. After an emotional plea in the paper, "the women of Montgomery, in answer to this call, filled the sacred halls of the old Court Street Methodist Church on that beautiful Monday morning on the sixteenth day of April, eighteen-hundred and sixty-six!"
308:
While LMAs provided an opportunity for
Southern white women to express their dedication to the Lost Cause and at the same time allowed those women to organize in ways did not threaten the male establishment, they also helped resurrect Southern masculinity, according to LeeAnn Whites: the men who had
266:
without being treasonous to the US government. Women in the LMAs, according to Janney, "expand on two trends that had developed during the war: the creation of an organized womanhood among southern white women and a sense of white southern solidarity among ex-Confederates." LMAs, along with other
290:
To future generations of the people of the South and to the sons and daughters of the women of the
Confederacy, who first banded themselves together in memorial work, may this Confederation carry its messages and legacy of devotion to the memory of a Cause and the heroes who fought for it, the
128:. Between 1865 and 1900, these associations were a formidable force in Southern culture, establishing cemeteries and raising large monuments often in very conspicuous places, and helped unite white Southerners in an ideology at once therapeutic and political.
270:
The popularity of these organizations was helped by what was perceived as a lack of respect on the US government's part for
Southern dead. Starting in 1866, scouts were sent out from the North to retrieve Union soldiers' bodies for burial in
233:
as corresponding secretary. Mrs. Williams wrote a letter urging
Southern women to come together on April 26, 1866, to decorate the graves of Confederate soldiers with flowers. The letter was printed in newspapers across the south. In
313:(UDC) for "transform military defeat into a political and cultural victory, where states' rights and white supremacy remained intact", authors such as Janney have argued that LMAs did so long before the UDC was founded in 1894.
229:. reorganized themselves into the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus. They elected Evelyn Carter as president; Margaret Ware, first Vice President; Mrs J. A. McAllister, second Vice President; Martha Patten, Treasurer and
1063:
526:"Robert Beath, The Grand Army blue-book containing the rules and regulations of the Grand Army of the Republic and decisions and opinions thereon... Philadelphia: Grand Army of the Republic, 1884, p. 118"
267:
women's organizations, also aided in the care for and repatriation of
Confederate veterans. The movement for which they provided the first impetus is referred to as the "Confederate Memorial movement".
262:
Because they were women's organizations, and since women were generally considered to be non-political beings, Southerners soon saw the benefit of these organizations, which were able to propagate the
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169:) was opened in 1866. Within a year, according to Caroline Janney, seventy such organizations had been founded throughout the South. Another early cemetery was established by the LMA of
1860:
162:
275:, from which Confederate soldiers were excluded. Other cities soon followed Winchester's example and many chapters are still active, such as in Montgomery (founded 1866) and
2241:
1033:
218:, Laura Rutherford had headed a soldier's aid society. After the end of the Civil War, she converted that into a chapter of the LMA. When she died in 1888, her daughter,
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holiday in the United States was inaugurated. It takes its name from the Ladies
Memorial Associations that organized the observances. Two years later, on May 5, 1868,
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honor. Their immediate goal, of providing decent burial for soldiers, was joined with the desire to commemorate the sacrifices of
Southerners and to propagate the
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1933:
254:. The May 30 holiday was commonly known as both Decoration Day and Memorial Day. The GAR officially adopted the name Memorial Day at their 1882 encampment.
