1382:
1345:, combining strict and rigorous penalties with equally strict and rigorous procedural forms. In most of the surviving quotations from these texts, the original table that held them is not given. Scholars have guessed where surviving fragments belong by comparing them with the few known attributions and records, many of which do not include the original lines, but paraphrases. It cannot be known with any certainty from what survives that the originals ever were organized this way, or even if they ever were organized by subject at all.
742:. They would threaten to leave the city with the consequence that it would grind to a halt, as the plebeians were Rome's labor force. Tradition held that one of the most important concessions won in this class struggle was the establishment of the Twelve Tables, establishing basic procedural rights for all Roman citizens in relation to each other. The drafting of the Twelve Tables may have been fomented by a desire for self-regulation by the patricians, or for other reasons.
1163:
698:
44:
1312:
1278:
modernisation. It is believed that the process of this interlingual translation began at some point during the third or second century BC when the text of the Twelve Tables was no longer understandable in its entirety. As such, though it cannot be determined whether the quoted fragments accurately preserve the original form of Latin, what is present gives some insight into the grammar of
1022:
and mental diseases must be killed by the father himself. If a husband no longer wants to be married to his wife he can remove her from their household and "order her to mind her own affairs" Not all of the codes of table IV are to the benefit of only the patriarch. If a father attempts to sell his son three times then the son earns his freedom from the father.
1232:, which translates as "common law", but is commonly referred to as "civil law" in English-speaking countries. Some countries including South Africa and San Marino still base their current legal system on aspects of jus commune. In addition, law school students throughout the world are still required to study the Twelve Tables as well as other facets of
1454:, vol. 2 (London, 1996). In this new version, Crawford and the team of specialists reconsidered the conventional arrangement of the laws based on Dirksen and his followers. They concluded that this conventional grouping of the rules was wrong and offered their new arrangement. For instance, the laws relating to
1410:, from which many of the provisions of the Twelve Tables came to us. Godefroy believed that Gaius in his work followed the original order of the Twelve Tables. Since Gaius' work was divided into six books, Godefroy assumed that each book covered two tables and that each table focused on a certain matter.
2214:
Oliviero
Diliberto, âUmanesimo giuridico-antiquario e palingenesi delle XII Tavole,â in Annali del Dipartimento di Storia del Diritto della UniversitĂ degli Studi di Palermo 50 (2005): 1â23; Diliberto, âLa palingenesi decemvirale,â 481â501; Pierfranceso Arces, âApuntti per una storia dei tentativi di
957:
These two tables are concerned with the Roman court proceedings. Table I covers proceedings between the defendant and the plaintiff, with responses to potential situations such as when age or illness prevents the defendant from making appearance, then transportation has to be arranged to assist them.
841:
Some of the provisions are procedural to ensure fairness among all Romans in the courts, while other established legal terms dictating the legality of capital crimes, intentional homicide, treason, perjury, judicial corruption, and writing slanderous poems. The Romans valued keeping peace in the city
1333:
in Latin). In the ancient world, the laws inscribed on bronze were often not easy to read but tended to serve a symbolic and religious purpose. It is likely that the law became literary text at some point during the fourth century BC. It was the time when the Roman civil law began to be administered
1277:
Parts of the text of the Twelve Tables were preserved in the brief excerpts and quotations from the original laws in other ancient authors. All Roman sources quote the Twelve Tables in a modernised form of Latin. It is likely that the extant quotations of the text contain a multiplicity of layers of
1021:
The fourth table of the Twelve Tables deals with the specific rights of
Patriarchs of families. One of the first proclamations of the Table IV is that "dreadfully deformed" children must be quickly euthanized. It also explains that sons are born into inheritance of their family. Babies with physical
652:
The Twelve Tables are sufficiently comprehensive that their substance has been described as a 'code', although modern scholars consider this characterization exaggerated. The Tables are a sequence of definitions of various private rights and procedures. They generally took for granted such things as
1107:
are laws dealing with litigating wrongs that occur between citizens. One such situation is that of physical injury, retaliation for which can range from dealing the perpetrator an injury in kind, to monetary compensation to the injured. This table also establishes the legal ramifications for damage
1070:
One of the aspects highlighted in the Twelve Tables is a woman's legal status and standing in society. Women were considered to be under a form of guardianship similar to that of minors, and sections on ownership and possession give the impression that women were considered to be akin to a piece of
661:
There is no scholarly agreement about the exact historical account of the creation and promulgation of the laws of the Twelve Tables. Ancient writers' stories about the Twelve Tables were recorded a couple of centuries later, in the second and first centuries BC. The first known publications of the
1285:
Even in the updated form, certain Latin terms used in the Twelve Tables were difficult to understand in the late Roman
Republic. For instance, when Cicero reports that Roman commentators did not understand a particular point in the Twelve Tables, we should expect that his example was not unique.
824:
the Twelve Tables were a way to publicly display rights that each citizen had in the public and private sphere. These Twelve Tables displayed what was previously understood in Roman society as the unwritten laws. The public display of the tablets allowed for a more balanced society between the
997:
3. Unless he (the debtor) discharge the debtor unless someone appear in court (in iure) to guarantee payment for him, he (the creditor) shall take with him. He shall bind either with thong or with fetters, of which the weight shall be not less than fifteen pounds or shall be more if he (the
987:
written by an anonymous source due to its origins being collaborated through a series of translations of tablets and ancient references, P.R. Coleman-Norton arranged and translated many of the significant features of debt that the Twelve Tables enacted into law during the 5th century. The
1328:
inscribed on twelve bronze tablets. It is believed that at some later stage the text of the Twelve Tables became a literary text. Some scholars suggest that the text at this time was rewritten and kept as a small ancient book. For instance, Cicero terms the laws âa single bookletâ
1202:. At this time, there was extreme tension between the privileged class and the common people resulting in the need for some form of social order. While the existing laws had major flaws that were in need of reform, the Twelve Tables eased the civil tension and violence between the
1353:
In Roman historical and legal sources, ancient writers referenced and discussed the laws of the Twelve Tables in numerous fragments. However, during the Early Middle Ages the knowledge of the Twelve Tables was lost. The reconstruction of the text started with the rediscovery of
2215:
palingenesi della legge delle XII Tavole,â Rivista di
Diritto Romano 8 (2008): 1â15; and Jean-Lois Ferrary, âSaggio di storia della palingenesi delle Dodici Tavole,â in Le dodici tavole. Dai decemviri agli umanisti, ed. Michel Humbert (Pavia: Iuss Press, 2005), 503â556.
