Landscape - Knowledge

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design has become essential for cities to differentiate and symbolize their unique character and atmosphere. However, this transformation has created challenges. First, the traditional color landscapes in some cities have been heavily influenced by natural geography, climate, local materials, ethnic culture, religion, and socioeconomic factors. Second, the growing problem of "color pollution" - through bright, solid-colored buildings, billboards, and lighting clusters - adversely affects people physically and psychologically. Third, homogenization of colors between cities is causing a loss of cultural identity, as many modern buildings share similar palettes, diluting local characteristics. Researchers have proposed more unified cityscape approaches to address these color landscape issues and help cities preserve their distinctive identities and create vibrant, emotionally engaging urban environments.

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is the primary element in the physicogeo-graphical differentiation of the earth. Landscape science deals with the origin, structure, and dynamics of landscapes, the laws of the development and arrangement of landscapes, and the transformation of landscapes by the economic activity of man.", and asserts that it was founded in Russia in the early 20th century by L. S. Berg and others, and outside Russia by the German S. Passarge. The conception of landscape as the relationship between various components of natural environments and geochemisty was devoted by soviet scientist Viktor Sochava, based on the ideas of american geographer

139: 1696: 423: 571: 2723: 2440: 43: 2692: 2239: 2819: 2677: 195: 1177: 2305: 218: 2378:, in East Asia the classic Chinese mountain-water ink painting was traditionally the most prestigious form of visual art. However, in the West, history painting came to require an extensive landscape background where appropriate, so the theory did not entirely work against the development of landscape painting – for several centuries landscapes were regularly promoted to the status of history painting by the addition of small figures to make a narrative scene, typically religious or mythological. 2780: 946: 1159:, on the other hand, are environments that have been altered in some manner by people (including temporary structures and places, such as campsites, that are created by human beings). Among archaeologists, the term landscape can refer to the meanings and alterations people mark onto their surroundings. As such, landscape archaeology is often employed to study the human use of land over extensive periods of time. Landscape archaeology can be summed up by Nicole Branton's statement: 563: 166: 68: 115: 97: 1234:, who was probably the most influential in promoting and developing the idea of cultural landscapes. Sauer was determined to stress the agency of culture as a force in shaping the visible features of the Earth's surface in delimited areas. Within his definition, the physical environment retains a central significance, as the medium with and through which human cultures act. His classic definition of a 'cultural landscape' reads as follows: 1283: 1298: 980: 1597: 1060:

landscape science" states that "The whole of the disciplines involved in landscape research will be referred to as landscape science, although this term was used first in 1885 by the geographers Oppel and Troll". A 2013 guest editorial defines landscape science as "research that seeks to understand the relationship between people and their environment, with a focus on

1047:, Isaak S. Zonneveld, Zev Naveh, Richard T. T. Forman/Michel Godron and others that landscapes are arenas in which humans interact with their environments on a kilometre-wide scale; instead, he defines 'landscape'—regardless of scale—as "the template on which spatial patterns influence ecological processes". Some define 'landscape' as an area containing two or more 3973:(The Betrothed). Scott himself recognized Manzoni's greatness. When in Milan Manzoni told him that he was his pupil, Scott replied that in that case Manzoni's was his best work. It is, however, very characteristic that while Scott was able to write a profusion of novels about English and Scottish society, Manzoni confined himself to this single masterpiece." 1821:, describing the view from a distance or a temporal view into the future, with the sense of opportunity or expectation. When understood broadly as landscape poetry and when assessed from its establishment to the present, topographical poetry can take on many formal situations and types of places. Kenneth Baker, in his "Introduction to 1163:"the landscapes in landscape archaeology may be as small as a single household or garden or as large as an empire", and "although resource exploitation, class, and power are frequent topics of landscape archaeology, landscape approaches are concerned with spatial, not necessarily ecological or economic, relationships. While similar to 1350:, also called English landscape park or simply the 'English garden', is a style of parkland garden intended to look as though it might be a natural landscape, although it may be very extensively re-arranged. It emerged in England in the early 18th century, and spread across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical 1756:. Though the earliest examples come mostly from continental Europe, the topographical poetry in the tradition originating with Denham concerns itself with the classics, and many of the various types of topographical verse, such as river, ruin, or hilltop poems were established by the early 17th century. 1039:, a landscape is a heterogeneous land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form throughout, whereby they list woods, meadows, marshes and villages as examples of a landscape's ecosystems, and state that a landscape is an area at least a few kilometres wide. 1338:

is a landscape garden style which has evolved over three thousand years. It includes both the vast gardens of the Chinese emperors and members of the Imperial Family, built for pleasure and to impress, and the more intimate gardens created by scholars, poets, former government officials, soldiers and

1952:(early A.D., Greece), which was translated into English from the French in 1739. From the 18th century, a taste for the sublime in the natural landscape emerged alongside the idea of the sublime in language; that is elevated rhetoric or speech. A topographical poem that influenced the Romantics, was 1085:

is a way of managing a landscape that brings together multiple stakeholders, who collaborate to integrate policy and practice for their different land use objectives, with the purpose of achieving sustainable landscapes. It recognises that, for example, one river basin can supply water for towns and

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of 1979 defines landscape science as "the branch of physical geography that deals with natural territorial complexes (or geographic complexes, geosystems) as structural parts of the earth's geographic mantle" and states that "The basis of landscape science is the theory that the geographic landscape

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The World Heritage Committee identifies three categories of cultural landscape, ranging from (i) those landscapes most deliberately 'shaped' by people, through (ii) full range of 'combined' works, to (iii) those least evidently 'shaped' by people (yet highly valued). The three categories extracted

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features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near Earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and

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Color landscapes blend artificial elements like buildings, roads, and pavements with natural features such as mountains, forests, plants, sky, and rivers. These compositions of distant and near views can significantly impact people's emotions. As urbanization rapidly advances, urban color landscape

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Both the Roman and Chinese traditions typically show grand panoramas of imaginary landscapes, generally backed with a range of spectacular mountains – in China often with waterfalls and in Rome often including sea, lakes or rivers. These were frequently used to bridge the gap between a foreground

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from Ancient Egypt, can give a strong sense of place, but the emphasis is on individual plant forms and human and animal figures rather than the overall landscape setting. For a coherent depiction of a whole landscape, some rough system of perspective, or scaling for distance, is needed, and this

