Lambeth Conference

1352:. It was finally decided, by a vote of 526–70, to pass a resolution (1.10) calling for a "listening process" but stating (in an amendment passed by a vote of 389–190) that "homosexual practice" (not necessarily orientation) is "incompatible with Scripture" and that the Conference "cannot advise the legitimising or blessing of same sex unions nor ordaining those involved in same gender unions". A subsequent public apology was issued to gay and lesbian Anglicans in a "Pastoral Statement" from 182 bishops worldwide, including eight primates (those of Brazil, Canada, Central Africa, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales), and an attempt was made at conciliation the following year in the form of the 721:

Convocation of the Province of York had changed its position and now supported the Conference idea. 108 of the 173 bishops accepted the invitation, although the actual attendance was a little smaller. The first gathering was in Canterbury Cathedral on St Peter's Day, 29 June. The bishops then moved Lambeth for the First Session on 2 July, after Holy Communion at which Tait presided and Thomson of York preached, the bishops gathered in the library. One half day was assigned to each of the six main agenda areas. The reports of the special committees (based in part upon those of the committee of 1867) were embodied in the

694:. It was agreed that the reports of the committees would be received at a final meeting on 10 December by those bishops still in England. On the final day, the bishops attended Holy Communion at Lambeth Parish Church at which Longley presided; Fulford of Montreal, one of the instigators of the original request, preached. No one session of the conference had all the bishops attending although all signed the Address and Longley was authorised to add the names of absent bishops who later subscribed to it. Attending bishops included 18 English, 5 Irish, 6 Scots, 18 American and 24 "Colonial". 740: 1535: 630: 940:

under the name of science and religion, encourages married people in the deliberate cultivation of sexual union as an end in itself, we steadfastly uphold what must always be regarded as the governing considerations of Christian marriage. One is the primary purpose for which marriage exists, namely the continuation of the race through the gift and heritage of children; the other is the paramount importance in married life of deliberate and thoughtful self-control.

146: 1810: 3886: 446: 36: 861:, and a more general resolution in favour of a "consultative body" was substituted. The encyclical letter is accompanied by sixty-three resolutions (which include careful provision for provincial organisation and the extension of the title archbishop "to all metropolitans, a thankful recognition of the revival of brotherhoods and sisterhoods, and of the office of deaconess," and a desire to promote friendly relations with the 3523: 678:"who had been deposed and excommunicated for heresy because of his unorthodox views of the Old Testament." Longley refused to accept a condemnatory resolution proposed by Hopkins, Presiding Bishop of the Americans, but they later voted to note 'the hurt done to the whole communion by the state of the church in Natal'. Of the 13 resolutions adopted by the conference, 2 have direct reference to the Natal situation. 1086:"The Conference encouraged the Unity of the Church in all parts of the world." It was primarily concerned (1) with the relations of the Churches of the Anglican Communion to the Orthodox Churches of the East, and (2) with the Proposed Scheme of Union in South India, and (3) with the problems arising in Special Areas. Various Churches sent delegations to consult with the Conference, notably the Old Catholics. 1387:, who successfully proposed an amendment which said: "We commit ourselves to listen to the experience of homosexual persons". Tilby considered that while the amendment had appeared inconsequential at the time, it had indeed been significant: she said that the idea of "patient listening" underpinned the Church of England's process Living in Love and Faith. 1607:, with a draft 'call' with similarities to Resolution 1.10 from the 1998 conference being included in the conference's proceedings (which declared gay sex to be a sin). On 2 August, Welby 'affirmed the validity' of Resolution 1.10 saying that it was "not in doubt". This prompted criticism from several LGBTQ+ activists including 903:, etc.), the questions of marriage and divorce, organisation of the Anglican Church, and reunion with other Churches. The results of the deliberations were embodied in seventy-eight resolutions, which were appended to the encyclical issued, in the name of the conference, by the Archbishop of Canterbury on 8 August. 1554:, on the altar of the "Chapel of the Saints and Martyrs of Our Times". When the Eucharist was over, bishops and others came to pray in front of the small altar in the chapel. The icon stands in the cathedral as a reminder of their witness to peace and of the multi-ethnic character of global Anglicanism. 1587:

had replaced Rowan Williams in 2013, and against a backdrop of disagreement within the Anglican Communion over homosexuality, Welby declined to convene a conference until he had visited primates in their own countries, and felt confident that the vast majority of bishops would attend. Welby appointed

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Resolution 49 approved a statement of the "nature and status of the Anglican Communion," namely that "the Anglican Communion is a fellowship, within the one Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church, of those duly constituted dioceses, provinces or regional Churches in communion with the See of Canterbury,"

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Resolution 15 allowed "in those cases where there is such a clearly felt moral obligation to limit or avoid parenthood, and where there is a morally sound reason for avoiding complete abstinence, the Conference agrees that other methods may be used, provided that this is done in the light of the same

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Williams indicated that the emphasis will be on training, "for really effective, truthful and prayerful mission". He ruled out (for the time being) reopening of the controversial resolution 1.10 on human sexuality from the previous Lambeth Conference, but emphasised the "listening process" in which

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Resolution 31 recorded, "with deep thanks to Almighty God, the signs of a growing movement towards Christian unity in all parts of the world since the issue of the "Appeal to All Christian People" by the Lambeth Conference in 1920 and reaffirmed "the principles contained in it and in the Resolutions

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The conference's "manner of deliberations" followed the pattern used in earlier conferences. The six subjects (see the list of subjects in the Resolutions section below) proposed for consideration were brought before sessions of the whole Conference for six days, from July 7 to July 12. The subjects

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chafed under the arrangements for the conference in which he had played no part and determined to write the final encyclical himself. There were a number of unfortunate phrases in his draft to which many bishops objected but he refused to accept amendments on the day of its presentation. However, he

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on 27 July. Attending bishops included 35 English, 9 Irish, 7 Scots, 19 American and 30 "Colonial and Missionary". One bishop suffragan and a number of former colonial bishops with commissions in England also attended as full members. The costs of the conference were met by the English bishops and a

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spoke to the assembly on the topic. Peete, who was ordained in the Episcopal Church USA, was the first female priest to speak at the Lambeth Conference. The conference decided that "each province respect the decision of other provinces in the ordination or consecration of women to the episcopate."