833:
who had little education or experience in understanding law. By revealing the unwritten rules of society to the public, the Twelve Tables provided a means of safeguard for
Plebeians allowing them the opportunity to avoid financial exploitation and added balance to the
649:(106â43 BC) that the "Twelve Tables...seems to me, assuredly to surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, both in weight of authority, and in plenitude of utility". Cicero scarcely exaggerated; the Twelve Tables formed the basis of Roman law for a thousand years.
1286:
According to Cicero, the law of the Twelve Tables introduced limits on the expense of the funeral arrangements. One of those rules, Cicero explains, was subject to various interpretations because of the difficulty to understand the archaic Latin term of
1319:
in Crete (around 450 BC). This Greek lawcode was inscribed in twelve columns on the inner face of a circular wall. Scholars observed that its content and focus on the private law offers striking parallels with the Twelve
1030:
The Twelve Tables have three sections that pertain to women as they concern estates and guardianship, ownership and possession, and religion, which give a basic understanding as to the legal rights of women and girls.
1005:
5. Unless they (the debtors) make a compromise, they (the debtors) shall be held in bonds for sixty days. During those days they shall be brought to into the comitia (meeting-place) on three successive markets â
1001:
4. If he (the debtor) chooses, he shall live on his own . If he lives not on his own , who shall hold him in bonds, shall give a pound of bread daily; if he (the creditor) shall so desire, he shall give more.
1366:
790:"...every citizen should quietly consider each point, then talk it over with his friends, and, finally, bring forward for public discussion any additions or subtractions which seemed desirable." (cf. Liv.
713:
According to Livy and
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, the laws of the Twelve Tables have come about as a result of the long social struggle between patricians and plebeians, in modern scholarship known as the
1260:
claimed that he learned them by heart as a boy in school but that no one did so any longer. Since the early second century BC, Roman
Republican scholars wrote commentaries upon the Twelve Tables, such as
1217:
I. Such laws from The Digest that are derived from the Twelve Tables are the legal recompense for damage caused by an animal, protocol for inheritances, and also laws about structural property damage.
1298:
on the occasion of a funeralâ. The old interpreters, Sextus Aelius and Lucius
Acilius, said they were not sure what this meant, but suspected it was some kind of funeral garment. Lucius Aelius takes
980:
Featured within the Twelve Tables are five rules about how to execute judgments, in terms of debtors and creditors. These rules show how the ancient Romans maintained peace with financial policy.
1228:. The idea of property was also perpetuated in the Twelve Tables, including the different forms of money, land, and slaves. An additional example, the Twelve Tables are tied into the notion of
1338:. It is likely that state administrators would have found it more convenient to consult the law in book form. Therefore, it is likely that the twelve bronze tables would have become obsolete.
1220:
The influence of the Twelve Tables is still evident in the modern day. The Twelve Tables play a significant role in the basis of the early
American legal system. Political theorists, such as
1427:
1056:): âWhere a woman, who has not been united to a man in marriage, lives with him for an entire year without interruption of three nights, she shall pass into his power as his legal wife.â
1615:
972:
Table II sets the amount of financial stake for each party depending on the source of litigation, what to do in case of impairment of the judge, and rules of who must present evidence.
1294:
After limiting the expense, then, to three veils, a small purple tunic, and ten pipers, the law goes on to do away with lamentation: âWomen shall not scratch their cheeks or have a
1421:(Leipzig, 1824). Dirksen's work, based on the principles and discoveries of Godefroy, is now considered to be the most authoritative reconstructions of the Twelve Tables. In 1866
4435:
1371:
1493:
Fragmenta XII. Tabularum, suis nunc primum tabulis restituta: probationibus, notis, & indice munita / Iacobo
Gothofredo in Parlamento Parisiensi advocato auctore
1414:
706:
804:(secession of the plebes, a plebeian protest) to force the Senate to consider them, the Law of the Twelve Tables was formally promulgated. According to Livy (AUC
679:
1422:
702:
2603:
1089:
People who live near the road are in charge of maintaining it; if a road is not well maintained then carts and animals can be ridden where the riders wish.
1375:
1302:
to be a mournful wailing, as the word itself suggests. I tend to believe this second explanation, since that is the very thing that Solonâs law forbids.
594:
1066:): âWomen shall not during a funeral lacerate their faces, or tear their cheeks with their nails; nor shall they utter loud cries bewailing the dead.â
1361:
674:
2490:
3032:
1123:
This section of the tables makes it illegal for anyone to define what a citizen of Rome is with the exception of the greatest assembly, or
668:
686:
provided the most detailed accounts of the creation of the laws. In addition, different versions of the story are known from the works of
3074:
3062:
2017:
3121:
1248:, they gradually became obsolete, eventually being only of historical interest. The original tablets may have been destroyed when the
1108:
dealt to property by animals and damage dealt to crops by people or animals. The penalty for stealing crops is hanging as sacrifice to
771:
cities. Some scholars deny that the Romans imitated the Greeks in this respect or suggest that they visited only the Greek cities of
805:
791:
3037:
1153:): If a slave shall have committed theft or done damage with his master's knowledge, the action for damages is in the slave's name.
653:
the institutions of the family and various rituals for formal transactions. The provisions were often highly specific and diverse.
17:
1042:): âFemale heirs should remain under guardianship even when they have attained the age of majority, but exception is made for the
965:
If there is a failure to appear by either party, then after noon the judge must make judgement in favor of the one who is present.
4409:
3047:
4440:
4354:
3042:
2776:
682:
was another early interpreter of the Twelve Tables in the middle of the second century BC. Meanwhile Roman historians Livy and
587:
191:
2460:
988:
translation of the legal features surrounding debt and derived from the known sources of the Twelve Tables are stated as such
738:. In the context of this unequal status, plebeians would take action to secure concessions for themselves using the threat of
567:
4324:
3149:
2676:
1751:
181:
2388:, Edited by Cairns, John W. and Du Plessis, Paul J. Edinburgh studies in law; 3, 85â104. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Pr.
