827:
909:
45:
682:
662:. This canal would increase the volume of water flowing into Lake Moeris from the Nile to more effectively irrigate the Faiyum basin, transforming it into a major agricultural center, and for its construction Amenemhat III would earn the Greek epithet of "King Moeris". In addition to its role as a freshwater reservoir, the lake was also used as part of a freight transport system; basalt blocks mined from a nearby quarry were conveyed to the lake via the
1862:
1272:
814:, much like Augustus, employed Roman soldiers to re-renovate the canals and dykes and the area became productive once again, though over time the systems would yet again be neglected and the Roman settlements would become defunct; the area is thought to have been mostly abandoned by the 5th century, with only a small area in the interior of the Faiyum basin remaining cultivated and inhabited through the remainder of the
702:
554:, the silt of the Nile valley accumulated enough for the flooding Nile to overflow into the Faiyum basin through the Hawara Channel, creating the ancient Lake Moeris; this earliest iteration of the lake was fed solely by subsequent, intermittent floods of the Nile, and is thought to have dried up entirely at the end of the
940:
appear to have weathered this trend. To prevent the collapse of the local fishing economy in the wake of changing environmental conditions, a variety of marine and salt-tolerant fish and crustacean species have been transplanted to the lake since the early 20th century, including
770:
constructed additional canals and levees, as well as a dam on the Bahr Yussef to regulate the inflow of the Nile, allowing for further settlement of the basin and increased grain production as the lake's waters receded and exposed new fertile soils. Numerous
783:. The impeded flow of the Nile into Lake Moeris following the construction of the dam would mark the beginning of the lake's gradual evaporative shrinkage, a process that would ultimately result in the diminished Lake Qarun of the modern era.
745:
to transform the lake into a freshwater reservoir left classical geographers and geographers such as
Herodotus with the impression that the lake itself was an artificial excavation – an interpretation not borne out by modern evidence.
766:. With this new governance and the concurrent influx of Greek and Macedonian colonists into Egypt, the Faiyum basin and Lake Moeris would be developed further to enhance its capacity as an agricultural center. The royal engineers of
965:. Introduced mullets and sole, along with the native tilapia, remain the largest commercial fisheries in Lake Qarun, but factors such as continued evaporation of the lake, increased pollution from agricultural runoff and invasive
234:
periods. The prehistoric Lake Moeris spanned much of the area of the modern Faiyum Oasis, with a total area estimated at between 1,270 km (490 sq mi) and 1,700 km (660 sq mi).
270:
periods, resulting in the Lake Qarun of the present day. The modern lake's surface is 43 m (141 ft) below sea-level, and covers about 202 km (78 sq mi).
2030:
790:, routine maintenance of this irrigation system had been neglected due to internal strife, causing croplands within the Faiyum to either dry up or become totally inundated. The
1990:
2075:
2025:
566:
suggest that the shores of Lake Moeris were inhabited by humans as far back as the Middle
Paleolithic. Other archaeological work in the Faiyum basin, particularly that of
688:
2070:
663:
1980:
2100:
604:
a permanent settlement, Shedet, had been erected on the high ground of the lake's southeastern bank; Shedet would go on to become the major cult center of the
1985:
806:. The revitalization of agriculture within the Faiyum was met with another wave of settlement and the area would see sustained productivity until the early
810:, when another civil war destabilized the region and the irrigation system once again fell into disrepair. Following this period of unrest the emperor
1877:
1282:
1955:
689:
654:
projects to free up portions of the lake interior for agricultural use, pushing the edge of the lake further outwards from Shedet. His grandson
1490:
1323:"Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt"
1213:
Wendrich, Willeke; Holdaway, Simon J. (2017). "Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum". In
Holdaway, Simon J.; Wendrich, Willeke (eds.).
697:
of notable monuments in the vicinity of the former Lake Moeris. The hatched area denotes land reclaimed by the kings of the
Twelfth Dynasty.