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The agenda of this conference was noticeable for its attention to matters beyond the internal organisation of the Anglican Communion and its attempts to engage with some of the major social issues that the member churches were encountering. In addition to the encyclical letter, nineteen resolutions

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and their alarm lest the revived action of convocation "should leave us governed by canons different from those in force in England and Ireland, and thus cause us to drift into the status of an independent branch of the Catholic Church". They therefore requested him to call a "national synod of the

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Five Talents is now 10 years old, or rather a little bit more than 10 years old, because at the 1998 Lambeth Conference I remember very vividly an evening where we were discussing the first principles of Five Talents; the occasion when some real substance was being put on the ideal and things were

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This was the first conference not to take place in Lambeth Palace. This was because of the increase in the number of bishops attending, as well as the presence of almost 100 observers and consultants. Meetings were instead held at Church House, Westminster although the bishops, with their spouses,

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baptize in church, and to officiate at the Churching of Women; d. in church to read Morning and Evening Prayer and the Litany, except such portions as are reserved to the priest, and to lead in prayer; with the license of the bishop, to instruct and preach, except in the service of Holy Communion."

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Resolution 70 allowed bishops, "on the request of the parish priest" to entrust specific functions to deaconesses, namely, "a. to assist the minister in the preparation of candidates for baptism and for confirmation; b. to assist at the administration of Holy Baptism by virtue of her office; c. to

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Seventy-six bishops accepted the primate's invitation to the first conference, which met at Lambeth on 24 September 1867 and sat for four days, the sessions being in private. The archbishop opened the conference with an address: deliberation followed; committees were appointed to report on special

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The 1920 Lambeth Conference had acknowledged that the Church had "undervalued and neglected the gifts of women." Nevertheless, it still held to the "differences between women and men" and said that deaconess was the "only Order of the Ministry" with Apostolic approval. The 1930 Lambeth Conference

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Resolution 11 recommended that "the marriage of one, whose former partner is still living, should not be celebrated according to the rites of the Church," and when "an innocent person has remarried under civil sanction and desires to receive the Holy Communion," the case should be referred to the

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Archbishop Longley said in his opening address, however, that they had no desire to assume "the functions of a general synod of all the churches in full communion with the Church of England", but merely to "discuss matters of practical interest, and pronounce what we deem expedient in resolutions

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The conference dealt with the question of the inter-relations of Anglican international bodies and issues such as marriage and family, human rights, poverty and debt, environment, militarism, justice and peace. Women's ordination to the priesthood was also a major topic of discussion. Archbishop

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Traditionally the Archbishop of Canterbury bore the cost of a Lambeth Conference. For the 1930 Conference, the British Church Assembly provided £2,000. toward the cost. However, this was only a fraction of the total cost. One item, providing lunch and afternoon tea every day for five weeks, cost

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We utter an emphatic warning against the use of unnatural means for the avoidance of conception, together with the grave dangers – physical, moral and religious – thereby incurred, and against the evils with which the extension of such use threatens the race. In opposition to the teaching which,

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The single most important action of this conference was to issue the "Appeal to all Christian People", which set out the basis on which Anglican churches would move towards visible union with churches of other traditions. The document repeated a slightly modified version of the Chicago-Lambeth

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views (that the conference should not have been called without some royal authority) but when the Canadians again requested a Conference in 1872, he concurred. The American bishops suggested a further conference in 1874, Kerfoot of Pittsburgh delivering the request in person. Importantly, the

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letter, which described the best mode of maintaining union, voluntary boards of arbitration, the relationship between missionary bishops and missionaries (a particular problem in India), chaplains in continental Europe, modern forms of infidelity and the best way of dealing with them and the

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to visit the Roman remains and take tea. There is no station at Richborough, perhaps a second temporary one was created. The bishops then travelled back to Canterbury to be ready for the opening service of the conference on the following day. The arrangements did not go well and the Dean of

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of June 30, 1930, predicted that the Lambeth Conference would change the "social and moral life" of humanity. This was done by the Conference's Resolution 15 in which in contradiction to earlier Resolutions (1908 Resolution 41 and 1920 Resolution 66) allowed the use of contraception in

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The Anglican Communion had undergone significant growth since 1867, and compared to the seventy-six bishops who attended the first conference, now three-hundred and eight bishops would attend the seventh conference." The names of these 308 bishops are listed in the published report.

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were all referred to committees. The work of the committees was aided by the essays and papers that had been prepared for them in advance. After their two-weeks of deliberations, the committees presented their reports and resolutions to the whole conference from July 28 to August 9.

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Resolution 50 reaffirmed Resolution 44 of the Lambeth Conference of 1920, "that the Consultative Body is of the nature of a continuation committee of the Lambeth Conference, and neither possesses nor claims any executive or administrative power" and added further directions for its

1453:. Robinson was the first Anglican bishop to exercise the office while in an acknowledged same-sex relationship, and Rowan Williams said it was "proving extremely difficult to see under what heading he might be invited to be around", drawing criticism. Minns, the former rector of 1407: 1328:

At previous Lambeth Conferences, only bishops were invited to attend, but all members of the Anglican Consultative Council and representative bishops from the "Churches in Communion" (i.e. the Churches of Bangladesh, North and South India and Pakistan) were invited to attend.

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Quadrilateral and then called on other Christians to accept it as a basis on which to discuss how they may move toward reunion. The proposal did not arise from the formal debates of the conference but amongst a group of bishops talking over tea on the lawn of Lambeth Palace.