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286:, where officers for a national organization were chosen. Their historian, Margaret Cary Green Davis, outlined the goals of the association thusly:
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250:(GAR), commanded all posts across the country to decorate Union graves with flowers on May 30. Thereafter, the April holiday became known as
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723:"'A Strong Force of Ladies': Women, Politics, and Confederate Memorial Associations in Nineteenth-Century Raleigh"
2015:
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In May 1900, the different memorial associations of all the
Southern states had their first national meeting, in
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1985:
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In
Kentucky, the Cynthiana Confederate Monument Association raised the funds for designing and installing the
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238:, Bellware and Gardiner showed just how widely the letter was published. The ladies responded and the
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821:"'The Right to Love and to Mourn': The Origins of Virginia's Ladies Memorial Associations, 1865–1867"
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The first Ladies' Memorial Association (LMA) sprang up immediately after the end of the Civil War in
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and erected in 1898. Monuments built by LMAs (on cemeteries) often included sculptures symbolizing
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The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery, Alabama: its origin and organization, 1860–1870
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120:. Typically, these were organizations by and for women, whose goal was to raise monuments in
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783:"Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928) The redefinition of New South White Womanhood"
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Burying the Dead But Not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause
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A Ladies Memorial Association festival in Central City Park, Macon, Georgia c. 1877
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Daughters of the Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
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Monuments to the Lost Cause: Women, Art, and the Landscapes of Southern Memory
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633:"Ladies' Memorial Association and the Fredericksburg Confederate Cemetery"
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609:. The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery. 2009. Archived from
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Crucible of the Civil War: Virginia from Secession to Commemoration
475:"History of Confederated Memorial Associations of the South p. 123"
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Chicago and Northern District Association of Colored Women's Clubs
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History of the Confederated Memorial Associations of the South ...
112:) is a type of organization for women that sprang up all over the
1802:
757:
Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States
24:
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The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860–1890
1861:
Federation of Women's Clubs for Oklahoma and Indian Territories
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in 1869. It was the first Confederate monument of over sixty
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
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First National Conference of the Colored Women of America
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on the grounds of the Alabama State Capitol, designed by
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The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery, Alabama
831:, Andrew J. Torget. U of Virginia P. pp. 165–88.
1929:
General Federation of Women's Clubs of South Carolina
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Mississippi State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1233:
California State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
140:
Confederate Memorial Monument in Montgomery, Alabama
881:Confederated Southern Memorial Association (1904).
725:. In Cynthia Mills, Pamela Hemenway Simpson (ed.).
1934:South Carolina Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
236:The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America
1459:Indiana State Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1099:National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
2242:Women's organizations based in the United States
2228:
1501:Topeka Council of Colored Women's Clubs Building
785:. In Ann Short Chirhart & Betty Wood (ed.).
654:History of the Confederate Memorial Associations
607:"The Ladies' Memorial Association of Montgomery"
449:History of the Confederate Memorial Associations
195:In Montgomery, the LMA raised $ 10,000 for the
1029:Associated Daughters of Early American Witches
930:The Genesis of the Memorial Holiday In America
502:Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America
363:"Mount Hebron Cemetery – Winchester, Virginia"
161:newspaper, were significant contributors, and
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1856:Oklahoma Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
652:Confederated Southern Memorial Association,
447:Confederated Southern Memorial Association,
225:In early 1866, the Soldiers' Aid Society of
928:Bellware, Daniel; Richard Gardiner (2014).
549:
547:
291:Deathless Dead of the Southern Confederacy.
72:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2237:Cultural history of the American Civil War
1585:Colored Female Religious and Moral Society
988:
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222:became president for life of the chapter.
16:Women's organization in the American South
753:"Civil War Remembrance as Reconstruction"
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
1773:Empire State Federation of Women's Clubs
1621:Ladies' Library Association of Kalamazoo
1480:Iowa Federation of Colored Women's Clubs
1019:American Association of University Women
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190:American Civil War monuments in Kentucky
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1653:Mississippi Federation of Women's Clubs
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422:Napier, Cameron Freeman (4 May 2009).
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1590:New England Woman's Press Association
1144:Women's Joint Congressional Committee
1104:National Society of New England Women
1089:National Association of Colored Women
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750:
1522:Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs
1054:Daughters of the American Revolution
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787:Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times
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70:adding citations to reliable sources
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1559:Maryland Woman Suffrage Association
1154:Young Women's Christian Association
1124:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1069:General Federation of Women's Clubs
1049:Daughters of the American Colonists
667:The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender
581:The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender
311:United Daughters of the Confederacy
153:, which had suffered significantly
13:
1981:Texas Association of Women's Clubs
1976:Daughters of the Republic of Texas
1554:Woman's Literary Club of Baltimore
1134:Women's Christian Temperance Union
14:
2263:
2001:Dallas Equal Suffrage Association
1996:Texas Federation of Women's Clubs
1139:Women's National Republican Club
947:
594:Burying the Dead But Not the Past
568:Burying the Dead But Not the Past
555:Burying the Dead But Not the Past
384:Burying the Dead But Not the Past
350:Burying the Dead But Not the Past
186:Confederate Monument in Cynthiana
1991:Texas Equal Suffrage Association
1793:Equal Suffrage League (Brooklyn)
1094:National Council of Jewish Women
808:Cory, Marylou Armstrong (1902).