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Wiens, J.A. and B.T. Milne, B.T. 1989: Scaling of 'landscapes' in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from the beetle's perspective. Landscape Ecology 3(2):87–96; Wiens, J.A.: The science and practice of landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (eds) 1999: Landscape ecological

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The discipline of landscape science has been described as "bring landscape ecology and urban ecology together with other disciplines and cross-disciplinary fields to identify patterns and understand social-ecological processes influencing landscape change". A 2000 paper entitled "Geography and

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confirmed, landscape painting was the "chief artistic creation of the nineteenth century", and "the dominant art", with the result that in the following period people were "apt to assume that the appreciation of natural beauty and the painting of landscape is a normal and enduring part of our

2512:, the school's generally acknowledged founder, has much in common with the philosophical ideals of European landscape paintings — a kind of secular faith in the spiritual benefits to be gained from the contemplation of natural beauty. Some of the later Hudson River School artists, such as 2367:("mountain-water"), or "pure" landscape, in which the only sign of human life is usually a sage, or a glimpse of his hut, uses sophisticated landscape backgrounds to figure subjects, and landscape art of this period retains a classic and much-imitated status within the Chinese tradition. 1343:, trees and flowers, and an assortment of halls and pavilions within the garden, connected by winding paths and zig-zag galleries. By moving from structure to structure, visitors can view a series of carefully composed scenes, unrolling like a scroll of landscape paintings. 1086:

agriculture, timber and food crops for smallholders and industry, and habitat for biodiversity; the way in which each one of these sectors pursues its goals can have impacts on the others. The intention is to minimise conflict between these different land use objectives and

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that is reflected in dictionaries conveys both a particular and a general meaning, the particular referring to an area of the Earth's surface and the general being that which can be seen by an observer. An example of this second usage can be found as early as 1662 in the

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merchants, made for reflection and escape from the outside world. They create an idealized miniature landscape, which is meant to express the harmony that should exist between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is enclosed by walls and includes one or more ponds,

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The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, Gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape. The work of

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is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizational levels of research and policy.

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has often been closely tied to Chinese landscape painting, which developed much earlier than in the West. Many poems evoke specific paintings, and some are written in more empty areas of the scroll itself. Many painters also wrote poetry, especially in the

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defines landscapes as sections within the uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors which are defined as such on the basis of their uniformity in terms of a specific land use, and are thus defined in an anthropocentric and relativistic way.

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From Georg Lukàcs, "The Historical Novel" (1969): "In Italy Scott found a successor who, though in a single, isolated work, nevertheless broadened his tendencies with superb originality, in some respect surpassing him. We refer, of course, to Manzoni's

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was also closely associated with the Group of Seven, though was never an official member. Although certainly less dominant in the period after World War I, many significant artists still painted landscapes in the wide variety of styles exemplified by

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devoid of human influence, instead featuring subjects such as strongly defined landforms, weather, and ambient light. As with most forms of art, the definition of a landscape photograph is broad, and may include urban settings, industrial areas, and

2508:, prominent in the middle to late 19th century, is probably the best-known native development in landscape art. These painters created works of mammoth scale that attempted to capture the epic scope of the landscapes that inspired them. The work of 2400:

In England, landscapes had initially been mostly backgrounds to portraits, typically suggesting the parks or estates of a landowner, though mostly painted in London by an artist who had never visited the site. the English tradition was founded by

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The character of a landscape helps define the self-image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people's lives. Landscape can be as varied as farmland, a

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Hood, Edward J. (1996) "Social Relations and the Cultural Landscape". In Landscape Archaeology:Reading and Interpreting the American Historical Landscape. Yamin, Rebecca and Karen Bescherer Metheny, eds. Knoxville:The University of Tennessee

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Gleason, Kathryn L. (1994). "To Bound and to Cultivate: An Introduction to the Archaeology of Gardens and Fields. In The Archaeology of Garden and Field. Miller, Naomi F. and Kathryn L. Gleason, eds. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania

1648:. They effectively layer the whole of the Australian continent's topography with cultural nuance and deeper meaning, and empower selected audiences with the accumulated wisdom and knowledge of Australian Aboriginal ancestors back to 2516:, created less comforting works that placed a greater emphasis (with a great deal of Romantic exaggeration) on the raw, even terrifying power of nature. The best examples of Canadian landscape art can be found in the works of the 2384:

of the 17th century saw the dramatic growth of landscape painting, in which many artists specialized, and the development of extremely subtle realist techniques for depicting light and weather. The popularity of landscapes in the

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There are several definitions of what constitutes a landscape, depending on context. In common usage however, a landscape refers either to all the visible features of an area of land (usually rural), often considered in terms of

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poetry represent the earliest form of landscape literature, though this literary genre presents an idealized landscape peopled by shepherds and shepherdesses, and creates "an image of a peaceful uncorrupted existence; a kind of

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is the study of the way in which humanity has changed the physical appearance of the environment - both present and past. Landscape generally refers to both natural environments and environments constructed by human beings.

1470:. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design of civil 3100:

Troll, C. 2007: The geographic landscape and its investigation. In: Wiens, J.A., Moss, M.R., Turner, M.G. & Mladenoff, D.J. (eds): Foundation papers in landscape ecology. New York, Columbia University Press:71–101

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Wiens, J.A. 1999: The science and practice of landscape ecology. In: Klopatek, J.M. and R.H. Gardner (eds): Landscape ecological analyses: issues and applications. Springer, New York:371–383; cf. Wiens, J.A. 2005:

1561:, US. Here the combination of traditional landscape gardening and the emerging field of city planning gave landscape architecture its unique focus. This use of the term landscape architect became established after 1940: 1855:

in some way. The description of the landscape therefore becomes a poetic vehicle for a political message. For example, in John Denham's "Cooper's Hill", the speaker discusses the merits of the recently executed

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in Britain. The poor condition of workers, the new class conflicts, and the pollution of the environment all led to a reaction against urbanism and industrialisation and a new emphasis on the beauty and value of

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is applied in British art history, to a loosely affiliated school of landscape painting that emerged around 1930 and continued until the early 1950s. These painters looked back to 19th-century artists such as

3570:. ENTRIKEN, J. Nicholas & BRUNN, Stanley D (Eds) Reflections on Richard Hartshorne's The nature of geography. Occasional publications of the Association of the American Geographers, Washington DC. Page 27 2472:

The Romantic movement intensified the existing interest in landscape art, and remote and wild landscapes, which had been one recurring element in earlier landscape art, now became more prominent. The German

1200:. From the 16th century onwards, many European artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing the people in their paintings to figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes. 2208:) was a contrasting poetic movement which lasted for centuries, with a focused on the nature found in gardens, in backyards, and in the cultivated countryside. Fields and Gardens poetry is one of many 1167:

and ecological archaeology, landscape approaches model places and spaces as dynamic participants in past behavior, not merely setting (affecting human action), or artifact (affected by human action)".