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reconsidered overnight and announced the following morning that he had changed the draft as requested. A bishop who rose to thank to express gratitude for his change of mind was rebuked with the words, "Sir you may thank me all you wish, but you must thank me in silence".

601:, and after sitting for five days for deliberation upon the fixed subjects and appointment of committees, have adjourned, to meet again at the end of a fortnight and sit for five days more, to receive reports, adopt resolutions and to issue their encyclical letter. 1364:

suggested in published correspondence with Andrew Goddard across the liberal–evangelical divide: "It's possible to construct a perfectly coherent argument that the last 10 years have been preoccupied with undoing the damage Lambeth 1.10 caused to the Communion."

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Resolution 22 affirmed the Conference's "conviction that all communicants without distinction of race or colour should have access in any church to the Holy Table of the Lord, and that no one should be excluded from worship in any church on account of colour or

510:, the Conferences serve a collaborative and consultative function, expressing "the mind of the communion" on issues of the day. While their resolutions carry no lawful authority, "Its statements on social issues have influenced church policy in the churches." 2941:

See Stephen Spencer ed., God's Church to God's World: Reports, Addresses and Calls from the Lambeth Conference 2022 (SCM, 2022); Robert S. Heaney, John Kafwanka K and Hilda Kabia eds. (Foreword, Justin Welby), God's Church to God's World (Church Publishing,

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Day four saw the formal signing of the address. There had been no plan for further debate but the bishops unexpectedly returned to the subject of Colenso, delaying the end of the conference. Other resolutions have to do with the creation of new

1656:(75th on the list) died on July 9, 1930, before the conference concluded. Therefore, the opening of the encyclical letter says only 307 bishops had assembled. In minutes of the conference, Archbishop Lang reports that 400 bishops were invited. 1444:

Attendance at the Lambeth Conference is by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Invitations were sent to more than 880 bishops around the world for the Fourteenth Conference. Notably absent from the list of those invited are

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Resolution 47 applied the call for Unity of the Church to the Anglican Communion by calling on its members "to promote the cause of union by fostering and deepening in all possible ways the fellowship of the Anglican Communion

1376:, who was passing out leaflets. Chukwuma told Kirker that he was "killing the church"; Kirker's civil response to the attempted exorcism was "May God bless you, sir, and deliver you from your prejudice against homosexuality." 1440:

Williams indicated that the traditional plenary sessions and resolutions would be reduced and that "We shall be looking at a bigger number of more focused groups, some of which may bring bishops and spouses together."

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in 1851 when a number of US bishops were present in London. However, the initial impetus came from episcopal churches in Canada. In 1865 the synod of that province, in an urgent letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury,

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diverse views and experiences of human sexuality were being collected and collated in accordance with that resolution and said it "will be important to allow time for this to be presented and reflected upon in 2008".

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308 bishops attended. Lang had been ill prior to the Conference and had to rest the month of June to be in shape to preside over the Conference. Lang said that he weathered the five weeks without "illness" or "undue

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Day two was spent on a discussion of synodical authority concluding that the faith and unity of the Anglican Communion would be best maintained by there being a synod above those of the "several branches".

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Resolution 67 reaffirmed the 1920 Conference that "the order of deaconess is for women the one and only order of the ministry which we can recommend our branch of the Catholic Church to recognise and use."

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to be used for the closing service, giving as his reasons the partial character of the assembly, uncertainty as to the effect of its measures and "the presence of prelates not belonging to our Church".

1476:(the American province of the Anglican Communion) in favour of homosexual clergy and same-sex unions. These primates represent the Anglican provinces of Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Rwanda. In addition, 667:

The first session convened in the upstairs Dining Room (known as the Guard Room). The session was spent discussing a "preamble to the subsequent resolutions" that would be issued after the conference.

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Supported political lobbying against "such incentives to vice as indecent literature, suggestive plays and films, the open or secret sale of contraceptives, and the continued existence of brothels."

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A Pan-Anglican Synod. A Sermon preached at the General Ordination held by the Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Oxford, in the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford, on Sunday, December 23, 1866

1596:, the conference was delayed by two years. With the theme, "God's Church to God's World", the conference began on 27 July 2022. It lasted for 12 days with around 660 bishops in attendance. 1029:

Christian principles." The vote for this Resolution was 193 for it, 67 against it, and 47 not voting. This was the only Resolution for which a record of the numbers voting was required.

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in June 2008 (one month prior to Lambeth), was thought by some to be an "alternative Lambeth" for those who are opposed to the consecration of Robinson. GAFCON involved Martyn Minns,

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that stopped at Canterbury to collect the cathedral clergy and choir. A temporary platform was built at Ebbsfleet for first class passengers; second class passengers had to alight at

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One of the chief subjects for consideration was the creation of a tribunal of reference, but the resolutions on this subject were withdrawn due to opposition of the bishops of the

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The Archbishop of York and several other English bishops refused to attend because they thought such a conference would cause "increased confusion" about controversial issues.

1107:(a) "they uphold and propagate the Catholic and Apostolic faith and order as they are generally set forth in the Book of Common Prayer as authorised in their several Churches" 935:

The conference's uncompromising and unqualified rejection of all forms of artificial contraception, even within marriage, was contained in Resolution 68, which said, in part:

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LGBT+ Staff Network organised an 'inclusion march' called the Lambeth Walk, which was attended by over 150 people including LGBT+ bishops and their spouses, followed by the

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Resolution 3 admonished "Christian people" to banish "from their minds the ideas concerning the character of God which are inconsistent with the character of Jesus Christ."

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programme of excursions was organised by the member of Parliament J. G. Talbot. The Latin and Greek texts of the encyclical were again produced by Wordsworth of Lincoln.