1431:
followed Dirksen's model. The first full English publication of the Dirksen's reconstruction was prepared and translated by
4414:
4289:
3442:
2361:
NossalitĂ , falsa nossalitĂ e magia: negli illeciti agricoli e pastorali della codificazione decemvirale al primo principato
2995:
1514:
Die XII Tafeln: Geschichte und System des Civil-und Criminal-Rechtes, wie-Processes der XII Tafeln nebst deren Fragmenten
1419:
A Review of the attempts hitherto made at the criticism and restoration of the text of the fragments of the Twelve Tables
1127:
It also outlaws execution of those who are unconvicted, bribery of judges, and extradition of a citizen to enemy powers.
352:
2666:
1850:
174:
157:
4334:
3094:
2661:
2656:
2632:
2483:
2368:
2333:
1988:
1807:
580:
152:
812:(Pomponius (Dig. 1 tit. 2 s2 §4) alone says on ivory), and posted publicly, so all Romans could read and know them.
4349:
3022:
2671:
2598:
169:
1186:. Although legal reform occurred soon after the implementation of the Twelve Tables, these ancient laws provided
2615:
2548:
2426:
1262:
162:
3369:
3294:
3052:
645:. Something of the regard with which later Romans came to view the Twelve Tables is captured in the remark of
1360:
in the Late Middle Ages. The first attempt of the recovery of the laws was made by the French legal historian
734:
were eligible to become magistrates and this, among other plebeian complaints, was a source of discontent for
3865:
1446:
In the last couple of decades, one of the most prominent reconstructions of the law of the Twelve Tables was
3705:
3309:
2761:
2476:
1447:
1225:
1010:
622:. Formally promulgated in 449 BC, the Tables consolidated earlier traditions into an enduring set of laws.
1902:
1413:
The most important modern reconstruction of the Twelve Tables was published by the German legal historian
4450:
4404:
4329:
4088:
3144:
3027:
2573:
2450:
1393:
publication of the law of the Twelve Tables in 1616. Godefroy's reconstruction was based on the order of
991:â1. Of debt acknowledged and for matters judged in court (in iure) thirty days shall be allowed by law .
747:
4364:
4028:
3920:
3690:
3462:
3284:
3192:
3057:
3000:
719:
683:
663:
365:
952:
4384:
3477:
3432:
3359:
3279:
3227:
3217:
3169:
2516:
2440:
430:
132:
2395:, Mnemosyne supplements. History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, 336. Leiden; Boston: Brill.
672:
included a version of the laws of the Twelve Tables, his commentary on them and the legal formulas (
3985:
3895:
3404:
3384:
3379:
3364:
3317:
3257:
3212:
3014:
1213:
The Twelve Tables also heavily influenced and are referenced in later Roman Laws texts, especially
1207:
1195:
826:
731:
34:
1500:Ăbersicht der bisherigen Versuche zur Kritik und Herstellung des Textes der. Zwölf-Tafel-Fragmente
994:
2. After that hand shall be laid on (Manus infection) . He shall be brought into court (in ius).
4394:
4374:
4314:
4304:
4294:
3700:
3389:
3289:
3269:
3184:
3174:
2879:
2819:
2799:
2511:
2252:
Uebersicht der bisherigen Versuche zur Kritik und Hestellung des Textes der Zwölf-Tafel-Fragmente
1179:
1095:
Fruit that falls from a tree onto a neighbor's property still belongs to the original tree owner.
641:. The law had previously been unwritten and exclusively interpreted by upper-class priests, the
468:
2029:
1822:
McCarty, Nick "Rome The Greatest Empire of the Ancient World", The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008
1583:
Crawford, M.H. 'Twelve Tables' in Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow (eds.)
1079:
This table outlines the attitudes towards property. The following are all rules about property:
4399:
4389:
4339:
4319:
4133:
4108:
4073:
3955:
3680:
3327:
3089:
2620:
2379:
The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000â264 B.C.)
1440:
1266:
1244:
The Twelve Tables are no longer extant: although they remained an important source through the
751:(decemvirate, board of "Ten Men") were appointed to draw up the first ten tables. According to
715:
4369:
4299:
4123:
3875:
3675:
3670:
3467:
3374:
3299:
3262:
3247:
3222:
3202:
3104:
1253:
1143:): A person of a certain class shall not partake in marriage with a person of a lower class.
764:
1922:
1381:
1009:
The five mandates of the Twelve Tables encompassing debt created a new understanding within
4455:
4379:
4344:
4033:
3900:
3800:
3725:
3590:
3553:
2929:
2593:
1356:
110:
4023:
1950:. 1st ed., University of California Press, 2005, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppxrv.
842:
and the Twelve Tables were a mechanism of establishing and continuing peace and equality.
8:
4309:
4158:
3960:
3830:
3780:
3099:
2696:
1013:
that ensured financial exploitation would be limited within legal business transactions.
245:
1530:, septiéme édition par un groupe de romanistes, Paris and Naples: Jovene Editore, 25-73.
4445:
4359:
4083:
3890:
3745:
3685:
3605:
3548:
3412:
2648:
2627:
1597:
1406:
1214:
503:
142:
3998:
2127:, first published 1998, reissued 2008, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 146.
1071:
real estate or property due to the use of terms such as "ownership" and "possession".
3993:
3845:
3600:
3560:
3538:
2746:
2364:
2329:
2025:
1984:
1856:
1846:
1803:
1747:
1335:
1187:
1109:
1092:
Property owners can request removal of trees that have been blown onto their property
422:
415:
218:
2445:
4058:
4018:
3950:
3885:
3810:
3805:
3577:
3500:
3447:
3242:
3237:
3126:
2985:
2934:
2894:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2766:
2713:
2706:
2691:
2686:
2610:
2538:
2005:
The Ancient City a Study on the Religion, Laws, and Institutions of Greece and Rome
1669:, eds. John W. Cairns and Paul du Plessis, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Studies in Law, 88.
1432:
1390:
1342:
953:
Tables I & II: Procedure for Courts and Judges and Further Enactments on Trials
727:
691:
687:
544:
538:
531:
517:
346:
325:
270:
255:
250:
235:
119:
2175:
Williamson, Callie, 1987, 'Monuments of Bronze: Roman Legal Documents on Bronze',
1784:
Steinberg, S. 'The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate'
1640:
Steinberg, S. 'The Twelve Tables and Their Origins: An Eighteenth-Century Debate'
4153:
3965:
3945:
3905:
3840:
3790:
3785:
3660:
3610:
3518:
3352:
3332:
3252:
2701:
2526:
2323:
2312:
1174:. The Twelve Tables provided an early understanding of some key concepts such as
800:
739:
260:
2325:
The Early History of Rome: Books IâV of The History of Rome from its Foundations
4208:
3850:
3585:
3533:
3505:
3452:
3437:
3417:
3232:
3207:
3164:
3154:
2980:
2954:
2884:
2869:
2834:
2794:
2555:
1394:
1245:
829:
who were educated and understood the laws of legal transactions, and the Roman
723:
611:
549:
496:
340:
315:
224:
72:
1166:
Roman civilians examining the Twelve Tables after they were first implemented.