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Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron, M. 1981: Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 31(10):733–740; Forman, R.T.T. and M. Godron 1986: Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York.

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Spencer-Wood, Suzanne M. and Sherene Baugher. (2010) "Introduction to the Historical Archaeology of Powered Cultural Landscapes." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 14, pp. 463-474.

2798: 2741: 2409:, artists working in England. By the beginning of the 19th century the English artists with the highest modern reputations were mostly dedicated landscapists, showing the wide range of 2691: 2581:. This movement was motivated in part as a response to the threat of invasion during World War II. Artists particularly associated with the initiation of this movement included 3110:

Neef, E. 1967: Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre. Haack, Gotha; cf. Haase, G. and H. Richter 1983: Current trends in landscape research. GeoJournal 7(2):107–119.

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was particularly influential. By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated by the French landscape garden, and as far away as St. Petersburg, Russia, in

1922: – evident in painting and literature as well as in politics and philosophy – was a change in the way people perceived and valued the landscape. In particular, after 3443:

Branton, Nicole (2009) Landscape Approaches in Historical Archaeology: The Archaeology of Places. In International Handbook of Historic Archaeology, Majewski, Teresita and

1833:—correspondent to each type, from "Walks and Surveys", to "Mountains, Hills, and the View from Above", to "Violation of Nature and the Landscape", to "Spirits and Ghosts." 3091:

Kirchhoff, T., Trepl, L. and V. Vicenzotti, V. 2012: What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions. Landscape Research online first.

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A major contrast between landscape painting in the West and East Asia has been that while in the West until the 19th century it occupied a low position in the accepted

2319:, although ground-lines and sometimes indications of mountains, trees or other natural features are included. The earliest "pure landscapes" with no human figures are 3711:

Morris, C. (1995) "An Approach to Ensure Continuity and Transmission of the Rainforest Peoples' Oral Tradition", in Fourmile, H; Schnierer, S.; & Smith, A. (Eds)

3953: 2216:(365–427), among other names or versions of names). Tao Yuanming has been regarded as the first great poet associated with the Fields and Gardens poetry genre. 1934:

began to influence artists and viewers. Gilpin advocated approaching the landscape "by the rules of picturesque beauty," which emphasized contrast and variety.

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Christopher Casey, (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism".

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PANNELL, S (2006) Reconciling Nature and Culture in a Global Context: Lessons form the World Heritage List. James Cook University. Cairns, Australia. Page 62

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Zeng, et al. Chromaticity Analysis on Ethnic Minority Color Landscape Culture in Tibetan Area: A Semantic Differential Approach. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4672.

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landscapes survive, from the 1st century BCE onwards, especially frescos of landscapes decorating rooms that have been preserved at archaeological sites of

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is credited with having first formally used "cultural landscape" as an academic term in the early 20th century. In 1908, Schlüter argued that by defining

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Proponents of integrated landscape management argue that it is well-suited to address complex global challenges, such as those that are the focus of the

485:(a word from Germanic origin) may be taken in its sense of something to which people belong (as in England being the land of the English). The suffix 3541:

GIBSON, W.S (1989) Mirror of the Earth: The World Landscape in Sixteenth-Century Flemish Painting. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

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are also etymologically linked. The modern form of the word, with its connotations of scenery, appeared in the late sixteenth century when the term

2425:. However all these had difficulty establishing themselves in the contemporary art market, which still preferred history paintings and portraits. 2156:

painting and poetry shows imaginary landscapes, though with features typical of some parts of South China; they remain popular to the present day.

1223:(transl. 'cultural landscape') a landscape created by human culture. The major task of geography was to trace the changes in these two landscapes. 1036: 588:

Scenery: The natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their appearance, esp. when picturesque: spectacular views of mountain scenery.

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Encyclopædia Britannica. "Romanticism". Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

442:. When people deliberately improve the aesthetic appearance of a piece of land—by changing contours and vegetation, etc.—it is said to have been 3408: 2818: 1215:(landscape science) this would give geography a logical subject matter shared by no other discipline. He defined two forms of landscape: the 1090:. This approach draws on landscape ecology, as well as many related fields that also seek to integrate different land uses and users, such as 314:

overlay of human presence, often created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is vital to local and

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an "associative cultural landscape" which may be valued because of the "religious, artistic or cultural associations of the natural element".

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Records of the 21st conference of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, describing Classical Chinese garden design and the gardens of Suzhou.

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For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and

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UNESCO (2005) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 84.

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of the East, which had recently been described by European travellers and were realized in the Anglo-Chinese garden, and the philosophy of

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An Identification of Problems and Potential for Future Rainforest Aboriginal Cultural Survival and Self-Determination in the Wet Tropics.

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Though describing a landscape or scenery, topographical poetry often, at least implicitly, addresses a political issue or the meaning of

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JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas. John Wiley & Sons. New York. Page 321-324.

3300:"What are 'Integrated Landscape Approaches' and how effectively have they been implemented in the tropics: a systematic map protocol" 2481:. To this he added a quasi-mystical Romanticism. French painters were slower to develop landscape painting, but from about the 1830s 3492: 3152:

Sanderson, J. and L. D. Harris (eds.). 2000. Landscape Ecology: A Top-Down Approach. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, USA.

3143:. In: Wiens, J.A. and M.R. Moss (eds): Issues and perspectives in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge:365–373. 2152:

developed in China during the third and fourth centuries AD and left most of the varied landscapes of China largely unrepresented.

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lit. "mountain-water") style featuring wild mountains, rivers and lakes, rather than landscape as a setting for a human presence.

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Many landscape photographs show little or no human activity and are created in the pursuit of a pure, unsullied depiction of

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A view: "A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or area covered by the eye from one point" (OED).

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for the first time making landscape painting the main source of general stylistic innovation across all types of painting.

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or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal. A landscape includes the physical elements of

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emerged around the turn of the sixteenth century to denote a painting whose primary subject matter was natural scenery.