1433:, issued a pastoral letter to the 38 primates of the Anglican Communion and moderators of the united churches setting out his thinking for the next Lambeth Conference. 2097: 1511:

with the American Episcopal Church and the See of Canterbury. The June 2008 church blessing of a civil relationship between Peter Cowell, an Anglican chaplain at the

2652: 2738: 1110:(b) "they are particular or national Churches, and, as such, promote within each of their territories a national expression of Christian faith, life and worship" 3097: 3780: 3042: 1820: 3014: 1390:

Discussions about a mission to fight poverty, create jobs and transform lives by empowering the poor in developing countries using innovative savings and

797:" as a basis for Anglican self-description. The Quadrilateral laid down a fourfold basis for home reunion: that agreement should be sought concerning the 3430: 1152:

Resolution 74 recognized "the growth of religious communities both of men and women in the Anglican Communion and the contribution which they have made."

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Resolution 25 affirmed that "war as a method of settling international disputes is incompatible with the teaching and example of our Lord Jesus Christ."

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allowing the bishops to live and worship together on the same site for the first time. In 1978 the bishops' spouses were accommodated at the nearby

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The resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences have never been regarded as synodical decrees, but "their weight has increased with each conference."

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In 2008, four Anglican primates announced that they intended to boycott the Lambeth conference because of their opposition to the actions of

319: 2545: 1669:', declarations which the Anglican Communion could then pray, think and reflect on such that each province could decide on its own response. 1185:"would be against the tradition and order...of the Anglican Communion" and dismissed the need for further examination of women's ordination. 1010:

Resolution 2 expressed an "urgent need in the face of many erroneous conceptions for a fresh presentation of the Christian doctrine of God".

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Resolution 66 stressed the "great importance of offering to women of ability and education" a role in directing "the work of the Church."

616:(an Anglican private school); this separation of spouses was not felt helpful. Since 1988 the spouses have also lived at the university. 1825: 3557: 3542: 3292: 3722: 3658: 3592: 3537: 3453: 3070: 1462: 1274:

This conference "recognised the autonomy of each of its member churches...legal right of each Church to make its own decision" about

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Affirmed that "discrimination between men on the grounds of race alone is inconsistent with the principles of Christ's religion".

100: 1372:, Nigeria, attempted to exorcise the "homosexual demons" from Richard Kirker, a British priest and the general secretary of the 2916: 2404: 72: 1356:. Division and controversy centred on this motion and its application continued to the extent that, ten years later, in 2007, 586:

letter was addressed to the faithful of the Anglican Communion. Each of the subsequent conferences has been first received in

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The truth shall make you free: the Lambeth Conference 1988: the reports, resolutions & pastoral letters from the bishops

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again rejected any parity of deaconesses with deacons because a deaconess was "outside the historic Orders of the ministry."

2313: 2105: 566:) felt so doubtful as to the wisdom of such an assembly that they refused to attend it, and Dean Stanley declined to allow 1237:

Recommended the ordination of women to the diaconate and the recognition of previously appointed "deaconesses" as deacons.

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jurisdictions, Commendatory Letters, and a voluntary spiritual tribunal in cases of doctrine and the due subordination of

79: 3795: 3717: 3623: 3512: 2656: 1666: 895:

and modern thought, the supply and training of the clergy, education, foreign missions, revision and "enrichment" of the

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considered him a missionary bishop to the United States, despite protest from Canterbury and the U.S. Episcopal Church.

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were put forth, and the reports of twelve special committees are appended upon which they are based, the subjects being

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bishops of the Anglican Church at home and abroad", to meet under his leadership. After consulting both houses of the

3857: 3833: 3700: 3397: 1496: 551:, Archbishop Longley assented and convened all the bishops of the Anglican Communion (then 144 in number) to meet at 368: 193: 119: 664:, preached; Wilberforce of Oxford later described the sermon as "wordy but not devoid of a certain impressiveness". 86: 3653: 3648: 3507: 2853:

https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2017/03/lambeth-design-group-puts-down-foundations-for-lambeth-2020-planning.aspx

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The Latin and Greek texts of the "encyclical" (as it rapidly became known) were produced by Wordsworth of Lincoln.

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in 1851. The possibility of such an international gathering of bishops had first emerged during the jubilee of the

467: 314: 1113:(c) they are bound together "by mutual loyalty sustained through the common counsel of the bishops in conference." 3862: 1349: 965:, the residence of the Bishop of London. Holy Communion was celebrated at 8:30 am with an address by 86-year-old 3823: 1054:

Resolution 18 reckoned "sexual intercourse between persons who are not legally married" to be "a grievous sin."

68: 57: 3111:

https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/staff-student-news/2022/07/29/students-and-staff-come-together-for-the-lambeth-walk/#

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Day three was given over to discussing the situation in the Diocese of Natal and its controversial bishop

542:), represented the unsettlement of members of the Canadian church caused by recent legal decisions of the 3909: 3597: 2709:"Lambeth bishops attend closing Eucharist; Martyred Melanesian brothers honoured in Canterbury Cathedral" 858: 460: 265: 2851:

Anglican Communion News Service, "Lambeth Design Group puts down foundations for Lambeth 2020 planning"

3813: 2894: 1481: 842: 2177: 1851: 3759: 3643: 3628: 3577: 717: 548: 534: 525:

The idea of these meetings was first suggested in a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury by Bishop

793:, standards of doctrine and worship. Importantly, this was the first conference to make use of the " 3695: 3685: 3680: 3638: 3562: 3463: 1528: 1044:, Bishop of Bloemfontein, withdrew from the Conference in protest and even sent a petition to King 514: 492: 418: 304: 173: 3386: 3071:"Powerful Anglican bishops call on 'homosexual practices' to be rejected because gay sex is a sin" 2952: 3852: 2361: 913: 882: 707: 591: 354: 46: 1968: 1665:

It was decided that the 2022 conference would not make resolutions on topics, but rather issue '

93: 3362:.: This is a sampling of authoritative texts from various Lambeth Conferences across the years. 1543: 966: 849:

and walk the remaining 2.3 miles. After an act of worship the party retrained and proceeded to

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This conference was held a year early because of the thirteenth centennial celebrations of St.