439:, and as the pharaoh responsible for its construction Amenemhat III was referred to by the Greeks as "King Moeris". During the time of
675:
1839:
686:
1886:
1287:
1846:(textbook) (1st ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business. Major Problem 2. Archived from
741:
to hypothesize that the lake was flooded when
Herodotus had visited the area. The immense waterworks undertaken by the kings of the
687:
258:
effectively severed Lake Moeris' direct connection to the Nile and began a gradual trend of recession that continued through the
539:
re-flooded at the end of the
Miocene, the Nile canyon became a gulf of the sea which extended inland to the site of present-day
363:
361:
370:
368:
366:
1948:
1661:
1582:
1474:
1434:
1153:
1101:
1082:
779:) preserve correspondence between engineers and administrators during this period of development, including the archive of
2146:
1964:
1519:
1498:
671:
685:
1677:
1224:
468:
2141:
1941:
254:
projects would see the lake exploited for agricultural purposes. Further drainage and reclamation during the early
531:
in the early 20th century, the consensus view remains that the basin itself emerged primarily as a consequence of
415:
1778:
Abdelmageed, Adel Ali.; Khalifa, Usama; Elsaied, Hosam E.; Hamouda, Amr Z.; El Gelani, Safaa S. (December 2022).
1216:
The Desert Fayum
Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt
296:
species disappearing from the lake, although a number of saltwater or otherwise salt-tolerant species have been
2151:
2045:
658:
would go on to commission an extensive excavation of the Hawara
Channel, creating the canal known today as the
543:. Over the course of geological time this inlet of the Mediterranean gradually filled with silt and became the
690:
2040:
527:
now sits. Although the mechanism of the Faiyum basin's creation was subject to some scholarly debate among
837:
In the present day, Lake Qarun serves as a wintering or nesting ground for nearly 88 different species of
464:
2126:
2080:
2090:
2035:
1873:
1840:"Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris"
1469:. IAHR monograph series. Madrid: IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research.
17:
1925:
508:
418:
730:(i.e., the modern city of Faiyum). Herodotus also states that two "pyramids" (interpreted to be the
2095:
2005:
742:
635:
605:
1177:
El-Serafy, Sabry S.; El-Haweet, Alaa El-Din A.; El-Ganiny, Azza A.; El-Far, Alaa M. (April 2014).
2136:
2131:
767:
631:
567:
339:
239:
93:
202 km (78 mi) – ancient area estimated between 1,270 km (490 mi) and 1,700 km (660 mi)
826:
1972:
1909:
908:
898:
289:
181:
1847:
666:, the oldest known paved road in the world. From the lake, the blocks could be shipped to the
1637:
1550:
714:
1919:
1750:
1178:
2105:
1704:
1381:
1334:
1179:"Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears , Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort"
942:
850:
601:
571:
389:
1903:
1077:. Blackwell history of the ancient world (1. publ ed.). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
562:. Stone flakes found along the margins of the Faiyum basin matching those produced by the
8:
2020:
1780:"Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective"
1656:. Proceedings of the British Academy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 107–122.
862:
842:
755:
731:
706:
563:
267:
1708:
1385:
1370:"The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin"
1338:
1728:
1671:
1524:
1405:
1133:
1050:
858:
723:
638:, who would rule from the Faiyum region following the move to the new royal capital of
551:
63:
44:
1801:
1720:
1657:
1652:
Thompson, Dorothy (1999). Bowman, Alan K.; Rogan, Eugene L.; British
Academy (eds.).
1578:
1470:
1430:
1397:
1350:
1322:
1252:
1220:
1149:
1078:
1042:
992:
890:
787:
763:
536:
532:
426:
255:
136:
897:. Lake Qarun's status as crucial bird habitat has led to its designation as both an
775:
recovered from
Ptolemaic-era sites in the Faiyum (often from waste papyrus used for
1791:
1712:
1608:
1574:
1389:
1342:
1190:
1141:
1105:
1034:
950:
937:
925:
886:
811:
651:
251:
208:
1602:
1598:
1256:
954:
882:
874:
780:
759:
738:
667:
575:
293:
1631:
1145:
1796:
1779:
1307:
846:
794:
would see the renovation of Lake Moeris' hydraulic works by Roman troops under
727:
455:
410:
281:
189:
75:
1346:
451:
2120:
2085:
2010:
1881:
1868:
1805:
1724:
1401:
1354:
1278:
1046:
958:
946:
878:
655:
440:
305:
297:
285:
1214:
431:
933:
870:
830:
803:
488:
330:
196:
1933:
630:
The first major manmade alterations to Lake Moeris would occur during the
611:, an association which would lead to the city receiving the Greek name of
300:
to bolster the local fishing economy; major fisheries in the area include
2065:
2060:
2050:
1219:. Los Angeles, CA: The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. p. 1.