706:"The Right to Love and to Mourn"
42:
2252:Organizations based in Kentucky
1438:Frederick Douglass Woman's Club
1119:United States Daughters of 1812
956:on the Encyclopedia of Virginia
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273:United States National Cemetery
1986:Texas Equal Rights Association
1170:Alabama's Colored Women's Club
962:on the Encyclopedia of Alabama
954:"Ladies Memorial Associations"
759:. Oxford UP. pp. 206–20.
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163:Stonewall Cemetery, Winchester
23:Presidents of local LMAs from
1:
2247:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
960:"Ladies Memorial Association"
932:. Columbus State University.
721:Bishir, Catherine W. (2003).
424:"Ladies Memorial Association"
328:
264:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
197:Confederate Memorial Monument
126:Lost Cause of the Confederacy
1798:Newswomen's Club of New York
1273:Hollywood Women's Press Club
1079:Ladies' Memorial Association
853:Janney, Caroline E. (2008).
823:. In Edward L. Ayers (ed.).
819:Janney, Caroline E. (2006).
412:, pp. 25–47; quote on p. 47.
246:, Commander-in-Chief of the
106:Ladies' Memorial Association
7:
1059:Daughters of the Cincinnati
1039:Colonial Dames XVII Century
791:University of Georgia Press
680:Monuments to the Lost Cause
397:Monuments to the Lost Cause
316:
171:Wake County, North Carolina
10:
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2085:University Club of Seattle
2040:Daughters of Utah Pioneers
1371:Atlanta Neighborhood Union
1149:Women's Trade Union League
1114:Queen Isabella Association
248:Grand Army of the Republic
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859:. U of North Carolina P.
751:Brown, Thomas J. (2006).
500:Bellware, Daniel (2014).
257:
1595:New England Women's Club
277:Fredericksburg, Virginia
252:Confederate Memorial Day
220:Mildred Lewis Rutherford
1024:American Woman's League
900:Whites, LeeAnn (2000).
428:Encyclopedia of Alabama
116:in the years after the
1580:College Club of Boston
1506:Woman's Club of Topeka
1433:Fortnightly of Chicago
1084:League of Women Voters
814:. Alabama Printing Co.
305:
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35:
2212:List of women's clubs
2201:List of women's clubs
1882:Colored Women's Clubs
1778:Brooklyn Woman's Club
1605:Saturday Morning Club
1129:United Order of Tents
1109:Phillis Wheatley Club
303:
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1955:Country Woman's Club
1428:Chicago Woman's Club
1376:Atlanta Woman's Club
1248:College Women's Club
999:in the United States
793:. pp. 272–296.
781:Case, Sarah (2009).
729:. U of Tennessee P.
323:Confederate Monument
284:Louisville, Kentucky
209:Petersburg, Virginia
151:Winchester, Virginia
122:Confederate soldiers
66:improve this section
1407:Daughters of Hawaii
789:. Athens, Georgia:
296:Cultural importance
1238:Berkeley City Club
906:. U of Georgia P.
613:on 2 February 2011
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1950:19th Century Club
1908:Cosmopolitan Club
1808:Women's City Club
1788:Cosmopolitan Club
1690:20th Century Club
1293:Metropolitan Club
829:Gary W. Gallagher
231:Mary Ann Williams
167:Stonewall Jackson
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51:This section
49:
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40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2161:
2151:Publications
2054:Mount Vernon
1913:Plastic Club
1901:Pennsylvania
1674:East Glacier
1078:
929:
917:. Retrieved
902:
889:. Retrieved
883:
870:. Retrieved
855:
842:. Retrieved
824:
810:
786:
770:. Retrieved
756:
740:. Retrieved
726:
715:Bibliography
705:
700:
692:
687:
679:
674:
666:
661:
653:
648:
636:. Retrieved
627:
615:. Retrieved
611:the original
601:
596:, pp. 45–46.
