236:
186:
246:
525:, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies."
727:, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual.
625:
The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to
604:
and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as
688:
At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of
621:
Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.
461:
explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities."
715:
is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of
401:
properties." A variety spoken in a particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect); some regional varieties are called regionalects or topolects, especially to discuss
581:) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as
521:, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of
371:, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.
453:, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change. Sociolinguists
423:
is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular
789:
Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) "Language in social contexts." In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds)
551:
way. Writing about
Standard English, John Algeo suggests that the standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good".
1247:
275:
754:, a standard language or dialect that arises due to contact between mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language
356:
avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.
1080:
1489:
775:. Data Paper no. 68, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies, Cornell University. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University,
509:
by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more
941:
627:
971:"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"
970:
858:
1044:
847:
Christopher D. Land (21 February 2013), "Varieties of the Greek language", in
Stanley E. Porter, Andrew Pitts (ed.),
1494:
1240:
17:
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528:
Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.
268:
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773:
The Barito isolects of Borneo: A classification based on comparative reconstruction and lexicostatistics
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1034:
1499:
1353:
547:
the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit,
475:
261:
239:
218:
100:
585:, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in
564:
321:
1104:
925:
802:
Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
606:
538:
517:
and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an
506:
213:
189:
130:
84:
473:
are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently.
1373:
208:
150:
120:
405:. In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called
741:
724:
582:
458:
450:
223:
1383:
1059:
Fasold, Ralph. (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
966:
703:, but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting.
1318:
1293:
1129:
Algeo, John. (1993) "What Makes Good
English Good?" In L. Miller Cleary and M.D. Lin (eds)
402:
1418:
8:
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341:
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876:
Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic
Analysis of Ursula K. Le Guin's The Dispossessed
249:
140:
125:
593:. There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups;
483:, especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas
1423:
1378:
1363:
1343:
1283:
1268:
1090:
1040:
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947:
937:
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496:
442:– defined as "a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to a specific community".
325:
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69:
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289:
40:
833:
O'Grady, William, John
Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Jane Rees-Miller. eds. (2001)
348:
or "proper" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (
1393:
1368:
1348:
1323:
1298:
910:& Timoci Sayaba. 1971. Fijian dialect divisions: eastern and western Fijian.
848:
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74:
59:
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631:
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427:, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.
54:
1483:
907:
693:
690:
518:
480:
105:
951:
336:, which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term
1079:(1999). "Standard English: what it isn't". In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.).
985:
717:
609:. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a
420:
410:
352:) varieties as equally complex, valid, and full-fledged forms of language.
1225:
590:
389:: "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own
349:
160:
31:
597:
refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers.
1086:
414:
406:
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115:
1202:
Language and situation: language varieties and their social contexts
850:
The
Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development
712:
309:
170:
155:
932:
Proto-Oceanic and the
Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia
586:
398:
380:
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110:
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that is used with the technical register of physical geography:
594:
394:
165:
368:
364:
1187:
Freeborn, Dennis, Peter French & David
Langford. (1993)
548:
332:
to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term
617:
There was two eskers what we saw in them U-shaped valleys.
430:
In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing
487:
refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well.
897:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010.
895:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
723:
For scholars who view language from the perspective of
1008:
Situated
Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
815:
30:"Lect" redirects here. For the commune in France, see
1063:. pp. 371-400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1019:
Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. (2003)
806:. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1013:
846:
785:
783:
781:
978:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
929:
1178:. Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
1176:The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction
1481:
816:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998).
778:
27:Specific form of a language or language cluster
1141:
1139:
796:
600:Unlike dialects, which are used by particular
1241:
1200:Gregory, Michael and Susanne Carroll. (1978)
675:
663:
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639:
269:
936:. Canberra: Australian National University.
872:
793:. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
536:
1136:
1071:
1069:
1061:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
1039:. Cambridge University Press. p. 268.
829:
827:
820:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. pp. 13–16.
804:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
324:, or other forms of language, as well as a
1255:
1248:
1234:
1000:
505:, some lect that is selected and promoted
438:, some linguists have been using the term
276:
262:
1191:. Houndsmill and London: MacMillan Press.
1036:Language and Linguistics: An introduction
1075:
1066:
1023:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1010:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1006:Lave, Jean & Etienne Wenger. (1991)
824:
818:American English: dialects and variation
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417:), or other social or cultural groups.
14:
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304:, is a specific form of a language or
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1082:Standard English: The Widening Debate
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1162:New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
1145:Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph. (2006)
924:
1216:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1165:
479:generally refers to differences in
24:
1213:Barber, Alex. (2004) "Idiolects."
1089:. pp. 117–128. Archived from
25:
1511:
1149:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage.
912:Journal of the Polynesian Society
340:, which is often associated with
531:In some cases, an authoritative
449:have adopted the concept of the
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1174:Saville-Troike, Muriel. (1982)
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1133:. pp. 473-82. New York: McGraw.
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837:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.
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359:Variation at the level of the
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1147:The Anthropology of Language
737:Abstand and ausbau languages
7:
747:List of language subsystems
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561:Register (sociolinguistics)
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342:non-standard language forms
10:
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696:. The shift is similar to
646:Is this the Cuban embassy?