3506: 2428: 1848:, which include images of rivers, ruins, moonlight, birdsong, and clouds, peasants, mountains, caves, and waterscapes. 4163: 3052: 952: 1740:'s 1642 poem "Cooper's Hill" established the genre, which peaked in popularity in 18th-century England. Examples of 1015:

Landscape is a central concept in landscape ecology. It is, however, defined in quite different ways. For example:

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from other parts of the landscape. The Earth surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic,

624:: The word literally means "in the manner of a picture; fit to be made into a picture", and used as early as 1703 ( 2489:

established a French landscape tradition that would become the most influential in Europe for a century, with the

1970:, with the expansion of the city and depopulation of the countryside, was another influences on the growth of the 2846: 2209: 1967: 1953: 1617: 1082: 1356:

of the 17th century as the principal style for large parks and gardens in Europe. The English garden (and later

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by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.

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was introduced by Dutch painters who used it to refer to paintings of inland natural or rural scenery. The word

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to give landscapes a much greater and more prestigious place in 19th-century art than they had assumed before.

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society, and the decline of religious painting in the 18th and 19th centuries all over Europe combined with

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is modified by a combination of surface processes that sculpt landscapes, and geologic processes that cause

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Human and Regional Geography in the German-speaking lands in the first forty years of the Twentieth Century

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Wu, J. 2006. Cross-disciplinarity, landscape ecology, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecology 21:1-4.

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states that "UNEP champions the landscape approach de facto as it embodies the main elements of integrated

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Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Participation Research and Development. Cairns, Australia

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and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by

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changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response to surface processes), and the formation of deep

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Wu, J. and R. Hobbs (Eds). 2007. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

2212:. One of the main practitioners of the Fields and Gardens poetry genre was Tao Yuanming (also known as 1644:

across Australia. All such myths variously tell significant truths within each Aboriginal group's local

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of around 1500 BCE. Hunting scenes, especially those set in the enclosed vista of the reed beds of the

1958: 1609: 1389: 1352: 979: 28: 17: 4187: 3902:(originally subtitled "Landscape in literature", 1979). New York: Thames & Hudson, 2000, p. 152. 3389: 2861: 2381: 2159: 1562: 1066: 740: 438:

appeal, or to a pictorial representation of an area of countryside, specifically within the genre of

415: 3369:"Integrated Landscape Management: The Means of Implementation for the Sustainable Development Goals" 3082:

Wu, J. 2008. Landscape ecology. In: S. E. Jorgensen (ed), Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford.

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suggests that Thomas Hardy "is perhaps the greatest writer of rural life and landscape" in English.

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and landscape. However, it was also a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the

2517: 2229: 1459: 1347: 1102: 767:. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field. 764: 411: 3163:"Landscape and Urban Planning: An International Journal of Landscape Science, Planning and Design" 1994:

was a major contributor to the literature of landscape, as was his contemporary poet and novelist

1219:(transl. original landscape) or landscape that existed before major human induced changes and the 533:, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed from a Dutch painters' term. The popular conception of the 138: 3851: 3162: 1923: 1695: 1499: 1486:. Landscape architects work on all types of structures and external space – large or small, 1357: 1019:

conceives of landscape not as a mental construct but as an objectively given 'organic entity', a

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as "a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture" (p. xii).

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France, Alan W. (1990). "Gothic North and the Mezzogiorno in Auden's 'In Praise of Limestone'".

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brought attention to Longinus' argument for the emotive power of figurative language in poetry.

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Landscape, Liberty, and Authority: Poetry, Criticism, and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth.

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scene with figures and a distant panoramic vista, a persistent problem for landscape artists.

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are considered to be environments that have not been altered by humans in any shape or form.

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UNESCO (2012) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention

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Makhzoumi J. and Pungetti G., Ecological Landscape Design and Planning, Spon Routledge,(1999)

2360: 2225: 1963: 1945: 1612:, looking upwards to the skies, within north-east Australia's wet tropical forested landscape 1550: 1542: 1420: 1373: 1360:) presented an idealized view of nature. It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by 1118: 539: 382:

regions. The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as

239: 176: 3789: 3311: 2602: 2448: 2308: 2299: 1980: 1857: 1841: 1825:, identifies 37 varieties and compiles poems from the 16th through the 20th centuries—from 1729: 1538: 1526: 1106: 1091: 603: 367: 8: 4207: 3666: 3283:

Scientific path of Viktor Borisovich Sochava and his contributions for landscape analysis

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used the term 'landscape architecture' as a profession for the first time when designing

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The earliest forms of art around the world depict little that could really be called

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In headlands, tongues, and promontory shapes, Into the sea, the real sea, that seemed

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was in part a reflection of the virtual disappearance of religious painting in a

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Also influenced by Romanticism's approach to landscape was the American novelist

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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

1919: 1689: 1656: 1649: 1629: 1601: 1522: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1231: 1176: 1139: 1072: 1061: 775: 201: 4089:, an online exhibition of Canadian historical art at Library and Archives Canada 3802: 3351: 2574: 2304: 2003: 584:

There are several words that are frequently associated with the word landscape:

194: 3444: 2697: 2606: 2478: 2414: 2406: 2333: 2205: 2189: 2095: 1826: 1787: 1757: 1745: 1714: 1681: 1641: 1534: 1471: 1455: 1385: 1335: 1301: 1032: 964: 884: 819: 363: 960: 477:; these terms referred to a system of human-made spaces on the land. The term 217: 4196: 3912: 3333: 2981: 2956: 2766: 2614: 2594: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2546: 2526: 2501: 2490: 2422: 2275: 1818: 1769: 1558: 1506: 1416: 1227: 1197: 1040: 896: 727: 427: 3592:. University of California Publications in Geography. Number 22. Pages 19-53 3231: 3214: 2569:, but were also influenced by French cubist and post-cubist artists such as 4135:, edited by Hugh Brigstocke. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3511: 3350:

Denier, L; Scherr, S; Shames, S; Chatterton, P; Hovani, L; Stam, N (2015).