593:
588:
580:
575:
567:
562:
554:
534:. Retrieved
530:Google Books
529:
520:
501:
495:
483:. Retrieved
479:Google Books
478:
469:
461:
456:
448:
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431:. Retrieved
417:
409:
404:
396:
391:
386:, pp. 43–44.
383:
378:
366:. Retrieved
357:
349:
307:
289:
281:
269:
261:
240:Memorial Day
235:
227:Columbus, Ga
224:
213:
194:
183:
148:
109:
105:
103:
88:
79:
64:Please help
52:
2177:Conventions
2026:San Antonio
2021:Lyceum Club
1783:Colony Club
1757:Silver City
1706:Kalmia Club
1646:Mississippi
1263:Ebell of LA
1202:Casa Grande
175:Mississippi
2231:Categories
2063:Washington
2011:Fort Worth
1752:Las Cruces
1742:Alamogordo
1735:New Mexico
1721:Rutherford
1711:Morristown
1699:New Jersey
1637:Saint Paul
1485:Des Moines
1324:Wilmington
1226:California
1012:Nationwide
919:24 January
891:24 January
872:24 January
844:26 January
772:26 January
742:26 January
638:24 January
617:24 January
433:24 January
368:24 January
329:References
205:Johnny Reb
159:Montgomery
2101:Wauwatosa
2094:Wisconsin
1943:Tennessee
1892:Town Club
1824:Charlotte
1747:Carrizozo
1630:Minnesota
1531:Louisiana
1464:Vincennes
1340:Bradenton
1298:San Pedro
1186:Anchorage
708:, p. 184.
669:, p. 167.
583:, p. 165.
464:, p. 282.
451:, p. 290.
53:does not
2075:Longview
2070:Kirkland
2047:Virginia
1849:Oklahoma
1766:New York
1716:Red Bank
1614:Michigan
1547:Maryland
1538:Era Club
1515:Kentucky
1416:Illinois
1391:Tennille
1386:Demorest
1312:Delaware
1278:La Jolla
1207:Glendale
704:Janney,
682:, p. 23.
678:Bishir,
665:Whites,
656:, p. 31.
592:Janney,
579:Whites,
570:, p. 43.
566:Janney,
557:, p. 40.
553:Janney,
536:March 9,
485:March 9,
395:Bishir,
382:Janney,
352:, p. 39.
348:Janney,
317:See also
279:(1870).
82:May 2021
2110:Wyoming
2080:Olympia
2006:El Paso
1877:Ashland
1803:Sorosis
1667:Montana
1575:Chilton
1452:Indiana
1364:Georgia
1333:Florida
1319:Milford
1283:Lincoln
1217:Willcox
1195:Arizona
1163:Alabama
691:Brown,
399:, p. 3.
145:Origins
132:History
74:removed
59:sources
29:Georgia
25:Alabama
2117:Casper
1887:Dundee
1870:Oregon
1840:Dayton
1683:Nevada
1494:Kansas
1400:Hawaii
1381:Dawson
1253:Corona
1179:Alaska
936:
910:
863:
835:
797:
763:
733:
532:. 1884
508:
481:. 1904
460:Case,
408:Cory,
258:Growth
31:, and
1969:Texas
1355:Miami
1345:Davie
1005:Clubs
334:Notes
179:Selma
2035:Utah
1833:Ohio
1473:Iowa
1212:Mesa
934:ISBN
921:2012
908:ISBN
893:2012
874:2012
861:ISBN
846:2012
833:ISBN
795:ISBN
774:2012
761:ISBN
744:2012
731:ISBN
640:2012
619:2012
538:2017
506:ISBN
487:2017
435:2012
370:2012
57:any
55:cite
214:In
110:LMA
68:by
2233::
827:.
755:.
546:^
528:.
504:.
477:.
426:.
341:^
192:.
104:A
27:,
989:e
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108:(
95:)
89:(
84:)
80:(
76:.
62:.
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