966:
902:
894:
866:
854:
833:
and many other Eurasian water birds migrate to Lake Qarun for the winter.
815:
807:
799:
791:
659:
643:
555:
544:
445:
436:
323:
313:
309:
263:
259:
243:
227:
192:
1427:
The Cambridge ancient history. Vol. 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory
1249:
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt
1132:
El-Shabrawy, Gamal M.; Dumont, Henri J. (2009), Dumont, Henri J. (ed.),
857:
all gather at the lake to breed, while Eurasian winter migrants include
242:, excavation of the Hawara Channel to create the canal now known as the
2055:
1995:
1454:. London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
1409:
1369:
929:
838:
776:
749:
735:
647:
523:
which reached some 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) deep where the city of
320:
277:
219:
64:
1732:
1692:
1054:
1022:
1830:
1822:
1545:
1195:
928:
of most Nilotic fish species originally present in the lake, such as
921:
719:
694:
559:
528:
231:
1393:
969:
have caused fish catches to drop off sharply over the past decade.
226:
via the ancient Hawara Channel, fluctuating in level throughout the
49:
Satellite image of the Faiyum Oasis, with Lake Qarun in its interior
1716:
1038:
988:
917:
795:
540:
335:
247:
1867:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1467:
Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history
1140:, vol. 89, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 95–124,
1902:
1429:(3. ed., repr ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 2005.
1176:
772:
639:
512:
301:
274:
1777:
734:) stood in the middle of the lake, a claim that led the British
246:
increased the volume of inflow into Lake Moeris, and concurrent
2000:
1570:
624:
593:
581:
520:
480:
326:
215:
207:, which persists today at a fraction of its former size as the
1918:
1693:"Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt"
292:
under Egyptian law. Its high salinity has led to most Nilotic
1421:
1419:
962:
670:
to be used in the construction of temples and monuments. The
616:
608:
597:
524:
435:(lit. "Great Canal"). This name is likely a reference to the
204:
200:
1630:
701:
615:(Κροκοδειλόπολις, lit. "Crocodile City"), later rendered in
519:
flowed past the empty Faiyum basin at the bottom of a large
722:
claims to have visited Lake Moeris, situating it below the
516:
223:
1416:
1023:"Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land"
288:, and as such the lake and its surroundings constitute a
1301:
1247:
Negm, Abdelazim M.; Abdel-Fattah, Sommer, eds. (2018).
1449:
1068:
1066:
1064:
912:
Lake Qarun as seen from the Lake Qarun Protected Area
758:, Egypt came under the control of his former general
1844:
The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction
1654:
Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times
750:
Later Development: Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt
586:
Lake Moeris is first recorded from about 3000
1450:Caton-Thompson, Gertrude; Gardner, Elinor (1934).
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1096:
1094:
1061:
284:from more northerly latitudes use Lake Qarun as a
1465:Viollet, Pierre-Louis; Holly, Forrest M. (2007).
1183:Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries
1131:
2118:
1321:El Mahmoudi, Ahmed; Gabr, Amir (February 2009).
1246:
1212:
1172:
1170:
798:, thereby contributing to Egypt's status as the
1320:
1118:
1091:
684:
1072:
1949:
1744:
1742:
1310:: B.C. Scribe Publications. pp. 28, 145.
1167:
463:would later be transliterated into Coptic as
1890:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1629:Hyvernat, Eugène Xavier Louis Henri (1913).