3192:. Special issue: 29th International Geographical Congress (1-2–3-4): 9–36. 2610: 2550: 2542: 2534: 2271: 2213: 2083: 2057: 2015: 2011: 1995: 1935: 1836:

Common aesthetic registers of which topographical poetry makes use include

1830: 1765: 1704: 1554: 1510: 1443: 1435: 1412: 1397: 1393: 1135: 607: 574: 474: 371: 335: 267: 57: 3324: 2805: 1817:, written in 17th-century England to compliment a wealthy patron, and the 3198: 3185: 2921:"Methods for landscape characterisation and mapping: A systematic review" 2590: 2509: 2461: 2432: 2410: 2394: 2386: 2349: 2337: 2267: 2246: 2079: 2007: 1931: 1904: 1852: 1845: 1799: 1795: 1753: 1672: 1664: 1608:, transformed into a mountain range, is seen lying on his back above the 1313: 760: 735: 731: 702: 664: 621: 443: 383: 251: 153: 3285:// Revista do Instituto Geológico, São Paulo, 41 (3), 1-7, 2020. P. 1-7. 2628: 562: 165: 4025:

Honour & Fleming, 53. The only very complete example is now in the

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a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation, such as a

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http://peoplefoodandnature.org/analysis/all-publications/case-studies/

3241: 3000:

Olwig K.R., Representation and Alienation in the Political Landscape,

2970: 4158:, 34 volumes, edited by Jane Turner. New York: Grove's Dictionaries. 3702:

Morris, C. (1994) "Oral Literature" in Horton, David (General Editor)

3366: 2881: 2866: 2856: 2530: 2390: 2364: 2279: 2117: 1807: 1761: 1625: 1621: 1463: 1290: 1286: 1272: 1208: 1048: 908: 839: 722: 660: 435: 375: 299: 259: 114: 1998:. Scott's influence was felt throughout Europe, as well as on major 1667:

world". The pastoral has its origins in the works of the Greek poet

96: 4006: 3764:. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1936, p. 3. 3660: 2103:

or literati tradition. Landscape images were present in the early

1837: 1749: 1736:

of poetry that describes, and often praises, a landscape or place.

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and data pertaining to land resources at the landscape scale". The

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and alter material properties, the stability and rate of change of

799: 698: 690: 668: 578: 379: 339: 303: 295: 255: 243: 2115:, but in later poetry the emphasis changed, as in painting to the 653:: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region. See also 2876: 2707: 2663: 2643: 2345: 2105: 2062: 1873: 1773: 1467: 1451: 1400:

and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.

900: 876: 843: 835: 823: 815: 811: 752: 748: 672: 595: 466: 399: 311: 307: 205: 180: 172: 145: 106: 49: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2435:"The Course of Empire The Arcadian or Pastoral State", US, 1836. 1692:, developed in China during the third and fourth centuries A.D. 2919:

Simensen, Trond; Halvorsen, Rune; Erikstad, Lars (2018-06-01).

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interpretations of the English landscape found in the works of

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has a vast range of landscapes including the icy landscapes of

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Clarke, Michael, and Deborah Clarke. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism".

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analyses: issues and applications. Springer, New York:371–383.

663:(also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the 2893: 2332:

seems from literary evidence to have first been developed in

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from the Committee's Operational Guidelines, are as follows:

971:. An example of how past volcanic activity shaped a landscape 892: 888: 868: 864: 834:

where the surface of Earth drops and is filled with material

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became used by professional people who designed landscapes.

3913:"Walter Scott was the foremost literary figure of his days" 3215:"Applying Landscape Science to Natural Resource Management" 2647: 1329: 1305: 803: 791: 684: 599: 279: 275: 2038:

Among European writers influenced by Scott were Frenchmen

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conditions. Combining both their physical origins and the

2918: 1537:

in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by

795: 706: 283: 2685:(1547) by Wen Cheng-Ming(1470-1559) (lower half detail). 1962:(1726–30). The changing landscape, brought about by the 1430:

is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of

1258:"A landscape designed and created intentionally by man"; 2340:

period, although no large-scale examples survive. More

1776:

regional poet, also wrote topographical poems, as did

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created a modern, more realistic form of pastoral with

1616:

Possibly the earliest landscape literature is found in

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is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of

473:—after the fifth century, following the arrival of the 1541:

in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by

1533:. The first person to write of making a landscape was 2629:

Gallery of landscape paintings from different periods

3555:

All Possible Worlds: A History of Geographical Ideas

3297: 1591: 3428:Landscapes for People Food and nature case studies 3394:

Greater Mekong Subregion - Core Environment Program

1396:. It also had a major influence on the form of the 1261:

an "organically evolved landscape" which may be a "