727: 644: 539: 2830: 2212:"Three Weeks in Canterbury: An Interpretive Chronicle of the Twelfth Lambeth Conference, 1988" 865:

and the various Old Catholic bodies), and the reports of the eleven committees are subjoined.

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condition, progress and needs of the churches. A final service of thanksgiving took place in

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This Resolution was a Lambeth Conference's first attempts at defining the Anglican Communion.

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The Lambeth Conference 1930: Encyclical Letter from the Bishops with Resolutions and Reports

3220: 837:'s arrival in Kent. The first event was a visit by the bishops to the Augustine monument at 255: 3674: 3381: 3251:

The Episcopal Church in Crisis: How Sex, the Bible, and Authority are Dividing the Faithful

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The ten-year cycle followed since 1948 would have suggested a Lambeth Conference in 2018.

8: 3890: 2716: 2607: 2199:“Lambeth Conference Opens July 23 in Canterbury” (Episcopal News Service, March 9, 1978). 1489: 1368:

A controversial incident occurred during the conference when Bishop Emmanuel Chukwuma of

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Documentation on Anglicanism and contraception in connection with the Lambeth Conference

3288:"A Revolution in Christian Morals": Lambeth 1930–Resolution #15: History & Reception 3711: 3439: 3389:, by Francis Fulford. This file contains documentation on the first Lambeth Conference. 3098:"OTN Patron signs statement from Anglican bishops to affirm and celebrate LGBT+ people" 2339: 2270: 2231: 1619: 1550:. Their names were added to the book of contemporary martyrs and placed, along with an 1426: 1282: 1182: 802: 661: 609: 559: 526: 507: 496: 250: 137: 2321: 1278:. It also denounced the use of capital punishment and called for a common lectionary. 3754: 3748: 3744: 3572: 3327: 3308: 3264: 3254: 3216: 3154: 3135: 3128: 2262: 2223: 1604: 1593: 1516: 1485: 1466: 1458: 1075: 951: 900: 846: 838: 567: 272: 240: 2408: 1531:, maintained that the ceremony was a "blessing" rather than a matrimonial ceremony. 3872: 3818: 3602: 3458: 3305:

Public Life and the Place of the Church: Reflections to Honour the Bishop of Oxford

3190: 3168: 2982:"Draft Lambeth Conference 'call' threatens to reignite 1998 row over homosexuality" 1361: 1353: 868: 854:

Canterbury complained of 'the appalling mismanagement by the railway authorities'.

823: 634: 428: 289: 230: 3392: 3253:. Religion, Politics, and Public Life. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. 1210:

Called for respect for the "consciences" of married couples who use birth control.

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The subjects on which resolutions were passed at the Conference are the following:

3764: 3286: 3198: 3172: 1202: 1173: 3043:"Sandi Toksvig says 'lives at stake' after anti-gay Anglican church declaration" 2251:"Concluding Thoughts After Lambeth: Reactions to the Event and Its Final Report" 3844: 3495: 2653:"Global Anglican Future Conference in Holy Land Announced by Orthodox Primates" 2481: 1430: 1416: 1384: 1313: 1251: 1228: 798: 743: 739: 598: 373: 329: 2423: 2382: 1394:

programs, business training and spiritual development led to the formation of

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and other dissenters who considered themselves to be in a state of impaired

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Found the arguments for and against women in the priesthood "inconclusive".

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In response to the discourse surrounding sexuality at the Conference, the

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The fourteenth conference took place from 16 July to 4 August 2008 at the

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The Conference adopted seventy-five Resolutions. They can all be seen at

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were honoured during the concluding Eucharist of the 2008 conference at

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Resolution 16 expressed "abhorrence of the sinful practice of abortion."

2518:(Press release). Archbishop of Canterbury. 9 March 2006. Archived from 1344:

749 bishops present including, for the first time, eleven of them women

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Welcomed full communion between the Anglican and Old Catholic churches.

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The conference began with a celebration of the Holy Communion at which

605: 583: 388: 3408: 3303:(2006). "Sex and the Church of England". In Brierley, Michael (ed.). 3300: 1523:, New Zealand, renewed the debate one month prior to the conference. 1500: 1033: 834: 810: 778: 563: 3374: 3015:"Justin Welby 'affirms validity' of 1998 gay sex is sin declaration" 35: 3075: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1534: 1045: 774: 358: 145: 3349:

Conference of Bishops of the Anglican Communion, Encyclical Letter

2797:"Abp Welby: 'Next Lambeth Conference a decision for the primates'" 1429:'s Canterbury campus. In March 2006 the Archbishop of Canterbury, 3885: 1520: 782: 552: 500: 445: 3522: 3291:(PhD dissertation). Washington: Catholic University of America. 2058: 1406: 785:

of the Anglican Communion, home reunion, Scandinavian churches,

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Recommended considering the renewal of the permanent diaconate.

770: 2455:"Angela Tilby: Lambeth '98's gift to Living in Love and Faith" 1379:

Reflecting on resolution 1.10 in the lead up to Lambeth 2022,

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This was the first conference to be held on the campus of the

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The conference once again included significant discussion of

1369: 892: 691: 2893:. Anglican Communion Office. 15 January 2016. Archived from 1519:, and David Lord, an Anglican priest serving at a parish in 506:

As regional and national churches freely associate with the

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Records of the Lambeth Conference at Lambeth Palace Library

2127:

Marites N. Sison, "Lambeth Through the Years: a Chronology"

1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1551: 2362:"Lambeth Conference 1998: Resolution 1.10 Human Sexuality" 1961:"Resolution 68 – Problems of Marriage and Sexual Morality" 2655:(Press release). GAFCON. 24 December 2007. Archived from 2516:"Archbishop Sets Out Thinking on Lambeth Conference 2008" 1941: 1917: 1905: 1893: 1871: 1869: 1592:

of Cape Town to plan for a conference in 2020. Given the

1492:, among others announced their intentions not to attend. 899:, the relation of the Church to "ministries of healing" ( 2891:"Communiqué from the Primates of the Anglican Communion" 1988: 1986: 1833: 891:

The chief subjects of discussion were: the relations of

813:

ordained by Christ himself and the historic episcopate.