4429:
3740:
3710:
3625:
3159:
3136:
2949:
2804:
2789:
2543:
1860:
1542:
Das Zwölftafelgesetz. Leges XII tabularum. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
1324:
According to ancient authors initially the Twelve Tables were recorded as an
1221:
1043:
835:
772:
630:
626:
445:
295:
63:
2153:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 227â228.
2097:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 227â228.
1389:
The fundamental work of the reconstruction of the Twelve Tables appeared in
798:
In 449 BC, the second decemvirate completed the last two codes, and after a
4218:
4078:
3523:
3472:
3427:
3422:
3274:
3084:
2970:
2914:
2909:
2681:
2565:
2499:
2140:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 202â203
1370:(1515). His work was followed by more publications on the Twelve Tables by
1191:
1086:
Road widths are eight feet wide on straight parts and double that on turns.
782:
The first decemvirate completed the first ten codes in 450 BC. Here is how
752:
358:
310:
280:
206:
81:
2284:, No.329 edition, Loeb Classical Library, London & Cambridge, 424-515.
1962:
1162:
4013:
3635:
3457:
3347:
2741:
2412:
Westbrook, Raymond. 1988. "The Nature and Origins of the Twelve Tables."
2384:
Harries, Jill. 2007. "Roman Law Codes and the Roman Legal Tradition". In
1665:
Harries, Jill, 2007, âRoman Law Codes and the Roman Legal Tradition,â in
1316:
1229:
401:
2205:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 228.
2203:
A Critical History of Early Rome. From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2192:, Berkeley and Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 228.
2190:
A Critical History of Early Rome. From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2151:
A Critical History of Early Rome. From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2138:
A Critical History of Early Rome. From Prehistory to the First Punic War
2095:
A Critical History of Early Rome. From Prehistory to the First Punic War
1948:
A Critical History of Early Rome: From Prehistory to the First Punic War
1474:
I). Similarly, the law on the conditionally freed slaves was moved from
697:
4238:
4178:
4143:
3935:
3870:
3860:
3755:
3640:
3528:
3111:
3079:
2824:
2751:
2583:
2578:
2120:
1680:
1183:
642:
482:
212:
92:
2468:
637:
class, who had hitherto been excluded from the higher benefits of the
4268:
4263:
4223:
4148:
4118:
4098:
3975:
3915:
3825:
3775:
3770:
3695:
3655:
3543:
3513:
3322:
3197:
2990:
2874:
2849:
2728:
1325:
1279:
1233:
1224:
have highlighted the importance of the Twelve Tables in crafting the
1203:
1199:
1171:
735:
633:. Their formulation was the result of considerable agitation by the
619:
554:
524:
390:
372:
335:
662:
text of the Twelve Tables were prepared by the first Roman jurists.
43:
4228:
4213:
4203:
4188:
4103:
4093:
4063:
4053:
4048:
4038:
3940:
3855:
3735:
3720:
3650:
3630:
3620:
3615:
3595:
3394:
2975:
2939:
2829:
2756:
2588:
1341:
Like most other early codes of law, the Twelve Tables were largely
701:
Publication of the Twelve Tables in Rome, approx. 2 BC. Drawing by
638:
634:
489:
379:
290:
201:
99:
2297:, vol. 2 (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996), 564, 568.
1843:
The historians of ancient Rome: an anthology of the major writings
1311:
775:, and did not travel all the way to Greece. In 450 BC, the second
4248:
4243:
4233:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4128:
4113:
3930:
3925:
3910:
3880:
3835:
3815:
3795:
3750:
3482:
3337:
3116:
2924:
2919:
2809:
1456:
1236:
in order to better understand the current legal system in place.
1175:
1099:
475:
454:
305:
285:
1544:, (Texte zur Forschung. Band 83), Darmstadt, ISBN 3-534-15983-7.
1170:
The Twelve Tables are often cited as the foundation for ancient
4258:
4138:
4068:
4008:
4003:
3970:
3730:
3715:
3665:
3645:
3067:
2944:
2839:
1462:
1257:
911:
809:
768:
760:
756:
646:
510:
300:
2321:
4043:
3765:
3492:
2784:
2322:
Livy; De SĂ©lincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R.M.; Oakley, S.P. (2002).
2282:
Remains of Old Latin, Volume III: Lucilius. The Twelve Tables
2258:, vol. 2 (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996), 564.
2241:, vol. 2 (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996), 564.
2228:, vol. 2 (London: Institute of Classical Studies, 1996), 564.
1437:
Remains of Old Latin, Volume III: Lucilius. The Twelve Tables
830:
2381:, London: Routledge, Routledge History of the Ancient World.
2018:"Studying Roman law: Juno it's more useful than you'd think"
1983:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 276, 379, 315.
4253:
3820:
3760:
3342:
2718:
1249:
1104:
907:
821:
783:
1537:, vol. 2, London: Institute of Classical Studies, 555-722.
1115:
The table also describes several laws dealing with theft.
629:, "The Twelve Tables" stated the rights and duties of the
2814:
461:
408:
2358:
1598:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project: Ancient History"
1130:
666:(consul in 198 BC) in his work on jurisprudence called
2084:, vol. 2, London: Institute of Classical Studies, 571.
767:, but also to find out about the legislation of other
618:) was the legislation that stood at the foundation of
2414:
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fĂŒr Rechtsgeschichte
1884:. Princeton: Princeton University, Dept. of Classics.
1735:
2386:
Beyond Dogmatics: Law and Society in the Roman World
1667:
Beyond Dogmatics. Law and Society in the Roman World
1074:
1016:
968:
Provides a time-table for the trial (ends at sunset)
4436:
5th-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
2402:, Princeton and London: Princeton University Press.
975:
1958:
1956:
1563:Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law
1485:
4427:
718:. After the expulsion of the last king of Rome,
1953:
1697:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 405.