1464:
1291:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
676:List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
582:Initial Development: Old and Middle Kingdoms
1963:
1208:
1206:
558:before reappearing at the beginning of the
409:The name "Lake Moeris" is derived from the
1956:
1942:
1739:
1520:"World's oldest paved road found in Egypt"
449:, a name derived from the Egyptian phrase
1795:
1567:Herodotus: Book II Commentary 99–182
1302:Lesko, L. H.; Lesko, B. S., eds. (2002).
1194:
1007:
924:of Lake Qarun has been implicated in the
762:, who would become the first king of the
1872:
1784:The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research
1651:
1628:
1277:
1203:
907:
873:, and a variety of duck species such as
825:
821:
700:
680:
1837:
1517:
1367:
792:annexation of Egypt as a Roman province
199:, 80 km (50 mi) southwest of
14:
2119:
1597:
1591:
983:
981:
957:, as well as multiple species of both
1937:
1748:
1564:
1544:
1020:
674:has entered the Quarry Road into its
574:, has recovered evidence of numerous
1690:
1641:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1134:"The Fayum Depression and Its Lakes"
188:, genitive Μοίριδος) was an ancient
1499:American Society of Civil Engineers
978:
24:
1518:Wilford, John Noble (8 May 1994).
443:, the lake was referred to as the
319:Lake Moeris lends its name to the
25:
2163:
1895:
1850:on 2008-01-13 – via bh.com.
1749:Fouda, Mostafa (March 26, 2012).
726:and opposite the ancient city of
222:it was fed intermittently by the
1860:
1758:Ramsar Sites Information Service
1635:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1270:
338:first described from the nearby
70:Nile River (via the Bahr Yussef)
43:
1771:
1684:
1645:
1622:
1558:
1538:
1511:
1483:
1458:
1443:
1361:
1314:
1295:
1027:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
334:, a distant relative of modern
27:Ancient endorheic lake in Egypt
1327:Arabian Journal of Geosciences
1306:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.).
1263:
1240:
312:. Lake Qarun was designated a
13:
1:
1676:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1304:A Dictionary of Late Egyptian
1073:Van de Mieroop, Marc (2011).
972:
502:
101:43 m (141 ft) below sea-level
345:
7:
1874:Griffith, Francis Llewellyn
1751:"Lake Qarun Protected Area"
1604:Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe
1368:Gardner, Elinor W. (1929).
1146:10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6
989:"Lake Qarun Protected Area"
600:). By the beginning of the
578:and Neolithic settlements.
10:
2168:
2147:Geography of ancient Egypt
2091:White Desert National Park
1815:
1797:10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001
1075:A history of ancient Egypt
1021:Hayes, William C. (1964).
497:
353:
185:
1971:
1491:"Lake Moeris Quarry Road"
1347:10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9
995:Sites Information Service
509:Messinian Salinity Crisis
479:), from which the modern
167:
159:
151:
147:Lake Qarun Protected Area
143:
134:
129:
125:
117:
109:
105:
97:
89:
85:
74:
62:
58:Faiyum Governorate, Egypt
54:
42:
37:
32:
2096:Gilf Kebir National Park
1838:Chanson, Hubert (1999).
1374:The Geographical Journal
487:) (and by extension the
298:introduced to its waters
2142:National parks of Egypt
2071:Wadi Degla Protectorate
1965:National Parks of Egypt
1926:The American Cyclopædia
1887:Encyclopædia Britannica
1691:Boak, A. E. R. (1926).
1565:Lloyd, Alan B. (1975).
1288:Encyclopædia Britannica
768:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
754:Following the death of
664:Lake Moeris Quarry Road
634:under the kings of the
627:now occupies the site.