1740: 1738: 921:

Rejected Christian Science, spiritualism, and theosophy

716:

Tait was a friend of Colenso and shared Dean Stanley's

2741:. Canterbury Diocese. 4 September 2009. Archived from 2486:"Archbishop supports the work of charity Five Talents" 1866: 1538:

Icon of the Melanesian Martyrs at Canterbury Cathedral

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The 1978 Conference included forty assistant bishops.

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cartoon on the subject of the first Lambeth Conference

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From 1978 onwards the conference has been held on the

3326:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2142: 2034: 1983: 1750: 1002:

Anglican Communion Document Library: 1930 Conference.

927:

Affirmed the place of women as lay members of synods.

3229: 3225:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 2071: 2010: 1998: 1881: 1762: 1735: 1588:

a Design Group under the chairmanship of Archbishop

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The most hotly debated issue at this conference was

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The English Church Union and the Lambeth Conference

3203:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 3177:. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 2600:"Five primates announce Lambeth Conference boycott" 2383:"A Pastoral Statement to Lesbian and Gay Anglicans" 2077: 1723: 984:

II. the Life and Witness of the Christian Community

60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3127: 2575:(Press release). Church of Nigeria. Archived from 2046: 2022: 1689: 1231:who famously dozed off during at least one debate. 1074:Resolution 26 noted with approval the work of the 961:The conference opened with a "day of devotion" at 597:From the Second Conference, they have then met at 590:and addressed by the archbishop from the chair of 575:which may serve as safe guides to future action". 1285:where every subsequent conference has been held. 1091:dealing with reunion adopted by that Conference." 499:bishops every ten years. The first took place at 3901: 3307:. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. pp. 95–112. 3012: 2573:"GAFCON Response to Evangelical English Bishops" 1017:II. Life and Witness of the Christian Community 3174:The Lambeth Conferences of 1867, 1878, and 1888 1223:were invited to dinner at Lambeth by rotation. 3068: 1465:, a splinter group of American Anglicans; the 1006:I. Christian Doctrine of God: Resolutions 1–8 3424: 2762: 2760: 1130:(1) The Ministry of Women: Resolutions 61–72 1126:V. Ministry of the Church: Resolutions 61–74 468: 3130:A Church at War: Anglicans and Homosexuality 3040: 2979: 2917:"The Lambeth Conference reschedules to 2022" 2766: 2683:"Why I blessed gay clergymen's relationship" 1829:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1499:, a meeting of conservative bishops held in 582:questions; resolutions were adopted, and an 3248: 2433: 1542:In 2008, the seven martyred members of the 1084:III. Unity of the Church: Resolutions 31–47 826:(having been convened by Archbishop Benson) 777:, observance of Sunday, socialism, care of 3431: 3417: 3382:Archive of Lambeth Conferences Resolutions 3321: 2757: 2289:"Reverend Nan Arrington Peete's Biography" 1947: 1850:. Archbishop of Canterbury. Archived from 1099:IV. Anglican Communion: Resolutions 48–60 475: 461: 3454:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 2945: 2706: 2314:"FACTBOX-What is the Lambeth Conference?" 2102:The Tablet: The International News Weekly 1463:Convocation of Anglicans in North America 1149:(2) Religious Communities: Resolution 74 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3189: 3167: 2715:. Episcopal News Service. Archived from 2606:. Episcopal News Service. Archived from 2480: 1923: 1911: 1899: 1875: 1815: 1768: 1756: 1744: 1626:symposium which included guest speakers 1533: 1405: 738: 628: 558:Many Anglican bishops (amongst them the 3324:Anglicanism and the Lambeth Conferences 3153:. Kelowna, British Columbia: WoodLake. 2975: 2973: 2209: 1686:(Church House Publishing, 1988), p. 118 1350:homosexuality in the Anglican Communion 1021:(1) Marriage and Sex: Resolutions 9-20 746:, photographed looking east across the 513:These conferences form one of the four 14: 3902: 3438: 3284: 3275: 2866:"If it doesn't work, do something new" 2820: 2794: 2677: 2597: 2540: 2148: 2083: 2040: 1992: 1887: 1780: 1729: 3412: 3125: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2429: 2248: 2095: 1801: 1068:(3) Peace and War: Resolutions 25–30 199:Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings 3920:Recurring events established in 1867 3469:Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting 3299: 3215: 3148: 2970: 2863: 2821:Conger, George (30 September 2014). 2769:"Lambeth Conference is here at last" 2707:De Santis, Solange (3 August 2008). 2598:Davies, Matthew (15 February 2008). 2437: 2052: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1695: 1527:, who officiated at the ceremony at 1383:recalled the intervention of Bishop 58:adding citations to reliable sources 29: 3781:Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia 1938:, London, issue 35246, 3 July 1897. 1401: 1332: 1104:which have three things in common: 24: 3342: 3013:Harriet Sherwood (2 August 2022). 3001: 2953:"Programme overview and timetable" 2628: 2443: 2336:"Lambeth Conference 1998 Archives" 1557: 1374:Lesbian and Gay Christian Movement 997:Sampling of Resolutions by subject 841:. A special train was run by the 25: 3951: 3366: 1497:Global Anglican Future Conference 1258: 3884: 3521: 3069:Lily Wakefield (2 August 2022). 