1618:"; Chapter "The Twelve Tables c. 450 BC"; p. 27
1083:Boundary disputes are settled by third-parties.
1100:Table VIII: Torts and Delicts (Laws of Injury)
1025:
2484:
1746:(4th ed.). Oxford. pp. 5â6, 29â30.
1719:Diodorus Siculus, 12.24â6; Sextus Pomponius,
1367:Libri de Historia Juris Civilis et Pontificii
1157:
588:
2400:Rome of the XII Tables. Persons and Property
2110:, Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 11â12.
1526:Girard, Paul Frédéric et Senn, Félix, 1977,
815:
2463:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2007:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. Print.
1802:(1st ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 75.
962:The failure of appearance by the defendant.
656:
2491:
2477:
2359:Brandi Cordasco Salmena, Giovanni (2023).
1741:
1706:Livy, 3.9â64; Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1495:, Heidelbergae: Typis Johannis Lancelloti.
595:
581:
1940:
1900:
1348:
1963:"Law in Ancient Rome, The Twelve Tables"
1791:
1380:
1310:
1161:
883:Legal guardianship and inheritance laws
779:started to work on the last two tables.
696:
2498:
2461:Entry by George Long in William Smith,
2407:The State, Law and Religion: Pagan Rome
2342:
1568:
1118:
14:
4428:
2416:, Romanistische Abteilung, CV, 74â121.
2393:Law and Religion in the Roman Republic
2310:
1978:
1840:
1631:trans. W.P. Dickson (London, 1864) 290
808:) the Twelve Tables were inscribed on
2472:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1797:
1306:
1131:The Supplements: Tables XI & XII
759:to study the legislative system of
24:
2391:Tellegen-Couperus, Olga ed. 2011.
2352:
2269:Legis Duodecim Tabularum Reliquiae
1911:
1887:
1867:
1825:
1695:A Commentary on Cicero, De Legibus
1644:Vol. 43, No. 3 (1982) 379â396, 381
1533:Crawford, Michael H. (ed.), 1996,
1521:Fontes iuris romani antejustiniani
1466:were moved from the eighth table (
1428:Legis Duodecim Tabularum Reliquiae
1239:
25:
4467:
2420:
2363:. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider.
2003:Denis, Fustel De Coulanges Numa.
1981:The Digest of Justinian, Volume 1
1744:Borkowski's Textbook on Roman Law
1616:The Age of Classical Civilization
1509:, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot.
1502:, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot.
1075:Table VII: Land Rights and Crimes
1017:Table IV: Right of Familial Heads
851:Procedure: for courts and trials
2254:. More in Crawford, Michael H.,
1498:Dirksen, Heinrich Eduard, 1824,
1439:in 1938 (No. 329 edition in the
976:Table III: Execution of Judgment
42:
2287:
2280:Warmington, Eric Herbert, 1938,
2274:
2261:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2130:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2074:
2057:
2044:
2035:
2010:
1997:
1979:Watson, Alan (March 12, 2009).
1972:
1921:Hurri, Samuli (November 2005).
1816:
1786:Journal of the History of Ideas
1778:
1769:
1760:
1726:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1642:Journal of the History of Ideas
1402:On the Law of the Twelve Tables
726:was governed by a hierarchy of
2409:, University of Georgia Press.
2304:
2271:(Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1866).
2106:Wiseman, Timothy Peter, 2008,
1901:Anonymous (January 24, 2005).
1672:
1659:
1647:
1634:
1621:
1608:
1590:
1555:
1486:List of modern reconstructions
1011:social classes in ancient Rome
13:
1:
4441:Constitutions of ancient Rome
2347:. London: Stevens & Sons.
1880:Coleman-Norton, P.R. (1960).
1788:Vol. 43, No. 3 (1982) 379â396
1507:Leges XII tabularum reliquiae
859:Further enactments on trials
608:The Laws of the Twelve Tables
27:Roman statute forming the law
3063:Frontiers and fortifications
2451:Resources in other libraries
1548:
1519:Riccobono, Salvatore, 1941,
1226:United States Bill of Rights
7:
3122:Decorations and punishments
2343:Goodwin, Frederick (1886).
2080:Crawford, Michael H., 1996,
1585:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1516:, Leipzig: A.G. Liebeskind.
1272:
1026:Tables V, VI & X: Women
891:Acquisition and possession
10:
4472:
4029:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2604:historiography of the fall
2250:Original title in German:
2119:Translation from Latin by
2016:Baker, Keir (2016-04-11).
1470:VIII) to the first table (
1158:Influence and significance
786:describes their creation:
755:, they sent an embassy to
684:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
664:Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus
4410:External wars and battles
4277:
4171:
3984:
3576:
3569:
3491:
3403:
3308:
3183:
3135:
3013:
2963:
2902:
2893:
2775:
2727:
2647:
2564:
2534:
2525:
2507:
2446:Resources in your library
2314:The Story of Civilization
2125:The Republic and The Laws
1742:du Plessis, Paul (2010).
1491:Godefroy, Jacques, 1616,
875:Rights of familial heads
816:Laws of the Twelve Tables
745:Around 450 BC, the first
705:(1742â1810); engraved by
678:) to use them in trials.
431:Senatus consultum ultimum
326:Extraordinary magistrates
1693:Dyck, Andrew Roy, 2004,
1141:Marriage Between Classes
1054:Ownership and Possession
1040:Estates and Guardianship
657:Drafting and development
35:Politics of ancient Rome
18:Law of the Twelve Tables
4405:RomanâIranian relations
2880:Optimates and populares
2032:. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
1969:. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
1841:Mellor, Ronald (2013).
1798:Grant, Michael (1978).
1433:Eric Herbert Warmington
1415:Heinrich Eduard Dirksen
1372:Alessandro d'Alessandro
1256:burned Rome in 387 BC.
1215:The Digest of Justinian
899:Land rights and crimes
867:Execution of judgments
707:Claude-Nicolas Malapeau
4415:Civil wars and revolts
3681:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3328:Conflict of the Orders
2687:Legislative assemblies
2293:Crawford, Michael H.,
2237:Crawford, Michael H.,
2224:Crawford, Michael H.,
2201:Forsythe, Gary, 2005,
2188:Forsythe, Gary, 2005,
2149:Forsythe, Gary, 2005,
2136:Forsythe, Gary, 2005,
2093:Forsythe, Gary, 2005,
1565:(Cambridge, 1952), 108
1505:Schöll, Rudolf, 1868,
1441:Loeb Classical Library
1398:Ad legem XII tabularum
1386:
1349:Modern reconstructions
1321:
1304:
1167:
796:
716:conflict of the orders
710:
680:Lucius Acilius Sapiens
616:lex duodecim tabularum
615:
192:Political institutions
4124:Simplicius of Cilicia
3876:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3105:Siege in Ancient Rome
2714:Executive magistrates
2405:Watson, Alan. 1992.
