186:
174:
1470:
147:
50:
685:
471:. The relief of a landscape can change with the size of the area over which it is measured, making the definition of the scale over which it is measured very important. Because it is related to the slope of surfaces within the area of interest and to the
389:
is basic to both defensive and offensive strategy. The military usage of "terrain" is very broad, encompassing not only landform but land use and land cover, surface transport infrastructure, built structures and
988:* "culture — A feature of the terrain that has been constructed by man. Included are such items as roads, buildings, and canals; boundary lines; and, in a broad sense, all names and legends on a map."
1272:
I. Balenovic, H. Marjanovic, D. Vuletic, etc. Quality assessment of high density digital surface model over different land cover classes. PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM. VOL. 117, No 4, 459–470, 2015.
859:
1199:
Wobus, C.; Whipple, K.; Kirby, E.; Snyder, N.; Johnson, J.; Spyropolou, K.; Sheehan, D. (2006). "Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls. Special Paper".
1112:
Gasparini, N.; Bras, R.; Whipple, K. (2006). "Numerical modeling of non–steady-state river profile evolution using a sediment-flux-dependent incision model. Special Paper".
1365:
Hoth, S.; Adam, J.; Kukowski, N.; Oncken, O. (2006). "Influence of erosion on the kinematics of bivergent orogens: Results from scaled sandbox simulations. Special Paper".
451:. It is the difference between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area, usually of limited extent. A relief can be described qualitatively, such as a "
853:
Dwevedi, Alka; Kumar, Promod; Kumar, Pravita; Kumar, Yogendra; Sharma, Yogesh K.; Kayastha, Arvind M. (January 1, 2017). Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai (ed.).
495:
Geomorphology is in large part the study of the formation of terrain or topography. Terrain is formed by concurrent processes operating on the underlying
1283:
1141:
Roe, G.; Stolar, D.; Willett, S. (2006). "Response of a steady-state critical wedge orogen to changes in climate and tectonic forcing. Special Paper".
613:
rarely (if ever) reaches equilibrium. These processes are also codependent, however the full range of their interactions is still a topic of debate.
475:
of any streams present, the relief of a landscape is a useful metric in the study of the Earth's surface. Relief energy, which may be defined
903:
Baker, N.T.; Capel, P.D. (2011). "Environmental factors that influence the location of crop agriculture in the conterminous United States".
1321:"Interactions between tectonics, erosion, and sedimentation during the recent evolution of the Alpine orogen: Analogue modeling insights"
647:, are definite physical objects (lines, points, areas) that differ from the surrounding objects. The most typical examples airlines of
1388:
King, G.; Herman, F.; Guralnik, B. (2016). "Northward migration of the eastern himalayan syntaxis revealed by OSL thermochronometry".
1038:
481:
as "the maximum height range in a regular grid", is essentially an indication of the ruggedness or relative height of the terrain.
880:
280:, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect
822:
423:
990:* "key terrain — Any locality, or area, the seizure or retention of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant."
992:* "terrain intelligence — Intelligence on the military significance of natural and manmade characteristics of an area."
735:
114:
1320:
1048:
1021:
738:. A digital terrain model (DTM) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top
133:
86:
190:
162:
328:
374:
on sloping land; it is the practice of ploughing along lines of equal elevation instead of up and down a slope.
93:
71:
1170:
Stolar, D.; Willett, S.; Roe, G. (2006). "Climatic and tectonic forcing of a critical orogen. Special Paper".
1367:
1201:
1172:
1143:
1114:
1070:"Interaction between normal fault slip and erosion on relief evolution; insights from experimental modelling"
1069:
786:
780:
731:
496:
1298:
775:
17:
1491:
854:
574:
566:
340:
100:
386:
319:
and other interdisciplinary sciences; understanding the terrain of an area assists the understanding of
1441:
430:
systems. Furthermore, a hilly or mountainous terrain can strongly impact the implementation of a new
344:
960:
82:
1501:
1077:
67:
31:
986:* "compartmentation ... areas bounded on at least two sides by terrain features such as woods..."