3867:New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996., p.21' 2984:, Recovering the Substantive Nature of Landscape, 1545:in 1863. During the latter 19th century, the term 1273:Human conceptions and representations of landscape 1077: 723:Geomorphology: The physical evolution of landscape 4115: 4098:It was first labeled in March 1942 by the critic 3406: 1879:.................................and on the shore 4194: 489:is equivalent to the more common English suffix 4120:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 3889:. Volume III, Number 1. Retrieved 25 June 2009. 3837:Gilpin, William, quoted in Baker, Kenneth, ed. 3786: 3604:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Paris. Page 14. 4060:, volume three, "Of the novelty of landscape". 3507:"Philippine rice terraces no longer in danger" 3376:Landscapes for People Food and Nature Briefing 3367:Landscapes for People Food and Nature (2015). 3212: 3146: 2082:and Balzac and characterized as the "American 1863: 1813:Subgenres of topographical poetry include the 294:, human elements including different forms of 3762:Topographical Poetry in XVIII-Century England 3409:"Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" 2147: 2137: 1783:Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey 3661:Boults, Elizabeth and Chip Sullivan (2010). 3360: 1983:, as well a reaction against the scientific 1944:(1757) was also an influential text, as was 1889:Far, far beyond, the vapours shot themselves 4154:Button, Virginia. 1996. "Neo-Romanticism". 4131:Hopkins, Justine. 2001. "Neo-Romanticism". 3951:"Alexandre Dumas": The official French site 3747: 3745: 3743: 3624:Les Jardins - paysagistes, jardiners, poḕts 3549: 3547: 3213:Robinson, Guy M.; Carson, Doris A. (2013). 2477:had a distinctive style, influenced by his 2199: 1572: 1238:The cultural landscape is fashioned from a 1182:Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras 818:. Geologic processes include the uplift of 786:. Surface processes comprise the action of 389: 4118:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms 3828:John Denham, "Cooper's Hill", (ll.111-119) 3498: 3298:Reed, J; Deakin, E; Sunderland, T (2015). 2266:. Notable landscape photographers include 1885:A hundred hills their dusky backs upheaved 1768:' (1762) are two other familiar examples. 1196:can be found in the European tradition of 1043:opposes the traditional view expounded by 3656: 3654: 3644:Yves-Marie Allain and Janine Christiany, 3557:. John Wiley & Sons. New York, p.177. 3477: 3475: 3439: 3437: 3323: 3281:Valerian A. Snytko, Alexey V. Sobisevich 3240: 3230: 3197: 2946: 2936: 2204:'fields and gardens poetry'), in 1895:Usurped upon as far as sight could reach. 1403: 610:takes place, and helps initiate the main 3841:New York: Faber and Faber, 2000, p. xxvi 3740: 3582: 3544: 3535: 3206: 3155: 2996: 2994: 2752:Wheat Fields at Auvers Under Clouded Sky 2438: 2427: 2303: 2252: 2237: 1883:Which meek and silent rested at my feet. 1748:period, and can be found throughout the 1694: 1595: 1567:American Society of Landscape Architects 1482:of degraded landscapes such as mines or 1407: 1296: 1281: 1246:A cultural landscape, as defined by the 1175: 1126: 1112: 569: 561: 421: 393: 4130: 3663:Illustrated History of Landscape Design 3465: 3463: 3345: 3343: 3293: 3291: 3067: 2194: 1930:was published in 1770, the idea of the 1724: 1184:, the first site to be included in the 497:are etymologically akin to Old English 14: 4195: 4153: 4027:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3780: 3651: 3648:, Citadelles and Mazenod, Paris, 2006. 3472: 3434: 3390:"GMS Workshop on Landscape Approaches" 3353:The Little Sustainable Landscapes Book 3249: 3183: 3177: 1887:All over this still ocean, and beyond, 1786:is an obvious example. More recently, 238:is the visible features of an area of 4189:Plan & Execute landscape projects 4016:. Laurence King Publishing. Page 136. 3850:In the late 17th century in England, 3504: 3400: 2991: 2289: 1881:I found myself of a huge sea of mist, 1171: 717: 548:Could we but climb where Moses stood, 4183:podcasts: "Landscape and literature" 3460: 3450: 3340: 3288: 1277: 1188:cultural landscape category in 1995. 1054: 997: 850:List of different types of landscape 743:. Geomorphology is practiced within 628:), and derived from an Italian term 594:: In works of narrative (especially 4133:The Oxford Companion to Western Art 3839:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. 3817:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry. 2975: 2971:https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114672 1893:To dwindle and give up its majesty, 1688:An early form of landscape poetry, 24: 3553:JAMES, P.E & MARTIN, G (1981) 3356:. Oxford: Global Canopy Programme. 3141:Toward a unified landscape ecology 1823:The Faber Book of Landscape Poetry 1265:" or a "continuing landscape"; and 302:, and transitory elements such as 25: 4219: 4173: 3186:"Geography and landscape science" 1604:language group's mythical being, 1592:The earliest landscape literature 223:Large fields of modern farmland, 3819:New York: Faber and Faber, 2000. 3691:Jardins, potagers et labyrinthes 2938:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.022 2817: 2797: 2778: 2759: 2740: 2721: 2690: 2675: 2655: 2635: 2601:. A younger generation included 2219: 2069: 1918:One important aspect of British 978: 944: 846:action with geologic processes. 632:, "in the manner of a painter". 216: 193: 164: 137: 113: 95: 66: 41: 4147: 4124: 4109: 4092: 4072: 4063: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4019: 4014:Photography: A Cultural History 3997: 3988: 3976: 3962: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3905: 3892: 3879: 3870: 3857: 3844: 3831: 3822: 3809: 3777:. London: Penguin, 1999, p. 922 3767: 3754: 3727: 3718: 3705: 3696: 3683: 3638: 3629: 3616: 3607: 3595: 3573: 3560: 3526: 3485: 3422: 3382: 3275: 3132: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3058: 2847:Boundaries in landscape history 2210:Classical Chinese poetry genres 1760:'s "Windsor Forest" (1713) and 1083:Integrated landscape management 1078:Integrated landscape management 709:, in other words an example of 683:, of the physical aspects of a 34:Visible features of a land area 3037: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2963: 2912: 2907:New Oxford American Dictionary 2642:Landscape with scene from the 2243:The Tetons and the Snake River 2184: 2175: 2167: 2148: 2138: 246:, and how they integrate with 13: 1: 4037:Honour & Fleming, 150-151 3982: 3737:. London: Methuen, 1971, p.4. 3495:, Accessed December 12, 2010. 3261:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia 3031: 2887: 2311:, "View of Deventer" (1657). 1928:Observations on the River Wye 1908:(1805), Book 13, lines 41-51. 1587:American literary regionalism 1180:The Batad rice terraces, The 1099:Sustainable Development Goals 551:And view the landscape over. 426:A typical Dutch landscape in 3775:Dictionary of Literary Terms 3505:Malig, Jojo (26 June 2012). 