2317:. Simon and Schuster.
1540:Flach, Dieter, 2004,
1512:Voigt, Moritz, 1883,
1448:Michael H. Crawford's
1384:
1314:
1292:
1165:
788:
765:Solonian Constitution
703:Silvestre David Mirys
700:
4134:Stephanus Byzantinus
4039:Eusebius of Caesaria
3901:Sidonius Apollinaris
3591:Ammianus Marcellinus
2930:Tribune of the plebs
2398:Watson, Alan. 1976.
2377:Cornell, T.J. 1995.
2328:. Penguin Classics.
2067:205; Aulus Gellius,
1528:Les lois des Romains
1119:Table IX: Public Law
958:It also deals with:
271:Ordinary magistrates
4310:Distinguished women
3961:Velleius Paterculus
3801:Nicolaus Damascenus
3781:Marcellus Empiricus
3170:Republican currency
2311:Durant, W. (1942).
2177:Classical Antiquity
1967:www.crystalinks.com
1923:"The Twelve Tables"
1775:Durant, 1942, p. 23
1629:The History of Rome
1523:I, Florence, 21-75.
1404:), compiled in the
1263:Lucius Aelius Stilo
720:Tarquinius Superbus
4451:Latin inscriptions
4084:Phlegon of Tralles
3891:Seneca the Younger
3365:Naming conventions
3095:Personal equipment
2628:Later Roman Empire
1907:. Gutenberg Press.
1602:Fordham University
1425:reconstruction in
1391:Jacques Godefroy's
1387:
1336:curule magistrates
1322:
1307:Form and structure
1265:, teacher of both
1168:
1125:maximus comitatus.
998:creditor) choose.
985:The Twelve Tables,
730:. Initially, only
711:
504:Triumvir monetalis
438:Titles and honours
4423:
4422:
4385:Pontifices maximi
4167:
4166:
4024:Diogenes Laërtius
3846:Pliny the Younger
3601:Asconius Pedianus
3561:Romance languages
3433:Civil engineering
3175:Imperial currency
3048:Political control
3009:
3008:
2643:
2642:
2427:Library resources
1904:The Twelve Tables
1882:The Twelve Tables
1766:Livy, 2002, p. 23
1753:978-0-19-957488-9
1376:Johannes Tacuinus
1317:lawcode of Gortyn
1188:social protection
950:
949:
914:(Laws of injury)
722:, in 509 BC, the
605:
604:
423:Quaestio perpetua
416:Senatus consultum
219:Roman citizenship
16:(Redirected from
4463:
4375:Magistri equitum
4290:Cities and towns
4283:
4209:Constantinopolis
4019:Diodorus Siculus
3951:Valerius Maximus
3886:Seneca the Elder
3806:Nonius Marcellus
3574:
3573:
3127:Hippika gymnasia
3090:Infantry tactics
2996:Consular tribune
2986:Magister equitum
2935:Military tribune
2900:
2899:
2860:Pontifex maximus
2855:Princeps senatus
2845:Magister militum
2611:Byzantine Empire
2532:
2531:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2470:
2469:
2374:
2348:
2339:
2318:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2267:Schöll, Rudolf,
2265:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2072:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2014:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1951:
1946:Gary, Forsythe.
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1885:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1838:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1566:
1559:
1385:Jacques Godefroy
1315:The fragment of
1151:Binding into Law
845:
844:
692:Sextus Pomponius
688:Diodorus Siculus
597:
590:
583:
539:Pontifex maximus
532:Princeps senatus
518:Magister militum
353:Consular tribune
347:Magister equitum
175:Augustan reforms
46:
30:
29:
21:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4163:
3999:AĂ«tius of Amida
3980:
3966:Verrius Flaccus
3946:Valerius Antias
3906:Silius Italicus
3841:Pliny the Elder
3786:Marcus Aurelius
3661:Cornelius Nepos
3611:Aurelius Victor
3565:
3487:
3399:
3333:Secessio plebis
3304:
3179:
3131:
3005:
2959:
2889:
2771:
2723:
2639:
2560:
2521:
2503:
2497:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2371:
2355:
2353:Further reading
2336:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2288:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2015:
2011:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1973:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1899:
1888:
1879:
1868:
1853:
1839:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1800:History of Rome
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1740:
1736:
1732:Livy, 3.33â41.
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1569:
1561:Jolowicz, H.F.
1560:
1556:
1551:
1488:
1417:in his work of
1362:Aymar du Rivail
1351:
1326:epigraphic text
1309:
1275:
1242:
1240:Ancient sources
1160:
1133:
1121:
1102:
1077:
1028:
1019:
978:
955:
818:
801:secessio plebis
763:, known as the
659:
601:
572:
568:Other countries
559:
428:
385:
320:
265:
230:
186:
163:Sullan republic
128:
124:
115:
106:
102:
95:
85:
76:
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Pomponius Mela
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Aelius Donatus
3582:
3580:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3554:Ecclesiastical
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3295:Toys and games
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2835:Vigintisexviri
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2795:Cursus honorum
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2594:Western Empire
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:External links
2419:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2345:The XII Tables
2340:
2334:
2319:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:Roman Statutes
2286:
2273:
2260:
2256:Roman Statutes
2243:
2239:Roman Statutes
2230:
2226:Roman Statutes
2217:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2112:
2108:Unwritten Rome
2099:
2086:
2082:Roman Statutes
2073:
2056:
2043:
2041:Cic. Leg. 2.59
2034:
2009:
1996:
1989:
1971:
1952:
1939:
1910:
1886:
1866:
1852:978-0415527163
1851:
1824:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1752:
1734:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1686:
1671:
1658:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1589:
1567:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1535:Roman Statutes
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1452:Roman Statutes
1350:
1347:
1308:
1305:
1274:
1271:
1241:
1238:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1144:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1044:Vestal Virgins
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
977:
974:
970:
969:
966:
963:
954:
951:
948:
947:
946:Supplement II
944:
940:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
924:
923:
920:
916:
915:
905:
901:
900:
897:
893:
892:
889:
885:
884:
881:
877:
876:
873:
869:
868:
865:
861:
860:
857:
853:
852:
849:
817:
814:
773:Southern Italy
675:legis actiones
658:
655:
603:
602:
600:
599:
592:
585:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
564:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
497:Vigintisexviri
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
450:
449:
448:
440:
439:
435:
434:
427:
426:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
384:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
350:
343:
338:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
274:
273:
267:
266:
264:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
239:
238:
232:
231:
229:
228:
225:Cursus honorum
221:
216:
209:
204:
198:
195:
194:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
178:
177:
167:
166:
165:
155:
149:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
117:
107:
105:
104:
97:
96:27 BC â AD 284
89:
88:
87:
86:27 BC â AD 395
78:
73:Roman Republic
69:
57:
56:
52:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4468:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Julius Paulus
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Fabius Pictor
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Amphitheatres
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Deforestation
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Siege engines
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Establishment
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:Extraordinary
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:Promagistrate
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:Twelve Tables
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2432:Twelve Tables
2428:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2370:9788891328465
2366:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2335:0-14-044809-8
2331:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2053:
2050:cf. Funaioli
2047:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1992:
1990:9780812205510
1986:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:. Routledge.