546:
426:) and airport altitudes. Terrain will also affect range and performance of radars and terrestrial
1252:
817:
703:
677:
609:
processes wear the land away by smoothing and reducing topographic features. The relationship of
371:
60:
932:
925:
Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central
Pennsylvania
908:
855:"15 - Soil sensors: detailed insight into research updates, significance, and future prospects"
807:
1248:
610:
308:
178:
381:
critical because it determines the ability of armed forces to take and hold areas, and move
1399:
1337:
1271:
1086:
727:
707:
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550:
395:
8:
1496:
1328:
500:
300:
The terrain of a region largely determines its suitability for human settlement: flatter
1403:
1341:
1090:
756:
and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling,
447:) refers specifically to the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a
1423:
1353:
1294:
1006:
948:
872:
749:
628:
of a terrain or curvatures at each location. These measures can also be used to derive
625:
527:
523:
468:
269:
974:
1427:
1415:
1390:
1357:
1044:
1017:
1013:
876:
761:
757:
719:
367:
363:
107:
534:
166:
1407:
1376:
1345:
1253:"New insights into the relationship between erosion and tectonics in the Himalayas"
1210:
1181:
1152:
1123:
1094:
868:
739:
692:
542:
427:
637:
602:
570:
538:
515:
472:
391:
356:
320:
206:
189:
A shaded and colored image (i.e. terrain is enhanced) of varied terrain from the
1474:
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864:
792:
753:
562:
519:
511:
407:
patterns. Two areas geographically close to each other may differ radically in
324:
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173:
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272:, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the
1419:
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648:
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332:
198:
1349:
664:
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352:
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146:
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1291:
Severn Tidal
Tributaries Catchment Flood Management Plan – Scoping Stage
832:
797:
606:
477:
248:
244:
240:
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158:
1444:. On military terrain from the perspective of the combat soldier. By
711:
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629:
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properties of a surface. The most common examples are used to derive
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431:
316:
273:
252:
154:
49:
802:
743:
723:
644:
594:
419:
378:
336:
210:
194:
1068:
Strak, V.; Dominguez, S.; Petit, C.; Meyer, B.; Loget, N. (2011).
1462:
982:
Department of
Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms
905:
U.S. Geological Survey
Scientific Investigations Report 2011–5108
827:
633:
598:
507:
404:
343:. Complex arrays of relief data are used as input parameters for
285:
281:
38:
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304:
tend to have better farming soils than steeper, rockier uplands.
715:
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data to represent terrain or overlaying objects, commonly of a
652:
656:
621:
616:
Land surface parameters are quantitative measures of various
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382:
277:
151:
734:(GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced
296:
The understanding of terrain is critical for many reasons:
1457:
696:
348:
236:
27:
Vertical and horizontal dimension and shape of land surface
776:
Applications of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)
760:, geological applications, and other applications, and in
1067:
1198:
411:
levels or timing because of elevation differences or a
1364:
1318:
1231:
1227:
852:
1247:
235:) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of
1111:
398:, even psychological, cultural, or economic factors.
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1387:
1235:
1005:
422:, especially for low-flying routes and maneuvers (
201:running about 500 km (310 mi) long. The
605:cause land to be elevated, whereas erosional and
1483:
1169:
1140:
1040:African Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Approaches
205:is flanked by a vast chain of hills between the
1319:Bonnet, C.; Malavieille, J.; Mosar, J. (2007).
1037:Bollig, Michael; Bubenzer, Olaf, eds. (2009).
1036:
1003:
256:
902:
706:(DEM) or digital surface model (DSM) is a
636:parameters are based on the modelling of
418:Precise knowledge of terrain is vital in
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
896:
683:
670:
385:and material into and through areas. An
184:
172:
145:
14:
1484:
1232:Bonnet, Malavieille & Mosar (2007)
921:
632:that reflect flow/erosion processes.
1284:"Appendix A – Glossary and Acronyms"
823:Terrain awareness and warning system
403:Terrain is important in determining
370:is an established practice enabling
362:Understanding terrain also supports
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
434:and the orientation of its runways.
394:, and, by extension under the term
24:
1435:
1236:King, Herman & Guralnik (2016)
873:10.1016/B978-0-12-804299-1.00016-3
667:or borders of specific landforms.
25:
1513:
1451:
1043:. Cologne: Springer. p. 48.
167:TerrainBase Digital Terrain Model
1468:
676:This section is an excerpt from
484:
191:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
163:National Geophysical Data Center
48:
1312:
1276:
1265:
1241:
1221:
1192:
1163:
860:New Pesticides and Soil Sensors
424:see terrain collision avoidance
355:) to allow prediction of river
217:. Northeast is towards the top.
59:needs additional citations for
1134:
1105:
1061:
1030:
997:
967:
915:
846:
748:While a DSM may be useful for
732:geographic information systems
726:. A "global DEM" refers to a
13:
1:
1473:The dictionary definition of
1368:Geological Society of America
1202:Geological Society of America
1173:Geological Society of America
1144:Geological Society of America
1115:Geological Society of America
839:
787:Geographic information system
781:Cartographic relief depiction
366:, especially in agriculture.