568:Gertrude Caton-Thompson
340:Qasr el Sagha Formation
1910:Encyclopedia Americana
913:
834:
718:, the Greek historian
709:
698:
550:Sometime prior to the
2152:Ramsar sites in Egypt
1638:Catholic Encyclopedia
936:; a few species like
911:
899:Egyptian protectorate
829:
822:Ecology and Fisheries
704:
692:
623:. The modern city of
592:, around the time of
1831:University of Leuven
943:big-scale sand smelt
863:great crested grebes
843:Collared pratincoles
705:Ruins of one of the
572:Elinor Wight Gardner
195:lake located in the
1709:1926GeoRv..16..353B
1697:Geographical Review
1386:1929GeogJ..74..371G
1339:2009ArJG....2...53E
756:Alexander the Great
732:Pedestals of Biahmu
707:Pedestals of Biahmu
564:Levallois technique
2127:Faiyum Governorate
1525:The New York Times
914:
891:northern shovelers
851:Kittlitz's plovers
835:
786:By the end of the
724:Labyrinth of Egypt
710:
699:
552:Middle Paleolithic
459:(lit. "the Sea");
218:: بركة قارون). In
160:Reference no.
2114:
2113:
2046:Saluga and Ghazal
1663:978-0-19-726183-5
1584:978-90-04-07737-9
1476:978-90-78046-05-9
1436:978-0-521-07051-5
1253:Cham, Switzerland
1155:978-1-4020-9725-6
1084:978-1-4051-6070-4
967:cymothoid isopods
887:northern pintails
788:Ptolemaic Kingdom
764:Ptolemaic dynasty
407:
406:
378:
377:
374:
373:
256:Ptolemaic Kingdom
175:
174:
171:
170:
98:Surface elevation
16:(Redirected from
2159:
2031:Petrified Forest
1958:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1891:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1851:
1834:
1827:trismegistos.org
1810:
1809:
1799:
1775:
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1768:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1736:
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1675:
1667:
1649:
1643:
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1634:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1609:Field & Tuer
1595:
1589:
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1575:Brill Publishers
1562:
1556:
1555:
1542:
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1533:
1532:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:The Desert Fayum
1447:
1441:
1440:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1299:
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1267:
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1244:
1238:
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1235:
1233:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:10.12816/0011075
1174:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:Brown University
1098:
1089:
1088:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:
951:European seabass
938:redbelly tilapia
883:Eurasian wigeons
875:common shelducks
683:
652:land reclamation
591:
590:
358:
357:
354:
350:
349:
286:wintering ground
252:land reclamation
187:
127:
126:
66:
47:
30:
29:
21:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
1996:El Hassana Dome
1991:Ashtum El Gamil
1967:
1962:
1917:
1901:
1898:
1878:Moeris, Lake of
1861:
1859:
1823:"Fayum Project"
1821:
1818:
1813:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1689:
1685:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1650:
1646:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1577:. p. 126.
1563:
1559:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1394:10.2307/1784253
1366:
1362:
1319:
1315:
1300:
1296:
1283:Moeris, Lake of
1281:, ed. (1911). "
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:
1204:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1130:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1071:
1062:
1019:
1008:
998:
996:
987:
986:
979:
975:
955:gilt-head bream
916:The increasing
824:
781:Zenon of Kaunos
752:
743:Twelfth Dynasty
739:Flinders Petrie
691:
681:
668:Giza Necropolis
636:Twelfth Dynasty
613:Krokodeilópolis
588:
587:
584:
505:
500:
387:
369:
367:
362:
348:
294:freshwater fish
139:
78: countries
65:Primary inflows
50:
28:
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15:
12:
11:
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2132:Lakes of Egypt
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2018:
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1896:External links
1894:
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1882:Chisholm, Hugh
1857:
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1599:Petrie, W.M.F.
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621:Crocodīlopolis
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871:little egrets
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2106:Black Desert
2036:Ras Muhammad
2026:Nile Islands
2015:
1924:
1908:
1885:
1848:the original
1843:
1826:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1761:. Retrieved
1757:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1653:
1647:
1636:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1566:
1560:
1554:. 2.148–150.
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1523:
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1426:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1333:(1): 53–67.
1330:
1326:
1316:
1303:
1297:
1286:
1265:
1248:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1215:
1189:(2): 39–49.