1844:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1811:
1809:0-02-345610-8
1805:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1710:, 10.1â11.50.
1709:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:Rudolf Schöll
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:James Madison
1218:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:for both the
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:In the book,
981:
973:
967:
964:
961:
960:
959:
945:
942:
941:
938:Supplement I
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
854:
850:
847:
846:
843:
839:
837:
836:Roman economy
832:
828:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
802:
795:
793:
787:
785:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
704:
699:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
654:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:Roman citizen
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
578:
576:
575:
569:
566:
565:
563:
562:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:
536:
534:
533:
529:
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:
515:
513:
512:
508:
506:
505:
501:
499:
498:
494:
492:
491:
487:
485:
484:
480:
478:
477:
473:
471:
470:
466:
464:
463:
459:
457:
456:
452:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
441:
437:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:
420:
418:
417:
413:
411:
410:
406:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
395:
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294:
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109:
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64:Roman Kingdom
61:
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58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4355:Institutions
4219:Leptis Magna
4172:Major cities
4079:Philostratus
3866:Quadrigarius
3686:Rufus Festus
3549:Contemporary
3270:Romanization
3193:Architecture
2800:Collegiality
2736:
2649:Constitution
2500:Ancient Rome
2462:
2441:Online books
2431:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2360:
2344:
2324:
2313:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2246:
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2233:
2225:
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2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
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2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2069:Attic Nights
2068:
2064:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2022:The Guardian
2021:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1947:
1942:
1933:
1929:
1903:
1881:
1842:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1762:
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1715:
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1702:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1628:
1627:Mommsen, T.
1623:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1584:
1562:
1557:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1479:
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1471:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1365:
1357:Corpus Iuris
1355:
1352:
1340:
1331:unus libelus
1330:
1323:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1276:
1269:and Cicero.
1243:
1219:
1212:
1192:civil rights
1169:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1124:
1122:
1114:
1103:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
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984:
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979:
971:
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840:
819:
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797:
789:
781:
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712:
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660:
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624:
607:
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429:
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407:
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378:
371:
364:
357:
345:
223:
211:
207:Collegiality
143:Constitution
131:
120:
111:
82:Roman Empire
80:
71:
62:
4456:12 (number)
4350:Geographers
4034:Dioscorides
4014:Cassius Dio
3636:Cassiodorus
3539:Renaissance
3145:Agriculture
3117:Auxiliaries
3058:Engineering
2895:Magistrates
2747:Citizenship
2742:Mos maiorum
2677:Late Empire
2305:Works cited
2179:6, 160â183.
2123:in Cicero,
1374:(1522) and
1280:early Latin
1230:Jus Commune
930:Sacred law
922:Public law
728:magistrates
709:(1755â1803)
402:Mos maiorum
182:Late Empire
125:AD 395â1453
4430:Categories
4239:Mediolanum
4179:Alexandria
4144:Themistius
4109:Porphyrius
3936:Tertullian
3871:Quintilian
3861:Propertius
3756:Lactantius
3706:Fulgentius
3641:Censorinus
3463:Sanitation
3448:Metallurgy
3405:Technology
3370:Demography
3318:Patricians
3285:Spectacles
3243:Literature
3238:Hairstyles
3075:Technology
2825:Praefectus
2777:Government
2767:Litigation
2752:Auctoritas
2697:Centuriate
2584:Principate
2579:Pax Romana
2539:Foundation
2164:De Oratore
2121:Niall Rudd
1681:De Legibus
1656:, 1.2.2.7.
1378:(1525).
1343:procedural
1208:patricians
1196:patricians
1184:punishment
827:patricians
732:patricians
669:Tripartita
643:pontifices
483:Praefectus
391:Public law
246:Centuriate
236:Assemblies
213:Auctoritas
116:AD 395â476
103:AD 284â641
93:Principate
68:753â509 BC
4446:Roman law
4395:Quaestors
4325:Empresses
4315:Dynasties
4305:Dictators
4280:and other
4269:Volubilis
4264:Vindobona
4224:Londinium
4149:Theodoret
4119:Procopius
4099:Polyaenus
4074:Pausanias
3976:Vitruvius
3921:Symmachus
3916:Suetonius
3826:Petronius
3811:Obsequens
3776:Macrobius
3771:Lucretius
3696:Frontinus
3671:Eutropius
3656:Columella
3606:Augustine
3596:Appuleius
3544:Neo-Latin
3519:Classical
3510:Versions
3418:Aqueducts
3360:Patronage
3280:Sexuality
3253:Mythology
3228:Education
3218:Cosmetics
3043:Campaigns
3038:Structure
2991:Decemviri
2850:Imperator
2549:overthrow
2030:0261-3077
1861:819515201
1708:Ant. Rom.
1587:(4th ed.)