2546:"Lambeth: a conference of shame" 2096:Coyne, J. J. (7 December 1957). 1808: 1410:The 2008 Lambeth Conference logo 1291: 1283:University of Kent at Canterbury 1247:no longer be required of clergy. 982:I. the Christian Doctrine of God 969:, retired Bishop of Winchester. 944: 444: 144: 34: 3351:, etc. (London, 1897 and 1908). 3322:Stephenson, Alan M. G. (1978). 3244:– via Project Canterbury. 3118: 3104: 3090: 3062: 3034: 2935: 2909: 2883: 2864:Zink, Jesse (22 January 2016). 2857: 2845: 2814: 2801:Anglican Communion News Service 2788: 2731: 2700: 2671: 2645: 2622: 2591: 2565: 2534: 2508: 2474: 2397: 2375: 2354: 2328: 2306: 2281: 2242: 2203: 2192: 2166: 2163:, 1997 Edition, Volume 7: p120. 2161:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 2154: 2131: 2120: 2098:"The Coming Lambeth Conference" 2089: 1953: 1929: 1659: 1645: 1181:Advised that the ordination of 1166: 977:Seventy-five resolutions passed 816: 700: 45:needs additional citations for 3940:Protestant councils and synods 3358:(London: A.R. Mowbray, 1958). 3249:Kirkpatrick, Frank G. (2008). 3236:. London: English Church Union 3041:Geneva Abdul (4 August 2022). 2823:"Lambeth Conference cancelled" 2795:Butter, Jan (6 October 2014). 2453:Tilby, Angela (22 July 2022). 2320:. 21 July 2008. Archived from 2255:Anglican and Episcopal History 2216:Anglican and Episcopal History 1774: 1701: 1677: 1217: 1195: 906: 875: 734: 624: 619: 13: 1: 3868:Philippine Independent Church 3691:Jerusalem and the Middle East 3486:Anglican Consultative Council 3230:English Church Union (1931). 2980:Pat Ashworth (22 July 2022). 2767:Pat Ashworth (28 July 2022). 2138:"Women in Religious Ministry" 1633: 1243:Suggested that assent to the 990:V. the Ministry of the Church 795:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral 295:Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral 221:Anglican Consultative Council 3935:21st-century church councils 3930:20th-century church councils 3925:19th-century church councils 3398:Conferencia de Lambeth(2008) 3200:The Five Lambeth Conferences 3151:This Anglican Church of Ours 2633:. Anglican Diocese of Sydney 1566:Fifteenth Lambeth Conference 1059:(2) Race: Resolutions 21–24 986:III. the Unity of the Church 531:Episcopal Diocese of Vermont 27:Assembly of Anglican bishops 7: 3278:The Bishops Come to Lambeth 2210:GARRETT, SAMUEL M. (1989). 2104:. p. 4. Archived from 1965:Lambeth Conference Archives 1711:. Anglican Communion Office 1474:Episcopal Church in the USA 859:Episcopal Church in the USA 10: 3956: 1709:"Instruments of Communion" 1579:Around 660 bishops present 1563: 1421:Around 670 bishops present 992:VI. Youth and Its Vocation 988:IV. the Anglican Communion 520: 194:Anglican Communion history 3915:Episcopacy in Anglicanism 3881: 3842: 3806:Extra-provincial churches 3804: 3773: 3737: 3667: 3616: 3530: 3519: 3446: 2249:LYTLE, GUY FITCH (1989). 2072:English Church Union 1931 549:Convocation of Canterbury 535:Church Missionary Society 3654:United States of America 3464:Archbishop of Canterbury 3285:Notare, Theresa (2008). 3280:. London: A. R. Mowbray. 3149:Bays, Patricia (2012) . 2631:"Future Anglicans unite" 1638: 1529:St Bartholomew-the-Great 649:76 bishops were present. 515:Instruments of Communion 493:Archbishop of Canterbury 174:Archbishop of Canterbury 3891:Christianity portal 3853:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 3134:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3126:Bates, Stephen (2004). 1826:Encyclopædia Britannica 1630:and Dr Angus M Slater. 708:Archibald Campbell Tait 495:summons an assembly of 451:Christianity portal 3617:Pan-American provinces 1967:. 1920. Archived from 1544:Melanesian Brotherhood 1539: 1461:, was the head of the 1455:Truro Episcopal Church 1411: 1159:Cost of the Conference 942: 781:, mutual relations of 750: 645:Charles Thomas Longley 639: 540:Charles Thomas Longley 3858:Malabar Syrian Church 3568:Mozambique and Angola 3276:Morgan, Dewi (1957). 2713:Episcopal Life Online 2604:Episcopal Life Online 1781:Morgan, Dewi (1958). 1537: 1513:Royal London Hospital 1409: 1270:440 bishops attended. 937: 897:Book of Common Prayer 843:South Eastern Railway 742: 658:Henry John Whitehouse 632: 349:Book of Common Prayer 3169:Davidson, Randall T. 2745:on 16 September 2009 2174:"University of Kent" 1971:on 29 September 2008 1848:"Lambeth Conference" 1624:Rainbows in Religion 1548:Canterbury Cathedral 1245:Thirty-Nine Articles 1234:462 bishops attended 676:John William Colenso 588:Canterbury Cathedral 279:Thirty-nine Articles 69:"Lambeth Conference" 54:improve this article 3681:Hong Kong and Macao 3503:Ordination of women 3476:Lambeth Conferences 2719:on 7 September 2009 2610:on 14 December 2008 2544:(6 February 2008). 2484:(29 October 2009). 2180:on 10 February 2012 1854:on 10 February 2012 1821:Lambeth Conferences 1654:Rev. George M. Long 1490:Bishop of Rochester 1322:Nan Arrington Peete 1320:, and the Reverend 1303:518 bishops present 918:252 bishops present 887:242 bishops present 829:194 bishops present 760:145 bishops present 756:Edward White Benson 728:St Paul's Cathedral 712:100 bishops present 339:Liturgy and worship 320:Ordination of women 18:Lambeth Conferences 3910:Anglican Communion 3819:Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 3774:Oceanian provinces 3738:European provinces 3440:Anglican Communion 2957:Lambeth Conference 2921:Lambeth Conference 2579:on 3 December 2010 2522:on 16 October 2009 1620:University of Kent 1540: 1427:University of Kent 1412: 1338:Presided over by: 1207:310 bishops attend 1201:Presided over by: 1183:Florence Li Tim-Oi 1178:349 bishops attend 1172:Presided over by: 950:Presided over by: 912:Presided over by: 881:Presided over by: 822:Presided over by: 754:Presided over by: 751: 706:Presided over by: 662:Bishop of Illinois 643:Presided over by: 640: 614:St Edmund's School 610:University of Kent 560:Archbishop of York 527:John Henry Hopkins 508:Anglican Communion 489:Lambeth Conference 251:Christian theology 211:Lambeth Conference 138:Anglican Communion 3897: 3896: 3749:Diocese in Europe 3531:African provinces 3333:978-0-281-03580-9 3314:978-0-7546-5300-4 3260:978-0-313-34662-0 3160:978-1-77064-439-7 3141:978-1-85043-480-1 2659:on 5 October 2008 2492:on 11 August 2019 2405:"Giles to Andrew" 2293:The HistoryMakers 1926:, pp. 92–96. 