2773:(Landscape with Two Figures) 1744:verse date, however, to the 1474:and the management of large 1392:, the gardens of the future 1263:relict (or fossil) landscape 1021:harmonic individuum of space 7: 4012:Mary Warner Marien (2006). 3803:10.5840/renascence199042319 3646:L'Art des jardins en Europe 3590:The Morphology of Landscape 3493:"Archaeology and Landscape" 3034:, 2002, p. 1, 65, 115, 171. 2840: 2483:Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 1864:The Romantic era in Britain 1618:Australian aboriginal myths 1583:British regional literature 1382:Lancelot "Capability" Brown 554:(General Hymns, verse 536). 10: 4224: 3693:, Mondatori Electra, Milan 3047:, Pearson Education Ltd, 2520:, prominent in the 1920s. 2485:and other painters in the 2293: 2223: 1810:landscape as an allegory. 1671:(c. 316 - c. 260 BC). The 1576: 1311: 1186:UNESCO World Heritage List 1116: 1001: 853: 362:landscapes including past 29:Landscape (disambiguation) 26: 3043:Summerfield, M.A., 1991, 2862:List of landscape gardens 2382:Dutch Golden Age painting 2160:Fields and Gardens poetry 2126: 2050:. Manzoni's famous novel 2033: 1710:Tess of the d'Urbervilles 1563:Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. 1146:Landscape archaeology or 1067:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 626:Oxford English Dictionary 600:historical moment in time 416:National Museum in Warsaw 4046:Reitlinger, 74-75, 85-87 2771:Paysage aux deux figures 2230:Conservation photography 2089: 1968:agricultural revolutions 1682:Michael, A Pastoral Poem 1573:Landscape and literature 1460:environmental psychology 1348:English landscape garden 1248:World Heritage Committee 1103:UN Environment Programme 765:geotechnical engineering 469:—and therefore into the 390:Definition and etymology 3407:Republic of Indonesia. 3232:10.5751/ES-05639-180132 1703:, the main setting for 1634:traditionally performed 1565:and others founded the 1368:, and from the classic 1358:French landscape garden 1134:Ridge and Furrow above 513:is related to the verb 3760:Aubin, Robert Arnold. 3491:Erika Martin Seibert. 3304:Environmental Evidence 3022:Found via Google Ngram 2706:Guarding the Herds of 2475:Caspar David Friedrich 2457: 2436: 2312: 2249: 1899: 1804:In Praise of Limestone 1721: 1613: 1428:Landscape architecture 1424: 1404:Landscape architecture 1322:Landscape architecture 1309: 1294: 1244: 1189: 1165:settlement archaeology 1143: 905:Polar regions of Earth 581: 567: 430: 419: 342:landscapes, vast arid 54:Badlands National Park 3724:J. A. Cuddon, P. 644. 3325:10.1186/2047-2382-4-2 3184:Antrop, Marc (2000). 2668:Madonna in the Meadow 2442: 2431: 2307: 2253:Landscape photography 2245:(1942) photograph by 2241: 2226:Landscape photography 2078:, who was admired by 2022:in the 20th-century. 1868: 1794:" (1853) praises the 1698: 1624:or Dreaming stories, 1599: 1551:Frederick Law Olmsted 1543:Frederick Law Olmsted 1421:Frederick Law Olmsted 1411: 1374:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1353:jardin à la française 1300: 1285: 1236: 1179: 1130: 1119:Landscape archaeology 1113:Landscape archaeology 573: 566:Kukle, Czech Republic 565: 540:Book of Common Prayer 425: 397: 290:including indigenous 286:, living elements of 177:Lahemaa National Park 3815:Baker, Kenneth, ed. 3733:Peter V. Marinetti, 3199:10.4000/belgeo.13975 3045:Global Geomorphology 3002:cultural geographies 2469:spiritual activity" 2309:Salomon van Ruisdael 2300:Aerial landscape art 2002:in Britain, such as 1981:Age of Enlightenment 1872:The Vision on Mount 1730:Topographical poetry 1725:Topographical poetry 1539:Gilbert Laing Meason 1527:Palace of Versailles 1107:ecosystem management 1092:watershed management 1051:in close proximity. 989:A photograph of the 398:Autumn landscape in 368:tropical rainforests 354:landscapes, densely 77:, Fatu Hiva Island, 27:For other uses, see 3667:John Wiley and Sons 3566:ELKINS, T.H (1989) 3316:2015EnvEv...4....2R 3257:"Landscape Science" 3219:Ecology and Society 2988:(1996),86,4,630-653 2986:Annals of the A.A.G 2872:Landscape mythology 2808:, landscape",1921 ( 2506:Hudson River School 2495:Post-Impressionists 2376:hierarchy of genres 2352:and elsewhere, and 2172:traditional Chinese 2134:traditional Chinese 2000:Victorian novelists 1752:era and during the 1640:within each of the 1547:landscape architect 1531:Louis XIV of France 1194:cultural landscapes 1157:Cultural landscapes 810:under the force of 757:engineering geology 604:geographic location 598:), it includes the 412:Stanisław Masłowski 4085:2016-03-12 at the 3956:2014-05-15 at the 3900:A Writer's Britain 3898:Margaret Drabble, 3416:UNFCCC submissions 2683:Spring in Kiangnan 2458: 2454:Museum of Grenoble 2437: 2405:and other, mostly 2313: 2296:Landscape painting 2290:Landscape painting 2264:nature photography 2250: 2234:Aerial photography 2164:simplified Chinese 2144:simplified Chinese 2048:Alessandro Manzoni 2028:A Writer's Britain 1992:William Wordsworth 1912:William Wordsworth 1815:country house poem 1778:William Wordsworth 1722: 1677:William Wordsworth 1638:Aboriginal peoples 1614: 1610:Barron River Gorge 1425: 1419:, US, designed by 1310: 1295: 1198:landscape painting 1190: 1172:Cultural landscape 1153:Natural landscapes 1144: 1123:Historical ecology 1088:ecosystem services 832:sedimentary basins 745:physical geography 741:numerical modeling 718:Physical landscape 705:which depicts the 582: 568: 440:landscape painting 431: 420: 4156:Dictionary of Art 4141:978-0-19-866203-7 3949:Drabble, p. 166; 3689:Lucia Impelluso, 3676:978-0-470-28933-4 2852:Landscape ecology 2599:Graham Sutherland 2597:, and especially 2579:Pavel Tchelitchew 2466:Sir Kenneth Clark 2449:Lac de l'Eychauda 2202: 2020:John Cowper Powys 1972:Romantic movement 1798:countryside, and 1792:The Scholar Gipsy 1701:Vale of Blackmore 1448:industrial design 1278:Landscape gardens 1240:natural landscape 1148:landscape history 1055:Landscape science 1009:Landscape ecology 1004:Landscape ecology 998:Landscape ecology 856:List of landforms 784:coastal geography 655:Natural landscape 316:national identity 298:, buildings, and 123:(boreal forest), 79:Marquesas Islands 16:(Redirected from 4215: 4168: 4167: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4113: 4107: 4100:Raymond Mortimer 4096: 4090: 4078:"Landscapes" in 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3971:I Promessi Sposi 3966: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3932: 3931:Drabble,, p. 170 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3855: 3848: 3842: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3820: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3784: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3722: 3716: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3658: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3622:Michel Baridon, 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3588:SAUER, C (1925) 3586: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3542: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3447:, eds. 