1186:
1182:
1159:, retrieved
1137:
1109:. Retrieved
1074:
1030:
1026:
997:. Retrieved
934:Nile tilapia
915:
895:tufted ducks
859:black-necked
855:little terns
836:
804:Roman Empire
785:
753:
736:Egyptologist
713:
712:In his book
711:
629:
620:
612:
606:Egyptian god
585:
549:
535:. After the
533:wind erosion
511:of the late
506:
491:
484:
476:
472:
460:
450:
444:
430:
423:Limne Moeris
422:
414:
408:
383:
331:Moeritherium
329:
324:proboscidean
318:
273:A number of
272:
268:early modern
237:
211:
197:Faiyum Oasis
177:
176:
130:Designations
90:Surface area
2066:Wadi Allaqi
2051:Sannur Cave
1856:Attribution
926:extirpation
903:Ramsar site
839:water birds
816:Middle Ages
808:3rd century
800:breadbasket
660:Bahr Yussef
644:Senusret II
602:Old Kingdom
556:Paleolithic
545:Nile valley
507:During the
437:Bahr Yussef
429:place-name
390:hieroglyphs
314:Ramsar site
244:Bahr Yussef
238:During the
228:Paleolithic
209:hypersaline
178:Lake Moeris
155:4 June 2012
118:Settlements
38:Lake Moeris
2121:Categories
2056:Siwa Oasis
2016:Lake Qarun
2006:Gabal Elba
1614:October 4,
1531:2018-08-29
1504:2022-01-26
1161:2024-03-01
1111:2018-08-14
973:References
930:Nile perch
777:cartonnage
648:irrigation
646:initiated
529:geologists
503:Prehistory
278:water bird
220:prehistory
212:Lake Qarun
193:freshwater
152:Designated
33:Lake Qarun
18:Lake Qarun
2001:El Omayed
1981:Abu Galum
1876:(1911). "
1806:1687-4285
1763:March 18,
1725:0016-7428
1672:cite book
1551:Histories
1546:Herodotus
1402:0016-7398
1355:1866-7511
1232:April 20,
1047:0022-2968
922:turbidity
720:Herodotus
715:Histories
695:image map
560:Neolithic
489:romanized
485:el-Fayyūm
425:) of the
386:(Moeris)
346:Etymology
336:elephants
316:in 2012.
282:migrating
232:Neolithic
190:endorheic
1601:(1889).
1495:asce.org
1257:Springer
1138:The Nile
999:25 April
918:salinity
796:Augustus
541:Kom Ombo
427:Egyptian
280:species
275:Eurasian
264:medieval
248:drainage
55:Location
2101:Zaranik
1929:. 1879.
1913:. 1920.
1884:(ed.).
1871::
1816:Sources
1705:Bibcode
1410:1784253
1382:Bibcode
1335:Bibcode
847:Kentish
760:Ptolemy
640:Itjtawy
513:Miocene
498:History
384:mer-wer
321:extinct
302:tilapia
1986:Ahrash
1880:". In
1865:
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1733:208706
1731:
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959:mullet
901:and a
812:Probus
773:papyri
625:Faiyum
594:Narmer
521:canyon
515:, the
492:Faiyum
481:Arabic
473:epʰiom
416:Μοῖρῐς
327:mammal
306:mullet
216:Arabic
186:Μοῖρις
110:Frozen
2021:Nabaq
1754:(PDF)
1729:JSTOR
1406:JSTOR
1051:JSTOR
963:prawn
867:great
617:Latin
609:Sobek
598:Menes
525:Cairo
477:peiom
469:Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ
432:mr-wr
419:λίμνη
411:Greek
260:Roman
205:Egypt
201:Cairo
81:Egypt
76:Basin
2061:Taba
1802:ISSN
1765:2024
1721:ISSN
1678:link
1658:ISBN
1616:2022
1579:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1398:ISSN
1351:ISSN
1234:2023
1221:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1043:ISSN
1001:2018
961:and
953:and
932:and
920:and
893:and
869:and
861:and
853:and
849:and
672:ASCE
650:and
570:and
517:Nile
465:Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ
461:Piôm
446:Piôm
310:sole
308:and
266:and
250:and
230:and
224:Nile
163:2040
1792:doi
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