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965:
682:Oh, Rosa! How's it going?
677:¡Ah Rosa! ¿Cóma anda eso?
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219:Sociocultural linguistics
1131:Linguistics for Teachers
835:Contemporary Linguistics
791:Contemporary Linguistics
771:Hudson, Alfred B. 1967.
641:ÂżEs la embajada de Cuba?
605:different dimensions of
565:Style (sociolinguistics)
511:sociolinguistic prestige
1495:Linguistics terminology
1219:. Retrieved 07-01-2009.
214:Linguistic anthropology
131:Phono-semantic matching
986:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022
853:, BRILL, p. 250,
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501:Many languages have a
385:O'Grady et al. define
328:. The use of the word
209:Historical linguistics
151:Linguistic description
121:Homophonic translation
1158:Joos, Martin. (1961)
1033:Lyons, John (2002) .
914:80.4 (1971): 405-436.
742:Language localization
725:linguistic competence
720:, various languages.
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459:Sally McConnell-Ginet
451:community of practice
411:socioeconomic classes
224:Sociology of language
1204:. London: Routledge.
1189:Varieties of English
658:Yes, may I help you?
607:linguistic variation
577:(sometimes called a
555:Registers and styles
403:varieties of Chinese
1021:Language and Gender
967:François, Alexandre
611:nonstandard dialect
344:thought of as less
308:. This may include
204:Applied linguistics
1109:Académie française
873:Daniel. W. Bruhn,
602:speech communities
539:Académie Française
519:arbitrary standard
491:Standard varieties
413:(sometimes called
296:, also known as a
250:Linguistics portal
146:Language varieties
141:Discourse analysis
126:Macaronic language
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1105:"Le Dictionnaire"
1093:on 21 March 2009.
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931:
923:See p.8 of:
919:
911:
903:
894:
893:"topolect".
888:
875:
868:
849:
842:
834:
817:
811:
803:
798:
790:
772:
767:
722:
710:
698:metaphorical
687:
681:
669:
657:
645:
637:
624:
620:
616:
599:
578:
574:
572:
530:
527:
523:language use
513:than other,
502:
500:
484:
474:
470:
466:
464:
444:
439:
435:
431:
429:
421:Dialectology
419:
391:phonological
386:
384:
358:
353:
337:
333:
329:
301:
297:
293:
287:
145:
47:Key concepts
1294:Azerbaijani
1111:(in French)
882:, p. 8
653:SĂ. DĂgame.
589:or playing
440:communalect
346:prestigious
1484:Categories
1409:Portuguese
1374:Macedonian
1085:. London:
759:References
691:colloquial
670:It's Rosa.
591:The Dozens
465:The words
415:sociolects
407:ethnolects
363:, such as
350:vernacular
161:Pragmatics
32:Lect, Jura
1459:Ukrainian
1389:Norwegian
1309:Bulgarian
1289:Aromanian
1279:Aragonese
1257:Varieties
1087:Routledge
994:145208588
583:baby talk
395:syntactic
318:registers
310:languages
116:Diglossia
85:Variation
1424:Romanian
1364:Japanese
1344:Georgian
1284:Armenian
1269:Albanian
969:(2012),
952:20100109
928:(1988).
731:See also
713:idiolect
707:Idiolect
665:Es Rosa.
662:Caller:
638:Caller:
575:register
545:codifies
436:language
375:Dialects
334:language
314:dialects
240:Category
171:Soramimi
156:Loanword
136:Register
80:Prestige
1469:Yiddish
1454:Turkish
1449:Swedish
1444:Spanish
1439:Slovene
1429:Russian
1414:Punjabi
1399:Persian
1384:Maltese
1334:English
1319:Chinese
1314:Catalan
1304:Bengali
1115:20 July
587:teasing
485:dialect
467:dialect
432:dialect
399:lexical
387:dialect
381:Dialect
361:lexicon
338:dialect
330:variety
302:isolect
294:variety
111:Dialect
1419:Romani
1404:Polish
1394:Pashto
1369:Korean
1349:German
1339:French
1324:Danish
1299:Basque
1274:Arabic
1043:
992:
950:
940:
857:
595:jargon
567:, and
476:Accent
471:accent
397:, and
322:styles
300:or an
179:People
166:Pidgin
101:Accent
1379:Malay
1359:Hindi
1354:Greek
1329:Dutch
990:S2CID
974:(PDF)
880:(PDF)
579:style
434:from
369:argot
365:slang
1464:Urdu
1117:2016
1041:ISBN
948:OCLC
938:ISBN
855:ISBN
626:the
469:and
457:and
367:and
354:Lect
298:lect
292:, a
982:doi
711:An
630:in
409:),
288:In
1486::
1167:^
1138:^
1107:.
1068:^
988:,
976:,
946:.
826:^
780:^
684:)
634:.
573:A
563:,
393:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
1249:e
1242:t
1235:v
1119:.
1049:.
997:.
984::
954:.
680:(
672:)
668:(
660:)
656:(
648:)
644:(
277:e
270:t
263:v
34:.
20:)
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