1549:Footnotes
1234:Roman Law
1204:plebeians
1200:plebeians
1172:Roman law
1147:Table XII
943:Table 12
935:Table 11
927:Table 10
831:plebeians
777:decemviri
748:decemviri
740:secession
736:plebeians
620:Roman law
525:Imperator
373:Decemviri
366:Triumviri
336:Corrector
77:509â27 BC
4400:Tribunes
4390:Praetors
4340:Generals
4320:Emperors
4229:Lugdunum
4214:Eboracum
4204:Carthage
4189:Aquileia
4104:Polybius
4094:Plutarch
4064:Libanius
4054:Josephus
4049:Herodian
3941:Tibullus
3856:Priscian
3831:Phaedrus
3791:Manilius
3736:Jordanes
3721:Hydatius
3651:Claudian
3631:Catullus
3621:Boëthius
3616:Ausonius
3534:Medieval
3506:Alphabet
3478:Theatres
3453:Numerals
3438:Concrete
3428:Circuses
3395:Bagaudae
3385:Adoption
3380:Marriage
3353:Assembly
3258:Religion
3233:Folklore
3213:Clothing
3208:Calendar
3165:Currency
3155:Commerce
3053:Strategy
3015:Military
3001:Triumvir
2981:Dictator
2976:Interrex
2955:Governor
2940:Quaestor
2903:Ordinary
2885:Province
2875:Tetrarch
2865:Augustus
2830:Vicarius
2820:Officium
2757:Imperium
2707:Plebeian
2667:Republic
2589:Dominate
2556:Republic
2517:Timeline
2162:Cicero,
2063:Cicero,
1936:: 13â23.
1723:, 1.2.4.
1678:Cicero,
1450:work of
1273:Language
1246:Republic
1180:equality
1137:Table XI
1064:Religion
1050:Table VI
919:Table 9
904:Table 8
896:Table 7
888:Table 6
880:Table 5
872:Table 4
864:Table 3
856:Table 2
848:Table 1
724:Republic
639:Republic
635:plebeian
555:Tetrarch
545:Augustus
490:Vicarius
469:Officium
380:Interrex
341:Dictator
316:Governor
291:Quaestor
256:Plebeian
202:Imperium
158:Republic
133:Timeline
100:Dominate
4370:Legions
4330:Fiction
4300:Consuls
4295:Climate
4249:Ravenna
4244:Pompeii
4234:Lutetia
4199:Bononia
4194:Berytus
4184:Antioch
4159:Zosimus
4154:Zonaras
4129:Sozomen
4114:Priscus
4089:Photius
3931:Terence
3926:Tacitus
3911:Statius
3896:Servius
3881:Sallust
3836:Plautus
3816:Orosius
3796:Martial
3751:Juvenal
3726:Hyginus
3711:Gellius
3570:Writers
3501:History
3483:Thermae
3473:Temples
3423:Bridges
3390:Slavery
3338:Equites
3310:Society
3290:Theatre
3263:Deities
3223:Cuisine
3203:Bathing
3185:Culture
3160:Finance
3137:Economy
3028:Borders
3023:History
2925:Tribune
2920:Praetor
2810:Legatus
2805:Emperor
2692:Curiate
2662:Kingdom
2657:History
2633:History
2616:decline
2574:History
2544:Kingdom
2527:History
2512:Outline
2166:, 1.195
2071:16.8.2.
1614:Book: "
1457:iniuria
1435:in the
1364:in his
1254:Brennus
1176:justice
1060:Table X
1036:Table V
912:delicts
806:3.57.10
625:In the
476:Praeses
455:Legatus
446:Emperor
306:Tribune
286:Praetor
251:Curiate
153:Kingdom
121:Eastern
112:Western
55:Periods
4380:Nomina
4365:Legacy
4345:Gentes
4282:topics
4278:Lists
4259:Smyrna
4139:Strabo
4069:Lucian
4059:Julian
4009:Arrian
4004:Appian
3994:Aelian
3971:Vergil
3746:Justin
3731:Jerome
3716:Horace
3701:Fronto
3691:Florus
3666:Ennius
3646:Cicero
3626:Caesar
3524:Vulgar
3348:Tribes
3275:Romans
3085:Legion
3068:castra
2945:Aedile
2915:Censor
2910:Consul
2870:Caesar
2840:Lictor
2762:Status
2702:Tribal
2682:Senate
2672:Empire
2566:Empire
2502:topics
2429:about
2367:
2332:
2065:Brutus
2028:
1987:
1859:
1849:
1806:
1750:
1721:Digest
1684:, 2.29
1654:Digest
1480:Tabula
1478:IV to
1476:Tabula
1472:Tabula
1468:Tabula
1463:furtum
1407:Digest
1395:Gaius'
1320:Tables
1300:lessus
1296:lessus
1288:lessus
1258:Cicero
1252:under
1182:, and
825:Roman
810:bronze
792:III.34
761:Athens
757:Greece
647:Cicero
550:Caesar
511:Lictor
311:Censor
301:Aedile
281:Consul
261:Tribal
170:Empire
4044:Galen
3986:Greek
3956:Varro
3766:Lucan
3578:Latin
3493:Latin
3468:Ships
3458:Roads
3443:Domes
3375:Women
3323:Plebs
3248:Music
2790:Forum
2785:Curia
2054:p. 57
1926:(PDF)
1267:Varro
1250:Gauls
1110:Ceres
1105:Torts
908:Torts
769:Greek
627:Forum
612:Latin
4360:Laws
4335:Film
4254:Roma
3821:Ovid
3761:Livy
3529:Late
3343:Gens
3300:Wine
3112:Navy
3080:Army
2719:SPQR
2621:fall
2599:fall
2365:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2026:ISSN
1985:ISBN
1930:NoFo
1857:OCLC
1847:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1482:VI.
1460:and
1206:and
1198:and
1190:and
910:and
822:laws
820:The
784:Livy
753:Livy
690:and
3514:Old
3198:Art
2971:Rex
2815:Dux
2729:Law
2052:GRF
1443:).
1334:by
462:Dux
409:Ius
359:Rex
4432::
2024:.
2020:.
1965:.
1955:^
1932:.
1928:.
1913:^
1889:^
1869:^
1855:.
1827:^
1600:.
1570:^
1290::
1282:.
1210:.
1178:,
1112:.
1046:.â
838:.
794:)
694:.
614::
2492:e
2485:t
2478:v
2373:.
2338:.
1993:.
1934:1
1863:.
1812:.
1756:.
1604:.
1400:(
1329:(
1149:(
1139:(
1062:(
1052:(
1038:(
610:(
596:e
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582:v
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