1914:, pp. 19–20. 1787:The Living Church 1605:same-sex marriage 1594:COVID-19 pandemic 1573:Presided over by 1517:Westminster Abbey 1486:Michael Nazir-Ali 1467:Church of Nigeria 1459:Fairfax, Virginia 1415:Presided over by 1297:Presided over by 1264:Presided over by 1227:Presided over by 1076:League of Nations 952:Cosmo Gordon Lang 901:Christian Science 847:Minster-in-Thanet 568:Westminster Abbey 485: 484: 285:Books of Homilies 207: 186: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3947: 3889: 3888: 3873:Porvoo Communion 3863:Union of Utrecht 3824:Falkland Islands 3796:Papua New Guinea 3525: 3459:Episcopal polity 3433: 3426: 3419: 3410: 3409: 3378: 3377: 3375:Official website 3337: 3318: 3296: 3281: 3272: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3226: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3164: 3145: 3133: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2829:. 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(1911). " 1809: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1792: 1790: 1783:"A Mighty Army" 1779: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1568: 1560: 1558:Fifteenth: 2022 1404: 1335: 1294: 1261: 1220: 1203:Geoffrey Fisher 1198: 1174:Geoffrey Fisher 1169: 1161: 1085: 1048:on the subject. 999: 993: 991: 989: 987: 985: 983: 981: 979: 947: 909: 878: 819: 799:Holy Scriptures 737: 703: 627: 622: 523: 481: 443: 438: 405: 369:Liturgical year 334: 235: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3953: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3895: 3894: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3847: 3845:full communion 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3548:Central Africa 3545: 3540: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3496:Windsor Report 3488: 3483: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3368: 3367:External links 3365: 3364: 3363: 3356:Lambeth Speaks 3352: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3297: 3282: 3273: 3259: 3246: 3227: 3219:, ed. (1930). 3217:Lang, Cosmo G. 3213: 3187: 3171:, ed. (1889). 3165: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3103: 3089: 3061: 3033: 3000: 2969: 2944: 2934: 2908: 2897:on 6 June 2017 2882: 2856: 2844: 2813: 2787: 2756: 2730: 2699: 2679:Dudley, Martin 2670: 2644: 2621: 2590: 2564: 2533: 2507: 2473: 2442: 2422: 2396: 2374: 2353: 2327: 2305: 2280: 2261:(3): 384–408. 2241: 2222:(3): 291–325. 2202: 2191: 2165: 2153: 2151:, p. 312. 2141: 2130: 2119: 2088: 2076: 2057: 2045: 2043:, p. 314. 2033: 2021: 2009: 1997: 1995:, p. 311. 1982: 1952: 1950:, p. 108. 1940: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1865: 1832: 1817:Chisholm, Hugh 1800: 1773: 1761: 1749: 1734: 1722: 1700: 1698:, p. 146. 1688: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1658: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1564:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1515:and priest at 1431:Rowan Williams 1423: 1422: 1419: 1417:Rowan Williams 1403: 1400: 1385:Michael Bourke 1346: 1345: 1342: 1334: 1331: 1314:Graham Leonard 1305: 1304: 1301: 1293: 1290: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1259:Eleventh: 1978 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252:open communion 1248: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229:Michael Ramsey 1219: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1039: 1030: 1026: 1015: 1014: 1011: 959: 958: 954: 946: 943: 929: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 908: 905: 889: 888: 885: 877: 874: 831: 830: 827: 818: 815: 762: 761: 758: 744:Lambeth Palace 736: 733: 714: 713: 710: 702: 699: 651: 650: 647: 626: 623: 621: 618: 608:campus of the 599:Lambeth Palace 522: 519: 483: 482: 480: 479: 472: 465: 457: 454: 453: 440: 439: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 407: 406: 404: 403: 402: 401: 396: 391: 386: 376: 374:Biblical Canon 371: 366: 361: 359:Evening Prayer 352: 344: 341: 340: 336: 335: 333: 332: 330:Windsor Report 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 275: 270: 269: 268: 263: 258: 247: 244: 243: 237: 236: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 208: 196: 190: 189: 188: 187: 177: 176: 170: 167: 166: 162: 161: 150: 149: 141: 140: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3952: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3649:South America 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3491:Homosexuality 3489: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3354:Dewi Morgan, 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3188: 3176: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3093: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3037: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2938: 2923:. 8 July 2020 2922: 2918: 2912: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2688: 2687:New Statesman 2684: 2680: 2674: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2632: 2625: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2542:Fraser, Giles 2537: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2440:, p. 97. 2439: 2436:, p. 5; 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