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M. W. Turner 2302: 2294:Main articles: 2292: 2255: 2236: 2224:Main articles: 2222: 2195:t'ien-yuan-shih 2131:Shanshui poetry 2092: 2076:Fenimore Cooper 2072: 2044:Alexandre Dumas 2036: 1985:rationalisation 1916: 1909: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1877: 1866: 1727: 1690:Shanshui poetry 1673:Romantic period 1650:time immemorial 1642:language groups 1632:), the stories 1630:oral literature 1620:(also known as 1594: 1589: 1575: 1523:Vaux-le-Vicomte 1406: 1376:(1712 – 1778). 1370:Chinese gardens 1366:Nicolas Poussin 1362:Claude Lorraine 1341:scholar's rocks 1332: 1280: 1275: 1203:The geographer 1192:The concept of 1174: 1140:Gloucestershire 1125: 1117:Main articles: 1115: 1080: 1073:George Van Dyne 1062:land use change 1057: 1006: 1000: 995: 994: 993: 991:White Mountains 988: 983: 974: 973: 972: 957:Chaîne des Puys 954: 949: 858: 852: 820:mountain ranges 776:tectonic uplift 770:The surface of 725: 720: 640:(1768) defined 638:Essay on Prints 392: 232: 231: 230: 229: 228: 221: 213: 212: 202:Aletsch Glacier 198: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 169: 161: 160: 142: 131: 130: 129: 128: 127: 118: 110: 109: 100: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 71: 62: 61: 60: 46: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4221: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4175: 4174:External links 4172: 4170: 4169: 4146: 4123: 4108: 4091: 4071: 4062: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3983:Phillips, 1913 3975: 3961: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3869: 3863:Fulford, Tim. 3856: 3843: 3830: 3821: 3808: 3797:(3): 141–148. 3779: 3773:L. 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2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018:, as well as 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954:James Thomson 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1897: 1876: 1875: 1861: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1840:imagery, the 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:prospect poem 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1770:George Crabbe 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:topographical 1739: 1735: 1731: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:New York City 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:garden design 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 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Sauer 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:Otto Schlüter 1201: 1199: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:John A. Wiens 1038: 1034: 1031:According to 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1005: 992: 987: 981: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 947: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:Littoral zone 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 733: 729: 728:Geomorphology 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 659: 656: 652: 649: 646: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 587: 586: 585: 580: 576: 572: 564: 553: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544: 543: 541: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 509:. 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Elsevier 2982:Olwig K.R. 2888:References 2825:Emily Carr 2733:Matterhorn 2587:John Piper 2539:Peter Doig 2522:Emily Carr 2464:said, and 2329:Nile Delta 2284:Fred Judge 2190:Wade–Giles 1964:industrial 1844:, and the 1669:Theocritus 1577:See also: 1476:wilderness 1312:See also: 1293:, England 1142:, England. 1049:ecosystems 1045:Carl Troll 1025:Ernst Neef 1017:Carl Troll 917:Rainforest 854:See also: 840:hydrologic 808:topography 780:subsidence 711:marine art 695:photograph 681:photograph 651:Wilderness 630:pittoresco 517:, so that 505:, meaning 444:landscaped 408:watercolor 400:Rybiniszki 328:wilderness 300:structures 292:vegetation 288:land cover 210:Swiss Alps 152:region of 150:rainshadow 75:rainforest 18:Landscapes 4203:Landscape 3334:2047-2382 3225:(1): 32. 2957:0264-8377 2882:Taskscape 2867:Softscape 2857:Hardscape 2835:, Canada) 2806:Åreskutan 2786:Paul Nash 2583:Paul Nash 2556:The term 2531:Alex Katz 2391:Calvinist 2365:shan shui 2317:landscape 2280:Ben Heine 2154:Shan shui 2118:Shan shui 1990:The poet 1858:Charles I 1808:limestone 1762:John Dyer 1707:'s novel 1646:landscape 1626:songlines 1622:Dreamtime 1529:for King 1484:landfills 1478:areas or 1464:geography 1440:fine arts 1291:Wiltshire 1287:Stourhead 1209:geography 909:Shrubland 828:isostatic 824:volcanoes 661:Cityscape 596:fictional 535:landscape 531:landscape 527:landschap 479:landscape 463:landscaef 459:landscipe 455:landscape 453:The word 436:aesthetic 418:, Poland) 376:temperate 260:mountains 256:landforms 244:landforms 236:landscape 227:, England 73:Tropical 4181:Guardian 4083:Archived 3985:, p. 160 3954:Archived 3751:Yip, 130 3735:Pastoral 3626:. p. 348 3310:(2): 2. 3032:Obstfeld 2841:See also 2831:, 1939 ( 2769:, 1908, 2754:(1890). 2411:Romantic 2214:Tao Qian 2109:and the 1946:Longinus 1838:pastoral 1750:Medieval 1717:towards 1685:(1800). 1660:pastoral 1602:Djabugay 1579:Pastoral 1492:suburban 1454:and the 1390:Pavlovsk 1289:garden, 1132:Medieval 921:Woodland 881:Mountain 844:biologic 699:painting 691:Seascape 669:painting 612:backdrop 579:Pyrenees 515:schaffen 507:to shape 414:, 1902 ( 380:tropical 356:forested 312:cultural 304:lighting 296:land use 282:and the 270:such as 258:such as 254:defined 4102:in the 3518:26 June 3312:Bibcode 2877:Terrain 2792:(1918). 2716:(1645). 2712:Mercury 2708:Admetus 2664:Raphael 2644:Odyssey 2500:In the 2407:Flemish 2354:mosaics 2346:Pompeii 2336:in the 2321:frescos 2123:Chinese 2106:Shijing 2063:Ivanhoe 1874:Snowdon 1842:sublime 1774:Suffolk 1655:In the 1606:Damarri 1515:palaces 1468:ecology 1452:geology 1226:It was 901:Glacier 877:Wetland 816:climate 812:gravity 753:geodesy 749:geology 673:drawing 592:Setting 511:-schaft 503:scyppan 499:sceppan 467:England 352:coastal 348:islands 308:weather 248:natural 208:in the 206:glacier 181:Estonia 173:wetland 146:savanna 107:Siberia 50:prairie 4162: 4139: 3673: 3457:Press. 3332: 3263:. 1979 3190:Belgeo 3051: 2955: 2810:Sweden 2731:, The 2704:Apollo 2621:, and 2577:, and 2504:, the 2259:nature 2232:, and 2206:poetry 2192:: 2182:: 2180:pinyin 2174:: 2166:: 2125:: 2034:Europe 2014:, and 1977:nature 1772:, the 1585:, and 1466:, and 1438:, the 1432:botany 1328:, and 1326:Garden 969:France 937:Valley 933:Steppe 925:Jungle 913:Forest 873:Tundra 861:Desert 842:, and 836:eroded 634:Gilpin 491:-ship. 487:-scape 404:Latvia 360:wooded 350:, and 344:desert 330:. 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