291:
349:Storm Water Management Model
251:studies terrain relative to
7:
1099:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.005
768:
10:
1518:
1004:Summerfield, M.A. (1991).
675:
488:
345:hydrology transport models
36:
29:
730:. DEMs are used often in
643:Land surface objects, or
438:
975:"Joint Publication 1-02"
510:processes: migration of
387:understanding of terrain
325:drainage characteristics
37:Not to be confused with
32:Terrain (disambiguation)
1412:10.1126/science.aaf2637
704:digital elevation model
678:Digital elevation model
630:hydrological parameters
372:sustainable agriculture
933:U.S. Geological Survey
909:U.S. Geological Survey
808:Physical terrain model
699:
257:
218:
182:
170:
1381:10.1130/2006.2398(12)
1249:University of Cologne
1215:10.1130/2006.2398(04)
1186:10.1130/2006.2398(14)
1157:10.1130/2005.2398(13)
1128:10.1130/2006.2398(08)
922:Brush, L. M. (1961).
687:
671:Digital terrain model
611:erosion and tectonics
497:geological structures
309:environmental quality
188:
176:
149:
1350:10.1029/2006TC002048
1230:, pp. 201–225;
1008:Global Geomorphology
728:discrete global grid
708:3D computer graphics
321:watershed boundaries
243:is used to describe
68:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1442:Boots on the ground
1404:2016Sci...353..800K
1342:2007Tecto..26.6016B
1091:2011Tectp.513....1S
931:. Washington D.C.:
553:and gravitational (
333:groundwater systems
1492:Physical geography
1295:Environment Agency
1251:(23 August 2016).
1238:, pp. 800–804
1228:Hoth et al. (2006)
750:landscape modeling
710:representation of
700:
597:processes such as
528:volcanic eruptions
524:mountain formation
270:physical geography
239:surface. The term
219:
183:
171:
1398:(6301): 800–804.
882:978-0-12-804299-1
762:planetary science
368:Contour ploughing
364:soil conservation
339:, and impacts on
265:) means "earth."
255:. The Latin word
197:of New Zealand's
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
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1306:
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1297:. Archived from
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758:land-use studies
693:Tithonium Chasma
581:Extraterrestrial
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428:radio navigation
329:drainage systems
260:
193:. This shows an
161:. Data from the
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1016:. p. 537.
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935:. pp. 1–44
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783:(2D relief map)
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638:solar radiation
512:tectonic plates
501:geological time
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392:human geography
302:alluvial plains
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195:elevation model
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1479:at Wiktionary
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1452:External links
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1304:on 2007-07-10.
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911:. p. 72.
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754:city modeling
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640:or air flow.
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491:Geomorphology
485:Geomorphology
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409:precipitation
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396:human terrain
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365:
361:
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357:water quality
354:
350:
347:(such as the
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341:water quality
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261:(the root of
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231:topographical
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215:Southern Alps
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179:Sierra Nevada
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79:Find sources:
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57:This article
55:
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46:
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40:
33:
19:
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1467:
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1313:Bibliography
1299:the original
1290:
1278:
1267:
1258:ScienceDaily
1256:
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1171:
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1055:Google Books
1053:– via
1039:
1032:
1007:
999:
985:
981:
969:
937:. Retrieved
924:
917:
904:
898:
886:. Retrieved
858:
848:
813:Relief ratio
701:
691:of a DEM of
689:3D rendering
642:
618:morphometric
615:
593:
494:
476:
445:local relief
444:
442:
353:DSSAM Models
307:In terms of
295:
267:
262:
229:
225:
221:
220:
199:Alpine Fault
150:Present-day
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
18:Land surface
1458:Google Maps
1375:: 201–225.
1180:: 241–250.
1151:: 227–239.
1122:: 127–141.
957:|work=
939:October 29,
888:October 11,
867:: 561–594.
818:Subterranea
736:relief maps
661:break-lines
557:); such as
460:high relief
443:Relief (or
413:rain shadow
377:Terrain is
313:agriculture
1497:Topography
1486:Categories
1336:(TC6016).
840:References
833:Topography
798:Hypsometry
655:patterns,
649:watersheds
607:weathering
575:rock falls
559:landslides
533:Erosional
508:Geological
478:inter alia
454:low relief
379:militarily
292:Importance
288:patterns.
249:hypsometry
245:underwater
241:bathymetry
203:escarpment
159:bathymetry
94:newspapers
1463:Bing Maps
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